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Journal articles on the topic 'Principled goals'
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Yam, Shing-Chung Jonathan. "i-Soc: An Info-Sociological Approach to Structural–Agent Causal Symmetry." Philosophies 5, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies5020008.
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In this article, I discuss the sociality of information flow by investigating a momentous yet often-neglected side of it—the reinforcing info-causal loops between habitus and structures. I treat habitus as a principled agent and explain how structure sustains itself (under the framework of Fiske and Pinker et al.) by upholding principles as goals or reducing them into subroutines (goal subjugation). At the structural level, four dominant categorical schemes—game theory, network analysis, systems functionalism, and field theory—are investigated for the characteristic information flow that they can capture. The result is an info-sociological approach that acknowledges causal symmetry between structure and agents.
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Cole, Phillip. "Principled Toleration and Respectful Indifference in the Liberal Polity." Balkan Journal of Philosophy 11, no. 1 (2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bjp20191112.
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This paper examines toleration at two levels. At the first level, liberal individualism is concerned that the individual must be as free as possible to pursue their own goals and lifestyles. At the second level, liberal political theory is concerned with the value of liberal political culture and institutions and how to maintain and protect them. I argue that we can learn a great deal about the exercise of toleration and respect at the level of the liberal polity by examining them at the level of the liberal individual. Both tolerance and intolerance at the level of the polity must be principled. Principled tolerance and intolerance have the following features. First, the judgment whether to tolerate a particular belief or practice must be based on the value of toleration itself, not pragmatic political requirements. Second, it should be an issue of setting aside moral principles and convictions rather than dislikes, prejudices or fears. Third, it should respect the distinction between the public and the private, and should only recognise an issue as one of toleration if there is a public impact at stake.
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Clark, Susan G., and Toddi A. Steelman. "Interviewing for an interdisciplinary job: principled goals, pragmatic outcomes, and finding the right fit in academia." Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 3, no. 1 (May 28, 2012): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13412-012-0075-y.
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Malmqvist, Erik, and Christian Munthe. "What High-Income States Should Do to Address Industrial Antibiotic Pollution." Public Health Ethics 13, no. 3 (September 2, 2020): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phaa020.
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Abstract Antibiotic resistance is widely recognized as a major threat to public health and healthcare systems worldwide. Recent research suggests that pollution from antibiotics manufacturing is an important driver of resistance development. Using Sweden as an example, this article considers how industrial antibiotic pollution might be addressed by public actors who are in a position to influence the distribution and use of antibiotics in high-income countries with publicly funded health systems. We identify a number of opportunities for these actors to incentivize industry to increase sustainability in antibiotics production. However, we also show that each alternative would create tensions with other significant policy goals, necessitating trade-offs. Since justifiable trade-offs require ethical consideration, we identify and explore the main underlying normative issues, namely, the weighing of local versus global health interests, the weighing of present versus future health interests, and the role of individualistic constraints on the pursuit of collective goals. Based on this analysis, we conclude that the actors have weighty principled reasons for prioritizing the goal of addressing pollution, but that translating this stance into concrete policy requires accommodating significant pragmatic challenges.
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Toole, Ciara. "Fiduciary Law and the Constructive Trust: Perfecting the Fiduciary Undertaking." Alberta Law Review 49, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr112.
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Two recent unanimous decisions from the Supreme Court of Canada in Galambos v Perez and Alberta v Elder Advocates of Alberta Society have narrowed and refreshed the requirements for recognizing fiduciary relationships and obligations. All fiduciary obligations must be founded by an undertaking, either express or implied, on the part of the fiduciary to act in the best interest of the beneficiary. At the heart of the fiduciary obligation, the undertaking of a fiduciary may also serve as a foundation for the goals of fiduciary accountability. The developing “Galambos approach” remains incomplete in its application in this regard. In the spirit of Galambos and Elder Advocates, I propose that the undertaking of the fiduciary can provide principled guidance in the availability of gain-based relief for breach of fiduciary duty. Particularly, I suggest that the imposition of a constructive trust as proprietary gain-based relief may be rationalized under the objective of perfecting or enforcing the fiduciary undertaking. To demonstrate my proposal, I investigate three example undertakings and breaches of fiduciary duty in which the fiduciary acquires property through the breach of duty. By grounding this overall discussion towards a conceptual remedial goal of enforcing the fiduciary’s undertaking, Galambos may spark the development of a principled approach to understanding both the making and the breach of fiduciary obligations.
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Wood, Nathan, and Katy Roelich. "Substantiating Energy Justice: Creating a Space to Understand Energy Dilemmas." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051917.
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This paper explores the relationships between the moral philosophical foundations and strategic goals of two conceptions of energy justice: the “triumvirate conception” and the “principled approach”. We explore the extent to which the goals of these approaches align with their core aims and strategies. Having initially been developed to capture and reflect the values of activist-led environmental justice movements, we find that the triumvirate approach’s adoption of a trivalent conception of justice currently lies in tension with its overarching top-down approach. We note that the principled approach does not face the same tensions as the triumvirate conception of energy justice, but would benefit from illustrating the consequences of framing the same energy dilemma with conflicting moral theories. Aiming to ameliorate these limitations and further develop conceptions of energy justice, we outline a case study of hydro power in Hirakud, India and propose a framework which illustrates how using differing theories of justice to conceptualise the same energy dilemmas can result in substantially different normative framings and guidance. We illustrate how this framework, combined with a pluralistic appeal to moral theory, can enable both approaches to draw on a wider range of moral theory to assess energy dilemmas. This in turn provides a broader socio-political backdrop in which to view energy dilemmas. We outline how this backdrop contributes to the creation of a space in which the grievances of those who suffer in relation to energy systems can be heard and better understood.
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Tucker, Chris. "Divine Satisficing and the Ethics of the Problem of Evil." Faith and Philosophy 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37977/faithphil.2020.37.1.2.
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This paper accomplishes three goals. First, it reveals that God’s ethics has a radical satisficing structure: God can choose a good enough suboptimal option even if there is a best option and no countervailing considerations. Second, it resolves the long-standing worry that there is no account of the good enough that is both principled and demanding enough to be good enough. Third, it vindicates the key ethical assumption in the problem of evil without relying on the contested assumption that God’s ethics is our ethics (on steroids).
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Bezzina, Frank, Simon Grima, and Josephine Mamo. "Risk management practices adopted by financial firms in Malta." Managerial Finance 40, no. 6 (June 3, 2014): 587–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-08-2013-0209.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to bring to light the risk management practices adopted by financial firms in the small island state of Malta. It seeks to: first, identify the risk management strategies and mechanisms that these firms adopt to manage risks, maximise opportunities, and maintain financial stability; second, determine whether these practices are perceived as contributing to principled performance; third, examine the extent to which risk management capabilities offer competitive advantage to firms, and fourth, investigate whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a key driver of risk management corporate strategies. Design/methodology/approach – A self-administered questionnaire purposely designed for the present study was distributed among the 156 credit institutions, investment firms and financial institutions registered with the Malta Financial Services Authority. Overall, 141 firms participated in the study (a response rate of 90.4 per cent) and the responses were subjected to statistical analysis in an attempt to answer four research questions. Findings – Maltese financial firms have sound risk management practices that link positively with added value and principled performance. Although competitive advantage has been given less weight by these firms, the implemented risk management mechanisms allow for a strong risk culture, defined risk management goals, accountability and continual improvement. CSR forms part of the firms’ risk management corporate strategies and is valued as part of these firms’ corporate culture, while financial/economic factors are viewed as key in driving effective risk management principles. Originality/value – The study provides empirical evidence that securing “best practice” in firms’ risk management corporate culture is seen as better predicated on maximising financial advantage (“the instrumental driver”) rather than simply reflecting externally imposed standards (“the compliance driver”).
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Yu, Byron M., Caleb Kemere, Gopal Santhanam, Afsheen Afshar, Stephen I. Ryu, Teresa H. Meng, Maneesh Sahani, and Krishna V. Shenoy. "Mixture of Trajectory Models for Neural Decoding of Goal-Directed Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 3763–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00482.2006.
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Probabilistic decoding techniques have been used successfully to infer time-evolving physical state, such as arm trajectory or the path of a foraging rat, from neural data. A vital element of such decoders is the trajectory model, expressing knowledge about the statistical regularities of the movements. Unfortunately, trajectory models that both 1) accurately describe the movement statistics and 2) admit decoders with relatively low computational demands can be hard to construct. Simple models are computationally inexpensive, but often inaccurate. More complex models may gain accuracy, but at the expense of higher computational cost, hindering their use for real-time decoding. Here, we present a new general approach to defining trajectory models that simultaneously meets both requirements. The core idea is to combine simple trajectory models, each accurate within a limited regime of movement, in a probabilistic mixture of trajectory models (MTM). We demonstrate the utility of the approach by using an MTM decoder to infer goal-directed reaching movements to multiple discrete goals from multi-electrode neural data recorded in monkey motor and premotor cortex. Compared with decoders using simpler trajectory models, the MTM decoder reduced the decoding error by 38 (48) percent in two monkeys using 98 (99) units, without a necessary increase in running time. When available, prior information about the identity of the upcoming reach goal can be incorporated in a principled way, further reducing the decoding error by 20 (11) percent. Taken together, these advances should allow prosthetic cursors or limbs to be moved more accurately toward intended reach goals.
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Lawson, Anna. "O'Brien and its Legacy: Principle, Equity and Certainly?" Cambridge Law Journal 54, no. 2 (July 1995): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300083665.
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Barclays Bank p.l.c. v, O'Brien1CIBC Mortgages p.l.c.v. Pitt2presented the House of Lords with an opportunity to consider when a creditor should be prevented from eforcing a transaction against a person who entered int it as a result of the undue influence or misreprentation of another. Lord Browne-Wilkinson's declared objective was to restate the law on this point “in a form which is principled, reflects the current requirements of society and provides as much certainty as possible”.3 Whether he achieved these three aims is a question on which commentators disagree. According to one, his Lordship proved himself “a master of the judicial art”4 by achieving all three.5 Another has argued that his judgments “may give rise to as much confusion as this difficult area has already witnessed”6 and that, in his efforts to attain the second of his goals, he overlooked the first and the third.
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Byrnes,, Heidi. "Of frameworks and the goals of collegiate foreign language education: critical reflections." Applied Linguistics Review 3, no. 1 (April 17, 2012): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2012-0001.
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AbstractThe paper suggests that among reasons for the difficulties collegiate foreign language (FL) programs in the United States (and most likely elsewhere) encounter in assuring that their students attain the kind of upper-level multiple literacies necessary for engaging in sophisticated work with FL oral and written texts may be the fact that prevailing frameworks for capturing FL performance, development, and assessment are insufficient for envisioning such textually oriented learning goals. The result of this mismatch between dominant frameworks, typically associated with communicative language teaching, and the goals of literary cultural studies programs as humanities programs is that collegiate FL departments and their faculty members face serious obstacles in their efforts to create the kind of coherent, comprehensive, and principled curricula that would be necessary for overcoming what are already extraordinary challenges in an educational environment that provides little support for long-term, sustained efforts at language development toward advanced multiple literacies. The paper traces these links by examining three such frameworks in the United States: the Proficiency framework of the 1980s, based on the ACTFL oral proficiency interview, the Standards framework of the 1990s, part of a more general standards movement in U.S. education, and the most recent document, by the Modern Language Association (MLA), which focuses on the need for new curricular structures in collegiate FL education. Specifically, it provides an overview of the U.S. educational landscape with an eye toward the considerable influence such frameworks can have in the absence of a comprehensive language education policy; lays out key characteristics that would be necessary for a viable approach to collegiate FL education; probes the complex effects the three frameworks have had in collegiate FL programs; and explores how one department sought to counter-act their detrimental influence in order to affirm and realize a humanistically oriented approach to FL education. The paper concludes with overall observations about the increasing power of frameworks to set educational goals and ways to counteract their potentially unwelcome consequences.
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O'Connor, Martin J., Csongor Nyulas, Samson Tu, David L. Buckeridge, Anna Okhmatovskaia, and Mark A. Musen. "Software-engineering challenges of building and deploying reusable problem solvers." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 23, no. 4 (October 14, 2009): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060409990047.
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AbstractProblem solving methods (PSMs) are software components that represent and encode reusable algorithms. They can be combined with representations of domain knowledge to produce intelligent application systems. A goal of research on PSMs is to provide principled methods and tools for composing and reusing algorithms in knowledge-based systems. The ultimate objective is to produce libraries of methods that can be easily adapted for use in these systems. Despite the intuitive appeal of PSMs as conceptual building blocks, in practice, these goals are largely unmet. There are no widely available tools for building applications using PSMs and no public libraries of PSMs available for reuse. This paper analyzes some of the reasons for the lack of widespread adoptions of PSM techniques and illustrate our analysis by describing our experiences developing a complex, high-throughput software system based on PSM principles. We conclude that many fundamental principles in PSM research are useful for building knowledge-based systems. In particular, the task–method decomposition process, which provides a means for structuring knowledge-based tasks, is a powerful abstraction for building systems of analytic methods. However, despite the power of PSMs in the conceptual modeling of knowledge-based systems, software engineering challenges have been seriously underestimated. The complexity of integrating control knowledge modeled by developers using PSMs with the domain knowledge that they model using ontologies creates a barrier to widespread use of PSM-based systems. Nevertheless, the surge of recent interest in ontologies has led to the production of comprehensive domain ontologies and of robust ontology-authoring tools. These developments present new opportunities to leverage the PSM approach.
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Makgill, Robert A., and Hamish G. Rennie. "A Model for Integrated Coastal Management Legislation: A Principled Analysis of New Zealand’s Resource Management Act 1991." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 1 (2012): 135–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180812x620667.
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Abstract In this article we set out the key components of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) legislation and show how the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) implements ICM in New Zealand. We briefly discuss why ICM is needed and the definition of ICM. We then identify the key tools for delivering ICM, and outline three general components that we consider need to be provided for in any successful legislative framework for ICM, namely: policy goals, legislative provision and decision-making bodies. Next we discuss five specific kinds of tools that we consider an ICM legal framework should make provision for in order to give effect to ICM in decision making. We finish by acknowledging that the ability of ICM to successfully manage intensive use and conflict is not without criticism, and briefly considering these criticisms in light of New Zealand’s experience with the RMA.
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Asmani, Almodad Biduk. "A Case Study Analysis of Clt Methods to Develop Grammar Competency for Academic Writing Purposes at Tertiary Level." Humaniora 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2013): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v4i2.3537.
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The purpose of the research project is to find out how effective grammar teaching and learning using the Principled CLT method can improve the ability of freshman Binus University students to understand and use grammar knowledge for academic writing purposes. The research project is expected to result in computer-animated format which can be used as one of the main tools in teaching and learning grammar at tertiary level. The research project applies the descriptive quantitative approach, and thus uses numeric data. The research project involves two subject groups, which are experimental and control. The two groups are pre-tested so as to find out their level of grammar competency by their academic writing works. The experimental group receives the treatment of grammar learning by using the Principled CLT approach, while the control group receives the standard CLT approach. Then, the two groups have the post-test, and the results are compared. Through statistics, the numerical data show that there is no significant difference between the two methods’ results, and as a result, either method has its own strength and weaknesses. If one is to be implemented, it must be linked to the specific goals and purposes that each entails.
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Roberts, Julian V., and Oren Gazal-Ayal. "Statutory Sentencing Reform in Israel: Exploring the Sentencing Law of 2012." Israel Law Review 46, no. 3 (September 23, 2013): 455–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223713000162.
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In 2012 the Knesset approved a new sentencing law. Israel thus became the latest jurisdiction to introduce statutory directions for courts to follow in sentencing. The approach of the United States to structuring judicial discretion often entails the use of a sentencing grid with presumptive sentencing ranges. In contrast, the Sentencing Act of Israel reflects a less prescriptive method: it provides guidance by words rather than numbers. Retributivism is clearly identified as the penal philosophy underpinning the new law, which takes a novel approach to promoting more proportionate sentencing. Courts are directed to construct an individualised proportionate sentencing range appropriate to the case in hand. Once this is established, the court then follows additional directions regarding factors and principles related to sentencing. Although other jurisdictions have placed the purposes and principles of sentencing on a statutory footing, this is the first such legislative declaration in Israel. The statute also contains a methodology to implement a proportional approach to sentencing as well as detailed guidance on sentencing factors. This article describes and explores the new Sentencing Act, making limited comparisons to sentencing reforms in other jurisdictions – principally England and Wales, New Zealand and the United States. In concluding, we speculate on the likely consequences of the law: will it achieve the goals of promoting more consistent and principled sentencing?
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Popova, Maria. "Putin-Style “Rule of Law” & the Prospects for Change." Daedalus 146, no. 2 (April 2017): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00435.
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In Putin's Russia, the regime uses the law and legal institutions to fulfill political goals, to communicate them to society, and to manage the authoritarian coalition that helps the president govern. As a result, the law is highly consequential and important, but its use tends to be arbitrary, expedient, and instrumental, rather than predictable and principled. Can we expect any major shifts in the role of law and the courts over the next ten years? Russia's legal regime is unlikely to undergo major evolutionary change and may outlive Putin's tenure: both foreign and domestic pressures for change toward constitutionalism are limited. If a positive shift were to take place, Russia would inch toward authoritarian constitutionalism. But negative change is also possible. If Putin's regime weakens, the politicized use of the courts against both dissidents and political competitors within the authoritarian coalition will increase.
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Macdonald, Roderick A. "Change of Terminology? Change of Law?" Revue générale de droit 23, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1057115ar.
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The provisions of the Civil Code of Québec dealing with Prior Claims and Hypothecs constitute an ambitious, although only partly successful, reform of the law relating to security devices. Given the policy objectives underlying any regime of security on property, three major problems with the new Code are immediately apparent: the failure to rationalize the scheme of non-consensual priorities and legal hypothecs; the failure to provide explicitly for an imperative regime of registration and realisation recourses governing any legal transaction which in substance functions as security on property; and the failure to redefine the concept of hypothec to account for its extension to universalities, and incorporeal property. Nevertheless, ordinary canons of codal interpretation give the judiciary sufficient resources to correct, by principled reference to the basic policy goals of this area of the law, most of the textual deficiencies in Book Six of the Civil Code of Québec.
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Fisher, Abigail, Megan L. Hammersley, Rachel A. Jones, Philip J. Morgan, Clare E. Collins, and Anthony Okely. "Goal setting for weight-related behavior change in children: An exploratory study." Nutrition and Health 24, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260106018758519.
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Background: There is an absence of studies exploring different goal-setting appraches and none which have examined the use of proxy goal-setting by parents for their children. Aim: To explore how proficient parents are in setting health behaviour goals for their children according to SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-framed) goal principles. A secondary aim was to examine associations between goal setting and change in health behaviors. Methods: Participants were parents and children taking part in one of two trials incorporating goal setting. Study 1 ( Time2bHealthy) was an online program for parents of preschoolers ( n = 36) and Study 2 ( HIKCUPS) was a three-arm face-to-face trial examining a parent-centered dietary intervention, (Study2Diet); a child-centered physical activity intervention, (Study2PA); or combination of both (Study2Combo) ( n = 83). Goals were coded on five ‘SMART’ principles. Goals were scored 1 or 0 for each principle (1 indicated the principle was met and 0, not met). The total maximum score for each goal was 5. Mean total goal-score and means for each SMART principle were calculated. Results: Mean (and standard deviation) goal setting scores for Study 1 were 3.84 (0.61), Study2Diet 2.17 (1.33), Study2PA 3.18 (1.45) and Study2Combo 2.24 (1.30). Goal-scores were significantly higher for Study 1 than Study 2 ( p < 0.001). In Study2Diet, goal setting was significantly associated with greater reduction in energy intake ( p = 0.019). Conclusions: Goal-scores were highest in Study 1, which used a supported online format for setting goals. Parents were better at setting physical activity goals, but these goals did not translate into improvements in physical activity behavior. Goals set by parents may be useful in energy intake reduction, however further research is required to determine benefits for weight status or physical activity.
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Cox, Louis. "Information Structures for Causally Explainable Decisions." Entropy 23, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23050601.
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For an AI agent to make trustworthy decision recommendations under uncertainty on behalf of human principals, it should be able to explain why its recommended decisions make preferred outcomes more likely and what risks they entail. Such rationales use causal models to link potential courses of action to resulting outcome probabilities. They reflect an understanding of possible actions, preferred outcomes, the effects of action on outcome probabilities, and acceptable risks and trade-offs—the standard ingredients of normative theories of decision-making under uncertainty, such as expected utility theory. Competent AI advisory systems should also notice changes that might affect a user’s plans and goals. In response, they should apply both learned patterns for quick response (analogous to fast, intuitive “System 1” decision-making in human psychology) and also slower causal inference and simulation, decision optimization, and planning algorithms (analogous to deliberative “System 2” decision-making in human psychology) to decide how best to respond to changing conditions. Concepts of conditional independence, conditional probability tables (CPTs) or models, causality, heuristic search for optimal plans, uncertainty reduction, and value of information (VoI) provide a rich, principled framework for recognizing and responding to relevant changes and features of decision problems via both learned and calculated responses. This paper reviews how these and related concepts can be used to identify probabilistic causal dependencies among variables, detect changes that matter for achieving goals, represent them efficiently to support responses on multiple time scales, and evaluate and update causal models and plans in light of new data. The resulting causally explainable decisions make efficient use of available information to achieve goals in uncertain environments.
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Vilas-Boas, Madalena. "Relationship between the Perception of Organizational Culture and Ethical Climate and the Perception of Workplace Bullying." CES Psicología 12, no. 2 (2019): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21615/cesp.12.2.8.
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Workplace bullying takes place in many organizations and it has serious consequences on individuals, organizations and economy. The main aim of this study is to contribute to the field of workplace bullying by empirically testing the theoretically defined relation between socio-organizational variables (organizational culture and ethical climate) and bullying, using two theoretical models well-grounded in organizational studies. The findings, from a sample of 984 Portuguese workers, suggest that there is a strong relation between organizational culture/ethical climate and bullying: the "benevolent" and "principled" climates are negatively related (or even an obstacle) to bullying, as well as the cultural orientation of "support". The opposite is the result of the climate "self-interest" and the cultural orientations of "rules" and "goals". As organizational culture and ethical climate explain 20% of the variance of the negative behaviours perceived by the members of the organization, what shows that managers can achieve changes to a significant organizational, individual and societal problem just by manipulating those two variables.
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Schneider, Helen, Joseph Mumba Zulu, Kaaren Mathias, Keith Cloete, and Anna-Karin Hurtig. "The governance of local health systems in the era of Sustainable Development Goals: reflections on collaborative action to address complex health needs in four country contexts." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 3 (June 2019): e001645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001645.
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This analysis reflects on experiences and lessons from four country settings—Zambia, India, Sweden and South Africa—on building collaborations in local health systems in order to respond to complex health needs. These collaborations ranged in scope and formality, from coordinating action in the community health system (Zambia), to a partnership between governmental, non-governmental and academic actors (India), to joint planning and delivery across political and sectoral boundaries (Sweden and South Africa). The four cases are presented and analysed using a common framework of collaborative governance, focusing on the dynamics of the collaboration itself, with respect to principled engagement, shared motivation and joint capacity. The four cases, despite their differences, illustrate the considerable challenges and the specific dynamics involved in developing collaborative action in local health systems. These include the coconstruction of solutions (and in some instances the problem itself) through engagement, the importance of trust, both interpersonal and institutional, as a condition for collaborative arrangements, and the role of openly accessible information in building shared understanding. Ultimately, collaborative action takes time and difficulty needs to be anticipated. If discovery, joint learning and developing shared perspectives are presented as goals in themselves, this may offset internal and external expectations that collaborations deliver results in the short term.
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Orehek, Edward, Amanda L. Forest, and Nicole Barbaro. "A People-as-Means Approach to Interpersonal Relationships." Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 3 (April 11, 2018): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691617744522.
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Interpersonal relationships and goal pursuit are intimately interconnected. In the present article, we present a people-as-means perspective on relationships. According to this perspective, people serve as means to goals—helping other people to reach their goals in a variety of ways, such as by contributing their time; lending their knowledge, skills, and resources; and providing emotional support and encouragement. Because people serve as means to goals, we propose that considering relationship processes in terms of the principles of goal pursuit can provide novel and important insights into the ways that people think, feel, and behave in these interpersonal contexts. We describe the principles of means-goals relations, review evidence for each principle involving people as means, and discuss implications of our approach for relationship formation, maintenance, and dissolution.
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Clifford-Holmes, Jai K., Carolyn G. Palmer, Chris J. de Wet, and Jill H. Slinger. "Operational manifestations of institutional dysfunction in post-apartheid South Africa." Water Policy 18, no. 4 (January 29, 2016): 998–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.211.
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At the centre of the water law reform process initiated by the first democratic government of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) lay the challenge of transforming away from apartheid water injustices. Reform culminated in the promulgation of new legislation, regarded internationally as ambitious and forward-thinking legislation reflective of the broad aims of integrated water resource management (IWRM). However, implementation of this legislation has been challenging. This paper analyses institutional dysfunction in water management in the Sundays River Valley Municipality (Eastern Cape Province, RSA). A transdisciplinary approach is taken in addressing the failure of national law and policy to enable the delivery of effective water services in post-apartheid RSA. A case study is used to explore interventions to promote effective water supply, locating these interventions and policies within the legislative structures and frameworks governing the water sector. We suggest that fine-grained institutional analysis together with learning from persistent iterative, adaptive practice, with principled goals intact, offers a pragmatic and achievable alternative to grand-scale policy change.
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Everson, Michael E. "Best Practices in Teaching Logographic and Non-Roman Writing Systems to L2 Learners." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 31 (March 2011): 249–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190511000171.
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The past few decades have witnessed a growing interest in how second language (L2) learners come to read in languages employing non-alphabetic writing systems such as Chinese and Japanese and languages employing non-Roman alphabetic systems such as Arabic and Hebrew. Indeed, with efforts afoot to begin more programs in these languages at the K-12 and collegiate levels, in immersion and bilingual settings, and with stated goals for students to eventually attain high levels in reading proficiency, an understanding of this research is critical if program development is to go forward in a principled way. This article discusses some of the theoretical developments that have helped illuminate the cross-orthographic reading process and reports on the relevant research in L2 cross-orthographic reading that has shaped our understanding of the issues involved in learning to read in languages that employ non-Roman alphabetic, logographic, and syllabary systems of writing. The article will also discuss teaching implications, strategies, and classroom practice put forth by reading practitioners, many of which have yet to find consensus.
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Chand Singh, Arju. "Principles and Goals of Public Health." Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health 4, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asnh.2020.04.principles-and-goals-of-public-health.
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Prober, Suzanne M., Kristen J. Williams, Linda M. Broadhurst, and Veronica A. J. Doerr. "Nature conservation and ecological restoration in a changing climate: what are we aiming for?" Rangeland Journal 39, no. 6 (2017): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17069.
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Principles underpinning the goals of nature conservation and ecological restoration have traditionally involved preventing ecological change or restoring ecosystems or populations towards preferred historical states. Under global climate change, it is increasingly recognised that this may no longer be achievable, but there has been limited debate regarding new principles that can help guide goal-setting for nature conservation and ecological restoration in dynamic environments. To stimulate such debate, we established a framework of human motivations implicit in historically focussed nature conservation approaches. We drew on this and a literature survey to propose a palette of five principles to guide goal-setting for nature conservation and ecological restoration in a changing climate. Our framework proposes three broad sets of human motivations relevant to nature conservation: (1) basic survival and material needs (akin to provisioning and regulating ecosystem services), (2) psychological and cultural needs such as a sense of place (reflecting cultural ecosystem services), and (3) the need to fulfil moral or ethical obligations (e.g. intergenerational and interspecies equity). Meeting basic needs for current and future generations is supported by a commonly proposed principle to optimise ecological processes and functions (Principle 1); which in turn is dependent on maintaining the ongoing evolutionary potential in the world’s biota (Principle 2). Beyond this, motivations relating to psychological, cultural and moral needs demand not only an emphasis on healthy ecosystem functioning, but on the character and diversity of the ecosystems and species that contribute to these functions. Our subsequent three principles, minimise native species losses (Principle 3), maintain the evolutionary character and biogeographic structuring of the biota (Principle 4), and maintain wild natural ecosystems (Principle 5) contribute to these further goals. Although these principles can sometimes be conflicting, we argue that by connecting directly with underlying motivations, this broader palette will help take us forward towards more effective nature conservation in a rapidly changing world.
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Doran, Y. J. "Intrinsic functionality of mathematics, metafunctions in Systemic Functional Semiotics." Semiotica 2018, no. 225 (November 6, 2018): 457–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2017-0004.
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AbstractMathematics and language appear from one angle very alike. They seem to have similar structures and maintain similar grammars. However, they are regularly used in different situations to achieve different goals. This suggests that they have quite distinct functionalities. This paper explores this tension between the similarity and difference of language and mathematics by focusing on mathematics’ intrinsic functionality as conceptualzsed through metafunction in Systemic Functional Semiotics and Social Semiotics. Unlike many studies in these traditions, however, it does not assume the metafunctions developed for language will unproblematically transfer over to mathematics. Rather, it derives the metafunctional organization of mathematics from its paradigmatic and syntagmatic organization. This method illustrates that although metafunction is a productive category for understanding mathematics, its metafunctional organization is not the same as that for language. In particular, mathematics displays an expanded logical component, while giving no evidence for an autonomous interpersonal component. In addition to allowing a principled comparison of mathematics and language in terms of their intrinsic functionality, this method suggests that if Systemic Functional and Social Semiotic studies wish to understand the functions of various semiotic resources, they cannot unquestioningly assume metafunctions will occur across all semiosis.
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Desai, Anjali Varma, Chelsea L. Michael, Gilad J. Kuperman, Gregory Jordan, Haley Mittelstaedt, Andrew S. Epstein, MaryAnn Connor, et al. "A Novel Patient Values Tab for the Electronic Health Record: A User-Centered Design Approach." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): e21615. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/21615.
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has shined a harsh light on a critical deficiency in our health care system: our inability to access important information about patients’ values, goals, and preferences in the electronic health record (EHR). At Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), we have integrated and systematized health-related values discussions led by oncology nurses for newly diagnosed cancer patients as part of routine comprehensive cancer care. Such conversations include not only the patient’s wishes for care at the end of life but also more holistic personal values, including sources of strength, concerns, hopes, and their definition of an acceptable quality of life. In addition, health care providers use a structured template to document their discussions of patient goals of care. Objective To provide ready access to key information about the patient as a person with individual values, goals, and preferences, we undertook the creation of the Patient Values Tab in our center’s EHR to display this information in a single, central location. Here, we describe the interprofessional, interdisciplinary, iterative process and user-centered design methodology that we applied to build this novel functionality as well as our initial implementation experience and plans for evaluation. Methods We first convened a working group of experts from multiple departments, including medical oncology, health informatics, information systems, nursing informatics, nursing education, and supportive care, and a user experience designer. We conducted in-depth, semistructured, audiorecorded interviews of over 100 key stakeholders. The working group sought consensus on the tab’s main content, homing in on high-priority areas identified by the stakeholders. The core content was mapped to various EHR data sources. We established a set of high-level design principles to guide our process. Our user experience designer then created wireframes of the tab design. The designer conducted usability testing with physicians, nurses, and other health professionals. Data validation testing was conducted. Results We have already deployed the Patient Values Tab to a pilot sample of users in the MSK Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Service, including physicians, advanced practice providers, nurses, and administrative staff. We have early evidence of the positive impact of this EHR innovation. Audit logs show increasing use. Many of the initial user comments have been enthusiastically positive, while others have provided constructive suggestions for additional tab refinements with respect to format and content. Conclusions It is our challenge and obligation to enrich the EHR with information about the patient as a person. Realization of this capability is a pressing public health need requiring the collaboration of technological experts with a broad range of clinical leaders, users, patients, and families to achieve solutions that are both principled and practical. Our new Patient Values Tab represents a step forward in this important direction.
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Gram, Lu, Nayreen Daruwalla, and David Osrin. "Understanding participation dilemmas in community mobilisation: can collective action theory help?" Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211045.
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Community mobilisation interventions have been used to promote health in many low-income and middle-income settings. They frequently involve collective action to address shared determinants of ill-health, which often requires high levels of participation to be effective. However, the non-excludable nature of benefits produced often generates participation dilemmas: community members have an individual interest in abstaining from collective action and free riding on others’ contributions, but no benefit is produced if nobody participates. For example, marches, rallies or other awareness-raising activities to change entrenched social norms affect the social environment shared by community members whether they participate or not. This creates a temptation to let other community members invest time and effort. Collective action theory provides a rich, principled framework for analysing such participation dilemmas. Over the past 50 years, political scientists, economists, sociologists and psychologists have proposed a plethora of incentive mechanisms to solve participation dilemmas: selective incentives, intrinsic benefits, social incentives, outsize stakes, intermediate goals, interdependency and critical mass theory. We discuss how such incentive mechanisms might be used by global health researchers to produce new questions about how community mobilisation works and conclude with theoretical predictions to be explored in future quantitative or qualitative research.
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Steuperaert, Dirk. "Improving the Quality of the COBIT 5 Goals Cascade as an IT Process Prioritisation Mechanism." International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance 7, no. 2 (July 2016): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitbag.2016070104.
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COBIT 5 is a commonly used IT Governance Framework. Its first principle is that all IT related activities should support generating value for the enterprise. This principle is put in practice through the COBIT 5 Goals Cascade. In this paper the author has researched this principle's main claimed benefit, i.e. that it allows to prioritise IT related processes based on overall enterprise priorities. The quality of the goals cascade was researched by looking at the accuracy of the published mapping tables, the dependencies between goals in the same goal set and the sensitivity of the Goals Cascade towards input variations. The author concludes that the current Goals Cascade isn't very useable as a prioritisation mechanism for IT processes. The author finally proposes an improvement to the current Goals Cascade, consisting of an additional, limited set of ‘Enterprise Strategies' that map directly to IT related processes. A prototype solution has been tested, showing promising improvements.
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Panahov, Anar. "Main directions of the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.92.
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Goal: the need to study the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export as an integral part of the principleof international economic cooperation.Methods of research: analysis and study of international legal documents and scientific works containing provisions on the principleof economic cooperation.Results: the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export as an integral part of the principle of internationaleconomic cooperation has been defined. A number of international legal documents were adopted, which define the main directions ofcooperation between states in the field of energy resources use. Along with legal documents, the activities of international organizationsand various forums should be defined as the realization of this principle. Analyzing the main international documents, the activities ofrelevant international organizations, as well as scientific work in this direction, we consider that the principle of international legalcooperation in the field of oil export can become a key norm for achieving the common goals of the organization and international societyas a whole.Discussion: defining the principle of international legal cooperation in the field of oil export as an integral part of the principleof international economic cooperation.
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Podmarеv, Alexander A. "Proportionality as a constitutional principle of limiting human and civil rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series Economics. Management. Law 21, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2021-21-1-83-91.
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Introduction. The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation allows for the possibility of restricting rights and freedoms of individuals and establishes imperative conditions (principles) for the introduction and operation of these restrictions. One of these constitutional principles is the principle of proportionality: the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen can be limited only to the extent necessary to achieve the goals specified in part 3 of Article 55. Theoretical analysis. The principle of proportionality of restrictions to certain goals is currently declared by the constitutions of many states, and is also part of the international legal criteria for restrictions on human rights. Some conceptual issues of the content of the constitutional principle of proportionality are resolved by the Constitutional Court of Russia. In its most general form, the principle of proportionality means that: the measures (means) used to restrict rights and freedoms must be conditioned by constitutional goals; restrictive measures (means) should not be greater than necessary; restrictive measures (means) should not lead to disproportionate, excessive restrictions. Empirical analysis. The analysis of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Russia shows that in each specific case, the Court determines the necessary measure to restrict a particular right (freedom), comparing, weighing the constitutionally recognized values (on the one hand, the rights of a certain person, on the other, the rights of other persons, the interests of the state, public interests), as well as assessing the adequacy of the legal means used to achieve any constitutionally established goal (s) of restriction. The conclusions reached by the Court regarding the proportionality or disproportion (excess) of the restriction of this or that right are binding not only for the legislator, but also in some cases for the law enforcement officer. Results. It is concluded that the implementation of the constitutional principle of proportionality of restrictions in lawmaking and law enforcement means that when establishing and applying restrictions on rights and freedoms to achieve a certain constitutional goal (goals), exclusively necessary measures (means) must be provided and used in this situation. The principle of proportionality of restrictions is one of the criteria for assessing the constitutionality of the restriction of any right or freedom, as well as one of the guarantees against arbitrary (unreasonable, excessive, unconstitutional) restrictions, since it presupposes the existence of certain boundaries (limits, frameworks, conditions) of lawmaking and law enforcement.
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Huang, Julie Y., and John A. Bargh. "The Selfish Goal: Autonomously operating motivational structures as the proximate cause of human judgment and behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 2 (April 2014): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13000290.
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AbstractWe propose the Selfish Goal model, which holds that a person's behavior is driven by psychological processes called goals that guide his or her behavior, at times in contradictory directions. Goals can operate both consciously and unconsciously, and when activated they can trigger downstream effects on a person's information processing and behavioral possibilities that promote only the attainment of goal end-states (and not necessarily the overall interests of the individual). Hence, goals influence a person as if the goals themselves were selfish and interested only in their own completion. We argue that there is an evolutionary basis to believe that conscious goals evolved from unconscious and selfish forms of pursuit. This theoretical framework predicts the existence of unconscious goal processes capable of guiding behavior in the absence of conscious awareness and control (the automaticity principle), the ability of the most motivating or active goal to constrain a person's information processing and behavior toward successful completion of that goal (the reconfiguration principle), structural similarities between conscious and unconscious goal pursuit (the similarity principle), and goal influences that produce apparent inconsistencies or counterintuitive behaviors in a person's behavior extended over time (the inconsistency principle). Thus, we argue that a person's behaviors are indirectly selected at the goal level but expressed (and comprehended) at the individual level.
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Momen, Mohammad Hussein, and Hussein Rahmatollahi. "The Principle of Continuance in Public Service Contract." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 8 (September 29, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n8p6.
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If we consider the aim of administrative goal to procure public interest and the necessity of its continuance, the limitation of its descriptive and executive principles in private law frameworks will be serious barriers against its realization. Administrative contracts with their special legal regime based on such principles of preference, authority and support which indicates the upper hand of public contract parties are described by the same basis. Public service principles which should be considered as extracted from the judicial verdicts of French governmental council are, <em>inter alia</em>, executive and descriptive foundations of public contracts. The principle of public service continuance with its legal functions and radical role in contract execution plays a vital role in realizing the goals.
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France-Hudson, Ben. "Statutory Property: Is it a Thing?" Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 47, no. 3 (November 1, 2016): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v47i3.4794.
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Over the last several decades there has been a proliferation of property-type rights created by statute, particularly in the environmental management context. A key question has been how to approach these rights on a principled basis, particularly where Parliament has been silent about their precise nature. One response has been to put a gloss on these rights by classifying them as a new category of "statutory property". However, this article suggests that we should recognise that these types of rights are private property. This argument is based on the premise that private property serves a variety of social goals and not only individualistic ones. As a result, the institution of property is flexible enough to cater for the main concern driving this legislative vagueness, which flows from the risk that recognising rights as private property may serve to undermine the purpose for which property is being employed. This article develops this point with reference to legislation setting up individual transferable quota for fish and emissions units for greenhouse gases in New Zealand. It argues that the rights used by these schemes, although not explicitly articulated as private property, should be treated as such. It suggests that, providing the contours of the right have been structured carefully and the boundaries of the right clearly demarcated, it is desirable that the law of property fill in any resulting gaps not addressed by the legislation.
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Waage, Jeff, Rukmini Banerji, Oona Campbell, Ephraim Chirwa, Guy Collender, Veerle Dieltiens, Andrew Dorward, et al. "The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015." Lancet 376, no. 9745 (September 2010): 991–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61196-8.
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Muthoifin, Muthoifin, Didin Saefuddin, and Adian Husaini. "Pemikiran Pendidikan Ki Hadjar Dewantara dalam Perspektif Pendidikan Islam." Ta'dibuna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 2, no. 2 (September 5, 2013): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/tadibuna.v2i2.562.
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<p>Education is the guidance in the growth of children's lives so that they can achieve salvation and happiness. Education must have a vision and a noble mission; the vision is far into the future beyond time and space, while the mission of Islamic education is on accordance to the concept of Tawheed, so that it will always relevant in every time and all conditions. Education should be based on divine revelation (al-Qur'an and al-Hadith). If education is not guided and does not display the spirit of the two ideologies, the education can be mentioned as a strange education. The focus of this research is the profile of Ki Hadjar Dewantara, his educational thought based on the perspective of Islamic education review, the research is focused on the aspects of the conception of education issues, including: basic, content and education systems. The objective was to determine the level of Ki Hadjar Islamic educational perspective. The research method used is the libraries research. By approaching to the history (Historical Approach) and biography of Ki Hadjar. While the data collection consists of primary and secondary data sources. Techniques of data analysis was using content analysis (content analysis), descriptive, comparative and inductive. These data were then analyzed for the conclusions drawn from the phenomena, with the steps: topic selection, collection of data sources, verification, interpretation, and historiography. The results of the study. 1, the concept of education Ki Hadjar focused on aspects of guidance to children in order to achieve happiness based on the nature of nature. This is not consistent with the concept of Islamic education that focused on aspects of worship and Tawheed based on divine revelation. 2, Ki Hadjar�s basic education is the principle Pancadarma (five principles), which of the five principle is explicitly no principle of divinity, it is contrary to basic Islamic education which is based on al-Quran and al-Sunnah. 3), the Content or the essence of Ki Hadjar�s education is character, humanism, freedom, natural culture. It is also incompatible with the core content of Islamic education Faith-monotheism, worship and noble character divine revelation. 4) Ki Hadjar�s education system, good goals, curriculum, methods, teachers, students and the evaluation does not lead and is tied to the value of faith and worship, it is also not in line with the Islamic education system has always associate with both religious values. 5, Ki Hadjar�s educational thought is nationalist-secular. Nationalists, because based on the culture of the nation, while secular because it is not linked with the spirit of the teachings of Islam (monotheism). Recognizing the importance of education, the study recommends to the government, the union and the school administrators Tamansiswa, should give attention and progressive education by applying basic, content, objectives, methods and curriculum grounded in a principled framework and closely linked to religion and morals of Islam and develop Ki Hadjar faith-based thinking piety.</p><p class="keywords">Keywords� education concept, education objectives, Islamic education, character education, character, akhlaq, values, morality</p>
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Rothermund, Klaus. "Counter-Regulation and Control-Dependency." Social Psychology 42, no. 1 (January 2011): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000043.
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Two basic principles governing the motivational regulation of automatic affective processing are described and relevant evidence is reviewed. According to the counter-regulation principle, attention is automatically allocated to information that is opposite in valence to current motivational states: A positive outcome focus increases the salience of negative information whereas a negative outcome focus induces an attentional focus on positive information. Counter-regulation in automatic affective processing prevents motivational states from escalating or becoming chronic. According to the control-dependency principle, processing of information is characterized by a problem focus (negativity bias) if goal pursuit is experienced as controllable, whereas experiencing a lack of control over important outcomes is accompanied by an enhancement focus (positivity bias). Control-dependency of affective processing promotes persistent goal pursuit in the face of controllable challenges, and facilitates the acceptance of a given situation and disengagement from blocked goals.
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Mazina, О. I. "Globalization of Management Accounting Principles." Statistics of Ukraine 81, no. 2 (October 18, 2018): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2(81)2018.02.12.
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The importance of effective management decision-making is obvious in the volatile and unstructured information environment, thus stimulating to revisions of theoretical grounds, concepts and principles of accounting management. The historic evolution of perceptions and visions of management accounting in Ukraine, like in other post-soviet countries, has a difficult path to the ultimate acceptance and recognition due to the efforts of many domestic scientists and practical professionals.
The conceptual framework of management accounting needs to be created with due consideration to the processes occurring in the internal and external environment of business entities as management objects.
The system approach to building up the conceptual framework of management accounting and reporting enables to achieve a radically new level today due to the implementation of Global Principles of Management Accounting, elaborated by international organizations. These principles set the criteria which observance enables for growth of company’s value in the conditions of the sustainable economic development.
Global Principles of Management Accounting, developed by the collaborative effort of two global professional organizations, the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (СІМА) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (ІАСРА), are designed to help business entities in overcoming fragmentation and to stimulate integrated thinking, which will enhance the effectiveness of decision making. The document outlines four principles focused on achieving four central goals and closely related with them: (i) communication generates information with impact (where “communication” is the principle and impact is the goal); (ii) information is relevant, i. e. important (“relevance” is the principle, and the goal is to assure the relevance of data); (iii) analysis of the impact on the value (“analysis” is the principle, and the goal is to analyze the business model of an organization); (iv) the intelligent management builds the trust (“trust” is the principle, and the goal is the commitment of management accounting professionals to the appropriate behavioral norms).
It can be argued that considering the global principles of management accounting, scientific discussions on the conceptual framework of accounting management need to focus on the growth in the business value and sustainable development of business entities, to enable for the sustainable development of the economy. To this end, management accounting needs to be the core of an organization and ensure structured effective decisions in the conditions of uncertainty and growing turbulence. The global principles of management accounting have to lay the basis for not only management accounting in the real sector of the economy, but for competence building in the process of professional training on management accounting in higher education institutions.
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Essien, Eyo Emmanuel, Ioannis Kostopoulos, Anastasia Konstantopoulou, and George Lodorfos. "Do ethical work climates influence supplier selection decisions in public organizations? The moderating roles of party politics and personal values." International Journal of Public Sector Management 32, no. 6 (August 2, 2019): 653–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-10-2018-0227.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between ethical work climates (EWCs) and supplier selection decisions (SSDs), and the moderating roles of party politics and personal values on this relationship. Design/methodology/approach A total of 600 senior-level personnel from 40 Nigerian public organizations were surveyed using structured questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses developed for the study after assessing construct reliability and validity. Findings Results show that both high and low levels of external political pressures significantly reduce the perception that organizational SSDs are ruled based and pro-social in nature. Furthermore, regardless of the level of perception of instrumental personal values by employees, instrumental ethical climates significantly determine SSDs; principled/cosmopolitan climate and benevolent/cosmopolitan climate only become significant perceptible determinants when there is less room for the accommodation of personal goals during SSD processes. Research limitations/implications This study only examined the relationship between ethical climate perceptions and SSDs without controlling for the effects of some important possible intervening variables on this relationship. Therefore, the study encouraged future researcher to enhance the generalizability of the findings by incorporate relevant control variables in the model, as well as examining other decision phases in the public buying process. Originality/value This study is original to the extent that only a few studies in the literature are devoted to perceptions of EWCs in African organizations, and no previous studies have examined this phenomenon in relation to SSDs in Nigerian public firms.
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Quadri, S. M. K., and Sheikh Umar Farooq. "Software Testing – Goals, Principles, and Limitations." International Journal of Computer Applications 6, no. 9 (September 10, 2010): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/1343-1448.
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Zylicz, Tomasz. "Goals and Principles of Environmental Policy." International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics 3, no. 4 (May 30, 2010): 299–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000028.
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Vojkovic, Gordana. "Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia." Stanovnistvo 41, no. 1-4 (2003): 7–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0304007v.
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Regionalization is an exceptionally complex and contradictory matter, and at the same time becoming very challenging in the last few years in conditions of accelerated changes in the world. It is believed that regionalization today is an unavoidable strategic action of directing development processes on a territory. One of the aims of regionalization is to bring economic, demographic and social development processes into accord. Discordance of demographic transition courses with economic development caused prominent changes and complex development problems on the territory of Serbia, which indicate that appropriate attention should be devoted to demographic occurrences and processes in the approach to its regionalization. Proceeding from this fact, the goal of this paper was to identify the problems of regional differentiation of geoterritory and determine the place and role of demographic regionalization in the procedure of scientific knowledge, territory differentiation and organization of geoterritory; to set the general definition of regionalism from the demographic aspect, in the sense of theoretical concept based on empirical research, so as to obtain a scientific framework for research and functional approach to recognizing contemporary problems of development and organizing population; to decide on principles and elements, and point out to the content, purpose and goals of identifying demo geographic regions, in a way which would be adequate for planning regional development and organizing geoterritories. Such a set research goal required that the total problem of demo geographic regionalization is set on a wider theoretical, but analytical context, which is defined by mutual dependence of demo geographic with other regional systems, as well as with global questions of regionalism and integration ways. Demo geographic regionalization is carried out on the basis of numerous research findings and corresponding empirical results, with an idea that it serves as a basis for macro regionalization, general geographic or administrative-management regionalization, as a "foundation" for territory planning or development policy. Global and specific perception of numerous relevant components of regionalization had been carried out, with a favorable circumstance and significant basis being the following research up to now: "Outline of constant regions for demographic research" and the study of the Geographic Institute "Demographic bases for regionalization of Serbia". Unlike demographic regionalizations, this paper insisted on demo geographic as a more complex approach, and a concrete contribution of this paper refers to defining basic principles and elements of regionalization whereby in the process of delimiting regions, numerous geographic, natural geographic, anthrop geographic, territory-economical and territory functional relations and connections, occurrences and processes were articulated apart from demographic. Although not shown in the paper, regionalization of various demographic, territorial-demographic and demo economic traits were carried out for the purpose of research, which were to show to what extent, in what direction, according to which principles and in what way it is possible to carry out demographic regionalization in Serbia. It should be noted that most research on the topic of demographic regionalization indicate that the importance of certain elements of regionalization is variable and that is dependent on the regional level, and that the population change during demographic transition imposes a necessity for introducing new indicators and elements of regionalization. Having in mind all the stated elements, territorial-functional relations, realized territorial-demographic structure of Serbia and tendencies of demographic courses, as well as territorial plan of isolated macro regional centers, confirming the homogeneity of demographic development of various regions, but also researching migration flows under the influence of push and pull factors during the process of industrialization, urbanization and land reclamation, the only possible demo geographic regionalization of Serbia was presented. The isolated regions are homogeneous in the sense of functional interdependence, because each represents a region which is territorially-functionally connected to a regional center; and heterogeneous of structure, because each region represents a symbiosis of urban, rural and transitional type of structure, which are a result of differentiation of development and demographic processes, and which imply a corresponding demographic development, dynamics and composition of population. The goal of this paper was to give theoretical-methodological frameworks and a broader basis for integration of certain territorial units into unique demo geographic regions of Serbia, which would still be in the function of complex regional research and regional planning. Anything more than that (especially from the aspect of micro or macro regionalization) would require a team work of a larger number of experts, an extensive statistical-analytical and research project, as well as sound knowledge of various local conditions, historical-geographic and civilization events which often require deviation from consistent application of formulated criteria and measures for regionalization. This means that the given proposals should be understood as a principled scheme, a general framework of the demo geographic regionalization of Serbia on the basis of interdependence of natural and economic wholes, their geographic-transportation and economic-gravitational connection, development processes and demographic courses. Every concrete requirement in future practice of planning or organization of geo-territory would require defining goals and principles of regionalization as well.
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Mammadova, S. "Communicative Language Teaching." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 12 (November 15, 2019): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/49/48.
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The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to communicative language teaching (CLT) and to describe methodological principles that facilitate the language learning process. CLT furthermore takes a pragmatic or performance-based approach to learning. Its goal is to promote the development of real-life language skills by engaging the learner in contextualized, meaningful, and communicative-oriented learning tasks. CLT methodologies embrace an eclectic approach to teaching, which means they borrow teaching practices from a wide array of methods that have been found effective and that are in accordance with principles of learning as suggested by research findings in research in SLA and cognitive psychology. Its open-ended or principle-based approach allows for a great deal of flexibility, which makes it adaptable to many individual programmatic and learner needs and goals.
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Stoianov, Ivilin, Aldo Genovesio, and Giovanni Pezzulo. "Prefrontal Goal Codes Emerge as Latent States in Probabilistic Value Learning." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 1 (January 2016): 140–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00886.
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The prefrontal cortex (PFC) supports goal-directed actions and exerts cognitive control over behavior, but the underlying coding and mechanism are heavily debated. We present evidence for the role of goal coding in PFC from two converging perspectives: computational modeling and neuronal-level analysis of monkey data. We show that neural representations of prospective goals emerge by combining a categorization process that extracts relevant behavioral abstractions from the input data and a reward-driven process that selects candidate categories depending on their adaptive value; both forms of learning have a plausible neural implementation in PFC. Our analyses demonstrate a fundamental principle: goal coding represents an efficient solution to cognitive control problems, analogous to efficient coding principles in other (e.g., visual) brain areas. The novel analytical–computational approach is of general interest because it applies to a variety of neurophysiological studies.
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Conroy-Beam, Daniel, and David M. Buss. "A deeper integration of Selfish Goal Theory and modern evolutionary psychology." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 2 (April 2014): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13001982.
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AbstractConceptually integrating Selfish Goal Theory with modern evolutionary psychology amplifies theoretical power. Inconsistency, a key principle of Selfish Goal Theory, illustrates this insight. Conflicting goals of seeking sexual variety and successful mate retention furnish one example. Siblings have evolved goals to cooperate and compete, a second example. Integrating Selfish Goal Theory with evolutionary theory can explain much inconsistent goal-directed behavior.
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Jing, Chen. "Innovative Pedagogical Teaching Technologies: Content and Characteristics." Professional Education: Methodology, Theory and Technologies, no. 8 (December 21, 2018): 252–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2415-3729-2018-8-252-267.
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The article is devoted to the problem of innovative pedagogical teaching technologies, implemented in the institutions of higher education, namely their content and characteristics. Analysing the problem, it was found that the term «educational technologies» is very common in science and education, and there are different approaches to its determination. The author of the article defines that «educational technologies» can be represented in three aspects, namely: scientific-methodological and descriptive, processual effective. It is noted in the article that, determining the structure of the category of «educational technologies», the scientists refer to its conceptual part, substantive, procedural and methodological and software support; they have singled out the basic methodological principles and criteria to be met by educational technologies. It is also noted in the article that the technical information technologies develop the idea of a programmed instruction associated with the unique capabilities of modern computers and telecommunications. The main goal of modern information technologies study is to prepare students for a full life in the informational society. The leading principles, as the basis for educational technologies introduction to higher educational institutions, are: the principle of orientation clearly and thoroughly defined goals; the principle of chosen training; the principle of subjectivity training; the principle of variability study; the pedagogical competence principle; the principle of professional similarities and borrowings; the principle of corresponding human nature. The author of the article defined that the methods of NIT training suppose: a traditional learning model; an alternative learning model. The modern educational technologies are discussed in the article and it gives the reason to believe that now they develop the idea of programmed study, which is associated with the unique capabilities of modern computers and telecommunications. The author of the article makes a conclusion that studies of many authors suggest that the main goal of modern information technology education is to prepare students for a full life in the information society. In author’s opinion, the newest modern technologies are the technologies of mobile learning, based on the intensive use of modern mobile equipment and technologies.
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Browne, Naima. "Early Learning Goals: Principles rather than philosophy." Early Years Educator 1, no. 8 (December 1999): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.1999.1.8.15667.
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Asy'ari, M. "Metode, Sistem dan Prinsip Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab yang Inovatif." An Nabighoh: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab 20, no. 02 (July 2, 2019): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/an-nabighoh.v20i02.1465.
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Arabic is the second language used in Indonesia. Therefore, the good and appropriate methods, systems and principles of learning may certainly contribute to the achievement of the goals of Arabic language teaching and learning activities. When a teacher does not apply the methods, systems, and principles correctly, teaching will not be effectively directed. Today, there are many interactive and innovative Arabic learning models and techniques that can be applied by the teachers. The suitability of the application of methods, systems and principles will certainly increase the students’ passion in learning Arabic simultaneously and continuously. The author has conducted a study of the existence of methods, systems and principles of Arabic learning that are considered the most effective. This type of research was descriptive research in which the researcher described the mechanism of a process. The innovative Arabic learning system are, among others, integrated systems, separation systems, and combined systems. While, the principle of innovative Arabic language learning is the principle of priority, the principle of accuracy, the principle of gradation, the principle of motivation, and the principle of validation. In the end, by combining these aspects, the purpose of learning Arabic will be achieved perfectly.
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Wohlschläger, Andreas, Merideth Gattis, and Harold Bekkering. "Action generation and action perception in imitation: an instance of the ideomotor principle." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1431 (February 24, 2003): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1257.
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We review a series of behavioural experiments on imitation in children and adults that test the predictions of a new theory of imitation. Most of the recent theories of imitation assume a direct visual–to–motor mapping between perceived and imitated movements. Based on our findings of systematic errors in imitation, the new theory of goal–directed imitation (GOADI) instead assumes that imitation is guided by cognitively specified goals. According to GOADI, the imitator does not imitate the observed movement as a whole, but rather decomposes it into its separate aspects. These aspects are hierarchically ordered, and the highest aspect becomes the imitator's main goal. Other aspects become sub–goals. In accordance with the ideomotor principle, the main goal activates the motor programme that is most strongly associated with the achievement of that goal. When executed, this motor programme sometimes matches, and sometimes does not, the model's movement. However, the main goal extracted from the model movement is almost always imitated correctly.