Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Principle of tolerance'

In broadest terms, this thesis is concerned to answer the question of whether the view that arithmetic is analytic can be maintained consistently. Lest there be much suspense, I will conclude that it can. Those who disagree claim that accounts which defend the analyticity of arithmetic are either unable to give a satisfactory account of the foundations of mathematics due to the incompleteness theorems, or, if steps are taken to mitigate incompleteness, then the view loses the ability to account for the applicability of mathematics in the sciences. I will show that this criticism is not successful against every view whereby arithmetic is analytic by showing that the brand of "conventionalism" about mathematics that Rudolf Carnap advocated in the 1930s, especially in Logical Syntax of Language, does not suffer from these difficulties. There, Carnap develops an account of logic and mathematics that ensures the analyticity of both. It is based on his famous "Principle of Tolerance", and so the major focus of this thesis will to defend this principle from certain criticisms that have arisen in the 80 years since the book was published. I claim that these criticisms all share certain misunderstandings of the principle, and, because my diagnosis of the critiques is that they misunderstand Carnap, the defense I will give is of a primarily historical and exegetical nature. Again speaking broadly, the defense will be split into two parts: one primarily historical and the other argumentative. The historical section concerns the development of Carnap's views on logic and mathematics, from their beginnings in Frege's lectures up through the publication of Logical Syntax. Though this material is well-trod ground, it is necessary background for the second part. In part two we shift gears, and leave aside the historical development of Carnap's views to examine a certain family of critiques of it. We focus on the version due to Kurt Gödel, but also explore four others found in the literature. In the final chapter, I develop a reading of Carnap's Principle - the `wide' reading. It is one whereby there are no antecedent constraints on the construction of linguistic frameworks. I argue that this reading of the principle resolves the purported problems. Though this thesis is not a vindication of Carnap's view of logic and mathematics tout court, it does show that the view has more plausibility than is commonly thought.

Старчун, Я. М. Реалізація принципів рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у правоохоронній діяльності : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 262 "Правоохоронна діяльність" / Я. М. Старчун ; керівник роботи О. А. Марущак ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра правоохоронної діяльності та загальноправових дисциплін. – Чернігів, 2021. – 65 с.
Актуальність дослідження зумовлена недостатньою науковою розробленістю проблеми реалізації принципів рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у правоохоронній діяльності, і тому вона потребує вивчення та аналізу як на практичному, так і на науковому рівнях. В розділі 1 здійснено теоретичний аналіз принципів рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у правоохоронній діяльності. Обгрунтовано, що принципи рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у правоохоронній діяльності – об’єктивно властиві цьому виду діяльності відправні засади, начала, вимоги, що ставляться перед правоохоронцями та виражають найважливіші закономірності і підвалини відносин у системі «громадянин-правоохоронний орган». Автор прийшов до висновку, що наявність міжнародних стандартів щодо утвердження принципів рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у сфері правоохоронної діяльності підтверджують існування універсальних уявлень про важливість даних принципів. Розділ 2 присвячений дослідженню порушення принципів рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у правоохоронній діяльності та його профілактики. Окремо акцентована увага на такому явищі як етнічний профайлінг. У розділі 3 дипломної роботи проведене дослідження практики національних органів та ЄСПЛ у сфері реалізації принципів рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у правоохоронній діяльності. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в здійсненні автором комплексного дослідження проблеми реалізації принципів рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у правоохоронній діяльності; обґрунтовано, що принципи рівності, толерантності і недискримінації у правоохоронній діяльності – об’єктивно властиві цьому виду діяльності відправні засади, начала, вимоги, що ставляться перед правоохоронцями та виражають найважливіші закономірності і підвалини відносин у системі «громадянин-правоохоронний орган».
The relevance of the study is due to insufficient scientific development of the problem of implementation of the principles of equality, tolerance and non-discrimination in law enforcement, and therefore it needs to be studied and analyzed at both practical and scientific levels. Section 1 of the work provides a theoretical analysis of the principles of equality, tolerance and non-discrimination in law enforcement. It is substantiated that the principles of equality, tolerance and non-discrimination in law enforcement are objectively inherent in this type of starting principles, principles, requirements for law enforcement and express the most important laws and foundations of relations in the system "citizen-law enforcement". The author came to the conclusion that the existence of international standards for the establishment of the principles of equality, tolerance and non-discrimination in law enforcement confirms the existence of universal ideas about the importance of these principles. Section 2 is devoted to the study of violations of the principles of equality, tolerance and non-discrimination in law enforcement and its prevention. Special attention is paid to such a phenomenon as ethnic profiling. Section 3 of the master's thesis examines the practice of national authorities and the ECtHR in the implementation of the principles of equality, tolerance and non-discrimination in law enforcement. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the author's comprehensive study of the problem of implementing the principles of equality, tolerance and non-discrimination in law enforcement; It is substantiated that the principles of equality, tolerance and non-discrimination in law enforcement are objectively inherent in this type of starting principles, principles, requirements for law enforcement officers and express the most important laws and foundations of relations in the system «citizen-law enforcement agency».

Em The Logical Syntax of Language (1937) R. Carnap elabora o seu Princípio de Tolerância Lógica. Trata-se de um princípio lógico-filosófico de grande alcance, que condensa as posições mais consistentes do autor acerca do significado filosófico da pesquisa em lógica formal. A despeito do fracasso do projeto geral de uma filosofia sintática, esse princípio permaneceu como base de todo o pensamento posterior de Carnap. Mais do que isso, influenciou boa parte do melhor trabalho realizado em lógica até hoje, tendo deixado marcas duradouras sobre a filosofia analítica. Neste trabalho, buscamos examinar a origem do Princípio de Tolerância no pensamento de Carnap, como melhor caminho para estabelecer seu significado e implicações.
In The Logical Syntax of Language (1937) R. Carnap develops his Principle of Tolerance in Logic. This is a far-reaching principle for the whole philosophy of logic, and which sums up Carnaps most consistent tenets concerning the philosophical meaning of research in formal logic. Despite the failure of the general project of a syntactical philosophy, the Principle of Tolerance remained the basis for the whole of Carnaps subsequent thought. Moreover, it proved influential in a good deal of the most important work done in logic to this day; it also left permanent traces in analytic philosophy. In this work, we aim at examining the origins of the Tolerance Principle in Carnaps thought, as the best way to establish its significance and implications.

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Pontificia Universidade de São Paulo
The theme to be developed is related to the fundamental right to freedom of expression against the right to non-discrimination of minorities, from the perspective of "political correctness". It is intended to highlight the restrictions on freedom of expression resulting from it, minority protection movement. From another angle, freedom of expression does not allow hate speech or incitement to violence. The promotion of tolerance in a multicultural society is the scenario that is aimed. Freedom as an institute, from which stems the freedom of expression in all its aspects (freedom of expression of thought, freedom of conscience, belief and religious worship, freedom of communication and information) as well as the restrictions imposed on this fundamental right, will be analyzed in the first chapter. The second chapter is dedicated to the minority race and ethnicity; woman; people with disability and sexual orientation. The reasons that characterize these groups as minority and vulnerable, as well as the scope of national and international protection will be expounded. The "political correctness" is the theme of the third chapter. It is a protective movement of minorities that develops primarily in the behavioral quadrant and freedom of expression. In the fourth chapter multiculturalism is studied, an outstanding feature of contemporary Western society. The diversity and coexistence - voluntary or involuntary - of different social groups is the main reason to intolerance. The fifth and final chapter is devoted to the highlight of the right of opinion and dissent, and its essential nature to democracy. It is also developed an explanation about the principle of proportionality as a method to weigh the fundamental rights at stake, to illuminate the tortuous path in the search for coexistence of divergences
A temática a ser desenvolvida está relacionada ao direito fundamental à liberdade de expressão frente ao direito de não discriminação das minorias, sob a ótica do politicamente correto . Pretende-se destacar as restrições impostas à liberdade de expressão oriundas desse movimento de proteção das minorias. Por outro ângulo, a liberdade de expressão não autoriza o discurso do ódio ou a incitação à violência. Almeja-se a promoção da tolerância no cenário multicultural. A liberdade como instituto gênero, do qual decorre a liberdade de expressão, em todas as suas vertentes (liberdade de manifestação do pensamento; liberdade de consciência, de crença e de culto religioso; liberdade de comunicação e informação), assim como as restrições impostas a esse direito fundamental, serão analisadas no primeiro capítulo. O segundo capítulo dedica-se às minorias: raça e etnia; mulher; pessoa com deficiência e orientação sexual. Serão expostas as razões que caracterizam esses grupos como minoritários e vulneráveis, bem como o âmbito de proteção nacional e internacional. O politicamente correto é o tema do terceiro capítulo. Trata-se de um movimento de proteção das minorias que se desenvolve, basicamente, no quadrante comportamental e da liberdade de expressão. Mais adiante, no quarto capítulo, passa-se ao estudo do multiculturalismo, traço marcante da sociedade contemporânea ocidental. Em razão dessa diversidade e da convivência voluntária ou involuntária de diferentes grupos sociais, emerge a intolerância. O quinto e último capítulo dedica-se a destacar o direito de opinião e dissidência, essenciais para a democracia, bem como se apresenta o princípio da proporcionalidade como método a ponderar os direitos fundamentais em jogo, a iluminar o caminho tortuoso na busca pela convivência das divergências

School administrators develop, recommend, and carry out policy for school districts. The policy can have long lasting effect on students. Ideology and gender of the administrator can influence adoption and implementation of individual school’s policy. A study consisting of quantitative and qualitative measures was utilized to determine the difference of opinion between male and female administrators through a survey about zero tolerance discipline policy. Missouri public high school principals were the focus of the study, each receiving the opportunity to participate in the survey via email. The results of this study are consistent with previous studies, but enhance the knowledgebase with new evidence. Data analysis resulted in identification of gender preferred discipline methods related to zero-tolerance discipline policy in the areas of: (a) acceptability of zero-tolerance as a discipline policy, (b) academic outcome differences of students suspended more than, compared to less than, 90 days, (c) ability of the threat of suspension and expulsion to deter negative behavior, and (d) positive or negative lasting effects for zero tolerance on students.

Une théorie empiriste de la connaissance affirme que le langage est doté de la capacité à « représenter » quelque chose d'autre que le langage lui-même. A la fin du XVIIe siècle, en effet, Locke et ses successeurs ont analysé empiriquement ce à quoi nos idées ressemblent et que les mots représentent mentalement. Autour des années trente, Schlick et ses camarades du Cercle de Vienne se servent des acquis linguistico-logiques de Frege, Russell et Wittgenstein pour analyser logiquement les propositions scientifiques, leur correspondance avec les états de choses qu'elles représentent. Avec eux, la philosophie analytique devra dorénavant ramener les problèmes de la connaissance au niveau de l'expérience langagière. C'est là que réside le caractère radical et réductionniste d'une démarche empiriste : les empiristes classiques ont fixé dans la perception la genèse chronologique de nos idées et nos pensées ; à leur tour, les Viennois déterminent le sens d'une proposition en la traduisant en propositions élémentaires, dites « Protokollsätze », qui renvoient directement au donné empirique. A la même période, Carnap se démarque des autres empiristes logiques en posant les problèmes du langage de la science en termes de reconstruction rationnelle des concepts et, cela, en introduisant de nouveaux concepts à partir de ceux déjà connus comme concepts de base phénoméniste (dans l'Aufbau en 1928) ou physicaliste (au cours des années trente). Tel est son réductionnisme logique qu'il renforce par la syntaxe logique. L'analyse logique ne porte pas sur le donné mais sur la proposition, et en particulier sur les propriétés formelles et des relations purement logiques qu'entretiennent les propositions dans un système. Carnap tente de libéraliser la démarche empiriste en assouplissant le critère de scientificité et, conformément à son « Principe de Tolérance », en adjoignant à l'ancrage empirique des questions de conventions pour la structure des propositions scientifiques. Il modère la critique viennoise de la métaphysique en attribuant à la philosophie, devenue « la logique de la science », la tâche de méthodes et formes adéquates pour la construction du langage de la science
An empiricist theory of knowledge argues that language has the capacity to represent something other than itself. Beginning from the end of the 17th century, Locke and his successors analysed empirically what our ideas are reflections of and what words represent in the mind. At the beginning of the 1930s, Schlick and his Vienna Circle colleagues exploited the logico-linguistic advances of Frege, Russell and Wittgenstein in the logical analysis of scientific propositions, i.e. their correspondence with the states of affairs they represent. Following their example, analytic philosophy would henceforth reduce problems of knowledge to the level of linguistic experience. This is where the radical and reductionist character of the empiricist perspective is to be found: the classical empiricists identified the chronological genesis of our ideas and thoughts in perception; the Vienna Circle philosophers in their turn determine the meaning of a proposition by translating it into elementary propositions or Protokollsätze, which reflect directly an empirical “given”. During the same period, Carnap distances himself from his fellow empiricists by formulating the formulating the problems of scientific language in terms of the rational reconstruction of concepts by introducing new concepts based on those already identified as fundamental from a phenomenalist (the Aufbau, 1928) or physicalist (during the 1930s) perspective. This is the logical reductionism that Carnap reinforces through logical syntax. For him, logical analysis is less concerned with the given than with the proposition, and in particular with the formal properties and purely logical relations between propositions within a system. Carnap attempts in this way to “liberalize” empiricism, both by rendering more flexible and open its claim to be scientific and, in conformity to his “Tolerance Principle”, in adding questions of conventions to the empirical grounding of scientific propositions. In attributing to philosophy, understood as “the logic of science”, the task of elaborating forms and methods adequate to the construction of the language of science, he thus moderates the Viennese critique of metaphysics

To the extent that the United States is a post-industrial society, whereby the means and ends of social production are social, and the production and reproduction of knowledge are shaped by reflexivity and continuous reconceptualizations of reality, what it means to be "tolerant" has been subjected to multiple ideologies. Supposedly freed from collectively imposed identities, social scientists have argued that in a postmodern society, individuals actively construct their own identities. In this study, it is questioned how multiple, trans-class and trans-disciplinary identities affect beliefs and behavior. Subject to exploration are expressions of tolerance, embodied as the expression of attitudes toward the following groups of traditionally nonconforming individuals: atheists, communists, racists and homosexuals. Using 1993 General Social Survey data, independent attitudinal variables were constructed from indexed items measuring opinions about ideas embraced by three "new" social movements: the women's, environmental and gay rights' movements. Socio-structural and attitudinal variables were regressed on tolerance, the dependent variable, which was divided into general and group-specific indexes. Education and urbanism were shown to be significant predictors of tolerance, while gender and political ideology were not significant predictors of tolerance. Positive correlations resulted between general tolerance and pro-feminist, pro-environmentalist and pro-gay rights attitudes. In conclusion, the prediction that individuals scoring high on measurements of feminism, environmentalism and pro-homosexuality, which all expound ideological convictions that refute traditional norms and value systems, would also demonstrate high levels of tolerance was greatly substantiated. Lending support for Bobo and Licari's (1989) argument, it is agreed that demographic, or social structural, variables alone are insufficient determinants of tolerance. Furthermore, although new social movements are chiefly organized around identity, rather than class, issues, even historically "tolerant" individuals, such as feminists, were shown to be less tolerant of certain groups, such as, in this study, racists
Master of Science

The Zone of Tolerance is a concept which describes the latitude of control that a community gives to its professional educators. Current research which attempts to delineate this zone indicates that community control of a district will vary, but is predictable when variables are arranged to meet certain criteria. Specifically, William Boyd (1976) concluded in a summary of the research that in large heterogeneous urban districts professional interests will dominate in routine internal issues such as personnel. This study used multiple qualitative methods to examine Boyd's contention by analyzing the hiring of successful principal candidates in a large heterogeneous school district. Interviews were conducted with principals selected by questionnaires and hired in the district during the period of time from 1975 to 1985. Corresponding data about school district events for the period were also collected from newspapers and other public archives. In addition, principals' perceptions of legitimacy affected by changes in influence on the hiring process were gathered. Data were then reduced, categorized and analyzed on the basis of shifting patterns of community and professional dominance. Results indicated that an increase in minority rights issues and the community's changing demographics shifted control of the hiring process from the school professionals to a newly elected school board more representative of community interests. Principals' perceptions of legitimacy affected by the changing patterns of dominance were varied and inconclusive, however the shift in control over personnel decisions regarding the hiring of principals was conclusive and contradicted Boyd's contention.

[NiFe] hydrogenases are metalloenzymes that act as highly efficient molecular electrocatalysts for the interconversion of protons and molecular hydrogen. Unlike any other known molecular electrocatalyst, the members of a subgroup of respiratory membrane-bound [NiFe] hydrogenases are able to maintain H₂ catalysis in the sustained presence of O₂. This O₂-tolerance depends on the ability to respond to oxidative inactivation by O₂ by exclusively forming rapidly reactivated active site states, thus implying a catalytic cycle in which O₂ acts as a competing substrate to H₂. Using isotope ratio mass spectrometry it is proven that the O2-tolerant Escherichia coli Hydrogenase 1 responds to O₂ attack by acting as a four-electron oxidoreductase, catalysing the reaction 2 H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O, equivalent to hydrogen combustion. Special features of the enzyme’s electron relay system enable delivery of the required electrons. A small fraction of the H₂O produced arises from side reactions proceeding via reactive oxygen species, an unavoidable consequence of the presence of low-potential relay centres that release electrons from H₂ oxidation. While the ability to fully reduce O₂ to harmless H₂O at the active site to generate the rapidly reactivated state Ni-B, determines if a hydrogenase is O₂-tolerant, the ratio of oxidative inactivation to reductive reactivation rates determines how tolerant the enzyme is. It is shown by protein film electrochemistry that the (αβ)₂ dimeric assembly of Hyd-1 plays an important role in O₂-tolerance by aiding reactivation of one catalytic unit through electron transfer from the other. The teamwork between two redundant partners implicates a new role for dimerisation and represents a new example of cooperativity in biology. Finally, the non-natural amino acid p-azido-L-phenylalanine was synthesised and incorporated into Hyd-1, testing the possibility of introducing labels at specific sites.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has accepted the guidelines put forth by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH-Q8) that allow for operational flexibility within a validated design space. These Quality by Design initiatives have allowed drug manufacturers to incorporate more rigorous scientific controls into their production streams.
Fully automated control systems can incorporate information about a process back into the system to adjust process variables to consistently hit product quality targets (feedback control), or monitor variability in raw materials or intermediate products to adjust downstream manufacturing operations (feedforward control). These controls enable increased process understanding, continuous process and product improvement, assurance of product quality, and the possibility of real-time release. Control systems require significant planning and an initial investment, but the improved product quality and manufacturing efficiency provide ample incentive for the expense.
The fluid bed granulation and drying unit operation was an excellent case study for control systems implementation because it is a complex unit operation with dynamic powder movement, high energy input, solid-liquid-gas interactions, and difficulty with scale-up development. Traditionally, fluid bed control systems have either used first principle calculations to control the internal process environment or purely empirical methods that incorporate online process measurements with process models. This dissertation was predicated on the development of a novel hybrid control system that combines the two traditional approaches.
The hybrid controls reduced the number of input factors for the creation of efficient experimental designs, reduced the variability between batches, enabled control of the drying process for a sensitive active pharmaceutical ingredient, rendered preconditioned air systems unnecessary, and facilitated the collection of data for the development of process models and the rigorous calculation of design spaces. Significant variably in the inlet airstream was able to be mitigated using feedforward controls, while process analytical technology provided immediate feedback about the process for strict control of process inputs. Tolerance surfaces provided the ideal tool for determining design spaces that assured the reduction of manufacturing risk among all future batches, and the information gained using small scale experimentation was leveraged to provide efficient scale-up, making these control systems feasible for consistent use.
Mylan School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pharmaceutics
PhD
Dissertation

Partant des travaux séminaux de Boole, Frege et Russell, le mémoire cherche à clarifier l‟enjeu du pluralisme logique à l‟ère de la prolifération des logiques non-classiques et des développements en informatique théorique et en théorie des preuves. Deux chapitres plus « historiques » sont à l‟ordre du jour : (1) le premier chapitre articule l‟absolutisme de Frege et Russell en prenant soin de montrer comment il exclut la possibilité d‟envisager des structures et des logiques alternatives; (2) le quatrième chapitre expose le chemin qui mena Carnap à l‟adoption de la méthode syntaxique et du principe de tolérance, pour ensuite dégager l‟instrumentalisme carnapien en philosophie de la Logique et des mathématiques. Passant par l‟analyse d‟une interprétation intuitive de la logique linéaire, le deuxième chapitre se tourne ensuite vers l‟établissement d‟une forme logico-mathématique de pluralisme logique à l‟aide de la théorie des relations d‟ordre et la théorie des catégories. Le troisième chapitre délimite le terrain de jeu des positions entourant le débat entre monisme et pluralisme puis offre un argument contre la thèse qui veut que le conflit entre logiques rivales soit apparent, le tout grâce à l‟utilisation du point de vue des logiques sous-structurelles. Enfin, le cinquième chapitre démontre que chacune des trois grandes approches au concept de conséquence logique (modèle-théorétique, preuve-théorétique et dialogique) forme un cadre suffisamment général pour établir un pluralisme. Bref, le mémoire est une défense du pluralisme logique.
Starting from the seminal work of Boole, Frege and Russell, the dissertation seeks to clarify the issue of logical pluralism in the era of the proliferation of non-classical logics and the developments in theoretical computer science and proof theory. Two “historical” chapters are scheduled: the first chapter articulate the absolutism of Frege and Russell, taking care to show how it condemns the possibility to consider alternative structures and logics; the fourth chapter describes the path that led Carnap from the adoption of the syntactic method to the formulation of the principle of tolerance, then goes on to display Carnap‟s instrumentalism in philosophy of Logic and mathematics. Opening with the analysis of an intuitive interpretation of linear logic, the second chapter then turns to the establishment of a form of logico-mathematical pluralism with the help of order theory and category theory. The third chapter delineates the playground of revisionism (philosophical positions surrounding the debate between monism and pluralism) and then provides an argument against the thesis that denies the reality of the conflict between rival logics, all this being done by adopting the substructural logic point of view. The fifth chapter shows that each of the three main approaches to the concept of logical consequence (model-theoretic, proof-theoretic and dialogical) supplies a framework sufficiently general to establish pluralism. In short, the dissertation is a defence of logical pluralism.

碩士
輔仁大學
宗教學系
101
Abstract Different religions all recommend forgiveness as part of morality. Unfortunately, as we find in human history, a lot of internecine massacres have taken place contrary to religion and ethics. It is thus questionable if forgiveness is possible in society today. It is our responsibility to try and get to the bottom of historical events and determine their causes and effects. Our study of forgiveness shows that: 1. People have great difficulty in clarifying the principle of forgiveness. Typically they tend to confuse patience, tolerance and forgiveness. 2. It would seem that forgiveness can never be implemented because, even if some people understand it, the majority are far from appreciating it. Hence this thesis has been written so as to clarify human behaviour and better understand patience, tolerance and forgiveness. Christianity, in particular, places a special emphasis on forgiveness. Therefore, in this thesis, I concentrate on an analysis of Christian forgiveness as depicted in the New Testament. In Chapter Two of the thesis, I clarify and introduce the characteristics of forgiveness, distinguishing three different levels of behaviour, namely: patience, tolerance and forgiveness. In Chapter Three, I further introduce the principle of forgiveness from many different angles, especially from the narratives of the New Testament, in which forgiveness is demonstrated as building on the basis of God’s love, which goes even to the point of sacrifice. In Chapter Four, I further argue that forgiveness in the New Testament is not just a conceptual theory. Indeed, it is the core spirit of the teachings of the Christianity, giving the power to Christians to save and help a lot of people, and making Christianity popular in the world. In order to achieve the purpose of my research, I have adopted a hermeneutical approach, including biblical analysis, a review of relevant literature, literary interpretation, and the analysis of the meaning of terms used. Finally I draw my conclusions as follows: without a clear understanding of the principle of forgiveness, people will not behave successfully. The power of forgiveness comes from a correct understanding of faith and of love. This forgiveness is set out fully in the New Testament, where we can see it as a powerful spiritual force and a spirit of sacrifice.

Multicultural education is only one of the major changes, which have occurred since the inception of the new democracy in South Africa. However, this inevitable change has resulted in many challenges for both educators and educational institutions. A literature study was done to discuss and clarity concepts of multicultural education, culture, race, ethnicity, bias and anti-bias. The perspectives, principles and history of multicultural education in the United States of America, Britain and South Africa were also investigated. An exploratory study, using a qualitative research design, was done to investigate educators' viewpoints on multicultural education in schools. The results of the investigation indicate that there is a lack of tolerance in schools and that educators require training and intervention strategies to help them cope with the changes in a multicultural education system in South Africa. Recommendations regarding training and policy implementation were discussed and intervention strategies for educators have been given.
Educational Studies
M. Ed. (with specialisation in Guidance and Counselling)

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude d'une méthodologie logicielle pour la détection d'erreurs induites par l'environnement radiatif : le phénomène dit SEU ou upset qui se traduit par le basculement intempestif du contenu d'un élément mémoire comme conséquence de l'ionisation produite par le passage d'une particule chargée avec le matériel. Les conséquences de ce phénomène dépendent de l'instant d'occurrence et de l'élément mémoire affecté et peuvent aller de la une simple erreur de résultat à la perte de contrôle d'un engin spatial.
La méthodologie repose sur des transformations du programme d'application introduisant des redondances aussi bien au niveau des données que dans le code du programme. Cette méthodologie est basée sur un ensemble de règles permettant la transformation automatique d'une application logicielle en une nouvelle possédant des capacités de détection d'erreurs de type SEU, tout en ayant la même fonctionnalité que l'application originale. L'ensemble de règles est issu d'une analyse approfondie de celles d'une méthode existante, ce dans le but d'améliorer la capacité de détection (réduction de nombre de fautes qui échappent au mécanisme de détection adopté) tout en minimisant le temps d'exécution et l'occupation mémoire du programme transformé. Cette méthodologie a constitué le cadre conceptuel pour la construction d'un outil de génération automatique des programmes tolérants aux erreurs induits par l'environnement radiatif.
L'évaluation de notre méthodologie a été effectuée par des expériences d'injection de fautes et des essais de radiations sur plusieurs processeurs. Ces expérimentations ont confirmé nos attentes : la version tolérante aux fautes d'une application, permet la détection en moyenne de 88% des erreurs survenues.
En terme de perspectives, ce travail de recherche constituera la base pour la définition d'une méthodologie logicielle/matérielle pour la détection d'erreurs.

This dissertation describes the credibility judgment process using social psychological theories of dual-processing, which state that information processing outcomes are the result of an interaction “between a fast, associative information- processing mode based on low-effort heuristics, and a slow, rule-based information processing mode based on high-effort systematic reasoning” (Chaiken & Trope, 1999, p. ix). Further, this interaction is illustrated by describing credibility judgments as a choice between examining easily identified peripheral cues (the messenger) and content (the message), leading to different evaluations in different settings. The focus here is on the domain of the Web, where ambiguous authorship, peer- produced content, and the lack of gatekeepers create an environment where credibility judgments are a necessary routine in triaging information. It reviews the relevant literature on existing credibility frameworks and the component factors that affect credibility judgments. The online encyclopedia (instantiated as Wikipedia and Encyclopedia Britannica) is then proposed as a canonical form to examine the credibility judgment process. The two main claims advanced here are (1) that information sources are composed of both message (the content) and messenger (the way the message is delivered), and that the messenger impacts perceived credibility; and (2) that perceived credibility is tempered by information need (individual engagement). These claims were framed by the models proposed by Wathen & Burkell (2002) and Chaiken (1980) to forward a composite dual process theory of credibility judgments, which was tested by two experimental studies. The independent variables of interest were: media format (print or electronic); reputation of source (Wikipedia or Britannica); and the participant’s individual involvement in the research task (high or low). The results of these studies encourage a more nuanced understanding of the credibility judgment process by framing it as a dual-process model, and showing that certain mediating variables can affect the relative use of low-effort evaluation and high- effort reasoning when forming a perception of credibility. Finally, the results support the importance of messenger effects on perceived credibility, implying that credibility judgments, especially in the online environment, and especially in cases of low individual engagement, are based on peripheral cues rather than an informed evaluation of content.
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The work deals with the life and work of Přemysl Pitter, major Czech Christian humanist, representativ of the social learning, education and journalism in the 20th - 70s of the twentieth century. Introductory chapters are devoted to his childhood and youth, especially his personal reflection of the suffering experienced at the frontline on the 1st World War, which influenced his future life guidance and practical activities. Other parts of the document is characterized Pitter{\crq}s destiny and social work for others - the poor, downtrodden, necessary - in the context of the radical social and political changes in the last century. Here is a somewhat more comprehensive text on the history of the fight to save children from a concentration camps and detention camps, after World War II, ie between 1945 - 1947. The last section describes the life and operation of Přemysl Pitter after retirement emigration in 1951, when the World Council of Churches delegated the duty of pastoral and social services for refugees in the camp Valka in Nuremberg in Germany until its repeal in 1962. The final chapter describes the staying and creative activity Pitter{\crq}s exile in Switzerland in the 60s and 70s. The work includes a brief summary of the contents of archival material and archives of Přemysl Pitter and Olga Fierzová in PMJAK in Prague.