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Jung, Jin-Chul. "Accountability and the merit principle in the Korean civil service." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357690.
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Bureaucracy is an inevitable phenomenon as well as an indispensable necessity in modern society regardless of a country's size and degree of development. Its importance is stressed more in developing countries where there are few effective institutions to cope with initiating, designing, evaluating and even implementing development programmes. Further, due to homogeneity in culture and ethnicity and its vulnerable geopolitical conditions, Korea has been governed by a unitary centralised government for over a millennium, with its staff recruited through tests. By virtue of the bureaucracy's leading role, Korea has achieved outstanding economic progress since the 1960s. Recent changes in Korea, represented by political democratisation and economic development, call for reform of the bureaucracy. This persists as formed in the early 1960s for development administration. Its permeating values and attitudes are still traditional and those acquired as colonial legacies. Today, the Korean bureaucracy is being required to be accountable, responsible, responsive as well as effective, efficient Two sorts of reforms are considered here. One is control in line with democratic principles and popular expectations. The other is encouragement through personnel administration based on the merit principle. Since both are complementary to the other, these reforms should be implemented at the same time. Control without encouragement generates mal- or non-administration at best reluctant, passive and reactive administration. Encouragement without control allows the ascendancy of elite groups; competent but hard to control and thus seemingly unaccountable. In controlling the Korean bureaucracy, significant stress should be on normative constraints as well as on external, institutional and technical control systems. Under the influence of Confucianism the bureaucracy in Korea is seen as an agent to implement Heaven's will. No matter how elaborate control systems may be, in the face of complexity and professionalisation of modern bureaucracy, in the end their effectiveness depends on the will of human beings to apply them neutrally. External control cannot be disregarded, but they must be complemented by morality, integrity and ethics. In Korea this means there must be understanding of and reference to the specific culture and traditions of the country. The merit principle is a comprehensive principle governing all aspects of personnel administration. Korea has a millennium-long tradition of meritocracy in which the government officials were selected through tests of merit The merit principle is taken for granted by Koreans. The contemporary Korean civil service system is also established on the basis of such belief. However, there is a gap between the formal system and the reality of its operation. Balanced personnel practices between ministries through strengthening the central personnel agency, the normalisation of performance appraisal, and strengthening of the protection of the merit principle are essential. Politicisation, representativeness, managerialism, professionalism and trade unionism have to be treated in processes of reform. Intervention of politics into administration, and poor representativeness stemming from gender, regional and educational disparities should be addressed. Managerialism and market principle, professionalism and unionism are more positive factors in Korea
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Woodard, Colleen A. "Merit in Principle, Merit in Practice: An Investigation into Merit-based Human Resources Management Through the Lens of Title 5-exempt Federal Organizations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26893.
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This dissertation research investigates whether merit-based principles and practices are embedded into the HRM systems of 19 Title 5-exempt federal organizations. Title 5-exempt organizations, such as government corporations, serve as a vehicle for exploring the question of what constitutes merit in more loosely regulated public environments. This research fills a void in the discussion about how we can sustain a merit foundation in deregulated and decentralized federal human resources systems. It also captures previously uncollected information about HRM in some organizations that operate fully or partially outside the general government management laws.
While the research focus is specific to certain organizations, the context is the broader issue of merit in modern government. A recognition that alternative merit-based HRM systems exist under the federal umbrella without the constraints of Title 5 is important to the overall question of what constitutes merit in federal HRM and whether merit practices must be centrally determined and controlled. The larger goal is that of offering an alternative perspective for embedding the democratic values that merit represents in a more flexible, responsive, and business-like government.
The dissertation is divided into three sections that include building a generic model of merit-based HRM to identify the intrinsic components of such public HRM systems, collecting HRM data from 19 organizations through multiple case methodology, and analyzing and comparing the findings to the merit model. The discussion covers six themes emerging from the research, including the institutionalization and legalization of HRM, the impact of collective bargaining on merit, and the limited formal oversight and accountability of HRM in the studied organizations. The findings suggest that even in less regulated political environments, merit-based systems do survive and serve the changing needs of the organization. The key recommendation proposes offering the traditional federal agencies the option to develop and defend their own merit-based HRM systems under a broad public policy and accountability framework. The growth of standard HRM policies and practices in all large organizations and the increased protections in the HRM systems stemming from civil rights and employment law as well as collective bargaining offer protections similar to those merit was originally intended to provide.Ph. D.
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Gross, Brenda. "Employment equity and the merit principle, will ever the twain meet?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0007/MQ36822.pdf.
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Krompasky, Renate Maria. "Merit-linked evaluation: A study of plans used with principals." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187304.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate merit-linked evaluation plans that are in use or have been previously implemented with principals in one specific state. This study was conducted to determine what types of merit pay plans have been utilized throughout one state. Twenty districts were included in this study. Written merit pay plans, questionnaires completed by principals and superintendents, information received from telephone interviews, and personal interviews were all utilized to analyze the plans in view of their components. A review of the components led to a detailed study of the specific features found in the plans and how the features functioned in the plans. The congruency between the plans and the implementation of the plans was also studied. The supervisors' and principals' perceptions of the merit pay plans were analyzed in view of the six rationales for having a merit system. In addition, the perceptions of individuals who were currently on a merit pay plan were compared with individuals who had discontinued their merit pay plans. It was shown that the merit pay plans had a wide variety of components and features. Generally, larger districts tended to have plans that were more quantitative in nature. Smaller districts tended to have qualitative plans that were more informal. In analyzing the data on principals' perceptions, it was discovered that principals had a slightly lower perception of the impact of merit systems than their supervisors. District size did seem to affect the perceptions of the merit pay plan participants. Financial characteristics of a district also affected the perceptions about merit pay plans. In comparing the perceptions of individuals who currently had a plan and those individuals whose plans had been discontinued, significant differences were discovered. Additional findings also emerged. A good working relationship and trust were crucial to a successful merit pay plan. Other findings included the importance of money, structured goal setting, fairness, and direct input into the process. As a result of this study, recommendations were made for districts wanting to implement a merit-linked evaluation plan for their principals.
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Brown, G. Ronald. "Virginia elementary principals' perspectives on merit pay for classroom teachers." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54460.
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The purpose of this research study was to examine the perceptions of Virginia's elementary principals concerning the concept of merit pay for classroom teachers. The problem for investigation was: what are the attitudes of these principals toward merit pay for classroom teachers?
To identify these perceptions, a fixed-response-form-questionnaire, Survey on Perceptions of Elementary Principals on Merit Pay for Classroom Teachers, was developed by the researcher. The questionnaire was designed to gather information in six areas of concern: demographics of respondents, outcomes expected if a plan were adopted, opinions for or against merit pay plans, means for evaluation of teachers, resistance expected among teachers, and the most acceptable form of plan. Reliability was established at .85.
In a random selection, 300 elementary school principals (26%) were mailed surveys, 269 surveys (89.66%) were returned, 31 (10.33%) principals did not respond. An attempt was made to contact each nonrespondent by telephone to see if there were any particular reasons why the survey was not answered. Nine nonrespondents were contacted, and 8 of them indicated a lack of time as the reason for not responding. Because of the high response rate, it was felt that nonrespondents could not have biased the data, therefore, attempts to administer the survey by telephone were not made.
Respondents felt that teachers would become more competitive and less cooperative. Parents would make requests that their children be placed with teachers receiving merit pay, and teacher-filed grievances would increase. Respondents believed in the concept of paying more effective teachers higher salaries, but they were reluctant to recommend the adoption of a merit pay plan. Respondents felt that principals should be the main evaluators of teachers, but they endorsed the use of teachers' peers and outside evaluators. They felt that teacher associations would oppose merit pay.
Of the three forms of above-the-scale compensation defined for the study, principals surveyed felt that teachers would find differentiated staffing the least objectionable.
It was concluded that, given the attitudes of Virginia's elementary principals, it is unlikely that a merit pay plan can be successfully implemented in Virginia.Ed. D.
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Henson, Bruce E. "The policy process, culture and work relations : the transformation of intentions by educators /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841148.
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Waller, Paul James. "Teacher Perceptions of Merit Pay: A Case Study." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1570029933489107.
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Hoff, William J. "An Analysis Of Perceptual Differences Between Parents, Teachers, Principals, Superintendents, And School Board Members Relating To Issues Important To Merit Pay Implementation." Scholarly Commons, 1985. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3092.
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Purpose: Within school districts groups may be identified whose function influences their perceptions about what would occur in the schools relative to issues important to merit pay implementation. The purpose of the study was to identify those differences that exist between groups regarding issues relevant to merit pay implementation. Procedures: Parents, teachers, principals, superintendents, and school board members were drawn from elementary, high school, and unified school districts residing in regions designated by the Association of California School Administrators. A survey instrument was developed in order to elicit group responses about issues related to merit pay. Analyses of variance were carried out to test the hypotheses relating to: a) differences between groups and b) differences between dimensions identified for the study. In addition, an analysis of individual items and pertinent supplementary analyses were carried out. Results: Teachers rejected the premise that merit pay would improve educational productivity and benefit school community members. Principals were cognizant of the relationship between motivational principles and merit pay, and expressed confidence that the reinforcement principles related to merit pay would be carried out. All groups were confident that school administrators would maintain an effective merit pay program. However, the groups were uncertain about what evaluation procedures would be employed; the effect merit pay would have on incompetent teachers; and how incompetent teachers' performance would be improved. Conclusions: At this time, the data examined suggest that merit pay implementation should be delayed until those differences identified between groups are reconciled. This does not imply that merit pay implementation should be abandoned, but rather, each issue should be examined and acted upon carefully. Recommendations: Those school districts considering merit pay implementation should give consideration to the development of standards specifying what the school district's outcomes are to be. Within the context of outcomes, the development of evaluation procedures that link merit-pay awards to outcomes is essential. Therefore, in order to establish trust and cooperation within the school district, recognizable links between performance outcomes and the merit-pay awards are to be firmly established.
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Mouallem, Ziad. "Le principe du contradictoire, cause de contrôle étatique des sentences arbitrales internationales." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020030.
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Le principe du contradictoire post-arbitral en matière d’arbitrage international est établi dans la majorité des systèmes juridiques. Toutefois, les décisions des juges étatiques montrent que l’adhésion générale à ce concept masque d’importantes différences concernant sa portée et son application. Cette thèse ne vise point à établir une description théorique du contenu du principe, elle propose une analyse qualitative, dont l’objectif essentiel est la vérification de son individualité, et non le fait qu’il est une simple application du principe civiliste classique. Loin de constater l’adoption définitive d’un concept arbitral autonome, la solution retenue démontre l’opportunité et, donc, le besoin de sa légitimation, ayant un impact direct sur la circulation des sentences arbitrales internationales. En fin de compte, hors de tout encadrement statique, il y a lieu de détecter, à travers la progression de l’étude, une évolution logique et une activité d’apurement au niveau du droit comparé. Cette évolution, d’un principe classique vers un concept arbitral international, à lecture contractuelle et non-statutaire, contenant une règle d’égalité, puis vers un outil technique en état de disparition, ne peut que dévoiler la période d’agonie dans laquelle se place le concept en cause. Cet aboutissement ne contribue pas seulement à souligner les errements conceptuels préjudiciables en jurisprudence comparée, il concourt également à marquer l’un des traits les plus émancipatoires du processus arbitral international. Dans cette optique, une telle conjoncture participerait à l’accélération de la privatisation de la justice arbitrale internationaleThe post-arbitral adversarial principle in international arbitration is established in most legal systems. However, decisions of state judges show that general support for this concept masks significant differences in terms of its scope and application. This thesis does not aim to outline a theoretical description of the principle’s content ; it provides a qualitative analysis, the main objective of which is to ascertain its individuality, and not the fact that it is a mere application of the classic civil principle. Far from establishing the definitive adoption of an autonomous arbitral concept, the solution demonstrates the appropriateness and, therefore, the need for its legitimation, and has a direct impact on the movement of international arbitral awards. Ultimately, beyond any static framework, through the progress of the study, a logical development and regularisation activity with respect to comparative law should be detected. This development, from a classical principle to an international arbitration concept, to a contractual and non-statutory reading, containing a rule of equality, and thereafter to a technical tool which is disappearing, can only reveal the death throes in which the concept in question finds itself in. This outcome not only serves to highlight the detrimental conceptual errors in comparative case law, it also helps to mark one of the most emancipatory features of the international arbitration process. In this respect, such a situation would contribute to the accelerated privatisation of international arbitration proceedings
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Endara, Almeida Diana Karolina Verfasser], Irmgard [Akademischer Betreuer] Merkt, and Christoph [Gutachter] [Käppler. "Music as a principle of inclusion : A comparative study between Ecuador and Germany in early childhood education and care / Diana Karolina Endara Almeida ; Gutachter: Christoph Käppler ; Betreuer: Irmgard Merkt." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1200634721/34.
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Endara, Almeida Diana Karolina [Verfasser], Irmgard Akademischer Betreuer] Merkt, and Christoph [Gutachter] [Käppler. "Music as a principle of inclusion : A comparative study between Ecuador and Germany in early childhood education and care / Diana Karolina Endara Almeida ; Gutachter: Christoph Käppler ; Betreuer: Irmgard Merkt." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1200634721/34.
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Endara, Almeida Diana Karolina [Verfasser], Irmgard [Akademischer Betreuer] Merkt, and Christoph [Gutachter] Käppler. "Music as a principle of inclusion : A comparative study between Ecuador and Germany in early childhood education and care / Diana Karolina Endara Almeida ; Gutachter: Christoph Käppler ; Betreuer: Irmgard Merkt." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2019. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2019112902434885310825.
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Gorelli, Hernández Juan. "Delimitation of the Non-Fixed Indefinite Worker of Public Administrations in Spain." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117392.
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With this study the status of “non-fixed indefinite” in the service of the government workers is analyzed. The “no permanent fixed” are those workers who although initially had a temporary contract with an administration, it has become indefinite due to irregularities thereof. Analyze how Spanish jurisprudence has tried to strike a balance between labor interests (of job security) and public (the constitutional principles of equality, merit and ability in access to public service).Con este estudio, se analiza la situación jurídica de los trabajadores “indefinidos no fijos” al servicio de las Administraciones Públicas, es decir, aquellos que si bien, inicialmente, tenían un contrato de carácter temporal, éste se ha convertido en indefinido como consecuencia de las irregularidades del mismo. Analizaremos, cómo la jurisprudencia española ha intentado establecer un cierto equilibrio entre los intereses laborales (de estabilidad en el empleo) y los públicos (los principios constitucionales de igualdad, mérito y capacidad en el acceso a la función pública).
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Abid, Chiraz. "L'établissement du contenu du droit aplicable en matière d'arbitrage international." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D042.
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Le rôle que joue le tribunal arbitral dans l'établissement du contenu du droit applicable n'est pas déterminé dans la plupart des législations d'arbitrage. Cette défaillance du cadre légal conduit à l'interprétation du principe jura novit curia en matière d'arbitrage international. Certes, une transposition pure et simple dans cette matière dudit principe, tel qu'il est appliqué devant les tribunaux étatiques, n'est pas sans difficulté. Néanmoins, en vue de consolider la confiance des parties dans la justice arbitrale et améliorer sa qualité, le tribunal arbitral doit avoir un rôle prépondérant vis-à-vis du droit applicable. En outre, l'office de l'arbitre doit intégrer l'emprise croissante des principes procéduraux fondamentaux. L'administration de la preuve juridique durant l'instance arbitrale s'accomplit à travers différents outils et méthodes. Ces derniers sont, de nos jours, très harmonisés dans les différentes législations et ce grâce à l'effort considérable déployé par les différentes institutions d'arbitrage. Néanmoins, en dépit de leur utilisation fréquente, de leur évolution croissante et leurs avantages indéniables, certains inconvénients persistent et contredisent parfois les besoins d'efficacité et de célérité recherchés par les compromettants. D'autres méthodes, spécifiques pour la preuve juridique, devraient émerger pour une meilleure administration de la justice. Il ne faut toutefois pas privilégier simplement une solution rapide du litige. Il faut qu'elle soit également acceptable et juste aux yeux des parties. Un outil de contrôle de la phase post-arbitrale, qui vise à vérifier si le contenu «censé» établi du droit applicable est correctement appliqué par l'arbitre aux faits de l'espèce, doit pouvoir exister et être efficace. Une telle mesure doit cependant être respectueuse du principe de non révision au fond des sentencesThe role of the arbital tribunal in the establishment of the content of the applicable law on the merits is not envisaged in most of the arbitration statutes. This brings us to examine the principle ''jura novit curia" and the opportunity of its application to international arbitration. Applying this principle in the same way it is applied before state courts to international arbitration has led to several difficulties. However in order to encourage the parties to resort to arbitration and to increase their trust in this conflict resolution mechanism, the arbitrator must be actively involved in the establishment of the content of the applicable law. Moreover, the "ex officia" attributions of the arbitrator should always comply with the due process principles. The administration of the proof of the applicable law during an arbitration procedure is nowadays standardized in most of the different law systems, due to the continuous efforts of the arbitration institutions. However, and despite the numerous advantages of the current methods of establishment of the applicable law, many difficulties are still encountered, which is diminishing the efficiency and the celerity expected by the parties from the arbitration process. Therefore, news methods should be developed, without however compromising the quality of the justice rendered: a post arbitral control must be implemented in order to verify whether the arbitrator has correctly applied the law on the merits "as previously established" to the case at hand, while respecting the principle of non review of the award on the merits
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TÝMOVÁ, Kateřina. "Na počátku byl vztah - křesťanské paradigma západní kultury formující obraz člověka v procesu trestního soudnictví." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-172607.
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The present thesis paper deals - on theoretical level - with the importance and the gradual evolution of dialogicality of man within the context of criminal justice. In Western European cultural environment the image of man as dialogical being has been inspired by the Judeo-Christian tradition, approaching "the man in relationship" as an unlimited and transcendental form of being. In practical terms, a relationship has been perceived as the fundamental precondition in the process of restoration of a man and as an opportunity to re-approach the original absolute form of humanity, which is in harmony with God´s intention. The culturally accepted dialogical image of man has been reflected in shaping the specific form of systems and institutions created by man, including also the system of criminal law and justice, the main objective of which is enforcing justice. In the spirit of that cultural tradition, emphasis is currently laid on protection of and respect for dignity and individual rights and freedoms of man, and, thus, personal participation of the criminal conflict parties in the process of justice is required. Hence, in the persons of the offender and the victim, justice is rather becoming "the justice of dialogue and negotiation" within restorative justice, and it is so within the limits of law so as the participants´ individual needs and interests can be taken care of and obligations resulting from the conflict can be secured, to the maximum possible extent.
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Gobo, Cecil Nash Cândido. "Princípio da Gestão Processual no Processo Civil moçambicano." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90420.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoO presente trabalho incide sobre os poderes de gestão processual , a sua aplicabilidade, os seus limites e os respectivos contornos na perspectiva do processo civil português, sem prejuízo de outros ordenamentos jurídicos . O principal propósito é fazer do processo um instrumento simples, eficaz e eficiente que assenta na justa composição do litígio, privilegiando o mérito em detrimento das questões de forma. A intenção não é a supressão dos atos processuais, pois, não é por si sinónimo de flexibilidade ou mitigação da rigidez, mas tornar o processo mais prático e ao serviço do cidadão, fundamentalmente no contexto moçambicano onde a maior parte da população não possui uma cultura jurídica e os que possuem olham para as instituições de justiça com algum cepticismo. Tal desiderato não poderá ser alcançado sem uma comunidade trabalho ( princípio da cooperação), postergando desta forma a retrógrada ideia do processo como um campo conflituoso ou de “guerra aberta” que condiciona o exercícios dos poderes do juiz e compromete as finalidades do processo civil enquanto mecanismo de realização do direito material no caso concreto. O exercício dos poderes de gestão implicam uma maior atuação do juiz nas diversas fases do processo e uma visão crítica das regras para que os procedimentos não sirvam para a protelação da causa e promoção da chicana, mas para a decisão de mérito em prazo razoável que reflete a realidade dos factos no caso concreto. Contudo, a atribuição de poderes ao juiz e a modernização dos procedimentos, não devem implicar o abandono ou cerceamento das garantias fundamentais, mormente a imparcialidade do juiz e um contraditório-cooperativo.
The present work focuses on the powers of procedural management, their applicability, their limits and the respective contours in the perspective of the Portuguese civil procedure, without prejudice to other legal systems. The main purpose is to make the process a simple, effective and efficient instrument based on the fair composition of the litigation, giving priority to merit over issues of form. The intention is not to suppress procedural acts, since it is not in itself synonymous with flexibility or mitigation of rigidity, but to make the process more practical and at the service of the citizen, fundamentally in the Mozambican context where the majority of the population does not have a culture and those who have it look at the judicial institutions with some skepticism.Such desideratum can not be achieved without a working community (principle of cooperation), thus postponing the retrograde idea of the process as a conflict or "open war" field that conditions the exercise of the judge's powers and compromises the purposes of the civil process while mechanism in the specific case.The exercise of the management powers imply a greater role of the judge in the various phases of the process and a critical view of the rules so that the procedures do not serve to delay the cause and promotion of the bail, but to the decision of merit within reasonable time that reflects the facts in this case.However, the granting of powers to the court and the modernization of procedures should not lead to the abandonment or restriction of fundamental guarantees, especially the impartiality of the judge and a contradictory-cooperative.
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Deane, Tameshnie. "Affirmative action: a comparative study." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2012.
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Racial and gender inequality, as well as other forms of discrimination has been a part of the South African, American and Indian histories for a very long time. Even today racial disparity is still very evident in the South African and American societies whilst discrimination based on caste is still prevalent in the Indian society. This is illustrated by continued racial discrimination and the remaining signs of societal segregation. Due to continuing disparities amongst the people, it became necessary to implement affirmative action programmes. Focusing in particular on education and jobs, affirmative action policies require active measures to be taken to ensure that blacks and other minorities enjoy the same opportunities for career advancement and school admissions that had been the nearly exclusive province of whites in SA and the USA, or for the forward castes in India. Affirmative action has been both praised and denounced, as an answer to racial inequality. One of the key issues that arise when affirmative action is discussed is whether or not affirmative action in fact promotes equality and atones for past prejudices. Another concern is whether the current affirmative action policy is the right policy to use. The issues surrounding affirmative action seems to be universal as are the circumstances. Perhaps the most widespread similarity among the programmes in these very different countries has been that group preferences and quotas are almost always discussed. The debate on affirmative action exists because it is a very divisive issue and it affects different groups of people in different ways, and some groups or persons seemingly benefit more from affirmative action than other persons or groups. In addition, it causes people to be classified into groups, and at the same time, strives to break down group barriers. It is an issue that is difficult to resolve because people have varied ideas about how the problems of racial inequality and historical discrimination should be addressedJurisprudence
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Jindrová, Jitka. "Vliv sociální organizace her na orientaci v jejich morální dimenzi - revize výzkumu E. Kuruczové." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-446482.
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The author is reviewing the research that E. Kuruczová demonstrated in her diploma thesis called The effect of social organization of games on the orientation in their moral dimension. The main goal of the diploma thesis Kuruczová developed another contribution to Piaget's theory of the development of moral reasoning of school-age children. Piaget's empirical data suggested that social organizations could influence orientation in their moral dimensions. Kuruczová found that in her 180 children from one school (aged 1st - 9th grade) the development of orientation in the moral dimension of the game King of Deer Hunters (organized as a competition) performs ahead of the development of orientation in the moral dimension of the game Hot Potato (organized as a collaboration). Furthermore, in the research, children of Kuruczová think about the stories of unjust play situations organized by "Mrs. Teacher". Even the youngest and unoriented did not argue the evaluation of the situation as a fair authority of the teacher - which, according to Piaget's theory, could assume the key role of the criterion of obedience of authority in the heteronomous understanding of the criteria of moral evaluation. This thesis therefore answers the question of whether it can replicate these findings. Unlike Kuruczová,...