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1

Collste, Göran. Is human life special?: Religious and philosophical perspectives on the principle of human dignity. P. Lang, 2002.

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2

Abubakar, Maimuna Aminu. Honour and dignity personified: The life and principles of Hon. Justice Fati Lami Abubakar. Spectrum Books Limited, 2008.

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3

Abubakar, Maimuna Aminu. Honour and dignity personified: The life and principles of Hon. Justice Fati Lami Abubakar. Spectrum Books Limited, 2008.

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4

Costantini, Dino, ed. Multiculturalismo alla francese? Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-350-0.

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In theory, republican orthodoxy does not acknowledge the political dignity of any intermediary body between free and equal individuals, stripped of all particularism, and the sovereign nation. This is why, right up to the present, the French public debate has been marked by an entrenched suspicion towards all forms of «communitarism», and by the proscription of the very concept of multicultural politics. But have the policies actually pursued by republican France been consistent with the proclaimed principles? Is it genuinely possible to claim that cultural identities have never been publicly
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5

Kamir, Orit. Betraying Dignity. Edited by Caroline Joan S. Picart. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781683934530.

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What do medieval knights, suicide bombers and "victimhood culture" have in common? Betraying Dignity argues that in the second decade of the twenty-first century, individuals, political parties and nations around the world are abandoning the dignity-based culture we established in the aftermath of two world wars, less than a century ago. Disappointed or intimidated, many turn their backs on the humanitarian, universalistic culture that presumes our inherent human dignity and celebrates it as the basis of every individual's equal human rights. Instead, people and nations are returning to a much
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6

Thompson, Jason M. The Dignity of the Psychiatric Patient. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.3.

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This chapter presents an autobiographical account of Jason M. Thompson’s psychiatric treatment for depression in February 2005. The author evaluates his experience in terms of the extent to which his treatment either upheld or violated the axiomatic bioethical principle of respect for patient dignity. The concept of dignity is discussed with reference to the idea of autonomy and the ideas of social identity and meaning-making. The author outlines the challenge for clinicians in upholding the dignity of a patient whose capacity for autonomy is undermined as a consequence of mental disorder. Tho
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7

Is Human Life Special?: Religious And Philosophical Perspectives On The Principle Of Human Dignity. Peter Lang Publishing, 2002.

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8

Is Human Life Special?: Religious and Philosophical Perspectives on the Principle of Human Dignity. Peter Lang Publishing, 2002.

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9

Grover, Sonja C. Human Dignity as the Foundation for the Democratic Rule of Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0011.

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The notion of human dignity has in recent years come under attack from sectors of the interdisciplinary and legal academic community as vacuous and of little or no utility in judicial reasoning. This author holds instead that human dignity is the sine qua non of all human life and correlated with certain inviolable human rights that speak to human beings as other than property, as having legal personality and the right to be heard. The notion of human dignity then serves, it is argued here, as essential guidance in judicial reasoning on issues of individual and group fundamental human rights.
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10

Alison, Bisset. Part II The Right to Know, B Commissions of Inquiry, Principle 10 Guarantees for Victims and Witnesses Testifying on Their Behalf. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0014.

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Principle 10 provides guarantees for victims and witnesses testifying on their behalf. The participation of victims and witnesses in truth seeking processes is important in efforts to uncover the truth about the past. Many commissions have been mandated to gather victim testimony as a key objective and to provide victims with a forum in which to give account of the abuses suffered and to restore their dignity. When there is no testimony, commissions are unlikely to fulfill their broader mandates of establishing a historical record of past violations. After giving a contextual and historical ba
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11

Le principe de respect de la dignité humaine et la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme. La Documentation française, 1999.

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12

William A, Schabas. Part 6 The Trial: Le Procès, Art.68 Protection of the victims and witnesses and their participation in the proceedings/Protection et participation au procès des victimes et des témoins. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0072.

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This chapter comments on Article 68 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 68 governs the protection of victims and witnesses. The Court is required to take ‘appropriate measures’ for the protection of ‘the safety, physical and psychological well-being, dignity and privacy of victims and witnesses’. The provision places special emphasis upon victims of sexual or gender violence, or violence against children. It also departs from the general principle of public hearings in order to protect victims and witnesses. Where the personal interests of victims are affected, the
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13

Kantaro, Karasuma. Igensho: The Book of Dignity: General Principles of Martial Art. AuthorHouse, 2006.

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14

Salomon, Stefan, ed. Der Status im europäischen Asylrecht. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845298146.

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Despite the constitutionalisation of asylum law by EU law over the last two decades, proceedings based on national norms often still occur before asylum authorities and the courts of EU Member States. This book examines the divergences in and tensions between the constitutionalisation of asylum law by EU law on the one hand and how national asylum laws operate on the other. The national context in this book is primarily Austria’s asylum law. As asylum encapsulates various status categories that determine the rights and duties of a person in most areas of life, this book analyses asylum law fro
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15

Ameriks, Karl. Kantian Dignity and its Difficulties. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780198917656.001.0001.

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Abstract This book is a systematic and historical study of the nature and reception of Kant’s distinctive conception of dignity. The first chapter discusses contemporary interpretations and defends Kant’s concept of dignity as rooted in a basic capacity of reason for morality, and as an unconditional, all-or-nothing, and inviolable feature of all human beings, one that deserves universal respect. The next four chapters build on this systematic account by explaining how Kant’s notion of dignity was further clarified, or seriously misunderstood or neglected, in five significant contexts: the Bal
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16

McCrudden, Christopher. Human Rights Theory and Comparative International Law Scholarship. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786627.003.0019.

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An account of what we know about the use by domestic courts of international human rights law is identified, based on the findings in this volume and earlier work on the use of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). From that, three aspects of the domestic functions of international human rights treaties are tentatively identified as particularly significant: international human rights law is only partly internationally-directed; domestic courts very seldom appear to be acting as ‘agents’ of international human rights law; and ‘human dignity’ (s
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17

May, Larry. Humanity, Necessity, and the Rights of Soldiers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796176.003.0004.

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In both morality and law, it is still common to say that soldiers’ lives do not count for very much in assessments of whether or not a particular war or armed conflict is justifiably initiated and conducted. I argue that soldiers should be acknowledged to have the humanitarian right not to be killed unnecessarily. Also, I argue that military necessity is best conceived as a form of practical necessity. I argue for a strengthening of the principle of military necessity, so that a soldier’s life can only be taken if it is practically necessary to achieve a needed military objective. I then set o
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18

Szczucki, Krzysztof. Ethical Legitimization of Criminal Law. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978734876.

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When creating the norms of criminal law, the legislator should strive for their compatibility with the principle of human dignity while taking into account the ethical legitimacy of criminal law. This thesis is the axis around which The Ethical Legitimization of Criminal Law is constructed. Szczucki shows that criminal law is like a suit; to be a perfect fit, it has to be tailor-made. That is why he argues for three points of reference to guide moral evaluation of criminal law: first, the coherence of the legal system; second, the will of the legislator; and third, the virtues of citizens. Onl
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19

Emond, Alan. Health for all children: philosophy and principles. Edited by Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0001.

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The first United Nations Sustainable Development Goal is to ‘ensure that all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality’. Protecting, promoting, and supporting early childhood development is essential to achieve this goal. The foundations of child health and well-being, and of adult health in later life, are laid down in pregnancy and the early years. So this review of evidence takes a life course approach, starting in pregnancy and extending to the age of 7 years, to include transition into school and to cover the ‘early years’.
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20

Muders, Sebastian. Autonomy and the Value of Life as Elements of Human Dignity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675967.003.0008.

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Within the debate on assisted suicide and euthanasia, the arguments from autonomy and from the special value of life are often linked to human dignity in order to make the normative principles they defend more resistant against competing considerations. However, the resulting conceptions of dignity are usually presented as competing with each other; that is, either one spells out human dignity in terms of autonomy, or one explicates it in terms of the value of human life. As an alternative, this chapter offers a “combined approach”: It seeks to explicate dignity in terms of specific interpreta
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21

Böckenförde, Ernst-Wolfgang. Religion, Law, and Democracy. Edited by Mirjam Künkler and Tine Stein. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818632.001.0001.

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This is the first representative edition in English of Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde’s writings on religion, law, and democracy. As a historian, legal scholar, and former judge on Germany’s Federal Constitutional Court, Böckenförde (1930–2019) has shaped legal and political discourse in twentieth-century Germany like few others. Doing so, he combined three normative orientations writings as a political liberal, as a social democrat, and as a Catholic. The included articles discuss the place of religion in modern democracy, the role of the Catholic Church in the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, the
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22

Kotzmann, Jane. Theoretical Approaches to Higher Education. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863494.003.0003.

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This chapter explores two general theoretical models that are used to frame higher education policy. Under the market-based approach to higher education teaching and learning, higher education is provided through the free market. This approach is based on the principles of competition, privitisation, and absence of government intervention. In contrast, a human rights-based approach to higher education seeks to translate the human right to higher education and operationalise it. The principles of a human rights-based approach include integration and mainstreaming of human rights norms, accounta
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23

Battin, Margaret P. Could Suicide Really Be a Fundamental Human Right? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675967.003.0012.

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Could suicide be not just a right, but a fundamental right, rooted in dignity? A linguistic triple threat complicates this question: problems about “rights,” problems about “dignity,” and problems about what counts as suicide. For example, Thich Nhat Hanh’s insistence that the self-immolations of Buddhist monks and nuns in Vietnam are not suicides provides one sort of challenge; Valerius Maximus’s account of the self-elected death of a 90-year-old woman of Cea in good health and ample wealth, another. Linguistic variation also complicates the question of rights: English’s principal term for su
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24

Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr, and Wiener Michael, Dr. The Underlying Principles of Freedom of Religion or Belief—Towards a Holistic Conceptualization. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0001.

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This chapter discusses the underlying principles of freedom of religion or belief. While having its specific features as well as specific areas of application, the right to freedom of religion or belief epitomizes the very same principles which define the human rights approach in general: respect for human dignity, normative universalism, freedom, and equality. Highlighting these principles, which freedom of religion or belief shares with other human rights, is important against the background of a growing perception (or rather: misperception) that freedom of religion or belief allegedly stand
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25

Le Manuel Sphère. Practical Action Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781908176714.

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Le manuel Sphère présente des principes de qualité et de redevabilité dans les interventions humanitaires. Il s’agit d’une traduction pratique de la conviction fondamentale de Sphère selon laquelle toutes les personnes touchées par une catastrophe ou un conflit ont le droit de vivre dans la dignité et de bénéficier de l’aide humanitaire.
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26

Krantz, Susan. Refuting Peter Singer's Ethical Theory. Praeger, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216006589.

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Krantz provides a defense of traditional, human-centered ethics against Peter Singer's ethical theory. Singer favors a Copernican revolution in ethics because he thinks our traditional ethics has collapsed under pressure from medical technology and from advances in the biological understanding of our fellow animals. For nearly thirty years he has argued that the boundaries of the human lifespan and of the human species are so unclear that we must abandon our views that human beings have a special dignity and that the taking of innocent human life is always wrong. Against this Krantz argues tha
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27

Jecker, Nancy S. Ending Midlife Bias. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949075.001.0001.

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We live at a time when human lifespans have increased like never before. As average lifespans stretch to new lengths, how does this impact the values we hold most dear? Do these values change over the course of our ever-increasing lifespans? Ending Midlife Bias argues that at different life stages, different values emerge as central. During early life, caring and trust matter more, given human vulnerability and dependency. By early adulthood, growing independence provides a reason to value autonomy more. Later in life, heightened risk for chronic disease and disability warrants focusing on mai
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28

Wein, Simon, and Limor Amit. Adjustment disorders and anxiety. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0174.

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Adjustment disorders and anxiety are two of the more common responses to stressors in palliative care. At one end of the spectrum, adjustment and anxiety are normal defences. However, when coping mechanisms fail these responses can become pathological. Judging when a response is pathological is based on two principles: the severity of symptoms and the extent of disruption of normal functioning or homeostatic adaptation. The intimate two-way relationship between physical and psychological symptoms in palliative care means that physical symptoms have to be well controlled and that psychological
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29

Davies, Carole Boyce. “Haiti, I Can See Your Halo!”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038020.003.0010.

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This chapter uses the logic of the halo not in the way it appears in Christian iconography, but in the way the halo of what Haiti means radiates as a series of spatial principles across the African diaspora. The contradictory history of Haiti that produced today's American hemisphere's poorest country runs up against a history of glory and transcendence. Thus, in many ways, Haiti becomes an important and extreme representation of the black condition: on the one hand, a past of dignity and legendary greatness; on the other, the starkness created by the initial history of dispossession, subseque
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30

Collins, Hugh, Gillian Lester, and Virginia Mantouvalou, eds. Philosophical Foundations of Labour Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825272.001.0001.

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The book is an interdisciplinary investigation by lawyers and philosophers into the philosophical ideas, concepts, and principles that provide the foundation for the field of labour law or employment law. The book addresses doubts that have been expressed about whether a worker-protective labour law is needed at all, what should be regarded as the proper scope of the field in the light of developments such as the integration of work and home life by means of technology, the globalisation of the economy, and the precarious kinds of work that thrive in the gig economy. Paying particular attentio
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31

Segoing, Charles. Armorial universel: Contenant les armes des principales maisons, estatz et dignitez des plus considérables royaumes de l'Europe. Adamant Media Corporation, 2001.

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32

Vittoria, Barsotti, Carozza Paolo G, Cartabia Marta, and Simoncini Andrea. II Constitutional Jurisprudence, 4 Key Rights and Freedoms. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190214555.003.0004.

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Every constitutional system today presents major controversies and encounters significant challenges in the protection and guarantees of fundamental rights, and for that reason they constitute the most lively subject of transnational constitutional dialogue. The Italian Constitutional Court has a highly developed body of jurisprudence on fundamental rights, starting with its very first decision examining the validity of Fascist laws limiting freedom of expression. This chapter provides a broad overview of some of the constitutional principles that ground fundamental rights in Italian constitut
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33

Hunt, Luke William. Policing and the Priority of Liberal Personhood. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904999.003.0004.

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This chapter suggests that the state’s power to address injustice is constrained by a priority rule regarding the liberal conception of persons. Although the prior chapter described how a broadly outlined ideal theory includes the pre-political conception of persons as free and equal, this chapter describes how a richer conception of liberal personhood is illuminated through the interplay between ideal theory and the reality of law-breaking with which nonideal theory is concerned. The upshot is that if the elements of the yielded conception of liberal personhood track the principles of a broad
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34

Le traitement jurisprudentiel du principe de dignité de la personne humaine dans la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel français et du Tribunal constitutionnel espagnol. L.G.D.J., 2004.

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35

Gabbard, Glen O., Holly Crisp-Han, and Gabrielle S. Hobday. Professional Boundaries in Psychiatric Practice. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.27.

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Professional boundaries refer to the “edge” or limit of appropriate behavior in the clinical setting. The fundamental ethical principal involved is respect for the patient’s dignity and autonomy. Because there is a potential for exploitation of the patient due to the power differential and asymmetry between psychiatrist and patient, the following dimensions of the treatment frame must be considered: location, time, behavior, language, dress, confidentiality, self-disclosure, money and gifts, dual relationships, and physical/sexual contact. Context is crucially important in assessing profession
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36

Jessie, Hohmann. Part II Group Identity, Self-Determination, and Relations with States, Ch.6 The UNDRIP and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to Existence, Cultural Integrity and Identity, and Non-Assimilation: Articles 7(2), 8, and 43. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673223.003.0007.

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This chapter focuses on the rights to identity, existence, and non-assimilation in Articles 7(2), 8, and 43, which together enshrine rights to the protection of indigenous peoples' continued survival and existence, both physically as individuals and as cultural entities in accordance with levels of human dignity and well-being. Indigenous peoples pressed for the inclusion of such principles in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in the recognition that pre-existing international, regional, and national laws had failed to protect their survival as communi
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37

Gordon, Gregory S. International Human Rights and Domestic Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190612689.003.0003.

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In light of the compelling empirical connection between hate speech and atrocity, what laws, if any, criminalize the dissemination of such rhetoric? Chapter 2 begins to answer that question by examining international human rights instruments and domestic laws covering speech and violence. It notes there is an inbuilt clash in the principal human rights documents between free expression and freedom from invidious discrimination. Most of the world’s liberal democracies protect dignity against discrimination. The United States does not. The world’s most speech-protective jurisdiction, its Constit
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38

van Zyl Smit, Dirk, and Alessandro Corda. American Exceptionalism in Parole Release and Supervision. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190203542.003.0011.

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This chapter focuses on American exceptionalism in parole release and supervision. It first establishes a clear understanding of what is meant by granting parole and parole supervision in the United States and Europe within the respective sentencing schemes and then gives a comparative statistical picture. The chapter then considers the history of parole on both sides of the Atlantic, before examining and comparing current policies in the United States and Europe in more detail. The principal finding is that European parole, unlike its American counterparts, is dominated by a discourse that st
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39

Bank Muñoz, Carolina. Building Power from Below. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501712883.001.0001.

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Building Power from Below analyzes the success of Walmart workers in Chile. Retail and warehouse workers have achieved the seemingly unachievable. They have organized Walmart. How do we explain workers’ success in Chile, the cradle of neoliberalism, in challenging the world’s largest and most antiunion corporation? Chilean workers have spent years building grass roots organizations committed to principles of union democracy. While both retail and warehouse workers have successful unions, they have built different organizations due to their industry, workforce, and political histories. The inde
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40

Ivic, Sanja. Concept of European Values. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978729384.

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The Concept of European Values: Creating a New Narrative for Europe offers a philosophical analysis of the concept of European values from its origin to the present day. This book rethinks European values in light of the crises—economic, political, migration, identity, and pandemic—that the European Union (EU) has faced from 2008 until today and analyzes EU initiatives to create a new narrative for Europe. Sanja Ivic reexamines the concept of European values as well as the philosophical and political assumptions on which this concept is based. In times of crisis, the EU has shown a lack of sol
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41

Burckhard, Johann Gottlieb. Elementary or Fundamental Principles of the Philosophy of Natural History: Leading to a Better Knowledge of the Creator and the Creatures, a Nd Especially of the Destination and Dignity of Man. HardPress, 2020.

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42

Fellner, Jamie. Human rights. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0004.

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In this chapter, North American and international issues are reviewed covering the range of human rights issues, challenges, and controversies that exist in correctional mental health care. This chapter provides a brief overview of the key internationally recognized human rights that should inform the work of correctional mental health professionals. Human rights reflect a humanistic vision predicated on the foundation of human dignity, which complement the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. The human rights framework supports correctional mental health staff in their effor
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43

Beyer, Gerald J. Just Universities. Fordham University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823289967.001.0001.

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Gerald J. Beyer’s Just Universities discusses ways that U.S. Catholic institutions of higher education have embodied or failed to embody Catholic social teaching in their campus policies and practices. Beyer argues that the corporatization of the university has infected U.S. higher education with hyper-individualistic models and practices, which hinder the ability of Catholic institutions to create an environment imbued with bedrock values and principles of CST such as respect for human rights, solidarity, and justice. Beyer problematizes corporatized higher education and shows how it has adve
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44

Shaw, Jo. The People in Question. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529208894.001.0001.

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The book explores tensions in the relationship between citizenship and constitutions. It starts from the proposition that the citizen is a central figure in most if not all constitutional set-ups at the state level, and then highlights the paradox that in many constitutions matters of citizenship are not regulated in detail. The idea of the ‘constitutional citizen’ is developed and explored in Part Two, across chapters looking at the ideal of citizenship, modes of acquisition and loss of citizenship, and citizenship rights. Two themes emerge in those central chapters: the potential role of sup
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45

Silva, Denise dos Santos Vasconcelos. Direito à educação: efetividade, justiciabilidade e protagonismo cidadão. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-87836-88-1.

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The present study discusses the role of the judiciary concerning the interpretation of the right to education, with emphasis on the educational constitutional principles, on the basic content of the right to education and on the problems faced by this right. Furthermore, the present study pursuits to bring the risks that the excessive judicialization of the education brings to the balance between powers and the natural order of administration itself and public policies management in which the executive and legislative as powers elected by the people, develop, approve and initiate such programm
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46

Parasidis, Efthimios. America's Military Biomedical Complex. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780199351473.001.0001.

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Abstract This book is the first to trace the fascinating story of how laws and ethical codes have co-evolved with the nation’s military science pursuits, dating back to the founding of the United States. It details scores of examples where untoward conduct has been rationalized as necessary to promote national security and achieve military goals. This includes hazardous research on unsuspecting individuals, military field tests across the country with atomic, biological, and chemical weapons, and the creation of biomedical enhancements that are poised to become essential elements of military m
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47

Griech-Polelle, Beth A., ed. The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial and its Policy Consequences Today. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845280400.

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Justice Robert H. Jackson, plenipotentiary for planning the Allies trial at the International Military Tribunal, called the trial “one of the most significant tributes ever paid by power to reason.” In Justice Jackson’s opening statement he made it clear that the trial at Nuremberg was to mark a new beginning in human history; that Nuremberg would serve to establish principles that could serve as benchmarks for all human behavior. This revised and extended Edition seeks to address both the short-term effects of the International Military Tribunal and the current impact that the trials have had
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48

Koppelman, Andrew. Gay Rights vs. Religious Liberty? Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500989.001.0001.

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Should religious people who conscientiously object to facilitating same-sex weddings, and who therefore decline to provide cakes, photography, or other services, be exempted from antidiscrimination laws? This issue has taken on an importance far beyond the tiny number who have made such claims. Gay rights advocates fear that exempting even a few religious dissenters would unleash a devastating wave of discrimination. Conservative Christians fear that the law will treat them like racists and drive them to the margins of American society. Both sides are mistaken. This is not a matter of abstract
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