Academic literature on the topic 'Principle of permanent sovereignty'

Forgée à partir de 1952 sous l’impulsion notamment de certains Etats d’Amérique latine et réaffirmée par de nombreuses résolutions des Nations unies, la souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles est devenue, à la suite d’une lente évolution, un principe bien établi du droit international contemporain dont le caractère coutumier a récemment été confirmé par la Cour internationale de justice. Visant à préciser en les restreignant progressivement les limites que le droit international peut imposer aux Etats vis-à-vis des intérêts économiques étrangers, sa formulation eut principalement pour intérêt de montrer la complexité des relations entre la souveraineté et l’exploitation des ressources du sol et du sous-sol. Ayant, en effet, accédé à l’indépendance avec des structures économiques héritées de la période coloniale et de ses avatars, les pays en développement ont très vite constaté le décalage existant entre la souveraineté quelque peu immatérielle qui leur était reconnue et leur incapacité de contrôler la vie économique nationale alors dominée par les compagnies étrangères et les anciennes puissances métropolitaines soucieuses de protéger leurs approvisionnements en matières premières. Face à cette situation propice à la perpétuation des rapports de dépendance économique, les Etats nouvellement indépendants entreprirent ainsi, à partir d’une « relecture » du concept de souveraineté, classiquement définie par ses seuls éléments politiques une vaste action destinée à éliminer, dans un premier temps, les séquelles de la domination coloniale et, dans un second temps, toute forme d’exploitation qui s’opposait à une emprise réelle de l’Etat sur l’ensemble des activités relatives aux ressources naturelles situées sur son territoire. On comprend, dès lors, les nombreuses controverses suscitées par l’interprétation des modalités d’exercice du principe dont le contenu risquait d’entraîner une révision des règles du droit international classique notamment en matière de nationalisation mais aussi une remise en cause des traités et autres contrats de concessions jugés contraires à l’équité. S’il est devenu courant désormais d’analyser le principe sous un angle strictement historique, l’objet de la présente étude tentera de démontrer qu’il ne semble pas avisé de le considérer comme tombé en désuétude. La souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles demeure un principe fondamental du droit international, non sans subir des évolutions. Deux tendances majeures seront, en particulier, analysées sous l’angle d’une double relation dialectique. L’une tend à appréhender les relations entre le peuple et l’Etat en matière de libre disposition des ressources naturelles, l’autre vise à s’interroger sur l’articulation entre la souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles et les exigences liées à l’inderdépendance, tant dans le domaine économique qu’environnemental<br>Forged since 1952, an impetus notably from certain Latin American states and reaffirmed by the numerous resolutions of the United Nations, permanent sovereignty over natural resources has developed into, under a slow evolution, a well-established principle of contemporary international law where the customary character was recently confirmed by the International Court of Justice. In clarifying the progressively restraining limits that international law can impose on states in regards to economic foreign interests, its formulation has principally had the interest of showing the complex relationship between sovereignty and the exploitation of resources above and below the ground. In fact, since developing countries accessed their independence through inherited economic structures from the colonial era and its avatars, they noticed early on the existing gap between their somewhat recognized intangible sovereignty and their inability to control their national economy that is still dominated by foreign companies and their former metropolitan powers concerned with protecting their supply of raw materials. Given that this situation lends itself to the perpetuation of dependent economic relationships, the newly independent states thus undertake, a revision of the concept of sovereignty, classically defined solely by political elements destined to eliminate: first, the legacy of colonial rule, and secondly, all forms of exploitation that oppose the real hold of the state over a range of activities related to natural resources situated on their territory. It is therefore understandable, that the numerous controversies raised by the interpretation of the terms and conditions of exercising the principle whose content risks causing a revision of the procedures of classic international law, particularly the subject of nationalization but also the calling into question of treaties and other concession contracts that are deemed contrary to equity. If it has become common to analyze the principle under a strictly historical angle, the purpose of this study will attempt to demonstrate that it is not wise to consider it as obsolete. Permanent sovereignty over natural resources remains a fundamental principle of international law, but not without undergoing changes. Two major tendencies must be specifically analyzed from a double dialectic angle. One tends to apprehend the relationship between people and the state in matters of a free disposal of the natural resources, the other intends to question the articulation between permanent sovereignty over natural resources and the demands tied to interdependency, in the economic sphere as well as in the environmental sphere

This dissertation presents an analytical study of the evolution of the right of political selfdetermination and the influence of the principle of non-interference on promotion of this right. The intellectual and legal interests in democracy, good governance and social justice have contributed to the development of this right and its realisation for peoples lacking the least degree of good governance. The right of political self-determination is strongly associated with international intervention because governments facing popular demands for this right often resort to repression and military means to suppress such claims. Such interventions have also been driven by contemporary interest in supporting collective rights through international organisations that monitor and identify violations of various political rights. Thus, this dissertation focuses on the tension between the principle of non-interference and the modern legal trend to promote the political rights of all peoples. This research contributes considerable insights into the transformation of the principle of non-interference from an absolute obligation into a flexible concept by tracing the contributing legal changes both in international practices and in emerging rules and principles in international law. It is concluded that the promotion of the right of self-determination has resulted in international practices that have dramatically influenced and caused tension with the principle of noninterference. Keywords: right of political self-determination, democracy, statehood, the principle of noninterference, international intervention, sovereignty.

E-commerce challenges traditional taxation rules and tax authorities find it difficult to effectively tax business profits derived from cross-border commercial transactions utilising the Internet. This study analyses the fundamental principles of the concept of permanent establishment and related international tax rules and assess the traditional requirements against the unconventional characteristics of e-commerce. Whilst the features of e-commerce ignore territorial borders and geographic locations, that is, the status of a virtual presence, the concept of permanent establishment (still) calls for a fixed location in a country, which relates to a physical presence. Gaps and mismatches in tax rules have allowed multi-national enterprises to adopt strategies to shift profits to low or no-tax jurisdictions and prompted the OECD to launch a Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative to counter tax avoidance. Today, more than100 countries are collaborating to implement the reform measures which include actions to address the tax challenges of the digital economy and to prevent the artificial avoidance of permanent establishment status. The research concludes that the OECD reform measures do not adequately address the issues relating to the concept of a permanent establishment in situations where enterprises conduct cross-border e-commerce based on a digital business model. Furthermore, the study submits that due to the traditional permanent establishment (nexus) approach, cases of e-commerce may challenge a country?s taxing rights by virtue of there being no physical presence to constitute a permanent establishment.<br>Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2016.<br>Mercantile Law<br>LLM<br>Unrestricted

This thesis focuses on the correlation of the UNSC voting behaviour of the People's Republic of China and its foreign policy. China's importance as a global power at the platform of the UN has been rising ever since 1971, the year of China's admittance as a new member of the UN and more importantly also the permanent member of the Security Council with the power of veto. Given that the veto power strongly influences the actions of the UNSC, its use has served as a major indicator of what issues are considered as most unfavourable and threatening to China's national interests and foreign policy goals. This thesis elaborates on the development of the foreign policy of China, which has changed significantly since the year of its acquired UN membership but has also kept many principles, present even before the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. By specifically concentrating on the individual cast vetoes, also considering the use of a so-called hidden veto and the reasons behind them being cast, this thesis tries to find out, how China has been using its veto power with regards to its declared foreign policy objectives within the UN Security Council.

This thesis provides an analytical interpretation of the critique Dutch nineteenth-century statesman-cum-historian Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (1801-1876) articulated of French revolutionary ideology. It achieves an original reading of Groen's thought as Protestant right-order theory. This reading achieves a clarification of the functions that Scripture, 'nature', and 'history' have in his thought, and connects his thinking to that of a small group of contemporary British-based political theologians, notably Oliver and Joan Lockwood O'Donovan, and their minority view on the ontological grounding of justice. Our comparison of Groen's argument of 'history' with that of Edmund Burke achieves original critical leverage on their concepts of 'history', and draws out that Burke's critique of the Revolution purposes to re-affirm English common law, while Groen's is an apologia for Christianity.

Esta dissertação analisa os limites e a conveniência da vinculação de administradores a acordo de acionistas. Com a promulgação da lei nº 10.303, de 31 de outubro de 2001, foram incluídos os §§ 8º e 9º, ao art. 118 da lei nº 6.404, de 15 de dezembro de 1976 (LSA), que indisputavelmente passaram a vincular os administradores de companhias aos termos dos acordos de acionistas arquivados em suas sedes. Desde então, inexiste consenso doutrinário e jurisprudencial acerca dos limites de tal vinculação. A dissertação analisa, pois, as principais posições doutrinárias que variam desde a vinculação genérica, até a vinculação relativa. A primeira é capaz de abranger todos os atos da administração; a segunda, por sua vez, limita a possibilidade de vinculação da administração apenas com relação aos atos que não sejam de sua competência privativa previstos em lei ou pelo estatuto e, ainda, preserva o poder (dever) finalístico do administrador, previsto no art. 154 da LSA, de buscar e privilegiar o interesse da companhia. A dissertação tece, ainda, diversos comentários e posicionamentos sobre a conveniência de se vincular administradores.<br>This dissertation analyses the limits and the convenience of binding administrators to the shareholders\' agreement. With the promulgation of law nº 10,303, of October 31, 2001, §§ 8º and 9º were included to the article 118 of law nº 6,404, of December 15, 1976 (LSA), which indisputably began to bind companies administrators to the terms of the shareholder agreements filed in their headquarters. Since then, there is no consensus in the doctrine or the precedents about the limits of such binding situation. The dissertation analyses, thus, the main doctrinal positions ranging from the generic binding form until the relative one. The first is able to cover all acts of the administration; the second, on it turn, limits the possibility of binding the administration only with respect to acts that are not part of its competence provided for by law or by companies by-laws, and also preserves the finalistic power (duty) of the administrator provided for in article 154 of the LSA, of pursuing and giving priority to the companies interest. The dissertation also weaves several commentaries and positions on the desirability to bind administrators.