Relevant bibliographies by topics / Principle of minimum potential energy

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Academic literature on the topic 'Principle of minimum potential energy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Principle of minimum potential energy"

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Chen, Xu, Pingjia Xiong, and Jianghong Ma. "Minimum Potential Energy Principle on Slip Calculation of Composite Beams." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 304 (September 18, 2019): 032040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/304/3/032040.

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Russo, Remigio. "On the principle of minimum potential energy in asymmetric elastostatics." International Journal of Engineering Science 23, no. 6 (January 1985): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7225(85)90135-1.

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Fu, Bao Lian, and Ying Jie Chen. "Springback Variation Principles in Materials Forming Processes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.525.

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The conceptions of springback anti-couple systems and equations are initially given. By the use of the weighted residual method to the springback anti-couple equations, the springback principles of minimum potential energy and minimum complementary energy are established. Meanwhile, the springback principle of minimum potential energy is applied to calculating springback deformations of a curved beam under the radial and circumferential forces and end bending moments.
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SONG, Liming, Zhi ZHANG, Junting YUAN, and Yuwei LI. "Numeric modeling of a pelagic longline based on minimum potential energy principle." Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 18, no. 5 (September 3, 2013): 1170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1118.2011.01170.

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Sabaryati, J., L. S. Utami, A. W. Hasanah, and S. Viridi. "Viewing buoyant force as an application of principle of minimum potential energy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1816, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1816/1/012110.

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Liwen, Guan, Xu Huayang, and Liu Zhihua. "Kinematic analysis of cable-driven parallel mechanisms based on minimum potential energy principle." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 12 (December 2015): 168781401562233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814015622339.

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Guang-zu, Chen. "Determining the stress intensity factor by using the principle of minimum potential energy." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 8, no. 12 (December 1987): 1191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02450913.

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Gao, David Yang. "Dual Extremum Principles in Finite Deformation Theory With Applications to Post-Buckling Analysis of Extended Nonlinear Beam Model." Applied Mechanics Reviews 50, no. 11S (November 1, 1997): S64—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3101852.

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The critical points of the generalized complementary energy variation principles are clarified. An open problem left by Hellinger and Reissner is solved completely. A pure complementary energy (involving the Kirchhoff type stress only) is constructed, and a complete duality theory in geometric nonlinear system is established. We prove that the well-known generalized Hellenger-Reissner’s energy L(u,s) is a saddle point functional if and only if the Gao-Strang gap function is positive. In this case, the system is stable and the minimum potential energy principle is equivalent to a unique maximum dual variational principle. However, if this gap function is negative, then L(u,s) is a so-called ∂+-critical point functional. In this case, the system has two extremum complementary principles. An interesting trinity theorem for nonconvex variational problem is discovered, which can be used to study nonlinear bifurcation problems, phase transitions, variational inequality, and other things. In order to study the shear effects in frictional post-buckling problems, a new second order 2-D nonlinear beam model is developed. Its total potential is a double-well energy. A stability criterion for post-buckling analysis is proposed, which shows that the minimax complementary principle controls a stable buckling state. The unilaterial buckling state is controled by a minimum complementary principle. However, the maximum complementary principle controls the phase transitions.
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Fan, Xiao Chun, Hu Chen, Yue Liu, and Wei Cang Lv. "Lifting Point Optimization of Large Steel Truss on the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.158.

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The integral hoisting construction technology of large steel truss has been widely used in the steel structure construction. Based on the principle of strain energy, the feasibility analysis on lifting point optimization of Wuhan public house’s large steel truss was conducted. It expounded the integral lifting construction technology of Wuhan public house’s large steel truss. Through the 12 different methods of lifting point setting and the application of finite element analysis software SAP2000, it discussed the optimization method of hoisting points of large steel truss on the principle of minimum potential energy. It achieved the change rule of the whole strain energy of steel truss. The scheme of 10 lifting points was identified on the economy and construction conditions. The stress state, the structural deformation state and the steady mode was analyzed under the optimum lifting point condition. The results meet the design and construction requirements, and this research method can provide the certain reference value for similar engineering.
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Niedziela, Julia. "Lokalizacja instalacji odnawialnych źródeł energii – aspekty prawne." Studia Iuridica, no. 86 (June 14, 2021): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2020-86.13.

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The article analyses in detail legal regulations governing the location of wind and photovoltaic farms. It also describes the basic planning instruments adopted in Poland. The analysis includes the principles adopted in the so-called “Distance Law”, i.e. the principle of investment location based on the local spatial development plan, and the principle of minimum distance of a wind tourbine from residential buildings. Next, the decisions permitting the location of PV farm were described - the decision on development conditions and the decision on the location of a public purpose investment. The article identifies legal and factual problems related to the adoption of legal regulations and offers potential solutions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Principle of minimum potential energy"

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Warren, Patricia F. "A mathematical model of knee kinematics utilizing the principle of minimum energy." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA351258.

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Thesis (M.S. in Applied Physics) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1998.
Thesis advisor(s): Young L. Kwon, William B. Maier. "June 1998." Includes bibliographical references (p. 65). Also available online.
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Sharma, Oruganti Prashanth. "A practical implementation of a near optimal energy management strategy based on the Pontryagin's minimum principle in a PHEV." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337626310.

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Sampaio, Maria do Socorro Martins. "Análise não linear geométrica de cascas laminadas reforçadas com fibras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-14032014-153137/.

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Em geral, as formulações disponíveis na literatura para a análise de cascas laminadas reforçadas com fibras substituem o meio original heterogêneo por um homogêneo equivalente, que dificulta a identificação das tensões fibra-matriz, ou requerem que a malha de elementos finitos seja disposta de modo que os nós dos elementos finitos de fibra coincidam com os nós dos elementos finitos de casca, que é uma exigência bastante restritiva e que aumenta o número de graus de liberdade do sistema de equações resultante. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral desta tese consiste em desenvolver uma formulação para a inclusão de fibras longas e curtas aleatórias nas diversas lâminas de cascas laminadas anisotrópicas com não linearidade geométrica utilizando o método dos elementos finitos sem aumentar o número de graus de liberdade do sistema de equações resultante e sem a necessidade de coincidência de nós na discretização das fibras e da matriz. Nesta formulação, o elemento finito triangular de casca laminada utilizado para discretizar a matriz possui dez nós e sete graus de liberdade por nó, sendo três translações, três componentes do vetor generalizado e a taxa de variação linear da deformação ao longo da espessura. As fibras curvas, curtas aleatórias ou longas, são introduzidas, em qualquer camada do laminado, por meio de relações cinemáticas que garantem sua aderência à matriz sem a introdução de novos graus de liberdade no sistema de equações resultante. Para discretizá-las são utilizados elementos finitos unidimensionais de ordem qualquer com três graus de liberdade por nó e que consideram consistentemente a não linearidade geométrica. Todas as grandezas envolvidas são escritas em relação à configuração inicial do corpo, caracterizando a descrição Lagrangeana total ou material do movimento. Para modelar o comportamento do material adota-se a Lei Constitutiva de Saint-Venant-Kirchhoff que relaciona de forma linear o tensor de tensões de Piolla-Kirchhoff de segunda espécie e o tensor de deformações de Green-Lagrange. O equilíbrio é encontrado a partir do Princípio da Mínima Energia Potencial Total e o sistema não linear de equações resultante é resolvido utilizando-se o procedimento iterativo de Newton-Raphson. As ações externas podem ser introduzidas ao sistema de forma total ou incremental e a contribuição das fibras para a energia do sistema é adicionada na matriz global do problema. Os exemplos numéricos testados validam e demonstram as potencialidades da formulação proposta.
In general, the Finite Element (FE) formulations available in the literature for the analysis of fibre reinforced laminated shells replace the original heterogeneous medium by an equivalent homogeneous one, which makes difficult the identification of fiber-matrix stress distribution, or require that the finite element mesh is arranged in a way that the fibre finite element nodes coincide with the shell finite element ones, which is a very restrictive requirement and increases the number of degrees of freedom of the resulting system of equations. In this sense, the objective of this thesis is to develop a formulation for the inclusion of long and random short fibres in any layer of FE laminated anisotropic shells developing large displacement and rotations without increasing the number of degrees of freedom and the necessity of matching nodes in the discretization of the fibre and the matrix. In this formulation, the triangular laminated shell finite element used to discretize the matrix has ten nodes and seven degrees of freedom per node, that are, three translations, three components of a generalized vector and the linear rate of strain variation along the thickness. The curved fibres, long or random short, are introduced in any layer of the laminate shell by means of kinematic relation to ensure its adherence to the matrix without introducing new degrees of freedom in the resulting system of equations. To discretize them, any order one-dimensional finite elements with three degrees of freedom per node are used. These fibres elements are consistently considered by Geometric nonlinearity. All involved variables are written with respect to the initial configuration of the body, characterizing the Total Lagrangian description. To model the behavior of the material we use the Saint-VenantKirchhoff Constitutive Law that relates linearly the second Piolla-Kirchhoff stress tensor and Green-Lagrange strain tensor. The equilibrium is achieved from the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy and the non-linear system of equations is solved by the Newton-Raphson iterative procedure. External loads may be introduced to the system by one or various steps and the contribution of fibres to the energy of the system is added to the global matrix of the problem. The numerical examples validate and demonstrate the potential of the proposed formulation.
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Parsa, Maryam. "Optimum Decision Policy for Gradual Replacement of Conventional Power Sources by Clean Power Sources." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24015.

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With the increase of world population and industrial growth of developing countries, demand for energy, in particular electric power, has gone up at an unprecedented rate over the last decades. To meet the demand, electric power generation by use of fossil fuel has increased enormously thereby producing increased quantity of greenhouse gases. This contributes more and more to atmospheric pollution, which climate scientists believe can adversly affect the global climate, as well as health and the welfare of the world population. In view of these issues, there is global awareness to look for alternate sources of energy such as natural gas, hydropower, wind, solar, geothermal and biomass. It is recognized that this requires replacement of existing infrastructure with new systems, which cannot be achieved overnight. Optimal control theory has been widely used in diverse areas of physical sciences, medicine, engineering and economics. The main motivation of this thesis is to use this theory to find the optimum strategy for integration of all currently available renewable energy sources with the existing electric power generating systems. The ultimate goal is to eliminate fossil fuels. Eight main energy sources namely, Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Conventional Hydro, Wind, Solar, Geothermal and Biomass are considered in a dynamic model. The state of the dynamic model represents the level of energy generation from each of the sources. Different objective functions are proposed in this thesis. These range from meeting the desired target level of power generation from each of the available sources at the end of a given plan period, to reducing the implementation and investment costs; from minimizing the production from polluted energy sources to meeting the electricity demand during a whole plan period. Official released data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration have been used as a case study. Based on real life data and the mathematics of optimal control theory, we present an optimal policy for integration of renewable energy sources to the national power grid.
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Maamria, Djamaleddine. "Méthodes d’optimisation dynamique de systèmes à plusieurs états pour l'efficacité énergétique automobile." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0024/document.

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La gestion énergétique (EMS) pour véhicules hybrides a pour objectif de déterminer la répartition de puissance entre les différentes sources d'énergie de manière à minimiser la consommation de carburant et/ou les émissions polluantes. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer un EMS en prenant en compte des températures internes (la température du moteur et/ou la température du système de post-traitement). Dans une première partie et en utilisant une connaissance préalable du cycle de conduite, le calcul d'un EMS est formulé comme un problème de commande optimale. Ensuite, le principe du minimum de Pontryagin (PMP) est utilisé pour résoudre ce problème d'optimisation.~En se basant sur les résultats numériques obtenus, un compromis entre les performances de la stratégie de commande et de la complexité du modèle utilisé pour la calculer est établi. Les différents problèmes étudiés dans cette thèse sont des exemples des simplifications successives de modèle qui peuvent être regroupées dans le concept des perturbations régulières en contrôle optimal sous contrainte de commande discuté ici. Dans une deuxième partie, la formulation de l'ECMS a été généralisée pour inclure les dynamiques thermiques. Ces extensions définissent des stratégies sous-optimales que nous avons testées numériquement et expérimentalement
Energy management system (EMS) for hybrid vehicles consists on determining the power split between the different energy sources in order to minimize the overall fuel consumption and/or pollutant emissions of the vehicle. The objective of this thesis is to develop an EMS taking into account the internal temperatures (engine temperature and/or catalyst temperature). In a first part and using a prior knowledge of vehicle driving cycle, the EMS design is formulated as an optimal control problem. Then, the PMP is used to solve this optimization problem. Based on the obtained numerical results, some trade-off between performance of the control strategy and complexity of the model used to calculate this strategy is established. The various problems studied in this thesis are examples of successive model simplifications which can be recast in the concept of regular perturbations in optimal control under input constraints discussed here. In a second part, the feedback law of ECMS is generalized to include thermal dynamics. This defines sub-optimal feedback strategies which we have tested numerically and experimentally
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Idrissi, Hassani Azami Hamza. "Commande Prédictive optimale temps-réel, appliquée au contrôle de véhicules automobiles hybrides connectés à leurs environnements." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0105.

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Le domaine automobile a été l’un des secteurs les plus émetteurs de CO2 durant le dernier siècle. La solution envisagée, pour limiter les émissions de gaz à effet de serre des véhicules, est l’électrification de la chaîne de traction. Le véhicule hybride électrique présente le meilleur compromis pour relever les défis écologiques de l’industrie automobile. La chaîne de traction hybride électrique est composée de deux moteurs : un moteur à combustion interne, alimenté par du carburant, et un moteur électrique alimenté par une batterie. Ces deux moteurs doivent assurer la demande en puissance du conducteur. La répartition d’énergie entre les deux moteurs en temps réel se fait alors dans le but de minimiser la consommation de carburant. Cette thèse propose l’étude d’une méthode basée sur l’optimisation visant à rechercher la combinaison la plus efficace des deux moteurs. La méthodologie proposée cherche à concilier la recherche d’un optimum mathématique avec les contraintes du contexte temps-réel, en utilisant la théorie du contrôle optimal et le Principe du Maximum de Pontriaguine. La recherche d’un optimum mathématique suppose la connaissance d’une prédiction sur les demandes de puissances futures du conducteur. La méthode proposée se base sur la connectivité du véhicule (GPS intelligent eHorizon par exemple) pour former cette prédiction. Dans un premier temps, la méthode est étudiée avec l’hypothèse d’une prédiction complètement fiable. A travers des comparaisons par simulation, nous avons pu constater que la méthode proposée peut atteindre l’optimum global que fournit un algorithme de programmation dynamique. En formulant le problème d’optimisation avec différentes hypothèses plus ou moins simplificatrices sur le modèle de la batterie, il s’avère que l’utilisation d’un modèle à tension constante n’altère pas l’optimalité de la solution, si la capacité énergétique de la batterie est assez élevée. L’utilisation de ce modèle simplifié permet d’accélérer les calculs, notamment quand il faudra prendre en compte les incertitudes des prédictions. Sous l’hypothèse de prédictions fiables, la méthode montrera une robustesse par rapport aux imprécisions du modèle utilisé. Pour prendre en compte les incertitudes de la prédiction des demandes de puissances du conducteur, le modèle proposé met en jeu des variables aléatoires. En utilisant le Principe du maximum de Pontriaguine, les incertitudes des prédictions n’affectent la consommation de carburant qu’à travers l’état de charge de la batterie en fin de parcours. Au lieu de valider une prédiction en la comparant aux valeurs réelles de la demande de puissance, l’incertitude est reportée sur l’énergie électrique et l’état de charge final de la batterie. Le modèle probabiliste des prédictions détermine la longueur de l’horizon de prédiction à utiliser. Des prédictions normalement distribuées, et des prédictions basées sur chaînes de Markov sont étudiées. Ces deux modèles permettent d’avoir des horizons de prédictions de 2-3 min sur lesquels notre méthode d’optimisation basée sur le contrôle optimale est appliquée en temps réel. La méthode probabiliste proposée est générale, et n’est pas limitée aux modèles probabilistes étudiés. A partir des principes exposés dans cette thèse, en augmentant la précision du modèle probabiliste des prédictions, il sera possible d’utiliser de plus grands horizons de prédictions, ce qui signifie de meilleures économies de carburant et moins d’émissions de CO2
The automotive sector has been one of the most CO2 emitting sectors over the past century. The solution considered, to limit vehicle emissions, is the electrification of the power train. The hybrid electric vehicle offers the best compromise to meet the ecological challenges of the automotive industry. The hybrid electric powertrain consists of two engines: an internal combustion engine, powered by fuel, and an electric motor powered by a battery. These two motors must ensure the driver's power demand. The energy is distributed between the two engines in real time in order to minimize fuel consumption. This thesis proposes the study of an optimization-based method to find the most efficient combination of the two engines. The proposed methodology seeks to reconcile the search for a mathematical optimum with the constraints of the real-time implementation, using the theory of optimal control, and the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. The search for a mathematical optimum presupposes the knowledge of a prediction on the driver's future power demands. These predictions can be formed through the vehicle's connectivity (intelligent GPS e-Horizon for example). First, the method is studied with the hypothesis of a completely reliable prediction. Through simulation comparisons, we have found that the proposed method can achieve the global optimum provided by a dynamic programming algorithm. By formulating the optimization problem with different simplifying assumptions on the battery model, it appears that the use of a constant voltage model does not alter the optimality of the solution, if the battery's energy capacity is high enough. The use of this simplified model may help to speed up calculations, especially when it is necessary to consider the uncertainties of predictions. Moreover, under the assumption of reliable predictions, the method shows robustness to the inaccuracies of the model used. To take into account the uncertainty of the power demands prediction, random variables are introduced in the model. Using the Pontryagin Maximum Principle theorem, the uncertainties of the predictions affect fuel consumption only through the battery’s state of charge at the end of the trip. Instead of validating a prediction by comparing it with the actual values of the power demand, the uncertainty is transferred to the electrical energy and the final state of charge of the battery. The predictions probabilistic model determines the predictions horizon length. Normally distributed predictions, and predictions based on Markov chains are studied. These two models allow prediction horizons of 2-3 min over which our optimization method based on optimal control is applied in real time. The proposed probabilistic method is general and is not limited to the probabilistic models studied. Based on the principles outlined in this thesis, by increasing the accuracy of the predictions model, it will be possible to use larger prediction horizons, which means better fuel economy and lower CO2 missions
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Jiang, Qi. "Gestion énergétique de véhicules hybrides par commande optimale stochastique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS011/document.

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Ce mémoire présente une étude comparative de quatre stratégies de gestion énergétique temps réel, appliquées d'une part à un véhicule hybride thermique-électrique, et d'autre part à un véhicule électrique à pile à combustible : contrôle basé sur des règles empirique (RBS), minimisation de la consommation équivalente (A-ECMS), loi de commande optimale (OCL) établie à partir d'une modélisation analytique du système et programmation dynamique stochastique (SDP) associée à une modélisation des cycles de conduite par chaîne de Markov. Le principe du minimum de Pontryaguin et la programmation dynamique, applicables hors ligne, sont mis en œuvre pour fournir des résultats de référence. Les problèmes d’implémentation numérique et de paramétrage des stratégies sont discutés. Une analyse statistique effectuée sur la base de cycles aléatoires générés par chaînes de Markov permet d’évaluer la robustesse des stratégies étudiées. Les résultats obtenus en simulation, puis sur un dispositif expérimental montrent que les méthodes les plus simples (RBS ou OCL) conduisent à des consommations élevées. SDP aboutit aux meilleures performances avec en moyenne la plus faible consommation de carburant dans les conditions réelles de conduite et un état énergétique final du système de stockage parfaitement maîtrisé. Les résultats d’A-ECMS sont comparables à ceux de SDP en moyenne, mais avec une plus grande dispersion, en particulier pour l'état de charge final. Afin d'améliorer les performances des méthode, des jeux de paramètres dédiés aux différents contextes de conduite sont considérés
This thesis presents a comparative study between four recent real-time energy management strategies (EMS) applied to a hybrid electric vehicle and to a fuel cell vehicle applications: rule-based strategy (RBS), adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS), optimal control law (OCL) and stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) associated to driving cycle modeling by Markov chains. Pontryagin’s minimum principle and dynamic programming are applied to off-line optimization to provide reference results. Implementation and parameters setting issues are discussed for each strategy and a genetic algorithm is employed for A-ECMS calibration.The EMS robustness is evaluated using different types of driving cycles and a statistical analysis is conducted using random cycles generated by Markov process. Simulation and experimental results lead to the following conclusions. The easiest methods to implement (RBS and OCL) give rather high fuel consumption. SDP has the best overall performance in real-world driving conditions. It achieves the minimum average fuel consumption while perfectly respecting the state-sustaining constraint. A-ECMS results are comparable to SDP’s when using parameters well-adjusted to the upcoming driving cycle, but lacks robustness. Using parameter sets adjusted to the type of driving conditions (urban, road and highway) did help to improve A-ECMS performances
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Miro, Padovani Thomas. "Loi de gestion d'énergie embarquée pour véhicules hybrides : approche multi-objectif et modulaire." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2047/document.

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Le véhicule hybride électrique dispose de deux sources d’énergie distinctes pour se mouvoir : le carburant, ainsi qu’un système de stockage électrique ayant la particularité d’être réversible. La loi de gestion d’énergie a pour objectif de superviser les flux de puissance dans le groupe motopropulseur en intervenant sur le point de fonctionnement des organes de celui-ci, et ce dans le but d’optimiser un critère donné. La loi de gestion d’énergie se formalise donc par un problème de commande optimale dont le critère à minimiser tient compte de la consommation de carburant du véhicule sur un trajet donné. La solution de ce problème peut se calculer hors ligne lorsque toutes les données du trajet sont parfaitement connues à l’avance, hypothèse qui n’est plus admissible pour une stratégie embarquée sur véhicule dont l’objectif est alors de s’approcher au maximum du résultat optimal. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit mettent en avant la commande optimale orientée multi-objectif pour répondre à la problématique du compromis inter-prestations au coeur du développement d’un véhicule de série. Une loi de gestion d’énergie tenant compte du compromis entre consommation et agrément de conduite, ainsi qu’une autre traitant le compromis entre consommation et vieillissement batterie sont proposées. Les stratégies présentées s’inscrivent également dans une approche modulaire tirée de la solution de nature transversale issue de l’Equivalent Consumption Minimization strategy (ECMS). Ainsi, la commande du véhicule hybride rechargeable, du Mild-Hybride, ainsi que d’architectures hybrides complexes disposant d’une transmission automatique, de deux machines électriques ou deux systèmes de stockage électriques, est ici traitée à travers un socle commun. Cette approche permet de réduire le temps de développement des stratégies qui partagent un maximum d’éléments communs
The hybrid electric vehicle uses two different energy sources to propel itself: fuel as well as a reversible electric storage system. The energy management strategy aims at supervising the power flows inside the powertrain by choosing the operating points of the different components so as to optimize a given criterion. The energy management strategy is formulated as an optimal control problem where the criterion to be minimized takes into account the total fuel consumption of the vehicle on the considered trip. The optimal solution can be calculated off-line when the vehicle’s mission is perfectly known, an assumption no longer admissible for an embedded strategy whose main objective is to get as close as possible to the optimal result. The work presented in this manuscript highlights the potential of multi-objective optimal control to handle the features’ trade-offs inherent to the development of production vehicle. An energy management strategy taking into account the trade-off between fuel consumption and drivability, as well as one dealing with the trade-off between fuel consumption and battery state of health, are proposed. The presented strategies share a modular approach following the transversal solution of the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). As a result, the control policy of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, the Mild-Hybrid, together with complex hybrid architectures provided with an automated transmission, two electric machines or two electric storage systems, is tackled through a common base. This approach allows to reduce the development period of the energy management strategies which shares a maximum of common elements
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Michel, Pierre. "Gestion d'énergie d’un véhicule hybride électrique-essence équipé d'un catalyseur par minimisation conjointe consommation-pollution : étude et validation expérimentale." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2006.

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Dans les véhicules hybrides électrique-essence, les stratégies de gestion de l’énergie déterminent la répartition des flux d'énergies des moteurs thermique et électrique avec pour objectif classique la réduction de la consommation. Par ailleurs, pour respecter les seuils réglementaires d’émissions polluantes, les motorisations essence sont équipées d’un catalyseur 3-voies chauffé par les gaz d’échappement. Une fois amorcé, ce catalyseur convertit presque entièrement les émissions polluantes du moteur. C’est donc au démarrage que la plupart de la pollution est émise, lorsque le catalyseur est froid et que la pollution du moteur n’est pas convertie. La chauffe du catalyseur est donc l’étape clé de la dépollution. Ce mémoire propose une démarche de prise en compte des émissions polluantes par la gestion d’énergie. Le véhicule hybride est assimilé à un système dynamique à deux états, l’état de charge batterie et la température du catalyseur. Un problème d’optimisation dynamique est défini, qui minimise un critère original pondérant judicieusement la consommation et les émissions polluantes. La théorie de la commande optimale, avec les Principes du Minimum de Pontryaguine et de Bellman, permet de résoudre ce problème d’optimisation. Des stratégies optimales sont déduites et simulées avec un modèle de véhicule intégrant un modèle thermique multi-zones de catalyseur, validé expérimentalement, qui simule précisément la chauffe. Le compromis entre la consommation et la pollution est exploré. Une stratégie de chauffe du catalyseur, plus méthodique, analytique et efficace que les stratégies empiriques actuelles, est alors proposée. Cette stratégie est validée expérimentalement dans un environnement HyHIL (Hybrid Hardware In the loop). Une importante réduction de la pollution est obtenue, confortant l’approche d’optimisation dynamique pour la mise au point des stratégies de gestion d’énergie du véhicule hybride
In hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles, the energy management strategies determine the distribution of engine and motor energy flows with fuel consumption reduction as classical objective. Furthermore, to comply with pollutant emissions standards, SI engines are equipped with 3-Way Catalytic Converters (3WCC) heated by exhaust gases. When 3WCC temperature is over the light-off temperature, engine pollutant emissions are almost totally converted. Most of the pollution is produced at the vehicle start, when the 3WCC is cold and the engine pollution is not converted. The 3WCC heating is thus the key aspect of the pollutant emissions. This dissertation proposes an approach to take into account pollutant emissions in energy management. The hybrid electric vehicle is considered as a dynamic system with two states, the battery state of charge and 3WCC temperature. A dynamic optimization problem is defined, minimizing an original criterion weighting judiciously fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Optimal control theory, with the Pontryaguine Minimum and Bellman principles, allows solving this optimization problem. Optimal strategies are derived and simulated with a vehicle model including a multi-zones 3WCC thermal model, experimentally validated, which simulates precisely the 3WCC heating. The compromise between fuel consumption and pollutant emissions is explored. Then, an innovative 3WCC heating strategy is proposed and validated experimentally in a HyHIL (Hybrid Hardware In the loop) environment. A significant reduction of the pollutant emissions is obtained, strengthening the dynamic optimal approach to set up the energy management strategies for hybrid vehicles
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Nguyen, Tran Anh-Tu. "Outils de commande avancés pour les applications automobiles." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VALE0037/document.

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Cette thèse est consacrée au développement de techniques de commande avancées pour des classes de systèmes non linéaires en général et pour des applications automobiles en particulier.Pour répondre au besoin du contrôle moteur, la première partie propose des nouveaux résultats théoriques sur la technique de commande non linéaire à base de modèles de type Takagi-Sugeno soumis à la saturation de la commande. La saturation de la commande est traitée en utilisant sa représentation polytopique ou une stratégie anti-windup.La deuxième partie porte sur la commande du système d'air d'un moteur turbocompressé à allumage commandé. Deux approches originales sont proposées. Dans la première, l'outil théorique concernant les modèles Takagi-Sugeno à commutation développé dans la première partie est directement appliqué. La seconde approche est basée sur une commande linéarisante robuste. L'originalité de ces approches multivariables consiste dans sa simplicité de mise en œuvre et son efficacité par rapport à celles qui existent dans la littérature.La dernière partie vise à développer des stratégies pour la gestion énergétique des systèmes électriques d'un véhicule obtenues en se basant sur le Principe du Minimum de Pontryagin. À cet effet, deux approches sont considérées : l'approche hors ligne d'optimisation utilisant les informations du futur concernant les conditions de roulage et l'approche en ligne qui est adaptée de la précédente. Ensuite, ces deux approches sont implémentées et évaluées dans un simulateur avancé
This thesis addresses the development of some advanced control design tools for a class of nonlinear systems in general and for automotive systems in particular.Motivated by automotive applications, Part I proposes some novel theoretical results on control design for nonlinear systems under Takagi-Sugeno form subject to the control input saturation. The input saturation is dealt with by using its polytopic representation or an anti-windup strategy.Part II deals with our automotive application concerning the control of a turbocharged air system of a spark ignition engine. To this end, two novel control approaches are proposed in this part. For the first one, the theoretical design tool on switching Takagi-Sugeno controller developed in Part I is directly applied. The second one is based on a robust feedback linearization control technique. The originality of these MIMO approaches consist in their simplicity and effectiveness compared to other ones existing in the literature.Part III aims at developing the strategies, which are based on the Pontryagin's Minimum Principle in optimal control theory, for the energy management of the vehicular electric power systems in a hybrid engine configuration. To this end, both offline optimization approach using the future information of driving conditions and online implementable one have been developed and evaluated in an advanced simulator
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Books on the topic "Principle of minimum potential energy"

1

Warren, Patricia F. A mathematical model of knee kinematics utilizing the principle of minimum energy. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1998.

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Ko, William L. Predictions of thermal buckling strengths of hypersonic aircraft sandwich panels using minimum potential energy and finite element methods. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1995.

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Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Potential Energy Surfaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses potential energy surfaces, that is, the electronic energy as a function of the internuclear coordinates as obtained from the electronic Schrödinger equation. It focuses on the general topology of such energy surfaces for unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. To that end, concepts like saddle point, barrier height, minimum-energy path, and early and late barriers are discussed. It concludes with a discussion of approximate analytical solutions to the electronic Schrödinger equation, in particular, the interaction of three hydrogen atoms expressed in terms of Coulomb and exchange integrals, as described by the so-called London equation. From this equation it is concluded that the total electronic energy is not equal to the sum of H–H pair energies. Finally, a semi-empirical extension of the London equation—the LEPS method—allows for a simple but somewhat crude construction of potential energy surfaces.
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A Mathematical Model of Knee Kinematics Utilizing the Principle of Minimum Energy. Storming Media, 1998.

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Mann, Peter. Energy and Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the work–energy theorem, which is developed from Newton’s second law, and defines the kinetic and potential energies of the system. While there is some vector calculus involved, it has been kept to the bare minimum and the reader should not require in-depth knowledge to understand the salient points. If there is a net force on the particle, it accelerates in the direction of the unbalanced force. The force is a central force if it depends only on the distance between the point on which the force acts and the coordinate origin. Using Stokes’s theorem, potential energies are thoroughly discussed. The chapter also discusses spherically symmetric potentials, isotropic force, force on systems of particles, centre of mass coordinates and rigid bodies.
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Steigmann, David J. Stability and the energy criterion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198567783.003.0011.

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This chapter motivates the criterion of minimum potential energy as a stability criterion for conservative problems. It examines the role played by various convexity conditions (ordinary convexity, quasiconvexity, polyconvexity, rank-one convexity) in the energy-minimization problem. Applications to simple phase-transition problems involving discontinuous deformation gradients are presented.
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Hoskin, Peter J. Radiotherapy in symptom management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0123.

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Radiotherapy has a major role in symptom control and over 40% of all radiation treatments are given with palliative intent. In the palliative setting, radiotherapy will usually be delivered using high-energy external beam treatment from a linear accelerator. Bone metastases may be treated with intravenous systemic radioisotopes and dysphagia with endoluminal brachytherapy. A general principle of palliative radiotherapy is that it should be delivered in as few treatment visits as possible and be associated with minimal acute toxicity. The main indications for palliative radiotherapy are in the management of symptoms due to local tumour growth and infiltration. These include pain from bone metastases, visceral pain from soft tissue metastases, and neuropathic pain from spinal, pelvic, and axillary tumour. Local pressure symptoms are particularly onerous and potentially dangerous when they affect the nervous system; thus spinal canal compression remains one of the few true emergency situations in which radiotherapy is indicated. Similarly brain, meningeal, or skull base metastases require urgent assessment and can be helped with local radiotherapy. Obstruction of a hollow tube or drainage channels can lead to significant symptoms and again local radiotherapy can be valuable in addressing this scenario. Such indications would include dysphagia, bronchial obstruction, leg or arm oedema, vena cava obstruction, or hydrocephalus. Finally haemorrhage can be distressing if rarely life-threatening. Local radiotherapy to bleeding tumours in the lung, bronchus, bowel, genitourinary tract, and skin is very effective at control of bleeding.
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Office, General Accounting. Tax policy: Revenue potential of restoring excise taxes to past levels : report to the Joint Committee on Taxation. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1989.

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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Macromolecular conformations and interactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0025.

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As a polymer of many amino acids, any given protein can, in principle, adopt a huge number of configurations. In reality, however, the biologically stable protein adopts a single configuration that is stable over time. Thermodynamically, this configuration must represent a Gibbs free energy minimum. This chapter therefore explores how the thermodynamics and kinetics of protein folding and unfolding can be investigated experimentally (using, for example, chaotropes, heating or ligand interactions), and how these measurements can be used to enrich our understanding of protein configurations and stability.
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Coopersmith, Jennifer. Lagrangian Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743040.003.0006.

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It is demonstrated how d’Alembert’s Principle can be used as the basis for a more general mechanics – Lagrangian Mechanics. How this leads to Hamilton’s Principle (the Principle of Least Action) is shown mathematically and in words. It is further explained why Lagrangian Mechanics is so general, why forces of constraint may be ignored, and how external conditions lead to “curved space.” Also, it is explained why the Lagrangian, L, has the form L = T − V (where T is the kinetic energy and V is the potential energy), and why T is in “quadratic form” (T = 1/2mv2). It is shown how Noether’s Theorem leads to a more fundamental definition of energy and links the conservation of energy to the homogeneity of time. The ingenious Lagrange multipliers are explained, and also generalized forces and generalized coordinates.
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Book chapters on the topic "Principle of minimum potential energy"

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Surana, Karan S., and J. N. Reddy. "Linear Elasticity using the Principle of Minimum Total Potential Energy." In The Finite Element Method for Boundary Value Problems, 609–24. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315365718-9.

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Vinson, Jack R. "Theorem of Minimum Potential Energy, Hamilton’s Principle and Their Applications." In Plate and Panel Structures of Isotropic, Composite and Piezoelectric Materials, Including Sandwich Construction, 121–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3111-4_8.

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Friedrich, Daniel. "From Building to : A Model-Theoretical Analysis on Bio-based Plastics for the." In Future City, 295–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_16.

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AbstractWith the introduction of the Construction Products Directive EU305:2011, architects are more than ever required to select products with a high proportion of renewable raw materials. Only then will it be possible to internalise, hence to compensate, for environmental damage caused by technologies that do not conserve resources and are energy-intensive. Using a novel bio-based wood-plastic composite (WPC) as an example, this chapter shows that internalisation can be successful if conventional fossil plastics are “greened” by adding renewable biomass. The results show that this is only the case if the bio-content is not too high but exceeds a minimum value. The degree of sustainability depends on the assessment of the extent of damage to the environment and society. The optimal level of internalisation can then become allocatively efficient, meaning that the costs of avoiding plastics do not increase more than the damage costs decrease. The findings demonstrate that environmental protection can also be economically meaningful and potentially contributes to increasing social welfare in society. A paradigm shift towards restorative economy in construction should take this principle into account.
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Shi, Hanmin. "The Principle of Minimum Energy Dissipation in Metal Cutting." In Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing, 101–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73561-0_6.

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Isozaki, Takashi, and Maomi Ueno. "Minimum Free Energy Principle for Constraint-Based Learning Bayesian Networks." In Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 612–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04180-8_57.

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Vinson, Jack R. "Use of Minimum Potential Energy to Analyze a Piezoelectric Beam." In Plate and Panel Structures of Isotropic, Composite and Piezoelectric Materials, Including Sandwich Construction, 389–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3111-4_20.

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Concorn, Michele, and Vincenzo Parenti Castelli. "A Kinematic Model of the Tibio-Talar Joint Using a Minimum Energy Principle." In ROMANSY 18 Robot Design, Dynamics and Control, 347–56. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0277-0_41.

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Huang, Long, Changyan He, Yang Yang, and Chenhan Guang. "Equilibrium Conformation of Concentric-Tube Robots Under Loads Based on the Minimum Energy Principle." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 209–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2875-5_18.

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Wang, Lin-Shu. "The Second Law: The Entropy Growth Potential Principle and the Three-Place Relation in Heat Phenomena." In A Treatise of Heat and Energy, 189–233. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05746-6_8.

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Sarkar, Sayan, Prashant K. Sarswat, Weizhi Zeng, and Michael L. Free. "Conceptualization of Doped Black P Thin Films for Potential Use in Photovoltaics with Validation from First Principle Calculations." In Applications of Process Engineering Principles in Materials Processing, Energy and Environmental Technologies, 395–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51091-0_38.

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Conference papers on the topic "Principle of minimum potential energy"

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Gea, Hae Chang, and Jaehyun Kwon. "Topological Synthesis for Linkage Mechanism Design Using the Minimum Potential Energy Principle." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85587.

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A mechanism is a device transmits motion in a predetermined manner in order to accomplish specific objectives. Mechanism design can be divided into three steps: type synthesis, number synthesis and dimensional synthesis, where the number synthesis is also called topological synthesis. In this paper, a new approach for topological synthesis and dimensional synthesis of linkage mechanism design with pin joints is presented. This approach is based on the discrete element approach which always provides clear definitions of number of linkages and joints. In order to extend its applications beyond the compliant mechanism, a novel analysis method based on the principle of minimum potential energy for linkage topology optimization is employed. Unlike the traditional FEM based approaches, this novel analysis method can be applied to multiple joint linkage designs directly. Genetic Algorithm is chosen as the optimizer. Finally, a few design examples from the proposed method are presented.
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Cao, W. P., Y. M. Chen, and R. P. Chen. "An Analytical Model of Piled Reinforced Embankments Based on the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy." In GeoShanghai International Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40863(195)23.

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Komperød, Magnus. "Deriving the Beam Equation using the Minimum Total Potential Energy Principle and Solving the Equation Numerically." In The 59th Conference on imulation and Modelling (SIMS 59), 26-28 September 2018, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp1815365.

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Wei, Zhi-fang, and Guo-guang Chen. "The study for solving the attitude of feed transfer flexible guidance with principle of minimum potential energy." In 2010 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacte.2010.5579074.

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Ezekoye, L. Ike, Ronald S. Farrell, Preston A. Vock, and Richard J. Gradle. "An Enhanced Methodology for Estimating the Natural Frequency of Valves Using Raleigh’s Energy Principle." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97240.

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This paper presents a model for calculating the minimum natural frequency of valve assemblies using the Raleigh’s energy principle. Raleigh’s principle states that the point where the kinetic energy of a multi-mass system and its potential energy are equal defines the minimum natural frequency of the system. This principle was used by Ezekoye to calculate the natural frequency of valve superstructures [1]. The early Ezekoye paper provided the fundamental tools for estimating the natural frequency of valves. However, over the years, with increasing valve testing to support Generation 3 nuclear power plants requirements, where natural frequency testing is required to complement analytical predictions, it has been noted that the Ezekoye simplified model adequately addressed valves with symmetric actuators and valves with minimal center of gravity (CG) offsets but over predicts the natural frequencies of valves with large CG offset actuators. Testing experience shows that a valve’s extended structure has two fundamental natural frequencies whose values are dictated primarily by the structural flexibility in bending and torsion. This paper extends the Ezekoye model by incorporating mass inertia of the structures with the more traditional methods that are based on a lumped mass model to determine displacements. In the process, the flexibility of the extended structure (otherwise referred to as the superstructure) and the valve body itself are considered. The approach covered in this paper combines classical statics, dynamics, and strength of materials techniques to model the natural frequency of a valve assembly. The resultant natural frequencies from the enhanced model are expected to provide better predictions of the minimum natural frequencies of valve assemblies.
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Yoon, Kooyoung, and S. S. Rao. "Cam Motion Synthesis Using Cubic Splines." In ASME 1991 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1991-0129.

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Abstract The application of minimum norm principle, similar to the principle of minimum potential energy, is presented for the general synthesis of cam motion. The approach involves the use of piecewise cubic spline functions for representing the follower displacement. The cubic splines are more convenient and simpler to use compared to general spline functions and also result in smaller peak acceleration and jerk due to the application of the minimum norm principle. A general procedure is presented for application to any cam-follower system. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by comparing the results given by the present method with those given by other approaches for a disk cam-translating follower.
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Liu, Xin-min, Jia-heng Jiang, Jing-bo Dong, and Dun Guo. "The Principle of Minimal Potential Energy of Mixed Variables to Solve the Bending of Cantilever Rectangular Plate under Uniform Load." In 2018 7th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceep-18.2018.117.

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Jiang, Jia heng, Xin-min Liu, Jing-bo Dong, and Dun Guo. "The Principle of Minimal Potential Energy of Mixed Variables to Solve the Bending of Cantilever Rectangular Plate under Uniform Load." In Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering International Congress (2020 : Charlottetown, PE). Charlottetown, P.E.I.: University of Prince Edward Island. Robertson Library, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32393/csme.2020.34.

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Bapat, Sushrut G., Pratheek Bagivalu Prasanna, and Ashok Midha. "A Methodology for Determining Static Mode Shapes of a Compliant Mechanism Using the Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model (PRBM) Concept and the Degrees-of-Freedom Analysis." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98497.

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Abstract Traditionally, the deflected configuration of compliant segments is determined through rigorous mathematical analysis using Newtonian mechanics. Application of these principles in evaluating the deformed configuration of compliant mechanisms, containing a variety of segment types, becomes cumbersome. This paper introduces a methodology to determine the expected deflected configuration(s) of a compliant mechanism, for a given set of load and/or displacement boundary conditions. The method utilizes the principle of minimum total potential energy, in conjunction with the degrees-of-freedom analysis and the pseudo-rigid-body model concept. The static mode shape(s) of compliant segments are integrated in identifying the possible functional configuration(s) of a given compliant mechanism’s structural configuration. The methodology, in turn, also facilitates the in situ determination of the deformed configuration of the constituent compliant segments. It thus assists in the identification of an appropriate pseudo-rigid-body model for design and analysis of a compliant mechanism.
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Liu, Xinmin, Ge Zhang, Luliang Wang, and Zhipeng Zhou. "The Principle of Minimal Potential Energy of Mixed Variables to Solve the Bending of Rectangular Plate with Two adjacent edges fixed the other two adjacent edges free under uniform load." In 2017 6th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceep-17.2017.227.

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Reports on the topic "Principle of minimum potential energy"

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Letschert, Virginie E., Nicholas Bojda, Jing Ke, and Michael A. McNeil. Estimate of Cost-Effective Potential for Minimum Efficiency Performance Standards in 13 Major World Economies Energy Savings, Environmental and Financial Impacts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1223012.

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Howard, Heidi, Chad Helmle, Raina Dwivedi, and Daniel Gambill. Stormwater Management and Optimization Toolbox. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39480.

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As stormwater regulations for hydrologic and water quality control become increasingly stringent, Department of Defense (DoD) facilities are faced with the daunting task of complying with multiple laws and regulations. This often requires facilities to plan, design, and implement structural best management practices (BMPs) to capture, filter, and/or infiltrate runoff—requirements that can be complicated, contradictory, and difficult to plan. This project demonstrated the Stormwater Management Optimization Toolbox (SMOT), a spreadsheet-based tool that effectively analyzes and plans for compliance to the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 pre-hydrologic conditions through BMP implementation, resulting in potential cost savings by reducing BMP sizes while simultaneously achieving compliance with multiple objectives. SMOT identifies the most cost-effective modeling method based on an installation’s local conditions (soils, rainfall patterns, drainage network, and regulatory requirements). The work first demonstrated that the Model Selection Tool (MST) recommendation accurately results in the minimum BMP cost for 45 facilities of widely varying climatic and regional conditions, and then demonstrated SMOT at two facilities.
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.

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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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