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Journal articles on the topic 'Printing, Arabic'
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1
Khayat, M. G. "Printing Arabic text using dot matrix printers." Software: Practice and Experience 16, no. 2 (February 1986): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380160207.
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Schwartz, Kathryn A. "THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PRIVATE PRINTING IN CAIRO AS TOLD FROM A COMMISSIONING DEAL TURNED SOUR, 1871." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816001124.
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AbstractThis article examines the political economy of Cairo's emerging Arabic private printing industry during the third quarter of the 19th century. I use the constituent texts of the industry to demonstrate that it developed upon the speculative model of commissioning, whereby individuals paid printers to produce particular works of their choosing. Commissioning indicates that Egyptian private printing grew from local traditions for producing handwritten texts. Nevertheless, print commissioning differed from manuscript commissioning by requiring individuals to assume great financial risk. I explore the nature and implications of this divergence through a treatise published in 1871 by Musa Kastali, a particularly prolific printer who helped to professionalize Cairene printing. Musa's treatise details his legal battle with a famous Azhari commissioner, and is unique for describing a printer's business practices. It demonstrates the importance of situating printings within their socioeconomic contexts in addition to their intellectual ones, a task which cannot be done without an appreciation for the functioning of the printing industry at a local level.
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Feodorov, Ioana. "The Arabic Book of the Divine Liturgies Printed in 1745 in Iași by Patriarch Sylvester of Antioch." Scrinium 16, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 158–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18177565-00160a13.
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Abstract The following article focuses on a printed text of the Arabic Book of the Divine Liturgies, produced in 1745 in Iași (Jassy), capital of Moldavia, by Sylvester, the Patriarch of the Greek-Orthodox Church of Antioch (1724-1766), which is comprised, together with a section of a Syriac and Arabic manuscript commentary on some Gospel passages, in MS 15 of the library of Dayr Sayyidat al-Balamand (near Tripoli, Lebanon). It is a rare copy of this early Arabic printed book, whose existence was recently established. The study encloses an outline – based on Romanian, Greek and Arabic sources – of Patriarch Sylvester’s printing activity in Iași and Bucharest in 1745-1747, a description of the Book of the Divine Liturgies (Iași, 1745) preserved in the Balamand codex, and comments on the value of this finding for future research on the printing work carried out in the Romanian Principalities, in 1701-1747, for the Arabic-speaking Christians of Ottoman Syria.
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Roper, Geoffrey. "Arabic printing and publishing in England before 1820." British Society for Middle Eastern Studies. Bulletin 12, no. 1 (January 1985): 12–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530198508705404.
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Salih, Sardar O. "Kurdish- Arabic Text in Computer with Non-Standards, Challenges and Recommendations." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 9, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v9n1a584.
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This paper determines challenges when using Kurdish-Arabic script (Kurdish and Arabic characters) with computer. Any written script in computer passes in three steps, started from input characters (creating characters), store created characters (encoding) and displaying characters on screen or printing on printer. In Kurdish-Arabic written system (Central Kurdistan) challenges occur on these three steps, as a result, there is not standard (compatible issue) for Kurdish-Arabic script, such as keyboard layout (position of characters and ordered on board) (input issue), encoding for storing script and fonts to displaying Kurdish-Arabic script when using Arabic based keyboard. This research tries to find issues with cases while using this script and proposed recommendations which help to reduce these challenges.
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Abu Eid, Mohammed. "A Linguistic Study of Contemporary Efforts of Arabic Spelling (Orthography) System." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol6iss3pp121-133.
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This study aims at investigating the contemporary efforts of Arabic writing system from a linguistic perspective. The study is distinguished from previous studies by treating the writing system as a linguistic one with its own linguistic features. Thus, the study has revealed the consonant feature of Arabic writing and its relation to derivation, inflection, and dialectal variation. Therefore, the researcher concludes that proposals of replacing Arabic alphabet by Latin alphabet or modification of Arabic orthography are non-linguistic which are related to contemporary issues like learning, the printing, translation and culture. These efforts should have examined Arabic writing as a representative of a linguistic system. Consequently, the researcher concludes that Arabic orthography system can preferably represent the linguistic system
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Al-Matar, O. A., A. S. Al-Otaibi, H. Q. Darwish, and N. A. Al-Ghurair. "A Bilingual Braille Book-Printing System in Kuwait." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 91, no. 6 (November 1997): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x9709100608.
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The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research developed a bilingual (Arabic-English) computerized braille-printing system for students who are blind at the Kuwait Special Schools. This article discusses the functions and structure of the programs supporting these functions and the experiences in implementing the system.
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Dobronravin, Nikolai. "Design Elements and Illuminations in Nigerian “Market Literature” in Arabic and ʿAjamī." Islamic Africa 8, no. 1-2 (October 17, 2017): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00801001.
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“Market literature” in Arabic and ʿAjamī is a particular variety of West African Islamic book culture, which is especially strong in northern Nigerian states. Arabic-script “Nithography” (by analogy to Nollywood, the modern Nigerian film industry) represents a unique phenomenon, although it is reminiscent of the nineteenth-century Islamic lithography in the Middle East. Nigerian “market literature” in Arabic and ʿAjamī has mostly followed the pre-colonial manuscript tradition of Central Sudanic Africa, including writing styles, colophons and glosses. In contrast to Middle Eastern book culture, Nigerian typeset printing largely preceded the era of offset. The innovative elements of offset book design in Nigeria and further perspectives of “Nithography” in Arabic and ʿAjamī are discussed.
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Akhmadullin, Mars L. "Typography of the Arabic Alphabet System." ICONI, no. 2 (2019): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2658-4824.2019.2.020-028.
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Many archival and museum artifacts of print production published in Ufa, Kazan and Orenburg were typeset with Arabic fonts. Relying on these sources, the author of the article arrives at the conclusion that in the printing offi ces of the examined area the functions of the designers and layoutmakers were carried out by the mastertypesetter who was in command of the rules for fi ling a sheet. Here not only the skill and experience of the typesetter were revealed, but also his ability to follow the requisites of preservation of certain traditions. On the basis of the facts presented in the article, it is logical to assert that by the end of the 19th century there existed almost a century-long tradition of typographic culture in the aforementioned region.
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Reinhart, A. Kevin. "Arabic on the Macintosh: Overview and Review." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 26, no. 2 (December 1992): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400025621.
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The Golden age of printing for Islamicists surely was the 19th century, when skilled European and occasionally Middle Eastern and Indian typesetters, could compose in as many fonts as an author could write. One reads Goldziher’s Die Zāhiriten with envy, not only for the meticulous transliterated Arabic and generous footnotes at the bottom of the page, but for the extensive Arabic quotations inserted into the text and notes. Since few of the Arabic texts he cited had been published, Goldziher provided his readers with his evidence in the original. Those were the days; and a new golden age for Islamicists may be upon us. With computers, not only footnotes on the page but transliteration and multiscript publishing are suddenly feasible and even simple.The items discussed below take advantage of the flexibility of the Macintosh system to let even casual computer users produce Arabic. These programs make it possible for anyone easily to produce text in Islamic script (Arabic, Persian, Ottoman, Urdu, etc.) in camera-ready form.
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Bulliet, Richard W. "Medieval Arabic Ṭarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing." Journal of the American Oriental Society 107, no. 3 (July 1987): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603463.
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Karić, Enes. "The (Un)Substantiated in Dan Diner’s Interpretations of the Islamic World’s “Backwardness”." American Journal of Islam and Society 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 134–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v34i1.870.
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The author develops a dialogue with thoughts and views of DanDiner expressed in his book Lost in the Sacred (originally publishedin German as Versiegelte Zeit). This essay focuses on – and disputes– Diner’s contentions that the Arab and Muslim/Islamic worlds arebackward due to their resistance to such western concepts asdemocracy, human rights, and social and educational institutions,not to mention the Arabic alphabet and language and the Qur ’an(e.g., printing the text on a printing press, variant readings, and asan obstacle to progress) themselves.
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Malamagomedov, Jamaludin Murtazalievich. "HISTORY OF THE AVAR PRESS 1917-1930: THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 14, no. 4 (January 17, 2019): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch14478-88.
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Like any social phenomenon, the press also has its own history and develops according to the objective laws of its development. Prior to the advent of the printing press and book printing, books were distributed through the creation of hand-written copies. At a certain stage of the development of society, there was a need for a printed word, and as a result, the first lithographs and printing presses appear. The origin and formation of the periodical press in the languages of the peoples of Dagestan is the result of the socioeconomic and political development of society. At the beginning of the 20th century, the first prerequisites for the appearance of printed materials in the languages of the peoples of Dagestan were born in Dagestan. Despite the new state system, the peoples of Dagestan still gave preference to the Arabic graphics and with the help of this letters continued to write, and it is no coincidence that the first Dagestani newspapers were published on the basis of this alphabet. The new Soviet state made every effort to create the national Dagestani press. If the Arabic periodicals of the period of the revolution and civil war in other languages of the peoples of Dagestan, in particular, in Kumyk and Lak, have been studied in part, then the publications in the Avar language however, have not been practically studied and introduced into scientific circulation. Moreover, most of them are still not identified, and there is no information on the number of such publications, let alone the content of newspaper articles.In this connection, the paper attempts, for the first time, to introduce into the scientific circulation newly discovered Arabic newspapers in the Avar language. The history of the formation and development of the periodical press in Dagestan is considered, and printed publications in the Avar language are studied through the prism of the Dagestan periodicals. The objective of the study is identification, paleographic characteristics and a general overview of the currently obtained Arabic periodicals in the Avar language.
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Green, Nile. "JOURNEYMEN, MIDDLEMEN: TRAVEL, TRANSCULTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE ORIGINS OF MUSLIM PRINTING." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 2 (May 2009): 224a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809090941.
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This essay offers a reinterpretation of the origins of Islamic printing as part of the new global technological and cultural exchanges of the early 19th century. With a special focus on Iranian printers, it reconstructs the interactions of the individual agents of this technological transfer with their European partners. In particular, it traces the emergence of cultural and technological “middlemen” in government employment who traveled to European cities to acquire printing. The “transculturalism” that these middlemen developed was a necessary qualification for success, and here their interaction with missionary organizations and their Arabic typographers proved crucial. They accessed the mass-produced, portable iron handpress, the global proliferation of which in the early 1800s linked pioneer Iranian as well as Indian and Egyptian printers to contemporary developments in England, New Zealand, and America. Islamic printing emerged as less a “late development” than part of the wider globalization of printing that accompanied the Industrial Revolution.
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Muehlhaeusler, Mark. "Eight Arabic Block Prints from the Collection of Aziz S. Atiya." Arabica 55, no. 5 (2008): 528–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005808x364580.
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AbstractThis article describes a group of medieval Arabic block prints from the collection of Aziz S. Atiya preserved (with one exception) at the J. Willard Marriott Library at the University of Utah. It provides transcriptions of the texts, translations and notes, and discusses some aspects of the history of block-printing in the Middle East. This article also considers the place of block-printed amulets within the larger Islamic magical tradition, and examines parallels in a variety of sources.
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Faraj, Dr Ali Dakhel. "The book (literary criticism) for the sixth grade of the Preparatory School critical Study." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 221, no. 1 (November 6, 2018): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v221i1.424.
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On the basis of the importance of evaluating the curricula of the Arabic language in the Iraqi schools. These critical study analytical book (literary criticism) grade sixth preparatory. The researcher studied the topics of the book, and the method of distribution, scientific method, language, and examined the substantive issues, printing issues. The research concluded that the book is good, and achieve the educational Objectives, but it did not prejudice the methodological problems. According to these problems in the search in detail. This study of five parts: research methodology, the distribution of the topics, scientific infrastructure, linguistic and stylistic changes which had been, printing issues and technical . Then comes the conclusion of the search and consequences
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Vamkani, Zahra Khosravi, and Mahdi Najafi Koomleh. "The Reflection of Manifestations of West Culture in Ahmad Fars Al-Shadiaq’s Works." Review of European Studies 9, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v9n1p219.
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The most important reasons of the appearance of new literary movements in the Arabic countries can be the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the dispatch of students and the people’s emigration to Europe, the establishment of printing, newspaper and magazine industry.In fact, the 19th century is the age of awakening of Arabic countries and their relationships with European countries. Meanwhile, thinkers such as Ahmad Fars Shadiaq have attempted more for opening the west civilization gates and advancement of the goals of this movement. In this era, the civilization gates were more opened to all groups living in the society and the cause of dehiscence of potential talents in Arabic countries was provided and it internalized the backgrounds of development, promotion and civil amendments of these countries.In the present study, the attempts have been made to investigate the shut-in-personality of Ahmad Fars Shadiiaq and the reflection of west culture in his works regarding the individual freedoms, social justice and women.
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Kilpatrick, Hilary. "From Venice to Aleppo: Early Printing of Scripture in the Orthodox World." Chronos 30 (January 10, 2019): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v30i0.329.
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The Bible, as the etymology of the word indicates, refers not to one book but to many. The Christian Bible is made up of the Old Testament, that is, the Jewish Scriptures, and the New Testament; moreover, for some Churches, among them the Orthodox, certain books commonly called the Apocrypha , which were added to the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, also fonn part of the Bible. The Bible is thus a small library, and as is common in libraries, some books are more popular than others. Long before the introduction of printing, the varying degrees of importance accorded to different books of the Bible led to some of them being translated before others. For instance, in Anglo-Saxon England, interlinear glosses (i.e. crude word-by-word translations) were made of the Gospels and Psalms, and separate portions of the Bible, including the Gospels, were rendered into Old English (Anonymous 1997: 200). Likewise, the earliest known written translations of parts of the Bible into Arabic are of the Gospels and Psalms; they can be dated to the 8th century. Oral translations are older, going back to pre-Islamic times (Graf 1944: 114-115, 138; Griffith 2012: 123-126). By contrast, the first attempt to produce a complete Bible in Arabic occurred only in the l 61h century (Graf 1944: 89-90).
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Maasri, Zeina. "The Visual Economy of “Precious Books”." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 40, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-8186104.
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Abstract Shedding light on the postcolonial Arabic book, this article expands the literary and art historical fields of inquiry by bringing into play the translocal design and visual economy of modern art books. It is focused on the short-lived Silsilat al-Nafa'is (Precious Books series, 1967–70), published in Beirut by Dar an-Nahar and edited by modernist poet Yusuf al-Khal (1917–87). The series engaged prominent Arab artists and foregrounded the aesthetic dimension of the printed Arabic book as a “precious” art object. Situated historically at the threshold of contemporary globalization, this publishing endeavor formed a node connecting transnational modernist art and literary circuits with book publishing and was thus paradigmatic of new forms of visuality of the Arabic book. This materiality was enabled by a network of changes in the visual arts, printing technologies, and the political economy of transnational Arabic publishing in late 1960s Beirut. Relations between these three fields are analyzed through a multifaceted lens, focusing on the book as at once a product of intellectual and artistic practice, a commodity in a capitalist economy of publishing, and a translocal artifact of visual and print culture.
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Abdul Wahab, Muhbib. "PETA PERKEMBANGAN LEKSIKOGRAFI ARAB DI INDONESIA: STUDI KRITIS ATAS KAMUS KARYA MAHMUD YUNUS." Arabi : Journal of Arabic Studies 2, no. 1 (August 6, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24865/ajas.v2i1.31.
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This critical study is aimed to explain the position of Arabic-Indonesian dictionary (the work of Mahmud Yunus) in the mapping of Arabic lexicography development in Indonesia. This study was carried out through bibliographical based qualitative with the work of Mahmud Yunus as the main source. The results indicate that Mahmud Yunus Dictionary is categorized into bilingual dictionary following the sarfi alifbai system, in which the entry and vocabulary are systemized alphabetically. The display of the dictionary is a bland of common dictionary and pictorial dictionary, because the dictionary is provided with pictures adapted from al-Munjid. The critical and substantive evaluation study show that the compiling process of the dictionary is not fully based on lexicology and modern linguistics. Some mistakes (such as printing, diction, meaning, and entry), pictures, and classic illustrations, and some involvement of the ammiyyah vocabularies should be revised and contextualized in accordance to the development of science and technology. This study need to be developed to make the dictionary contribute the development of Arabic language teaching.
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Maryam, Sitti. "Historisitas Aliran Neo-Klasik Dalam Kesusastraan Arab." Al-Irfan : Journal of Arabic Literature and Islamic Studies 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/al-irfan.v2i1.3388.
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Arabic literature has undergone such a long journey from the time of the beginning of the time of Jahili, the period of Islam, the period of Muawiyah service, Abasiah, the Ottoman dynasty, and the modern period until now. In each period of this development, Arabic literature experienced innovations that differentiated it from other periods. In the modern phase in particular, it turns out that Arabic literature has a variety of literary schools that have appeared alternately, both because of the motivation of criticism of the literary models that emerged before and because of refining other streams that emerged in the same period of time.
The emergence of this neoclassical school was initially a reaction to Napoleon's arrival in Egypt in 1798, which marked the entry of French culture into the Arab world. This school also maintains strong Arabic poetry rules, for example the necessity to use wazan, qāfiyah, the number of words is very large, the uslūb is very strong, the themes still follow the previous period, such as madah, ritsa (lamentations), ghazal, fakhr, and the movement from one topic to another in one qasidah (ode)
Problems raised in this study include: 1. What is the history of Arabic literature? 2. What are the factors that arouse Arabic literature? 3. Who are the pioneers of the neoclassical school? The results in this study are: 1. The history of Arabic literature has experienced such a long journey from the period beginning at the time of Jahili, the period of Islam, the period of Muawiyah's service, Abasiah, the Ottoman dynasty, and the modern period until now. During the Abbasid period there was a period of emotion in Arabic literature, and suffered a setback during the Ottoman period until the beginning of this phase since the reign of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after colonialization Francis ended in 1801. 2. The factors include: Al-Madaris (School -school), Al-Mathba'ah (Printing), Ash-Shuhuf / Al-Jaro'id (Newspaper), and Tarjamah.3. One of the pioneers of the neoclassical school of Arabic poetry or commonly called al-Muhāfizun is Mahmud Sami al Barudi
Keywords: arabic literary history, factors, flow, neo classical figure
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يعقوب, عدلي, and جمال عبد الغفار إبراهيم بدوي. "نشأة المقال وازدهاره في الأدب العربي (The Emergence of Written Articles and Its Advancement in Arabic Literature)." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN 2289-8077) 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 247–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v16i3.903.
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لقد لحق بالأدب العربي مالحق بغيره من الآداب العالمية بظهور الطباعة وماصاحبها من انتشار الصحافة، وسهولة تداول الكتب والمطبوعات، مما أحدث ثورة في الأساليب الأدبية والقوالب الفنية، وكان المقال هو القالب الفني الأبرز الذي استعاره النثر العربي من الأدب الغربي، إذ استوعب الحاجات الاجتماعية والعصرية، وتنوعت موضوعاته، وكان مناسباً لطبيعة القرّاء التي اتسعت دائرتهم، وصاروا من كافة طبقات المجتمع. ويتبع الباحثان المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لبيان مدى تأثر الأدب العربي بالأدب الغربي في العصر الحديث، وقد توصل البحث إلى نتائج، منها: لقد كان ظهور المقال وازدهاره في الأدب العربي تطوراً طبيعياً يواكب متطلبات الحياة، وكان ثمرة لاختراع الطباعة وانتشار الصحف والمجلات، إذ كان الشكل الفني الأكثر موائمة للتعبير عن متطلبات الإنسان في العصر الحديث، بعيداً عما كان يثقل الأشكال الفنية النثرية قبله من محسنات وقيود كثرة جعلتها غير صالحة للتعبير الصحفي عن الحياة والأحداث.
الكلمات المفتاحية: النقد الأدبي، النثر الفني، مقال، النهضة الأدبية، الكتابة الديوانية.
Abstract
Arabic literature has been followed by what had followed other literatures in the world which was the emergence of printing, accompanied with the spread of press journalism, easy circulation of books and publications, that has revolutionized the literary styles and artistic genre. Written article was the most prominent genre that has been adopted by the Arabic prose from the Western literature as it engaged social and present needs, and the topics it covered varied and were suitable with the nature of its readers, whose circle was extensive and they came from all strata of society. The researchers followed the descriptive analytical approach to show the extent of the Western literature’s influence on Arabic literature in the modern era. The result of the study shows results including: the emergence of written article and its advancement in Arabic literature was a natural development in line with the needs of life. It was the fruit of the invention of printing technology and the spread of newspapers and magazines, as it was the most suitable form of art that can be used to express the needs of human beings in the modern era, far from decoratives and rules that burdened the previous literary prose forms, thus made it unfit for the journalistic expression of life and events.
Keywords: literary criticism, literary prose, article, literary revolution, anthology writing.
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Cohen, Oded. "Eager to Belong : A Palestinian Jew in Eighteenth-Century Amsterdam*." Studia Rosenthaliana: Journal of the History, Culture and Heritage of the Jews in the Netherlands 46, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/sr2020.1-2.010.cohe.
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Abstract In the middle of the eighteenth-century, Mordechai Tama, a Jew from Hebron, left his hometown carrying a manuscript containing his grandfather’s commentary on Midrash Mekhilta, with the aim of printing it in Amsterdam. That plan was unsuccessful, but once in Amsterdam, Tama did become a member of scholarly circles of the Portuguese-Jewish community. He absorbed that community’s blend of Rabbinic learning and Spanish literary tastes and, in turn, was valued for his knowledge of Arabic. This article examines the encounter in Amsterdam between Western Sephardi and Levantine Jewish learned cultures by a close reading of the paratexts of the two books Tama produced in Amsterdam, published there in 1765: Pe’er ha-Dor (a Hebrew translation of the Responsa of Maimonides from a Judaeo-Arabic manuscript that had belonged to Jacob Sasportas) and Maskiyot Kessef, a medieval glossary of homonyms by Solomon b. Meshullam Dapiera.
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Li, Longchun, and Cheunsoon Ahn. "Study on the Direct Printing of Natural Indigo Dye on Cotton Fabric Using Arabic Gum." Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 41, no. 02 (April 30, 2017): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2017.41.2.212.
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HAN, Yan, and Atifa Rawan. "Afghanistan Digital Library Initiative: Revitalizing an Integrated Library System." Information Technology and Libraries 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ital.v26i4.3269.
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This paper describes an Afghanistan digital library initiative of building an integrated library system (ILS) for Afghanistan universities and colleges based on open-source software. As one of the goals of the Afghan eQuality Digital Libraries Alliance, the authors applied systems analysis approach, evaluated different open-source ILSs, and customized the selected software to accommodate users’ needs. Improvements include Arabic and Persian language support, user interface changes, call number label printing, and ISBN-13 support. To our knowledge, this ILS is the first at a large academic library running on open-source software.
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Khdair, Asst Prof Wisal Muayad. "Evaluating Second Intermediate’s Arabic Language Textbook in the Light of Quality Standards of School Textbooks." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 11, 2021): 1067–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.2419.
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The current study aims at (evaluating the second intermediate grade’s Arabic language textbook). To accomplish this aim, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach (survey). The population included second intermediate Arabic language teachers numbered (373) in the governorate of Babylon in the year 2018_2019. The research sample included (100) teachers, the researcher chose the study sample randomly to represent the study population. The tool of study was a questionnaire included the quality criteria of second intermediate grade Arabic language textbook which was prepared after referring to the subject relevant sources and the previous studies, also, the reliability of the questionnaire was proven reliable by displaying it to a committee of specialists in Methodology.
The questionnaire included (18) criterion, distributed on six fields which are : objectives, content, methods, activities and it’s aids, evaluation and language of the book and its artistic and printing output. After analyzing the results statistically by using weighted mean, standard deviation and weighed percentage with a 75% validity to evaluate the textbook. After consulting the committee, the researcher came to these results:
The book took the first place in its language and artistic printing output with a value of (3.339) weighted mean and (83.228%) weight percentage.
Methodology took the second place with a value of (3.119) weighted mean and (77.999%) weight percentage.
Evaluation took the third place with a value of (3.081) weighted mean and (77.031) weight percentage.
In the light of these results, the researcher reached to the conclusion that there is a variation in distributing the criteria in the textbook in its both parts, the first one of 9 parts and the second one of 7 parts.
Also, in light of the results, the researcher recommended to find a structured methodology to choose the subjects in the textbook according to textbook criteria.
To complement this study, the researcher suggested that the textbook should be submitted to comprehensive quality criteria.
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Liu, Zhenbin, Bhesh Bhandari, Chaofan Guo, Wenqi Zheng, Shangqiao Cao, Hongyu Lu, Haizhen Mo, and Hongbo Li. "3D Printing of Shiitake Mushroom Incorporated with Gums as Dysphagia Diet." Foods 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 2189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092189.
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With the speeding tendency of aging society, the population experienced dysphagia is increasing quickly. Desirable dysphagic diets should be safe, visually appealing and nutritious. 3D printing allows for creation of personalized nutritious foods with regular-like appearance. Shiitake mushroom, rich in protein and bioactive compounds, is suitable for elderly, but its hard texture was not friendly to the elderly with dysphagia. This study investigated the feasibility of production of dysphagic product using shiitake mushroom by 3D printing with various gums addition, including arabic gum (AG), xanthan gum (XG) and k-carrageenan gum (KG) at concentrations of 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% (w/w). Data suggested that XG and KG incorporation significantly increased inks’ mechanical strength by decreasing water mobility and promoting the formation of hydrogen bond, enabling 3D printed objects with great self-supporting capacity. The XG containing and KG-0.3% samples were categorized into level 5—minced and moist dysphagia diet within international dysphagia diet standardization initiative (IDDSI) framework. AG addition decreased mechanical strength and viscosity, hardness and self-supporting capacity of 3D printed constructions. AG-0.3% and AG-0.6% samples could not be classified as dysphagia diets based on IDDSI tests. This study provides useful information for dysphagia diet development with appealing appearance by 3D printing.
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Akhmadullin, Mars L., Elza E. Purik, Marina G. Shakirova, and Vilur R. Shakirov. "Влияние конструктивизма на дизайн башкирских национальных печатных изданий 20-х – начала 30-х гг. ХХ в." Oriental Studies 14, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-54-2-259-274.
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Introduction. The article discusses the features of Bashkiria’s printed matter as of the 1920s–1930s through the lens of typographics and artistic design. Goals. The work analyzes design patterns, features of font compositions, and identifies the influence of Constructivism on the shaping of their stylistic essentials through specific examples of book covers, magazines, and posters published in the 1920s–1930s in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The authors show how the synthesis of European trends and national traditions of Arabic writing determined the originality of the then Bashkortostan’s graphic designs. Results. The article shows how the ornamental character of Arabic script was transformed into dynamic compositions of covers and title pages characteristic of Constructivism. Conclusions. Nowadays, the public are again trying to outline ways to develop the national book art. Therefore, the experience and traditions from the printing art of early 20th-century Arabic and Cyrillic editions are again in demand. Nobody doubts the significance and greatness of the national cultural heritage, the need to develop it, the need to understand what happened through the prism of national consciousness. The appeals to artistic and aesthetic ideas, creative experiments of the Russian hinterland, traditions that existed in other republics and peoples at the beginning of the 20th century do enrich the history of domestic graphic design. All these together serve sources of inspiration for contemporary art experts, book artists and design practitioners.
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Ahmad, Abdul Mu’iz, and Taj Rijal Muhamad Romli. "METHODOLOGY OF TRANSLATION ARABIC TEXT IN CHAPTER SOLAT IN KITAB BAHRUL MAZI." International Journal of Humanities, Philosophy and Language 3, no. 9 (March 15, 2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.39003.
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According to Koharudin (2004, No. 3, p. 56, Dalam M. Hisyam, Mikdar & Dawilah, 2012), ‘Kitab Jawi’ also known as ‘Kitab Kuning’. In the early 20th century, the word ‘Yellow’ was called because the color of the paper of the book was yellow and the original paper material for printing came from Central Asia. In addition, the technique of translating the old or yellow Kitab is still in an old form which is a literal translation. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyse the translation from Chapter of Prayer in ‘Kitab Bahrul Mazi’. The researcher used qualitative data with a selection of 10 out of 88 ‘Bab Hadis’ which contain in the Kitab. Eugene Nida’s Theory (1964) was used as a guide to be developing a research framework that aimed to analyse the alternative methods which are suitable for the Kitab. Because of that, this study is expected to make it easier for the readers especially to understand the method of translation and to be able to practice the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad correctly and faithfully.
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Hassan Mahmood, Hafiz Muhammad, and Mazhar Hussain Bhadro. "An Introductory Study of Manuscripts of Khwāja Obāidullah Multani." AL-HIDAYAH 3, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/alhidayah.v3i1.24.
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Research in manuscripts is an essential and inevitable part of Islamic Sciences. Scholastic and historical essence of beliefs and commandments including social values lie in manuscripts. Manuscripts not only introduce new generation with predecessors but also provide principles leading towards future destination. Manuscripts enable one to recognize human being and it becomes possible to look through embrasure of the past. These reflect one's familiarity with evolutionary phases as well as dogmatic thoughts. When printing press was not invented and access of scholastic community to this printing press was beyond their limits, people formulated manuscripts to save their memories. Here is presented a brief introduction of repository of manuscripts on Islamic jurisprudence compiled by a well known personality of 13th century hijrī, Mufti Khwāja Ubāidullah Multani.
This Paper provides a brief introduction o the fourteen manuscripts of Khwāja Ubāidullah Multani on Islamic jurisprudence .Methodology of these manuscripts is analyzed and explained by quotations. The writer had surely considered the time and space factor in analyzing jurisprudential issues. In all his Persian, Arabic and Urdu manuscripts Islamic laws and their details has been discussed in ordinary terms for the better understanding of general public.
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Omerovic, Nejra, Marko Radovic, Slavica Savic, and Jaroslav Katona. "Preparation of TiO2 and ZnO dispersions for inkjet printing of flexible sensing devices." Processing and Application of Ceramics 12, no. 4 (2018): 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1804326o.
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Research presented in this article focuses on the preparation of functional dispersions for inkjet printing of nanoparticles as sensitive layers. The stable suspensions of MOx(M = Ti, Zn) were prepared using gum arabic (GA) and Solsperse? 40000 (SO) as dispersants. A special attention was paid to the monitoring of particle size evolution during the planetary ball milling of dispersions, so that optimum ratio between milling time and particle size can be determined. After adjusting the printing parameters, prepared inks were printed on the flexible PET substrate with interdigitated electrodes (IDE). Films printed with TiO2 ink stabilized by GA exhibited highly cracked surface which resulted in low current values, whereas ZnOink stabilized by SO yielded crack-free surface and much higher current values. All investigated samples showed linear current behaviour in the range from -5 to 5 V, indicating formation of ohmic contacts between electrodes and nanoparticles, but ZnO ink produced the highest current values. Gas sensing properties, tested at room temperature at several humidity levels and for different types of alcohols, revealed that printed sensor exhibits modest sensitivity for low humidity levels and slightly higher affinity towards methanol gas. Photo sensitivity measurement showed very high photocurrent values with strong potential for optoelectronic applications.
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Sawaie, Mohammed. "RIFA⊂A RAFI⊂ AL-TAHTAWI AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE LEXICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN LITERARY ARABIC." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 3 (August 2000): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021152.
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In the 19th century, Europe had a tangible impact on the Arab East. During this period, Arabic-speaking regions were brought into intimate contact with the West, both through military intrusion (e.g., the French in 1798–1801 and the British in Egypt in 1882), and institutional penetration (e.g., the founding of Western-style schools and higher-education institutions in the Levant in the 1800s by Christian missionaries such as the Syrian Protestant College in 1866, now the American University of Beirut, and [the Jesuit] St. Joseph University, also in Beirut, in 1874). This overpowering European encroachment on the Arab East in the 19th century resulted in cultural and linguistic identity crises. Muhammad ⊂Ali, who ruled Egypt from 1805 until 1848, dispatched groups of students to Western countries such as Italy, Austria, and France to study at their universities and technical institutions. At home, he established schools with Western-language instruction, and sponsored translations of scientific works initially into Turkish, and later into Arabic, from Italian and French, thus making available new disciplines such as various branches of engineering, military science, and agriculture. In 1822, he established a printing press in the Bulaq section of Cairo.1 From then on, Arabicized versions of European terms such as “theater” (tiy―atru), “journal” (jurn―al), “the post” (al-busta), and “politics” (al-bulit―iq―a) signaled the arrival of Western institutions and technology in Arabic-speaking regions, and such terms were adopted by writers in their writings. The cultural, political, military, and technological challenges that resulted from the European contact with the Arab East, and the institutional changes that accompanied them, proved to be a crucial turning point in the development of the Arabic language, particularly its lexicon. However, interest in language matters was central to the Arab renaissance (Nahda) of the 19th century. Arab writers; intellectuals; and translators such Rifa⊂a Rafi⊂ al-Tahtawi (1801/2–73), (Ahmad) Faris al-Shidyaq (1801/04?–87), Nasif al-Yaziji (1800–71), and Butrus al-Bustani (1819–83), among others, debated Arabic linguistic issues in terms of their own literary and linguistic heritage. These and other authors discussed the “internal” needs of Arabic, not only issues of translating the culture of the Western societies. They wrote grammars and compiled other literary textbooks to facilitate the teaching of Arabic and to overcome difficulties of learning the language associated with older, traditional ways of language teaching and to raise awareness of the literary tradition of Arabs. These intellectuals also engaged in the preparation of glossaries and dictionaries appropriate to the needs of their societies.2
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Lanzillo, Amanda. "Translating the Scribe: Lithographic Print and Vernacularization in Colonial India, 1857–1915." Comparative Critical Studies 16, no. 2-3 (October 2019): 281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2019.0331.
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Focusing on the lithographic print revolution in North India, this article analyses the role played by scribes working in Perso-Arabic script in the consolidation of late nineteenth-century vernacular literary cultures. In South Asia, the rise of lithographic printing for Perso-Arabic script languages and the slow shift from classical Persian to vernacular Urdu as a literary register took place roughly contemporaneously. This article interrogates the positionality of scribes within these transitions. Because print in North India relied on lithography, not movable type, scribes remained an important part of book production on the Indian subcontinent through the early twentieth century. It analyses the education and models of employment of late nineteenth-century scribes. New scribal classes emerged during the transition to print and vernacular literary culture, in part due to the intervention of lithographic publishers into scribal education. The patronage of Urdu-language scribal manuals by lithographic printers reveals that scribal education in Urdu was directly informed by the demands of the print economy. Ultimately, using an analysis of scribal manuals, the article contributes to our knowledge of the social positioning of book producers in South Asia and demonstrates the vitality of certain practices associated with manuscript culture in the era of print.
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Nomani Kabir, Muhammad, Md Munirul Hasan, Md Arafatur Rahman, and Hai Tao. "Development of a web-extension for authentication of online hadith texts." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.5 (March 10, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.5.10047.
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Background and objective: With the widespread internet availability, now-a-days Hadith texts which are essential sources of Islamic knowledge appear on many websites. In this paper, a client-based web-extension program that can authenticate online Hadith texts from Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim is presented.Materials and Methods: First, the program reads the content of the specific browsed website and identifies Arabic language only. Then this Arabic text is screened to verify whether this contains any Hadith text by comparing with the authentic source. If complete match occurs in comparison, then the text is marked with green color proving the text as authentic. If some words/letters are missing, then the text will be marked with red color indicating that the Hadith is unauthentic and requires to be verified.Results: Using this web-extension, the authenticity of Hadith from Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim can be verified simply by clicking a button of the web-extension. If the Hadith is unauthentic, it will display the authentic version of Hadith just by moving the mouse over the unauthentic text. Conclusion: This application will create Islamic consciousness for ordinary people. The application will also benefit government agencies of Islamic affairs, Hadith printing centers, etc.
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Saefullah, Asep. "The Tradition of Religious Books (Kitabs) Printing: Case Study of the Production and Reproduction of Religious Books (Kitabs) in Cianjur and Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia." Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan 17, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 291–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.31291/jlk.v17i2.718.
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Tulisan ini membahas fenomena penyebaran kitab-kitab cetak keagamaan di Jawa Barat, khususnya di Sukabumi dan Cianjur. Jenis kitab ini biasanya menggunakan tulisan Arab dengan bahasa Sunda dan menggunakan aksara Pegon. Kitab-kitab cetak dari jenis-jenis itu diproduksi dan direproduksi, dan masih digunakan sampai hari ini. Oleh karena itu, fenomena ini dapat disebut sebagai “living tradition”. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melacak dan merekam kitab-kitab yang diproduksi (disalin atau dikarang) dan direproduksi (dicetak atau digandakan) dengan metode sederhana, yakni fotocopi dan pencetakan tradisional seperti stensil, sablon, dan "cetak toko". Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memetakan dan merevisi kategorisasi kitab-kitab tersebut dari kajian terdahulu berdasarkan jenis karya, seperti karangan asli, tuqilan, terjemahan, syarḥ (penjelasan), khulasah (ringkasan) yang lain, dan juga berdasarkan bahasa dan aksara yang digunakan. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga mengamati lembaga-lembaga atau individu-individu yang masih mereproduksi buku-buku (kitab-kitab) keagamaan sederhana seperti perusahaan percetakan atau pesantren yang menerbitkan kitab-kitab tersebut. Pada akhir artikel ini, ada beberapa saran dalam upaya untuk melestarikan kitab-kitab cetak dan karya-karya tersebut.Kata kunci: kitab, jenis karya, pencetakan tradisional, Sunda, Pegon, Jawa Barat This paper discusses the phenomenon of the spreading of religious printed books (kitabs) in West Java, especially in Sukabumi and Cianjur, which are characterized by the use of Arabic writing in Sundanese (or known as Pegon script). The printed books (Kitabs) of those types are produced and reproduced, and are still used to this day. Therefore, this phenomenon can be called as a “living tradition”. Data collection was conducted by tracing and recording religious books (kitabs) that are pro-duced (rewritten or compossed) and reproduced (printed or duplicated) with a simple method, known as photocopying and traditional printing such as stencils, screen printing, and “shop printing”. This paper aims to map and revise the categorization of these Kitabs from previous studies based on the types of works including original essays, tuqilan (quotations), translation, sharh (explanation), khulaṣah (summary), or the other, and also based on the language and the script used. In addition, this paper also observes the institutions or individuals that are still reproducing these printed religious books such as the printing company or pesantren that publish such kitabs. At the end of this article, there are some suggestions in attempts to preserve those printed kitabs and the works.Keywords: Kitabs, type of work, traditional printing, Sunda, Pegon, West Java
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Mullaney, Thomas S. "The Font that Never Was: Linotype and the “Phonetic Chinese Alphabet” of 1921." Philological Encounters 3, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 550–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-12340049.
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Abstract Since the invention and globalization of hot metal printing in the United States and Europe, engineers and entrepreneurs dreamt of a day when linotype and monotype technologies would absorb Chinese script into its growing repertoire of non-Latin writing systems, just as they had Arabic, Armenian, Burmese, Devanagari, Hebrew, Korean, and over one hundred other scripts. In the early 1920s, the much-celebrated release of a new font—the “Chinese Phonetic Alphabet” by Mergenthaler Linotype, and later by the Monotype corporation—led many to believe that the day had finally come. This article charts out the quixotic history of Linotype and Monotype’s efforts to enter the Chinese market, examining the linguistic challenges that had long prevented China’s absorption into a Western-dominated “hot metal empire,” the design process by which artists in Brooklyn and London crafted these new fonts, and ultimately the cultural misunderstandings that doomed the projects to failure.
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Hussein El-Omari, Abdallah. "Lexical Meaning Translation of the Root Word in the Holy Qur’an; the Word “KATABA” an Example." World Journal of Educational Research 7, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): p30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v7n4p30.
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This study aims at investigating the translation of the lexical meaning of the root word verb in the Holy Quran. A relatively old and a contemporary translations of the meaning of the Holy Quran are employed to investigate the meaning of the word verb “KATABA”. These are George Sale’s and King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran’s translations of its meaning. The word appears eight times in six chapters (“suras” in Arabic) in the Holy Quran. The two translations give six synonyms for the word through the eight different contexts. The study finds that understanding the context, environment, and reason of revelation guide the translator find the proper equivalent of the Holy Quran word. It is also found that translating the Holy Quran with its miraculous and high linguistic style is not easy. Similarly, translating a word isolated out of its context will turn into a literal distorted text. Furthermore, it is also found that using footnotes and explanations is inevitable.
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Dudin, V. V. "MEANS OF SUGGESTIBILITY AND THEIR EVOLUTION STAGES IN ARABIC SOCIO-POLITICAL ARTICLES." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 66 (2) (2019): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2019.2.07.
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With the dawn of printed press on the shores of the Arabic speaking world, the methods of impacting an individual’s cognition have been changed for the first time in many centuries. The rise of political and socio-political press in the region overall and in Egypt in particular was likely a by-product of Western intervention in the region, more specifically, Napoleon Bonaparte’s campaign resulting in his temporary control of Egypt. It too was Napoleon who created the first publishing houses in Egypt and it was his political views that were being spread through them. Expanding in detail on multiple sources to delve into the relevant periods, we have worked through numerous newspapers and publishers of socio-political articles in the Middle East and have noticed that Egyptian newspapers have managed to be representative of the Arab speaking printed press in the region. Egyptian editori- als have showcased the forefront of suggestive means with the purpose of leaving an imprint on the reader’s cognition, despite the fact that Egypt was not the first nation with a printed press capable of printing in Arabic. In this study we utilise quotes and examples from a range of socio-political press articles, dated as far back as 1967, as we provide examples backing our hypotheses for the changes in suggestive tactics used by the authors and editorials in their relevant periods. However, our goal in this article was not to focus on the suggestive means themselves in depth, but to rather provide evi- dence pointing to the fact that these suggestive methods have in fact undergone a process of evolution in their own right, changing with time and thus becoming more advanced and author-specific in the process. The possibility to spread a specific subjective position of an author in society without a need for speeches and the accompanying crowds became one of the defining factors to impact and shape the Arab speaking society since the XIX century. The efficacy of suggestive means in printed media has remained in present days with further evolution imminent due to the digitalisation of information, thus making suggestibility a more important aspect of printed press to explore than ever before.
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Rungwasantisuk, Areeya, and Soranat Raibhu. "Application of encapsulating lavender essential oil in gelatin/gum-arabic complex coacervate and varnish screen-printing in making fragrant gift-wrapping paper." Progress in Organic Coatings 149 (December 2020): 105924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105924.
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Classen, Albrecht. "nr="241"A Companion to Medieval Translation, ed. Jeanette Beer. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press, 2019, viii, 200 pp." Mediaevistik 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2020.01.12.
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Medieval literature, philosophy, medicine, and many other fields cannot be imagined without considering the huge role played by translations. Scholars have worked on this field already for many years, leading among them Jeanette Beer, who here brings together a number of authors who address specific aspects pertinent to translation work mostly in medieval literature. While she herself offers a concise introduction, she rounds off the volume with a study of the work by the anonymous compiler of Li Fet des Romans from the early thirteenth century which represents the earliest extant work of ancient historiography translated into a European medieval vernacular. The translator offers most detailed comments about his motivation and translation strategies, which helps us understand considerably how medieval writers approached their task. But back to the Introduction. Here Beer traces the history of the earliest translations, beginning with the famous Strasbourg Oaths from 842, turning to Eulalia, the Valenciennes Fragment, and Marie de France, among others. Subsequently Beer outlines the major highlights of this collected volume, highlighting that the contributors address vernaculars such as Latin (not really a vernacular), French, Anglo-Norman, Italian, English, Old Norse, German, Arabic, and Hebrew. Indeed, some of the chapters cover those languages, but we do not hear anything about German, Arabic, or Hebrew, apart from some very fleeting references. She correctly notes that the world prior to the printing press was deeply determined by textual mouvance which provided enormous flexibility in the rendering and display of texts in the manuscripts. The Introduction concludes with a bibliography and a bibliographical note about the author. This model is applied throughout the entire volume.
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Dell, Jeremy. "The Sound of Laïcité." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 41, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-9127063.
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Abstract Sound control policies already had a long history in the French-controlled settlements of the Senegalese coast by the time the prefect of Dakar issued a decree in 1953 prohibiting the use of loudspeakers on public roads and in the open-air courtyards of private residences. Such policies aimed at silencing the nighttime recitation of poems known in the Wolof language of Senegambia as xasida (and referred to by French administrators as chants religieux). Derived from the Arabic term for “ode” (qaṣīda), such poems formed a key component of the liturgy of Senegal's expanding Sufi orders. In this same period, the first Senegalese-owned printing presses began disseminating xasida in printed form more widely than ever, and at times against the wishes of the leadership of the Muridiyya, one of Senegal's leading sufi orders. By highlighting the intertwined nature of print, public recitation, and sound control in midcentury Senegal, this article seeks to illuminate the institutional and political contexts that shaped the production and reception of specific genres of Islamic scholarship in the late colonial period.
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Ayalon, Ami. "PRIVATE PUBLISHING IN THENAHḌA." International Journal of Middle East Studies 40, no. 4 (November 2008): 561–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380808149x.
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Khalil Sarkis (1842–1915) was an eminent figure in late Ottoman Beirut and an important contributor to thenahḍa, the Arab literary-cultural “awakening” that began in the latter part of the 19th century. Less known to Western scholarship than Butrus al-Bustani, Faris al-Shidyaq, or Jurji Zaydan, he is not usually regarded as a pillar of that awakening. He may not have been, but he certainly was an indispensable brick in its edifice. Born in 1842, when the most exciting changes were still in the future, Sarkis spent all his life in the service of his country's cultural betterment. He is mostly remembered for his newspaper,Lisan al-Hal, which was launched in 1877 and for many decades was one of the most credible Arabic organs. More than a journalist, however, Sarkis was a pioneering printer, a prolific publisher, and the author of nine books. In the last quarter of the 19th century he built one of Beirut's largest printing businesses, which turned out several journals, hundreds of books, and numerous publications. In the 19th-century Middle East, being a printer often meant being a publisher; Khalil Sarkis was both on a grand scale.
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Ikhwan, Munirul. "Kitab al-Muzhir of Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti: A Critical Edition and Translation of Section Twenty on Islamic Terms." Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 47, no. 2 (December 20, 2009): 377–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2009.472.377-410.
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This article is a philological study of al-Muzhir, an encyclopedic work of a prominent Egyptian scholar Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 911/1505) which has significant contribution in the study of Arabic linguistics. The book is particularly al-Suyuti's own compilation of works of earlier philologists. Due to its importance, it is necessary to study the book in a proper way by deciphering its manuscripts. Studying a book from its manuscripts provides us with much indirect information -which has great value for scholarship- to trace back the history of the book before the printing period. Apart from the text itself, manuscripts generally contain the owner's seal, introductory remark, colophon, certificate and commentaries. Through examining these additional elements, we may be able to acquire the information about the distribution and public demand of the book, the scribes and days of copying, and the authorization of its manuscripts. This paper will discuss al-Muzhir by analyzing a number of manuscripts written several decades after the death of the author. It will then focus on the authorization of the manuscripts, a sample of critical edition of the book, and a discussion of section twenty on Islamic terms.
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LOTHSPEICH, PAMELA. "The Radheshyam Ramayan and the Sanskritizationof Khari Boli Hindi." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 5 (March 25, 2013): 1644–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1100045x.
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AbstractThis paper charts the linguistic shifts in a popular iteration of the story of Lord Ram, commonly known as the ‘Radheshyam Ramayan’ (composed in the first quarter of the twentieth century), across four versions of the text published in the devanāgarī script, between 1939 and 1969. It argues that the author, Radheshyam Kathavachak, likely revised his text over the course of many years, in large part to bring its language closer to śuddh (pure) Hindi on the Hindi-Urdu spectrum—a labour that was in the service of the Hindi language movement, if not also Hindu nationalism. Whilst the language in the 1939 printing is a mixed register of Hindi-Urdu, by 1959, the language has undergone a process of ‘Sanskritization’. That is, much of the vocabulary of Persian and Arabic origin, and also much vocabulary associated with the Braj tradition, have been replaced with words from Sanskrit. The progressive editing of text also shows a deep concern for the standardization and occasionally, elevation of literary Hindi, and simultaneously, the correction of defects in meter and style. The example of Kathavachak's ‘many Radheshyam Ramayans’ offers insight into the timing and pace of the Sanskritization of Hindi letters, suggesting that for some, the process may have been more protracted and anguished than is often thought.
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ALAVI, SEEMA. "Medical Culture in Transition: Mughal Gentleman Physician and the Native Doctor in Early Colonial India." Modern Asian Studies 42, no. 5 (September 2008): 853–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x07002958.
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AbstractThe essay explores a Greco-Arabic healing tradition that arrived in India with the Muslims and evolved with the expansion of the Mughal Empire. It came to be known as unani in the sub-continent. It studies unani texts and its practitioners in the critical period of transition to British rule, and questions the idea of ‘colonial medicine’ being the predominant site of culture and power. It shows that in the decades immediately preceding the early 19th century British expansion, unani underwent a critical transformation that was triggered by new influences from the Arab lands. These changes in local medical culture shaped the later colonial intrusions in matters related to health. The essay concludes that the pro-active role of the English Company and the wide usage of the printing press only added new contenders to the ongoing contest over medical authority. By the 1830s this complex interplay moved health away from its previous focus on individual aristocratic virtue, to the new domain of societal well being. It also projected the healer not merely as a gentleman physician concerned with individual health, but as a public servant responsible for the well being of society at large. These changes were rapid and survived the reforms of 1830s. They ensured that ‘colonial medicine’ remained entangled in local contestations over medical authority.
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Musrifah, Musrifah. "Literatur (kepustakaan) keislaman dalam konteks pesantren." IQRA`: Jurnal Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi (e-Journal) 12, no. 1 (August 14, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/iqra.v12i1.1857.
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<p>Universally, Islamic literature existing in boarding schools is preserved and passed down from generation to generation directly related to the religious sciences as inherited to Islamic society by past priests in the past called "yellow books". The books cover very short text to text composed of bold volumes of Arabic Grammar, Tajwid, Logic, Fiqh and Ushul Fiqh, Aqidah, Tafsir of the Qur'an, Hadith and Hadith Science, Morals and Sufism, History of Life Prophet and a tribute to the Prophet. For the yellow book format, although the advancement of printing technology is currently evolving, the yellow book format, the prints are still the same as they used to be, that is, generally not bound or wrapped in leather covers and yellow paper. Because to maintain physical characteristics that generally contain symbolic meanings, which seem to be more classical. The yellow book composed by earlier scholars or Islamic literature has not changed in terms of its contents, since the author or scholar who has been inhabited and his wisdom is no doubt, the scholars are the heirs of the Prophet, and so on. In addition, the yellow book functioned also by the boarding school as a reference in addressing all life challenges, as well as an arena of innovation to face the modern world.<br />Keywords: literature, islam, pesantren</p>
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Alotaibi, Abdullah Z. "Effects of Line Spacing on Reading Performance of Normally Sighted and Simulated Visually-Impaired Subjects: A Pilot Study Using Arabic Words." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 8 (May 29, 2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n8p84.
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The study aims to evaluate the role of line spacing during reading in normal and visually-impaired persons. A total of 225 normally-sighted participants with mean age of 23.7 years were asked to read Arabic sentences in a randomized order. Each Arabic sentence contains 7 lines with and without simulated cataract. The words were printed with black letters on white background to enhance contrast and fonts were in Times New Roman and of N12 letter size. The reading pages were placed on reading stand situated 25 cm away from the subject’s eyes. The simulated cataract was created by using a Bernell Cling Patch Occluder. This reduced the visual acuity of all subjects to 20/60. Each line of the text was separated by different line spacing namely: single space, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 4.0 which represents, 0.5 cm, 0.8 cm, 1.1 cm, 1.4 cm, 1.7 cm and 2.0 cm, respectively. The sheets were presented randomly and participants’ voices were recorded as they read under a controlled time. The tape was analysed later and reading rate was calculated. There was a significant difference (p<0.0001) in reading rates between the normal sighted persons and the visually impaired persons for all line spacing. Modifying the spacing between lines in prints had a significant impact (p<0.0001) on the reading rate of the visually impaired but not in normally-sighted persons (p˃0.05). Intermediate line spacing (2 and 2.5) increased the reading rate of the visually impaired persons significantly more (p<0.001) than other line spacing, but smaller or larger line spacing slowed their reading rate, significantly (p<0.001). The visually-impaired persons reported that they felt the difference in reading prints with larger line spacing as compared with normal sighted participants who did not. It is beneficial to adequately modify the line spacing in prints commonly read by low vision persons. For Arab subjects the optimum line spacing to significantly improve reading in the visually impaired should range from 0.8 to 1.1 cm. This finding may be a useful for publishers of Arab prints targeting the visually impaired persons. Thus, the implication of the study in the field of health is that by establishing the least common line spacing visualized optimally among normal and simulated visually impaired persons would be fixed as default line spacing for Arab printing to achieve better reading performance.
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Khodadoost, Baback. "Observation of a Most Phenomenal Computed Calligraphy in Quran." Computer and Information Science 9, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/cis.v9n3p42.
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Observation of a multifaceted mathematical-computational structure of Quran through analysis of its letter and word frequencies and important implications of such observations have been extensively explained and discussed in a recent article: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">“Khodadoost B. (2015) The Computed Scripture: Exponentially Based Fourier Regulated Construct of Quran and its fundamentally important Consequences"</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">. In the present article we report observation of yet another facet of this mathematical structure of Quran which is a phenomenal "parametric name-printing”. This observation has been made through a systematic compute-plot algorithm which uses the given name and chapter frequencies of letters in Quran as its input and shows in the output, calligraphic printing in Arabic of the same name. Several names of God, Major Prophets, and even some physicists are shown to clearly manifest these calligraphic effects. Sensitivities of these observations to changes in letter frequencies in Quran are so high that increase or decrease of even one letter and only in one chapter of Quran can completely demolish the calligraphic effects. These astonishing observations not only are extremely important and interesting in their own right, but also point to an immensely complicated and intricate super-intelligent mathematical design of Quran and reinforce "Mathematically Fully constrained Writing" or MFCW identity of this scripture and its consequences, as have been explained in the above article.</span>
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Ilnytskyi, Mykola. "History in the Light of Spirituality." Академічний журнал "Слово і Час", no. 5 (May 29, 2019): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2019.05.14-20.
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The paper deals with the historic novels written by Ukrainian writer Roman Ivanychuk in 1960s – 1980s. The emphasis is given to the peculiarities that distinguish his works among the similar novels on the Ukrainian history written at the same period. The researcher sees the main difference in the fact that R.Ivanychuk focused not so much on the heroic acts of his characters as on their characteristics of representatives of the epoch. He paid the most attention to the spiritual awakening of the nation being under pressure of the forced assimilation and in danger of extinction. These features of the historic novels by this writer were already noticeable in his first novel “Malvy” (“Mallows”, 1968). The work focused on the problem of “janissaries”, especially relevant at that time. It was interpreted as the loss of historical memory and national identity on the one hand, and the inevitable end of the empire that exploits enslaved neighbors on the other. The aesthetic symbolism is realized in the image of a luxuriant plane tree which is drained by mistletoe, with the fatal end of a tree. The symbolism of this image is related to the idea of the Arabic philosopher of the 16th cent. Ibn Khaldun who stated that decline of an empire is caused by the loss of its vital sources.
The novels “Cherlene vyno” (“Red Wine”, 1977) and “The Manuscript from Ruska Street” (1979) contain the aesthetic models that sound in tune with the scholarly ideas of contemporary historians (O. Apanovych, Y. Isaievych, M. Braichesvkyi). In particular it was the interest to the development of the education system and research studies, emergence of Brotherhood schools and book printing. Historic novels by R.Ivanychuk emphasize the conflict between the Artist and the system of ruling power (“Shramy na Skali”/“Scars on Rock”, 1982), where one can see allusions to the movement of the Sixtiers. The writer raised the problem of the moral choice between strict loyalty to the principles and the compromise. Then he explored the limits of justifying the compromise.
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Farid, M. A. "Journal of Development and the Environment (Al-Tanmiya wa Al Beaah: in Arabic), No. 3, 80 pages (27 × 19.5 × 0.3 cm), Dar-Al-Maaref Printing Company, 11 Hassan Sabry Street, Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt, annual subscription US $5 outside Egypt, 101986." Environmental Conservation 14, no. 4 (1987): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900017148.
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