Journal articles: 'Principle of merit'

1

Gallas, Nesta M. "Representativeness: A New Merit Principle." Public Personnel Management 14, no. 1 (March 1985): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102608501400103.

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Kettl, Donald F. "The Merit Principle in Crisis." Governance 28, no. 4 (August 27, 2015): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gove.12165.

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Malleson, Kate. "Rethinking the Merit Principle in Judicial Selection." Journal of Law and Society 33, no. 1 (March 2006): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2006.00351.x.

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Faisal, Faisal. "Prinsip-Prinsip Perjanjian Muamalat dalam Hukum Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia." REUSAM: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 3, no. 1 (May 15, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/reusam.v3i1.1947.

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According to the practice of Islamic banking principles, a bank should have muamalat agreement including the principle of deposit or deposits (depository/al-wadi'ah), the principle of profit sharing (profit-sharing), purchase (sale and purchase), leases (operational and financial lease lease), and services (fee-based services). Legal agreement adheres to several principles, including the principle of the freedom of an agreement (the sense of autonomy), the principle of adjustments will, and the principle of trust. In addition, there is also the principle of binding force, the principle of legal equality, the principle of balance, the principle of legal certainty, moral principles, merit principle, and the principle of habit.

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Onah, Roseline C., and Gabriel Igwebuike Ayogu. "Diversity, Inclusive Governance and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: The Federal Character Principle in Focus." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 5, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 4873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v5i7.07.

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The need for inclusive governance has become more urgent in the face of the ethno-politically propelled violence prevalent in the world especially in Africa. The Federal Character Principle though introduced to redress geopolitical imbalance and bring about national integration, has become the Achilles heel of Nigerian politics. Thus, the thrust of this paper is an in-depth analysis of the Federal Character Principle as an instrument of retooling Nigeria diversity for inclusive governance and sustainable development. Through a documentary search, the paper examined the application of the principle and its effect on key principles that promote effective public service delivery and sustainable development. Our findings show that the principle has gone a long way to reduce various factors of mutual distrust and rivalries among states and geopolitical zones for sharing of the Nigerian commonwealth. However, the implementation of the principle has impinged on the application of the merit principle in public service recruitment and selection which is key to effective service delivery and sustainable development. In its varied application, the principle tries to prop the weak but downplays excellence thereby brewing injustice and inefficiency. Based on the thesis that Nigeria can only continue to seek unity and development upon the continuing basis of ethno-political diversity, the paper makes some recommendations towards a more effective application of the Federal Character Principle. These include applying the principle only at the entry level into the service while climbing up the ladder should depend on solely on merit, recruitment for post requiring specialist training should not be based on Federal Character Principle but strictly on merit among others.

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Macdonald, Duncan. "The Use of Seniority in Labour Selection and Job Allocation." Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 1 (March 1989): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568903100103.

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One of the many causes of conflict within the labour process is choice of an appropriate criterion for the selection of labour and the allocation of work tasks. While merit, as a proxy for productivity or efficiency, is appropriate according to economic rationality and the principles of business management, evidence abounds of the prevalence of seniority as the criterion most used. In an attempt to explain this apparent contradiction it is hypothesised that, in many cases, management is obliged to utilise seniority because the costs of insisting upon merit are too high. These costs, in turn, are claimed to result from three factors: the difficulties of measuring merit, workers' attachment to the seniority principle and external constraints on having merit predominate. Evidence from a variety of case studies is presented in support of the hypothesis.

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Gyorfi, Tamas. "Why Is the Equal Merit Principle (Almost) Straightforwardly Wrong?" Modern Law Review 80, no. 6 (November 2017): 1052–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12302.

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Srivastava, Vinay Kumar. "Speaking of Caste: Merit of the Principle of Segmentation." Sociological Bulletin 65, no. 3 (September 2016): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022920160302.

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Love, J. D. "The merit principle in the provincial governments of Atlantic Canada." Canadian Public Administration/Administration publique du Canada 31, no. 3 (October 1988): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.1988.tb01321.x.

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Lewis, Huw. "Liberalism, Language Revival and Employment." Political Studies 59, no. 4 (June 15, 2011): 1017–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00880.x.

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Do policies that seek to revive the prospects of minority languages transgress important liberal principles? The article will explore this question by focusing on one controversial aspect of language policy in Wales: the steps taken to set Welsh language requirements for some jobs in the public sector. This is a practice that has generated substantial debate, with opponents claiming that it undermines equality of opportunity in the field of employment and, in particular, transgresses the principle of appointing on the basis of merit. It will be argued here that such objections do not stand up to scrutiny. Efforts to promote a language's position in the field of employment do not undermine the principle of merit, but merely expand slightly on its meaning. Therefore, liberals should, in principle, be willing to endorse policies similar to those adopted in Wales in recent years. Nevertheless, the fact that these policies can be endorsed in principle does not mean that liberals would wish to exclude them completely from criticism. Rather, as will also be argued, the background conditions against which they are implemented and the degree to which these can influence an individual's linguistic ability should also be considered, and in the Welsh context, at least, this is an issue that may call for further attention.

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Vuksanlekaj, Kozeta. "The reality confronting the merit principle in the Albanian civil service: a historical comparison going back to the roots." SEER 22, no. 2 (2019): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2019-2-253.

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There have been many studies that have investigated the history of the meritocratic competitive testing of public officials, with historians of and researchers in administrative science concluding that China was the first country to apply the principle of merit in selecting public officials through open competition. The novelty of the approach set out in this article is to analyse historic facts through the eye of an employee who has significant experience in the public administration of Albania. There have been attempts to introduce the merit principle in Albania, but these have encountered significant difficulties due to the communist traditions of the country and the problems of its 28-year transition to democracy. In exploring the origin story developing in a faraway eastern country, the questions arise as to why China was the first country in the world to apply the principle of merit in selecting public officials and what lessons this has for Albania today. By combining historical and analytical method, analysing the history of meritocratic competitive testing, this article aims to serve the development of public administration in Albania.

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Woodard, Colleen A. "Merit by Any Other Name-Refraining the Civil Service First Principle." Public Administration Review 65, no. 1 (January 2005): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00435.x.

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Castilla, Emilio J., and Aruna Ranganathan. "The Production of Merit: How Managers Understand and Apply Merit in the Workplace." Organization Science 31, no. 4 (July 2020): 909–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2019.1335.

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In this article, we develop a process model that specifies how managers come to understand and approach the evaluation of merit in the workplace. Interviews from a diverse sample of managers and from managers at a U.S. technology company, along with supplemental qualitative online review data, reveal that managers are not blank slates: we find that individuals’ understandings of merit are shaped by their (positive and negative) experiences of being evaluated as employees prior to promotion to management. Our analysis also identifies two distinct managerial approaches to applying merit when evaluating others: the focused approach, in which managers evaluate employees’ work actions quantitatively at the individual level; and the diffuse approach in which managers assess both employees’ work actions and personal qualities, quantitatively and qualitatively, at both the individual and team levels. We further find that, as a result of their different past experiences as subjects of evaluation, individuals who experience mostly negative evaluation outcomes as employees are more likely to adopt a focused approach to evaluating merit, whereas individuals who experience mostly positive evaluation outcomes are more likely to adopt a diffuse approach. Our study contributes to the scholarship on meritocracy and workplace inequality by showing that merit is not an abstract concept but a guiding principle that is produced and reproduced over time based on individuals’ evaluation experiences in the workplace.

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Hild, Matthias, and Alex Voorhoeve. "EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND OPPORTUNITY DOMINANCE." Economics and Philosophy 20, no. 1 (April 2004): 117–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267104001282.

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All conceptions of equal opportunity draw on some distinction between morally justified and unjustified inequalities. We discuss how this distinction varies across a range of philosophical positions. We find that these positions often advance equality of opportunity in tandem with distributive principles based on merit, desert, consequentialist criteria or individuals' responsibility for outcomes. The result of this amalgam of principles is a festering controversy that unnecessarily diminishes the widespread acceptability of opportunity concerns. We therefore propose to restore the conceptual separation of opportunity principles concerning unjustified inequalities from distributive principles concerning justifiable inequalities. On this view, equal opportunity implies that that morally irrelevant factors should engender no differences in individuals' attainment, while remaining silent on inequalities due to morally relevant factors. We examine this idea by introducing the principle of ‘opportunity dominance' and explore in a simple application to what extent this principle may help us arbitrate between opposing distributive principles. We also compare this principle to the selection rules developed by John Roemer and Dirk Van de Gaer.

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Hilmar, Till. "The Temporal Logic of Deservingness: Inequality Beliefs in Two Postsocialist Societies." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5 (January 2019): 237802311986423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023119864231.

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Employing a cultural sociological approach, this article asks how individuals from two postsocialist societies articulate principles of justice by providing narrative accounts of other peoples’ perceived choices and social mobility trajectories after 1989. Using data from an interview study of 67 respondents from former East Germany and the Czech Republic, I present two interrelated findings: First, as respondents negotiate the tension between the principles of merit and need, they show widespread support for the idea that individuals are personally responsible for their fate despite the legacy of egalitarianism commonly associated with postsocialist societies. Second, individuals can effectively challenge the principle of merit by using a certain type of eventful knowledge about economic change after 1989 that is articulated morally but points to the limits of choice. The article distinguishes different notions of deservingness and contributes to the current debate on the links between culture and economics.

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Liu, Deming. "Copyright and the pursuit of justice: a Rawlsian analysis." Legal Studies 32, no. 4 (December 2012): 600–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2012.00235.x.

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This paper seeks to explore copyright from the perspective of John Rawls's egalitarian conception of justice. It first evaluates the classical theories for copyright. Next, it examines Rawls's principles of justice with particular emphasis on the difference principle. Then, it applies Rawls to the design of copyright law and debates on two doctrines of copyright law – namely the idea/expression dichotomy and the relevance of the merit of a work for copyright. The significance of the debate is to show that Rawls's perspective on justice offers a better justification for copyright and its principles and would potentially induce better justice.

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Duan, Ai Ling, Dan Cao, and Hai Fang Si. "Analysis of Distributed Computing Architecture Search Principle Based on Hadoop." Applied Mechanics and Materials 519-520 (February 2014): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.519-520.54.

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Distributed search techniques of Hadoop are researched and analyzed. Combined with Lucene indexing objects, a search engine system IS successfully built. Efficiency of the system in both time and space is investigated. Merit of distributed processing architecture for a single architecture in data handling is verified. The access and update of file information in distributed search technology are further explored. The research plays a positive role in promoting study of related fields

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18

Sheffrin, Steven M. "The Domain of Desert Principles for Taxation." Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 11, no. 2 (October 24, 2018): 220–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23941/ejpe.v11i2.327.

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Joseph Heath (2018) makes a strong case that the principles of fairness or desert that arise in social interactions have at best a loose connection to economic outcomes in decentralized markets. However, there is evidence that when people are given the opportunity—say, in collective bargaining situations—they will try to alter these market outcomes in favor of their own perceptions of justice, fairness, or desert. Taxation is an important domain in which the public can alter market outcomes. This paper explores to what extent desert can be used as a principle of tax policy. It analyzes tax policies that can be used to implement both individualized and categorical assessments of desert. I argue that there might be some room for tax policy at the broad, categorical level. Finally, using the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017 as a case study, I explore whether merit or other bases for desert were embedded in the recent legislation. While there was evidence of attempts to implement ideas based on principles of deservingness in the legislation, they were not of the type necessary to sustain a merit-based society.

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19

Kimball, Bruce A. "The Principle, Politics, and Finances of Introducing Academic Merit as the Standard of Hiring for “the teaching of law as a career,” 1870–1900." Law & Social Inquiry 31, no. 03 (2006): 617–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2006.00024.x.

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Compared to the practice in other professional schools and academic fields at universities, law professors are hired at a young age based primarily upon their academic merit determined through grades, class rank, and school rank. This emphasis upon narrowly defined academic merit—apart from achievement demonstrated through original scholarship or experience in professional practice—first emerged during “the professionalization of the American law professor” between 1870 and 1900 at Harvard Law School (HLS). Though normative today, this outcome was neither necessary nor uncontested. In the late nineteenth century the new standard of hiring faculty according to their academic merit was energetically opposed by those favoring the antecedent standard of professional experience and reputation. Only when financial considerations counterbalanced that traditional standard did hiring decisions tip in favor of the new principle. Not until the early 1900s, when the second generation of academic meritocrats dominated the HLS faculty, did the new hiring standard become unequivocally established as policy in the school and, by extension, in legal education.

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20

Liu, Qing-Bo, Dan-Dan Wu, and Hua-Hua Fu. "Edge-defect induced spin-dependent Seebeck effect and spin figure of merit in graphene nanoribbons." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, no. 39 (2017): 27132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp05621d.

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By using first-principle calculations combined with the non-equilibrium Green's function approach, we have studied spin caloritronic properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with different edge defects.

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Lian, Lan Xiang, Li Gao, and Xue Mei Chen. "Control System Design of Braking Energy Regeneration of Miniature Electric Car Based on Super Electric Capacity." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 1114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.1114.

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The paper mainly introduced the merit of taking the super electric capacity as the main energy- stored installation, the basic principle of braking energy regeneration system, the designed scheme, the hardware along with the operation mode of electric vehicle. The design of hardware circuit and operation mode had been carried on.

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Justine, Igbokwe-Ibeto Chinyeaka, Agbodike Flowrence Chinelo, and Anazodo Rosemary Ogomegbulam. "The Application of Federal Character Principle and Its Implication on Service Delivery in Nigerian Federal Civil Service." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 5, no. 3 (July 7, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v5i3.7763.

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The study examined the application of federal character principle and its implication on service delivery in Nigerian federal civil service. The Nigerian federal civil service is the bedrock of Nigeria’s quest for socio-economic development. However, over the years, service delivery and infrastructural development have remained a hydra headed problem. The study relied heavily on primary and secondary data and multi the stage sampling method was used to select the sample population. The data collected was presented in frequency tables and analysed using descriptive statistics such as mean, table and standard deviation. Pearson chi-square test of goodness was used to test the hypotheses. Findings of the study show that there is a relationship between federal character principle and employees’ service delivery as well as poor attitude to work by bureaucrats. To achieve efficient service delivery and better attitude to work by civil servants in the service, government should imbibe the prescripts of Marx Weber bureaucratic theory as regards recruitment based on merit, technical competency and qualification, as well as re-examine the reliability and validity of the application of federal character principle or better be situated within grade levels 03-06 while recruitment into the senior officers cadre grade levels 07-17 and appointments should be strictly based on merit.

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Chen, Yu Liang, Yong You Du, Zhao Huan Jia, and Wei Zhao. "Design of Digital Display Control Devise System for Concrete Mixer Truck." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.63.

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The paper studies the principle and the flaw of the hydraulic control organization of concrete mixer truck, and designs one kind of brand-new Digital Display control devise. According to principle of the new Digital Display control devise, it has determined shifting block’s displacement quantity and the displacement limit of the key component of unloading Control devise. At the same time, the design has realized the accelerograph’s control device, and compared with the merit and demerit between the new and old control devise based on the basis of the practice application.

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Fish, Stanley. "Guest Column No Bias, No Merit: The Case against Blind Submission." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 103, no. 5 (October 1988): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812900136363.

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WHEN members of an institution debate, it may seem that they are arguing about fundamental principles, but it is more often the case that the truly fundamental principle is the one that makes possible the terms of the disagreement and is therefore not in dispute at all. I am thinking in particular of the arguments recently marshaled for and against blind submission to the journal of the Modern Language Association. Blind submission is the practice whereby an author's name is not revealed to the reviewer who evaluates his or her work. It is an attempt, as William Schaefer explained in the MLA Newsletter, “to ensure that in making their evaluations readers are not influenced by factors other than the intrinsic merits of the article” (4). In his report to the members, Schaefer, then executive director of the association, declared that he himself was opposed to blind submission because the impersonality of the practice would erode the humanistic values that are supposedly at the heart of our enterprise. Predictably, Schaefer's statement provoked a lively exchange in which the lines of battle were firmly, and, as I will argue, narrowly, drawn. On the one hand those who agreed with Schaefer feared that a policy of anonymous review would involve a surrender “to the spurious notions about objectivity and absolute value that … scientists and social scientists banter about”; on the other hand those whose primary concern was with the fairness of the procedure believed that “[j]ustice should be blind” (“Correspondence” 4). Each side concedes the force of the opposing argument—the proponents of anonymous review admit that impersonality brings its dangers, and the defenders of the status quo acknowledge that it is important to prevent “extraneous considerations” from interfering with the identification of true merit (5).

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Liu, Xue Bing, Fan Kui Zeng, Fu Qiang Li, and Jing Wang. "Application of Genetic Algorithm in Optimum Design of Structure." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 2381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.2381.

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This paper introduces the basic principle and characteristic of genetic algorithm (called GA), and it points out the shortcoming of ordinary optimum algorithm and the merit of GA. Comparing the optimum results of GA with accurate value by exemplification, and it is good. This paper provides a systematic thought model and a good method for readers.

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Min, Gao, and D. M. Rowe. "A novel principle allowing rapid and accurate measurement of a dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit." Measurement Science and Technology 12, no. 8 (July 18, 2001): 1261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/12/8/337.

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Knoops, Geert-Jan Alexander. "The Duality of the Proportionality Principle within Asymmetric Warfare and Ensuing Superior Criminal Responsibilities." International Criminal Law Review 9, no. 3 (2009): 501–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181209x457965.

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AbstractThe proportionality concept has gained little scholarly attention when it concerns Asymmetric Warfare. Yet its relevance has become imminent during the last Gaza-conflict whereby the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) were facing an asymmetric adversary. Does the application of the proportionality principle merit a different legal approach in such a context? If so, can a contextual interpretation of said principle have a dual face? And what may be the consequences thereof for the application of superior responsibilities to be imposed on military commanders under International Criminal Law? These are pertinent questions of law which the author seeks to answer in this article.

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Mei, Lu Hai. "Research and Design of Transmission Rate Adaptive Control in Public Video Monitoring System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 1176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1176.

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In this paper, we first introduce the characteristic and the comparison of H.320 system and H.323 system in video frequency conference system, expound the unique merit of video frequency conference system based on H.320/H.323 double agreement design in application, then describe with emphasis a typical principle and method of H.320/H.323 double agreement adapter design in video frequency conference system.

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Терентьев, В. С., and В. А. Симонов. "Спектральные характеристики наклонного отражательного интерферометра как сенсора показателя преломления." Оптика и спектроскопия 129, no. 2 (2021): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2021.02.50564.232-20.

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The paper presents simulation of the refractive index sensor of the analyzed liquid in the Kretschmann configuration based on an oblique reflective interferometer (RI) and its spectral properties for the first time. The principle of operation of this sensor is based on the effect of inverted surface plasmon resonance (ISPR). The sensitive structure is the metal-dielectric multilayer coating based on a nickel thin film in combination with non-quartewavelength dielectric layers. Modeling of the RI manufacturing process under oblique light incidence is described. Formulas for estimating the sensitivity and spectral width of the reflection maximum of ISPR are given, as well as the figure of merit. It is shown that due to the high quality factor, this type of sensor can have very large figure of merit (>10^3).

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STREETEN, PAUL. "Nongovernmental Organizations and Development." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 554, no. 1 (November 1997): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716297554001012.

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Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are not normally good at the activities they claim as their merit, but they have virtues that are frequently not proclaimed. In particular, they rarely reach the poorest, they depend in many ways on government support, and they are often not participatory. On the other hand, they are adaptable and suited to promoting self-reliance. Participation has been used more as a slogan than a thought-out strategy. There are many exceptions to the principle that people should have a right to participate in the decisions that affect (importantly?) their lives and work. A more valid question is, Who should take what decisions at which level and in what sequence? There are many links between government and NGOs, not confined to finance. Finally, NGO projects are compared with governmental technical assistance, and the drawbacks of the latter are compared with the merits of the former.

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Blaha, L. F., A. Maafa, A. Chahed, M. A. H. Boukli, and A. Sayade. "The first principle calculations of structural, magneto-electronic, elastic, mechanical, and thermoelectric properties of half-metallic double perovskite oxide Sr2TiCoO6." Revista Mexicana de Física 67, no. 1 Jan-Feb (January 7, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.67.114.

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The structural, elastic, mechanical, magneto-electronic, and thermoelectric properties of Sr2TiCoO6 double perovskite oxide have been studied within the framework of density functional theory. The FP-LAPW method within the (GGA) and (mBJ) approximations is chosen in the computational approach. This alloy crystallizes in cubic structure with the ferromagnetic phase. The computed lattice constant was found to agree with the available experimental results. This compound shows the half-metallic ferromagnetic properties. A value of 1 µB is found for the total magnetic moment with an important contribution from Co atoms. The elastic parameters reveal that Sr2TiCoO6 as being super hard and brittle. We calculated the thermoelectric properties of Sr2TiCoO6 using the Boltzmann transport equations within the DFT in a temperature range from 100 to 1000 K. The transport parameters like Seebeck coefficient, electrical thermal conductivity and the merit factor, have been put together to establish their thermoelectric response. The figure of merit value is between [0.71-0.99] indicating that our compound is a good candidate for thermoelectric applications at high and low temperatures.

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Blaha, L. F., A. Maafa, A. Chahed, M. A. H. Boukli, and A. Sayade. "The first principle calculations of structural, magneto-electronic, elastic, mechanical, and thermoelectric properties of half-metallic double perovskite oxide Sr2TiCoO6." Revista Mexicana de Física 67, no. 1 Jan-Feb (January 7, 2021): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.67.114.

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The structural, elastic, mechanical, magneto-electronic, and thermoelectric properties of Sr2TiCoO6 double perovskite oxide have been studied within the framework of density functional theory. The FP-LAPW method within the (GGA) and (mBJ) approximations is chosen in the computational approach. This alloy crystallizes in cubic structure with the ferromagnetic phase. The computed lattice constant was found to agree with the available experimental results. This compound shows the half-metallic ferromagnetic properties. A value of 1 µB is found for the total magnetic moment with an important contribution from Co atoms. The elastic parameters reveal that Sr2TiCoO6 as being super hard and brittle. We calculated the thermoelectric properties of Sr2TiCoO6 using the Boltzmann transport equations within the DFT in a temperature range from 100 to 1000 K. The transport parameters like Seebeck coefficient, electrical thermal conductivity and the merit factor, have been put together to establish their thermoelectric response. The figure of merit value is between [0.71-0.99] indicating that our compound is a good candidate for thermoelectric applications at high and low temperatures.

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Yan, Yan, Yan Cong Shi, and Zeng Qiang Ma. "Moving Vehicle Tracking Based on Kalman Filter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3950.

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The technology of vehicle tracking is a very critical and fundamental part in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). After the principle of Kalman filter was introduced, a method of vehicle tracking based on basic Kalman filter is proposed and the tracking error analysis is carried out in this paper. The experiment results show that the vehicle tracking method is robust, accurate, easily achieved and has good practical application merit.

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Ross, Lainie Friedman. "All Donations Should Not Be Treated Equally: A Response to Jeffrey Kahn's Commentary." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 3 (2002): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00414.x.

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Jeffrey Kahn and I agree that organ donation by altruistic strangers is acceptable, and that the organ procured this way ought to be allocated equitably. Our agreement in principle, however, is challenged in the details of its application. Specifically, I want to focus on three issues raised by Kahn that merit further discussion: whether relationships matter; how kidneys should be allocated; and the ethical acceptability of the expanded donor pool.

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Huang, Xiao Bing, and Guang Wen. "The Design of Double-Helix Single-Screw Pump Based on PRO/E." Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (November 2010): 1437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.1437.

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Based on the unique merit of double-helix single-screw pump, its working principle is analyzed and its rolling bush and screw profile are designed in this paper. The 3D modeling and virtual assembly of double-helix Screw Pump are established based on Pro/E. The results showed that the multiphase pump could assembly with the design without interference. It provided the reference for optimal design and experimental prototype manufacturing.

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Olles, Volker. "Merit and Virtue – Buddhist and Daoist Foundations in China (500–1500 CE)." Endowment Studies 3, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685968-00301002.

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Religious foundations in China (500–1500 CE) were largely characterized by the interaction of Buddhist and Daoist institutions with the state (court) and the populace. The present contribution tries to offer some preliminary insights into the endowment culture of traditional China, which is still an understudied and not well-understood area of endowment studies. The peculiarities of Chinese culture and history require a special approach to the topic as well as a basic knowledge of the relevant Chinese terminology. The endowment culture of traditional China was fundamentally influenced and shaped by monasticism, its key impulses obviously coming from Buddhism. I thus propose that in principle all monasteries in traditional China, including Daoist institutions, were foundations. Furthermore, I will introduce basic terms of the Chinese endowment culture, with a special focus on the key notion of religious merit (gongde).

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HARRIS, JOHN. "Stem Cells, Sex, and Procreation." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 12, no. 4 (August 7, 2003): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096318010312405x.

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Sex is not the answer to everything, though young men think it is, but it may be the answer to the intractable debate over the ethics of human embryonic stem cell research. In this paper, I advance one ethical principle that, as yet, has not received the attention its platitudinous character would seem to merit. If found acceptable, this principle would permit the beneficial use of any embryonic or fetal tissue that would, by default, be lost or destroyed. More important, I make two appeals to consistency, or to parity of reasoning, that I believe show that no one who either has used or intends to use sexual reproduction as their means of procreation, nor indeed anyone who has unprotected heterosexual intercourse, nor anyone who finds in vitro fertilization (IVF) acceptable, nor anyone who believes that abortion is ever permissible can consistently object on principle to human embryo research nor to the use of embryonic stem cells for research or therapy.

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Momose, Atsushi, Hidekazu Takano, Yanlin Wu, Koh Hashimoto, Tetsuo Samoto, Masato Hoshino, Yoshichika Seki, and Takenao Shinohara. "Recent Progress in X-ray and Neutron Phase Imaging with Gratings." Quantum Beam Science 4, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs4010009.

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Under the JST-ERATO project in progress to develop X-ray and neutron phase-imaging methods together, recent achievements have been selected and reviewed after describing the merit and the principle of the phase imaging method. For X-ray phase imaging, recent developments of four-dimensional phase tomography and phase microscopy at SPring-8, Japan are mainly presented. For neutron phase imaging, an approach in combination with the time-of-flight method developed at J-PARC, Japan is described with the description of new Gd grating fabrication.

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Jackman, R. "Paying for Local Government: An Appraisal of the British Government's Proposals for Nondomestic Rates." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 5, no. 1 (March 1987): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c050089.

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In its recent Green Paper on local government finance, the British Government has proposed that the existing system of nondomestic rates be replaced by a uniform and centrally determined rate poundage. This idea has merit in principle in that it could improve the accountability of local authorities to local residents. But it is argued that the particular proposals in the Green Paper are deficient in ignoring the need for accountability in services provided to local businesses, and in failing to examine the rationale for retaining business rates within a reformed system.

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Evans, Michael, and Yang Guo. "Measuring and Controlling Bias for Some Bayesian Inferences and the Relation to Frequentist Criteria." Entropy 23, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23020190.

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A common concern with Bayesian methodology in scientific contexts is that inferences can be heavily influenced by subjective biases. As presented here, there are two types of bias for some quantity of interest: bias against and bias in favor. Based upon the principle of evidence, it is shown how to measure and control these biases for both hypothesis assessment and estimation problems. Optimality results are established for the principle of evidence as the basis of the approach to these problems. A close relationship is established between measuring bias in Bayesian inferences and frequentist properties that hold for any proper prior. This leads to a possible resolution to an apparent conflict between these approaches to statistical reasoning. Frequentism is seen as establishing figures of merit for a statistical study, while Bayes determines the inferences based upon statistical evidence.

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BAJPAI, ROCHANA. "Rhetoric as Argument: Social Justice and Affirmative Action in India, 1990." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 4 (December 23, 2009): 675–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09990035.

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AbstractSocial justice is a key concept in the theory and practice of affirmative action. In India, social justice has come to serve as shorthand for affirmative action for disadvantaged groups, mainly lower castes. This paper provides a detailed analytical interpretation of social justice in a landmark legislative debate on quotas in India, namely the 1990 Mandal debate. It unpacks political rhetoric to reveal distinct conceptions of social justice, shows that claims for quotas for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in the bureaucracy drew substantially on principles of social justice and democracy and argues that, despite appearances, several arguments for OBC representation in government jobs were compatible with the principle of merit. In doing so, the paper demonstrates that contrary to common opinion, political rhetoric deserves close attention. A reconstruction of political arguments over affirmative action advances understanding of some puzzling features of lower-caste politics in India. It also illuminates important questions in political theory debates on social justice.

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Zhang, Yong Jun, Yong Jun Tang, and Feng Li. "Research of Electrochemical Polishing Mixed with Powder and Related Experiments." Advanced Materials Research 135 (October 2010): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.135.413.

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In order to resolve the problem of polishing micro-shafts and cavities, a novel technique of Micro-Electrochemical Polishing Mixed with Powder (EPMP) has been presented in this paper. That can be accomplished through high speed spindle driving micro-abrasive to proceed soft-grinding, which can achieve merit of little polishing force. The principle of EPMP has been introduced, and a series of issues have been studied. Finally, experiments of EPMP have been carried out based on above optimized machining parameters, and a micro-screw-shaft of Φ100μm has been polished. Which is near to mirror effect (Ra=0.02μm).

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Luo, Xian Wen. "Study on the Ant Colony Optimization." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.300.

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As a hot spot of the algorithms of swarm intelligence, Ant Colony Optimization is proposed by an Italian scholar M.Dorigo by simulating the foraging actions of ants. This paper introduces the principle of this algorithm and its merit and demerit in great detail. It proposes an effective method named “four steps” based on others scholars’ “three steps” to choose the optimal combinational parameter of ant colony algorithms, then analyzes the improved algorithm of ant colony. At the same time, several kinds of algorithms are compared and analyzed in performance in solving TSP problems through the experiments. the optimal results can be obtained.

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Sashchuk, Hanna. "DANIEL BELL ABOUT THE «FLUIDITY» OF AUTHORITIES IN THE AGE OF POSTINDUSTRIALISM." Politology bulletin, no. 83 (2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2018.83.71-78.

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The article analyze the position of one of the most respected researchers of post-industrialism, Daniel Bell, on the impact of new information technologies on “politics-power” relations. The following two features of the influence of information and knowledge on the political sphere of public life are clarified: “Situs as Political Units» and «Rightful Meritocracy.” According to D. Bell, there are three analyzed current models of power: 1) the previous model of power, which is based on property, and besides it is inherited; 2) a model of government, the basis of which is knowledge acquired through education; and 3) a model of power, the source of which is a political office obtained through an organizational apparatus. The concept of the rightful meritocracy of D. Bell was analyzed, it’s meaning in the idea that the power belong to the most gifted. He believed that a capitalist society іs gradually transforming into a society in which gifted people will be promoted to senior positions, including political. He defined a certain “merit formula”: “Intelligence + Achievements = Merit”. D. Bell argued, that people with such merits should take up leadership positions in politics, business, science and other activities. In post-industrial society, the principle of “achievement” is relevant, there is a thought, that power is achieved through the personal virtues of the people, their high level of education and skills. In such society, there are almost no senior positions available to people without qualifications. In conclusion, we can say that the politician, from the point of view of D. Bell, is a highly skilled specialist which have the necessary management skills. Post-industrial society implies the emergence of a new intellectual class, whose representatives can at political level act as consultants, experts or technocrats.

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Sashchuk, Hanna. "DANIEL BELL ABOUT THE «FLUIDITY» OF AUTHORITIES IN THE AGE OF POSTINDUSTRIALISM." Politology bulletin, no. 83 (2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2019.83.71-78.

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The article analyze the position of one of the most respected researchers of post-industrialism, Daniel Bell, on the impact of new information technologies on “politics-power” relations. The following two features of the influence of information and knowledge on the political sphere of public life are clarified: “Situs as Political Units» and «Rightful Meritocracy.” According to D. Bell, there are three analyzed current models of power: 1) the previous model of power, which is based on property, and besides it is inherited; 2) a model of government, the basis of which is knowledge acquired through education; and 3) a model of power, the source of which is a political office obtained through an organizational apparatus. The concept of the rightful meritocracy of D. Bell was analyzed, it’s meaning in the idea that the power belong to the most gifted. He believed that a capitalist society іs gradually transforming into a society in which gifted people will be promoted to senior positions, including political. He defined a certain “merit formula”: “Intelligence + Achievements = Merit”. D. Bell argued, that people with such merits should take up leadership positions in politics, business, science and other activities. In post-industrial society, the principle of “achievement” is relevant, there is a thought, that power is achieved through the personal virtues of the people, their high level of education and skills. In such society, there are almost no senior positions available to people without qualifications. In conclusion, we can say that the politician, from the point of view of D. Bell, is a highly skilled specialist which have the necessary management skills. Post-industrial society implies the emergence of a new intellectual class, whose representatives can at political level act as consultants, experts or technocrats.

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Belkovich, R. Yu, and S. V. Vinogradov. "Rescuing Rawlsian Justice: Are Fraternity and Difference Principle Compatible?" Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia 100, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2021-100-1-60-74.

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The revival of the academic interest in the problem of fair distribution of resources in the society, which is one of the key issues for the political thought today, is largely associated with the name of John Rawls and his Theory of Justice. The article is devoted to the analysis of Rawls’s arguments in support of the difference principle as one of the principles of social justice. According to Rawls (whose arguments later formed the foundation for a separate direction in the political-philosophical thought known as luck egalitarianism), due to the random nature of the original distribution of talents, inequality in human wellbeing cannot be justified by an appeal to a merit. However, because strict equality in distribution might reduce productivity of the owners of talent, achieving the best outcome for all requires such inequalities that incentivize the more talented to work as efficiently as possible for the benefit of the less talented. This compromise drew criticism from ardent egalitarians, among which Gerald Cohen articulated objections to the difference principle most clearly and compared the claims of the most talented for material rewards with extortion. Having considered possible justifications for the need for incentives, based on Rawls’s argument in the Theory of Justice, the authors conclude that these justifications do not solve the problem that Cohen revealed. Appealing to human nature merely translates the dispute into the methodological realm: should the theory of justice proceed from reality, or should it be guided by the ideal? In turn, the inevitability of a conflict of private interests does not fit well with Rawls’s ideal of fraternity as an integral part of a just social order. According to their conclusion, in order to resolve the internal contradiction in Rawls’s theory, it is necessary to abandon either the postulates of luck egalitarianism or difference principle. However, both of these options directly contradict Rawls’s intellectual constructs and undermine the basic foundations of his concept.

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Schammo, Pierre. "Home Country Control with Consent: A New Paradigm for Ensuring Trust and Cooperation in the Internal Market?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 15 (2013): 467–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888713809813657.

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AbstractHome country control has been a long-standing principle of supervisory governance in the internal market. However, in the wake of the financial crisis, the principle has come under stress. This chapter looks at ways to deal with home country control by putting forward for discussion a new paradigm which I will coin ‘home country control with consent’ (HCC-C). My aim is to examine the building blocks of HCC-C but also to reflect more generally on the merit of a (mostly horizontal) supervisory arrangement which allows other (host) actors to get involved in the decision making of a home state authority. To describe such involvement, I will use the term ‘interference’. The basic problematic that I seek to address is that of ensuring cooperation and trust between national competent authorities. To identify the building blocks of HCC-C, I will turn to the recently enacted European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) which provides a possible, even if embryonic, template for HCC-C.

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48

Schammo, Pierre. "Home Country Control with Consent: A New Paradigm for Ensuring Trust and Cooperation in the Internal Market?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 15 (2013): 467–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s152888700000313x.

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Abstract Home country control has been a long-standing principle of supervisory governance in the internal market. However, in the wake of the financial crisis, the principle has come under stress. This chapter looks at ways to deal with home country control by putting forward for discussion a new paradigm which I will coin ‘home country control with consent’ (HCC-C). My aim is to examine the building blocks of HCC-C but also to reflect more generally on the merit of a (mostly horizontal) supervisory arrangement which allows other (host) actors to get involved in the decision making of a home state authority. To describe such involvement, I will use the term ‘interference’. The basic problematic that I seek to address is that of ensuring cooperation and trust between national competent authorities. To identify the building blocks of HCC-C, I will turn to the recently enacted European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) which provides a possible, even if embryonic, template for HCC-C.

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Goupil, Christophe, and Eric Herbert. "Adapted or Adaptable: How to Manage Entropy Production?" Entropy 22, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22010029.

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Adaptable or adapted? Whether it is a question of physical, biological, or even economic systems, this problem arises when all these systems are the location of matter and energy conversion. To this interdisciplinary question, we propose a theoretical framework based on the two principles of thermodynamics. Considering a finite time linear thermodynamic approach, we show that non-equilibrium systems operating in a quasi-static regime are quite deterministic as long as boundary conditions are correctly defined. The Novikov–Curzon–Ahlborn derivation applied to non-endoreversible systems then makes it possible to precisely determine the conditions for obtaining characteristic operating points. As a result, power maximization principle (MPP), entropy minimization principle (mEP), efficiency maximization, or waste minimization states are only specific modalities of system operation. We show that boundary conditions play a major role in defining operating points because they define the intensity of the feedback that ultimately characterizes the operation. Armed with these thermodynamic foundations, we show that the intrinsically most efficient systems are also the most constrained in terms of controlling the entropy and dissipation production. In particular, we show that the best figure of merit necessarily leads to a vanishing production of power. On the other hand, a class of systems emerges, which, although they do not offer extreme efficiency or power, have a wide range of use and therefore marked robustness. It therefore appears that the number of degrees of freedom of the system leads to an optimization of the allocation of entropy production.

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Chen, Lili, and Yufang Zhao. "A Study Based on the Chinese Distribution System: Social Justice, Merit Principle Preference and Stress in Low-socioeconomic-Status Groups." British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science 6, no. 1 (January 10, 2015): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2015/11442.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Principle of merit'

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