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1
McBeth, Brian S. "Venezuela's Nascent Oil Industry and the 1932 US Tariff on Crude Oil Imports, 1927–1935." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 27, no. 3 (2009): 427–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900000835.
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ABSTRACTAfter a brief description of the initial development of Venezuela's crude oil industry, this paper examines the impact the 1932 US tariff on crude oil imports had on the country. The US tariff on crude oil imports stabilised domestic crude oil prices but prevented consumers from benefting from lower prices in refned petroleum products. The large us international integrated crude oil companies gained from higher crude oil prices for their domestic production while supplying their european markets with mostly cheap crude oil from their newly developed Venezuelan oilfelds. The tariff increased the Venezuelan oil industry's vulnerability to international events because it narrowed the competitive edge it had over domestic us crude oil production. consequently, the Gómez dictatorship in Venezuela at the time became more dependent on the oil companies operating in the country since they could reduce production considerably, or even leave the country as quickly as they entered with a negative impact on government revenues.
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Venezuelan, A., and James Ausman. "The devastating Venezuelan crisis." Surgical Neurology International 10 (July 26, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_342_2019.
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The Venezuelan crisis is filling the headlines and truly deserves the world’s attention. It is a wake-up call to all as it holds relevant lessons for both developing and developed countries. The country suffers a severe humanitarian crisis. Its economy has declined at a faster pace than any other peacetime economy worldwide. Hardship and repression have led millions to flee the country creating a refugee crisis in Colombia and other neighboring countries, and millions more are expected to flee unless conditions improve. It raises serious security concerns in the whole Western Hemisphere. The country of Venezuela sits on and owns the largest oil reserves in the world. Oil helps explain the “rent-seeking” behavior that is at the root of this crisis. (“Rent-seeking” is simply getting money from the government for the oil it sells and giving little or nothing back to the government in return. -EEd) However, oil cannot be blamed for this crisis – it helped Venezuela get out of the poverty trap and become a modern democratic society in the 20th century. This crisis comes from the perverse combination of bad politics, bad policy, and corruption that besieged the country over the last 20 years. Since he was elected in 1998, Hugo Chávez paved the way to authoritarianism while making the economy more vulnerable to the ups and downs of oil prices. Chávez died in early 2013. When Nicolás Maduro, his anointed heir, was elected to succeed him, the economy was in bad shape and institutions were already weak, but problems had been papered over thanks to high oil prices and the money the government made from its sale. When oil prices were high worldwide, Venezuelan governments did not save money for possible future economic losses. When oil prices began falling in 2014 and threatened the money from “rent-seeking” by many Venezuelans, Maduro chose the road to overt authoritarianism instead of seeking to restore the basics of an open society and a prosperous economy: the rule of law, property rights, transparency, prudent fiscal and monetary policy, and essential public goods such as education, health, housing, transportation, and infrastructure. This paper is a brief history of how the present Crisis in Venezuela developed and how it can be reasonably resolved. The Venezuelan people are suffering. There are lessons here for everyone in the world (A Venezuelan and James Ausman).
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Bhattacharya, Subhendu, and Y. Nisha. "Economic and Social Turmoil in Venezuela Caused by Autocracy and Misgovernance." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 12 (December 19, 2020): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.412.
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Venezuela was once a thriving economy but it experienced one of the worst political crisis and economic catastrophe in modern times. The failure of leadership and erroneous policy measures were instrumental in this disaster. After Hugo Chavez, his successor Nicolás Maduro from socialist PSUV party took over in 2013. His extension through the general election in May 2018 remained shrouded under controversy. There was massive corruption, social repression, deceleration of productivity, economic indecision, higher dependence on oil, rampant human rights violation, and shutdown of businesses noticed during his regime. Venezuela is an oil rich country with the leading verified oil reserves in the world. Its economy is highly dependent on oil exports but oil production has plummeted tremendously. The nation failed to diversify in other lines of production even as oil prices started to fall since 2014 and the economy suffered beyond measure. As per IMF estimate, Venezuela's economy has shrunk by more than one-third between 2013 and 2017 approximately. Its currency value reduced to rubble, inflation skyrocketed, GDP growth rate went into tailspin and debt defaulted. There is unprecedented humanitarian crisis in Venezuela in recent times. Rise in violence and crime, hunger, malnutrition and poverty led millions of people to flee the country. As per the United Nations’ record, about 4.8 million Venezuelans left the nation since the crisis erupted in 2014. US imposed sanction on Venezuela in 2015 which further got intensified in 2017. There is now international pressure on Nicolás Maduro to step down and to allow his opponent Juan Guaidó to run the country. In the times of the Corona virus outbreak, this crisis has aggravated for the economically impaired nation.
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Leroy, David. "La agricultura de los Andes venezolanos: De la intensificación a la crisis, 1960-2019." Historia Agraria Revista de agricultura e historia rural, no. 84 (July 13, 2021): 173–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.084e03l.
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The Venezuelan Andes constituted one of the poorest regions of the country during the 1950s-1960s. This region was affected by oil exploitation and rapid urbanization. However, with the introduction of irrigated horticulture at that time, the Andean production systems were radically changed with the development of crops of high commercial value. For several decades, the Venezuelan Andes were an important source of enrichment and a new growth pole for the country. From the 1990s, however, with the intensification of horticultural activities, problems began to manifest themselves in both socio-economic and environmental terms. This process was accentuated from 2013 with the economic, political and social crisis that continues to affect Venezuela. Today the country's Andean farmers face several obstacles (fuel shortages, dollarization of the economy, loss of consumer purchasing power, high input prices) that make agricultural investment particularly risky. In a context of food shortages and hyperinflation, subsistence farming is returning to the Venezuelan Andes, allowing farmers to produce enough food for themselves and their families.
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Jošić, Hrvoje, and Fran Maček Pandak. "Nizozemska bolest u Bolivarijanskoj Republici Venezueli." Notitia, no. 3 (November 16, 2018): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32676/n.3.10.
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Ever since its independence, Venezuela has based its economy on the manufacturing and export of a single product. In the 19th century, those products were cocoa and coffee beans, which were replaced by oil in the 20th century. This led to the Dutch disease which harmed other sectors of the economy, so the often corrupt governments bought social peace with socialist policies and government spending. During the 1980s, the first significant plunge in oil prices in the 20th century forced the Venezuelan government to conduct liberal reforms in order to receive assistance from the International Monetary Fund. These led to a significant decline in the standard of living and GDP, as well as, mass protests. Due to the popular discontent, the 1998 presidential elections were won by Hugo Chavez, a former military officer and the leader of the failed coup, who used the rebound in oil prices to start socialist reforms and economic recovery. Expropriations of privately owned assets and price controls weakened the domestic economy and led to inflation, while the rise in government spending strained the public finances. The big drop in oil price in 2014 caused the collapse of Venezuelan economy as well as social and political crisis. The data used in making this paper is from the Venezuelan government and its departments and institutes, as well as from the United Nations, the World Bank, other organisations and Venezuelan and foreign newspapers and web portals.
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Morse, Kimberly J. "When the Priest Does Not Sympathize with el Pueblo: Clergy and Society in El Oriente Venezolano, 1843-1873." Americas 59, no. 4 (April 2003): 511–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2003.0050.
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When 22 Capuchin friars landed in Barcelona in 1843, they could not anticipate the troubles they faced in the years to come. As refugees from the Spanish Carlista wars, Gallegos and Catalans who did not even speak much Spanish, the friars must have been happy enough to serve a nation that did not want them dead—yet. In their contract with the Venezuelan government, the 22 Capuchin friars who labored in Venezuela'sOrientepromised to stay in Venezuela for at least ten years. In return, the Venezuelan government promised to pay them 400 pesos annually, to leave all spiritual matters in the hands of the missionaries, and to cede to the missionaries all authority in Indian mission matters.If only things worked out that well. The Capuchin friars found themselves inextricably bound in complex relationships of race and class, often intertwined with matters of land and labor. Poverty and politics (or the politics of poverty) did not allow clergy to use their position as parish priests to maintain any degree of neutrality in the tug of war between the white elite and the poor, primarily Indians, ex-slaves, and the mixed race descendants of all groups. To the contrary, poverty and politics made clergy important players in the ongoing high stakes game of chess between the elite and the masses.
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Coker, Trudie. "Globalization and Corporatism: The Growth and Decay of Organized Labor in Venezuela, 1900–1998." International Labor and Working-Class History 60 (October 2001): 180–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547901004513.
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The contradictory goals of state capital accumulation and redistribution eventually led to the demise of corporatism in Venezuela and probably in much of Latin America. When the Venezuelan state was at its zenith of intervention in the economy, it globalized accumulation via foreign debt. Rather than emphasize accumulation and redistribution as it had during the 1960s and 1970s, accumulation to service the debt became the state's central goal by the 1980s. Declining oil prices by the early 1980s highlighted the weakness of a state caught in the grips of antithetical demands from labor and an increasingly impoverished population, on the one hand, and private capital demanding debt repayment, on the other hand. By definition, corporatism creates a dependency between the state and organized labor. Historically, labor depended on the state for economic subsidies, and the state relied on labor to maintain legitimacy. By the late 1990s, lack of labor autonomy literally dragged labor down with a state drowning in debt and incapacitated by lack of legitimacy. While corporatism is more a relic of things past, the positive implications of increasing labor autonomy are dismal as organized labor has been disarticulated and the democratic state is all but a skeleton.
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Chávez, Joaquín M. "Dreaming of Reform: University Intellectuals during the Lemus regime and the Civic-Military Junta in El Salvador (1960-1961)." Diálogos Revista Electrónica 9 (January 20, 2008): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/dre.v9i0.31310.
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Lieutenant-Colonel José María Lemus, a protégé of President Oscar Osorio (1950-1956), roseto power in 1956. Lemus is often remembered as an authoritarian ruler, but at the outset of hispresidency he allowed the return of exiles and abolished the “Law in Defense of Democraticand Constitutional Order,” sanctioned during Osorio’s anti-communist crackdown in 1952.Lemus governed El Salvador during a period of declining prosperity as coffee prices plungedin the international markets, forcing an economic restructuring which had particularly negativeconsequences for the poor. But more importantly, the changing political landscape in LatinAmerica posed enormous challenges to Lemus, as opposition forces ousted Venezuelan dictatorMarcos Pérez Jiménez in January 1958 and revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro took power in Cubain January 1959. Political events in Venezuela and Cuba inspired a new wave of mobilization inEl Salvador led by the recently formed Partido Revolucionario Abril y Mayo (PRAM) and FrenteNacional de Orientación Cívica (FNOC) which challenged Lemus’ authoritarian regime. Whilethe local press followed step by step events in Cuba as reported by U.S. press agencies, Lemusand the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (PRUD), the official party, showed arenewed determination to prevent the spread of “Cuban-inspired subversion” in El Salvador. Tothis end, Sidney Mazzini, a representative of the PRUD at the National Assembly envisioned theformation of what he termed a “sanitary cordon” around Cuba.
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KILIÇ-, Nazife Özge. "HOW OIL PRICES IMPACT THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF VENEZUELA?" Turkish Studies-Economics,Finance,Politics Volume 14 Issue 2, Volume 14 Issue 2 (2019): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/turkishstudies.22939.
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PHILIP, G. "When Oil Prices were Low: Petroleos de Venezuela (PdVSA) and Economic Policy-making in Venezuela since 1989." Bulletin of Latin American Research 18, no. 3 (July 1999): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.1999.tb00140.x.
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Bahar, Dany, Carlos A. Molina, and Miguel Angel Santos. "Fool's Gold: The Impact of Venezuelan Currency Devaluations on Multinational Stock Prices." Economía 19, no. 1 (2018): 93–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eco.2018.0009.
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Burges, Sean W., Tom Chodor, and R. Guy Emerson. "¿Por qué no les callan?" Latin American Perspectives 44, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x16658255.
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On October 7, 2012, Hugo Chávez was comfortably reelected president of Venezuela. Just days before the vote, the impression given by major international print media was that it would be close, an assessment that proved to be at best optimistic. Western media coverage of the election in Venezuela was designed to skew the result toward the opposition, and this effort singularly failed. The “propaganda model” advanced by Herman and Chomsky is now faltering in the Americas, and the region is acting in a manner that is increasingly free of influence from the United States. Venezuela thus stands as a case of the citizenry actively and independently asserting its political agency despite clear attempts to redirect its thinking and decision making. El 7 de octubre de 2012, Hugo Chávez fue cómodamente reelegido presidente de Venezuela. Justo antes de las elecciones, los principales medios periodísticos internacionales daban por sentado que la votación iba a ser cerrada, una apreciación que resultó ser en el mejor de los casos optimista. La cobertura de las elecciones en Venezuela por parte de los medios occidentales estaba diseñada para sesgar los resultados a favor de la oposición, un esfuerzo que fracasó rotundamente. El “modelo de propaganda” propuesto por Herman y Chomsky está tambaleándose en las Américas, y la región está actuando de una manera cada vez más libre de la influencia de los Estados Unidos. Venezuela, por lo tanto, se erige como un ejemplo de un grupo de ciudadanos que de forma activa e independiente reafirma su voluntad política a pesar de unos claros intentos por desviar su pensamiento y su poder de decisión.
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Arlyan, Reni. "HUBUNGAN KETAHANAN PANGAN DAN STABILITAS KEAMANAN NEGARA (KRISIS PANGAN DI VENEZUELA)." Jurnal Dinamika Global 3, no. 01 (July 26, 2018): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v3i01.59.
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Problem of Food emerged as a Non-Traditional Secuirty (NTS) issue in the aftermath of the Cold War and was identified as one of the seven pillars of human security by the 1994 UNDP Report �New Dimensions� in Security. Food security as �the means for all people at all times to have both physical and economic access to basic food� and that food security is an entitlement. When the shortages food supply in a country, it will be an increasing the conflict civil society, so the stability of the state security being disrupted. The availability of adequate food supplies could become the core of social contact in all the country's political system.The food crisis in Venezuela resulted in civil conflict be increased. Venezuela is the world's oil producing countries but due to falling world oil prices, then became distracted State reception system. The political system came along with the economic crisis makes Venezuela in the worst condition.This economic crisis makes Venezuela experienced a food crisis, so many societies suffered famine and looting food even do violence to gain access the food. Finally, the conflict civil society occur due to the food crisis and the stability of the State security becomes disrupted. In this paper using descriptive analysis method that describes the relationship of food security in Venezuela that can be disrupt the stability of State security.
In this paper, using the perspective of Food Securitization.This is based on a change in the subject of security not only on military issues but the extension of the concept security including the threat of food security within a country. Food can be utilized as a political weapon by states and can be characterized as a form and symbol of political power.
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Aurellia, Debby, Yasinta D. Febriana, and N. Salaeh. "Program PetroCaribe sebagai Strategi Ekonomi Venezuela Era Presiden Nicolas Maduro." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 12, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v12i2.16589.
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PetroCaribe is an oil organization initiated by Venezuela for countries inthe Caribbean region as a mean to economic diplomacy and overcomethe oil crisis within the country. Furthermore, PetroCaribe aims to provideoil to countries in the Caribbean at low prices. This study aims tofind out the reasons behind the retention of PetroCaribe as a way to overcomethe economic crisis in Venezuela, and the influence of the existenceof PetroCaribe on countries in the Caribbean region. The approachused in this study is the liberal institutionalist theory, which regardsthe state as a selfish rational actor in operating internationally so thatagreements cannot be enforced hierarchically. Therefore, internationalorganizations can only expect cooperation to occur if the states havethe same interests. This is where PetroCaribe become useful as a formof organization that accommodates the cooperation of the Venezuelanstate as the main actor with Caribbean countries in the economic field. Themethod used in this study is qualitative and descriptive.
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Rodríguez Y, Ana Cristina, and Alasdair Brooks. "Speaking in Spanish, Eating in English; Ideology and Meaning in Nineteenth-Century British Transfer Prints in Barcelona, Anzoátegui State, Venezuela." Historical Archaeology 46, no. 3 (September 2012): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03376870.
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Teulon, Frederic, and Khaled Guesmi. "Dynamic Spillover Between The Oil And Stock Markets Of Emerging Oil-Exporting Countries." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 1 (December 30, 2013): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i1.8280.
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<p>The paper investigates the time-varying correlations between stock market returns and oil prices in oil-exporting countries. A multivariate GARCH-DCC process is employed to evaluate this relationship based on data from Venezuela, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The results show that there are time-varying correlations between the oil and stock markets in emerging, oil-producing countries, indicating that they are affected by conditions in world markets. In addition, the relationship between oil prices and stock returns is found to be influenced by the origin of shocks to oil prices, with stock market responses being stronger to demand-side shocks caused by political turmoil or fluctuations in the global business cycle than to supply-side shocks caused by cuts in oil production. The results also provide evidence of volatility spillovers between the oil and stock markets.</p>
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Chuffart, Thomas, and Emma Hooper. "An investigation of oil prices impact on sovereign credit default swaps in Russia and Venezuela." Energy Economics 80 (May 2019): 904–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.02.003.
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Hanson, Rebecca, and Verónica Zubillaga. "From carceral punitivism to systematic killing: The necropolitics of policing in post-Chávez Venezuela." Violence: An International Journal 2, no. 1 (April 2021): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26330024211007864.
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Since 2017, state security forces in Venezuela have been responsible for over 20% of violent deaths in the country. This represents an unprecedented period of state repression in the country’s history that demands examination. In this article, we argue that in order to understand the recent increase in violent deaths in Venezuela during the post-Chávez period, we must place at the center of our analysis the discourses and practices of an extremely privileged actor, the state, in the context of the collapse of oil prices. We propose that this upsurge of lethal violence can be understood within the historical process of militarization of citizen security. In the first phase, starting in 2009, we see an increase in carceral punitivism—the hyperreaction of the penal state. In the second, a new stage in militarized raids is launched which, over the years, gave way to a practice of systematic extralegal killings that became the fundamental strategy of social control. These raids represent a necropolitical approach to governance in a context of extreme economic and political crisis.
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Ftiti, Zied, Khaled Guesmi, Frédéric Teulon Teulon, and Slim Chouachi. "Relationship Between Crude Oil Prices And Economic Growth In Selected OPEC Countries." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i1.9483.
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<p>The aim of this study is to examine the degree of interdependence between oil prices and economic activity growth for four major countries (United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela) in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) over the period from 3 September 2000 to 3 December 2010. We propose the frequency approach of Priestley and Tong (1973), which is the evolutionary co-spectral analysis. This method offers a time-varying dynamic correlation measure for different horizons, short-run and medium-run. To complete our study by analyzing long-run dependence, we use the cointegration procedure developed by Engle and Granger (1987). We show that oil price shocks in periods during period of fluctuations in the global business cycle and/or financial turmoil affect the relationship between oil and economic growth in OPEC countries.</p>
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Dachevsky, Fernando, and Juan Kornblihtt. "The Reproduction and Crisis of Capitalism in Venezuela under Chavismo." Latin American Perspectives 44, no. 1 (October 15, 2016): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x16673633.
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The current crisis in Venezuela is sometimes said to have been provoked by the response of imperialism and the local oligarchy to the fundamental changes in economic and political relations fostered during the administrations of Hugo Chávez. A quantitative study using various statistical sources shows that the significant increase in oil rent during the Chávez presidency did not translate into a qualitative transformation in the form of state intervention and that, although social expenditures increased in that period, most of the income that allowed this was obtained through currency overvaluation by inefficient national and foreign capital. The current crisis is, therefore, evidence of the limits of low-productivity state and private capital reproduction due to the decline in oil prices rather than of a conflict between overcoming and reproducing capitalism in an alleged “economic war.” A veces se dice que la crisis actual en Venezuela ha sido provocada por la respuesta del imperialismo y la oligarquía local a los cambios profundos en las relaciones económicas y políticas promovidos durante la administración de Hugo Chávez. Un estudio cuantitativo en el que se usaron diferentes fuentes estadísticas demuestra que el aumento significativo en la renta del petróleo durante la presidencia de Chávez no se tradujo en una transformación cualitativa de la intervención estatal y que, aunque los gastos sociales aumentaron en ese período, la mayor parte del ingreso que permitió ese aumento se obtuvo por medio de la sobrevaluación de la moneda por parte del ineficiente capital nacional y extranjero. Por lo tanto, la crisis actual es evidencia de los límites de la baja productividad de la reproducción estatal y privada debido a la caída en el precio del petróleo y no un conflicto entre la eliminación y la reproducción del capitalismo en una supuesta “guerra económica.”
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Acosta Vega, Marianny Del Carmen, and Maibelyn Del Carmen Acosta Vega. "Epistemología del Pensamiento Pedagógico como Eje Transformador en la Praxis Educativa." Revista Scientific 4, no. 13 (August 5, 2019): 346–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29394/scientific.issn.2542-2987.2019.4.13.19.346-362.
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El propósito del presente ensayo es destacar las bases epistemológicas en la formación pedagógica del docente en Venezuela, para así incentivar a la formación docente crítica y reflexiva, bajo fundamentos filosóficos y pedagógicos, tales como el Ideario Bolivariano de Simón Rodríguez (1769-1854); el pedagogo Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa (1902-1993); la educadora Belén San Juan (1916-2004) y de esta manera lograr una verdadera transformación en la praxis educativa. Para ello se realizó una investigación de carácter documental, siendo la revisión bibliográfica la técnica de recolección de información. Finalmente se esboza la visualización de docentes centrados en la investigación y en la práctica reflexiva de la acción.
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Chadaeva, Elmira A. "Regulatory framework for attracting foreign investment in Venezuela’s oil and gas sector." RUDN Journal of Economics 28, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-2-402-413.
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The article analyzes the impact of the regulatory framework in the oil and gas sector of Venezuela. There are several factors affecting the volume and price of petroleum products in the world: investments in exploration and production of resources, the volume and depletion of reserves; political and economic crises in oil-producing countries; the creation of new technologies and much more, including state regulation of the oil and gas industry. Sometimes there are circumstances, the consequences of which are not thought. For example, Latin America has changed markedly since it began to use oil as a political tool. But, by the beginning of 2016, prices are falling: production volumes are high, and consumption is declining. There are several reasons: the decline in growth in developing countries; slow recovery of European countries after the European economic crisis; an increase in energy efficiency. To understand these changes in oil activities, it is necessary to examine the national and international legal framework. The regulatory framework in Latin America differs significantly from the American framework (the starting point is the type of subsoil ownership, i.e. in South America, subsoil is owned by the state by colonial heritage, and in the United States by private individuals). Thus, the subject of the study is the legal framework of Venezuela, a country with its own historical features, peculiar views on national security and ideological views on the role of the state. Venezuela will be considered, as the country is one of the major producing countries in Latin America; oil is the main element of the economy; a large number of regulatory models have been tested. The evolution of its activities is an excellent example of different approaches to the management of the oil industry.
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Rosales, Antulio. "Pursuing foreign investment for nationalist goals: Venezuela's hybrid resource nationalism." Business and Politics 20, no. 3 (May 2, 2018): 438–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2018.6.
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AbstractScholarship in international political economy (IPE) has noted the rise of resource nationalism in since the early 2000s. Despite the increased presence of state regulation in the resource sector, resource nationalism has not been incompatible with foreign investment. This article contributes to better understand resource nationalist policies that emerged in recent years and offers new theoretical insights to explain state-IOC relations by integrating obsolescing bargaining theories and constructivist approaches. Drawing on the case of Venezuela, this article explains how the Chávez regime pursued a hybrid model of control and welcoming of investments in the oil sector. The article argues that both bargaining insights and ideational considerations are important in explaining this model. In the context of high oil prices and sunk investments, it is unsurprising that a leftist government would seek to renegotiate contracts to seek better deals from extractive companies. Yet, focusing exclusively on those incentives misses important ideational drivers for the government to keep investors in the country. For Chávez's government, effecting changes in the oil policy was possible after waging an intense battle with its NOC, PDVSA, over control. Association with foreign investment became crucial to build its socialist model and to control its own company.
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Pineda G, Esther. "La caracterización del femicidio en la sociedad venezolana para el período 2015-2017=The characterization of femicide in Venezuelan society 2015-2017." Cuestiones de género: de la igualdad y la diferencia, no. 14 (June 27, 2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/cg.v0i14.5701.
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<p><strong>Resumen </strong></p><p>El femicidio puede definirse como el asesinato de una mujer fundamentado en criterios de desigualdad, como la creencia de que las mujeres son inferiores, son propiedad de los hombres o son un objeto. En Venezuela este delito fue tipificado en el año 2014, no obstante, no se cuenta con fuentes oficiales fiables que permitan caracterizar el fenómeno y diseñar e implementar políticas públicas que tributen a su prevención y erradicación. Ante este escenario de opacidad y secretismo, para la realización de esta investigación se hizo necesaria la revisión, seguimiento y análisis de los casos de femicidios reseñados en diversos medios de comunicación impresos y digitales entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2017.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Femicide can be defined as the murder of a woman based on criteria of inequality, such as the belief that women are inferior, are owned by men or are an object. In Venezuela, this offense was criminalized in 2014, however, there are no reliable official sources to characterize the phenomenon and design and implement public policies that pay for its prevention and eradication. Given this scenario of opacity and secrecy, for the realization of this investigation it was necessary to review, monitor and analyze the cases of femicides reported in various print and digital media between January 2015 and December 2017.</p>
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Castillo, Nellys, and Ana Colmenares. "4. Evaluación en el servicio comunitario: una mirada reflexiva en la UPEL-IPB." Revista EDUCARE - UPEL-IPB - Segunda Nueva Etapa 2.0 14, no. 3 (January 9, 2015): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.46498/reduipb.v14i3.231.
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La evaluación como acto humano, constituye uno de los procesos más complejos en la práctica docente. La movilización hacia diversos contextos de aprendizaje exige al docente distintas maneras de proceder. No obstante, sus creencias, valores y concepciones son los referentes más importantes en la toma de decisiones durante este proceso. En la actualidad, el servicio comunitario está planteando un escenario educativo, en el cual prevalecen nuevas tendencias del hecho pedagógico, matizadas por las finalidades, características y principios del aprendizaje en el servicio a la comunidad. El presente artículo documental expone las reflexiones de los docentes que en el seno del Instituto Pedagógico Luís Beltrán Prieto Figueroa Barquisimeto-Venezuela, quienes construyen en colectivo una aproximación a una propuesta de evaluación del aprendizaje en servicio. Emerge entonces una concepción de la evaluación, integradora de diversas posiciones, la cual nos hemos atrevido a denominar auténtica.
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Bryntsev, Alexander N. "Macroeconomic analysis and forecasting of the impact of energy wars and geopolitics on currency rates and oil prices." Market economy problems, no. 3 (2020): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33051/2500-2325-2020-3-7-20.
Full textAbstract:
Subject/topic. In modern conditions, it is advisable to consider geopolitics through the prism of hybrid wars, when the theaters of war have moved from the ocean and land to the world financial and commodity markets. There is a close correlation be-tween changes in exchange rates and the price of oil on the results of energy wars. The aim of the article is to study the theoretical and empirical aspects of the impact of energy wars and geopolitics on the formation of oil prices and the dynamics of currency rates in modern conditions, as well as determining their vector of influence on the development of the world economy as a whole. Methodology of the article. To complete this article, a comparative and economic-statistical analysis was used. Results. The article shows that in the context of globalization of the world economy, there is a deep correlation between changes in currency rates and the price of oil and the consequences of energy wars, on the one hand, and on the other, currency rates and oil prices are the tools for geopolitics in achieving their goals. In addition, there is a fairly strong direct link between oil prices and exchange rates. Factors affecting the formation of the currency exchange and oil markets are sometimes artificial in nature by influencing appropriate macroeconomic conditions, for example, changing the balance of supply and demand. Findings. A macroeconomic analysis of the nature of the relationship between the dynamics of oil prices and currency fluctuations reveals the geopolitical interests of the main players in the oil market, indicating its redistribution. The stage of ousting Russia from the Chinese oil market with dumping prices began, not only with supplies from Saudi Arabia, but also with the active participation of the former partners of Iran and Venezuela, which themselves were under sanctions. The budget of these countries directly depends on oil imports. It is the force majeure circumstances that force them to abandon further partnership with Russia and become independent players in the Chinese hydrocarbon market.
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Donneur, André. "La pénétration économique en Amérique latine." Études internationales 14, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701468ar.
Full textAbstract:
In 1970, Canada decided to develop its relations with Latin America, especially in the economic sector. Adhesion to the Interamerican Bank of Development and the status of observator in the Organisation of American States was a good institutional basis for increasing these relations. However, the absence of objectives on refugee and immigration questions prevented adoption of a clear policy towards Chilian and Haitian refugees. Generally Canada had met the 1970 objectives. Trade increased substantially, partly as a result of Canadian policies, but also because of the development of the main countries: Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela and the increase in oil prices. It could be more important if vigourous policies were implemented. Canada has important investments in Latin America, especially in Brazil. In percentage of total Canadian aid, aid to Latin America declined from 1970. Relations with Latin America will increase during the 1980's, but they would be more important if Canada adopted a more coherent policy.
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Hutchinson, Harry. "Old King Coal." Mechanical Engineering 124, no. 08 (August 1, 2002): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2002-aug-2.
Full textAbstract:
This article focuses on the US Energy Information Administration estimates that coal generates 34 percent of the world's electricity today and will still account for more than 30 percent in 2020. The backers of coal say that systems can be—and must be—developed to make coal more efficient to burn and less troublesome to the biosphere. The United States is also a supporter of the International Energy Agency and is one of the member countries that support IEA Coal Research, a program based in London. The plan for a gasification plant feeding a combined-cycle generating station is still in the demonstration stage in the United States. Although the process squeezes more efficiency out of coal and scores points for cleaner air and corporate goodwill, prospective buyers have yet to form a line around the block. New sources in Venezuela, which has South America’s mother lode of petroleum, have come onto the market, and competition is driving down coke prices.
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Kick, Edward L., Francesco Tiezzi, and Diego Castedo Pena. "Food Production or Food Distribution: The Key to Global Food Security?" Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 16, no. 6 (December 6, 2017): 666–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341455.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Major world agencies have identified a serious contemporary food insecurity problem, and sound even louder alarms that by the year 2050 around one billion people will be “food insecure.” The solution proposed by the World Bank in a 2012 Report is that the world grow significantly more food. Eyes certainly are on the us to remediate this problem by growing more livestock. Is “more food” the answer? This study uses World Bank data and path/structural equation modeling to determine the veracity of this position versus another. It is counter argued that food distribution and waste prevent food from reaching substantial segments of the world’s population. That is, the poor and dependent are unable to gain access to food that is privateered by governance systems that permit rulers and the wealthy to access food, and set food prices at unreachable levels for the poorest of the poor and, sometimes, even the middle class. Further, wages are set below the level needed to purchase basic food stuffs. The reaction has been food riots in countries ranging from Venezuela to the Middle East countries such as Lebanon, Jordan, Libya, and Egypt, among others.
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Avila Perozo (UPEL-IPB), Elba. "Editorial." Revista EDUCARE - UPEL-IPB - Segunda Nueva Etapa 2.0 21, no. 2 (January 2, 2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.46498/reduipb.v21i2.63.
Full textAbstract:
Las universidades en Venezuela viven momentos de complejidad e incertidumbre, producto de la realidad crítica que vive el país, sin embargo la dinámica de la academia no se detiene, existe inspiración y deseo de seguir adelante porque creemos que desde los espacios universitarios podemos reedificar esa Venezuela que deseamos, pues somos el instrumento para consolidar el crecimiento y asegurar el desarrollo de la nación, somos agentes activos de cambios científicos, culturales y tecnológicos dotados de iniciativa, capaz de asumir el protagonismos de acuerdo a las circunstancias y demandas sociales.Desde esta perspectiva queda implícito que el desarrollo y el progreso del país reposa sobre el avance de las ciencias y las tecnologías, donde la eficacia de la investigación científica impulsa la modernización de la educación, al desarrollo social como fuente de evolución y como herramienta para el mejoramiento continuo de la sociedad y la cultura, a su vez que representa un pilar fundamental dentro de los contextos universitarios que permite la producción intelectual y gestar valiosos aportes que contribuyen a la integración académico-social.En este sentido, es apreciable la concepción de las universidades como las principales protagonistas para incentivar la curiosidad, la producción del talento humano, el desarrollo del capital intelectual a través de la investigación y la innovación; Es el escenario apropiado para crear y desarrollar aprendizajes y actitudes flexibles, versátiles, competitivas y socialmente útiles.Es por ello, que Educare hace eco de la actividad científica que se genera en los espacios de educación superior, visibilizando el conocimiento continuo y honrando el trabajo del capital humano, razón por la cual en esta edición de aniversario publicamos en el volumen 21 número 2 la difusión del trabajo intelectual de 5 articulista y de esta manera seguimos favoreciendo la producción del desarrollo científico y tecnológico en pro de la reconstrucción de un nuevo país.En primer lugar se muestra el artículo en la modalidad investigación, de Mireya Valdez y Hamlet Trejo titulado “La gerencia del marketing educativo en el contexto universitario del estado Yaracuy” en esta producción se desvela una aproximación teórica sobre la gerencia con el propósito de favorecer la imagen institucional, la calidad educativa y la proyección de la universidad en la comunidad.Seguidamente en la misma modalidad de investigación Rosana Inés Mieres nos presentan su producción denominada “Praxis cultural del grupo Luango de Venezuela. Aporte desde la Pedagogía Crítica de Paulo Freire” En este artículo la autora, además de presentar la interpretación de su hallazgos, caracteriza e identifica el contexto socio histórico en el que surgió el Grupo Cultural Luango de Venezuela y comprueba los elementos definitorios de la de la praxis cultural.Se incluye también en este volumen en la modalidad de revisión documental una producción realizada por Marcia Alfonzo, titulada “Novedades del sistema educativo venezolano”, Sus reflexiones giran en torno al sistema educativo sus dificultades y cómo se puede tratar de mejorar significativamente.Del mismo modo, Mary Teresa López suscribe un artículo denominado “El juego como estrategia didáctica para la enseñanza de la matemática en Educación Especial” en este manuscrito se considera la formación pedagógica del futuro docente de esta modalidad educativa, haciendo énfasis que esta se debe configurar desde una acción directa, motivadora y social, de modo que le permita adquirir al docente en formación los conocimientos y habilidades necesario para enfrentar situaciones diversas.Finalmente Johana Noguera Cárdenas, presenta un artículo titulado “Adquisición del lenguaje infantil” ¿innatismo o ambientalismo?, el mismo es el resultado de una revisión documental cuyo propósito es contrastar las teorías de Piaget, Skinner, Chomsky y Halliday en relación en cómo se adquiere y se desarrolla el lenguaje infantil.Es oportuno señalar a modo de cierre que desde nuestra Alma Mater la UPEL –IPB el Consejo Editorial de Educare apunta hacia el mejoramiento de la calidad educativa venezolana, siendo este el aporte que hacemos dignamente al país, razón por la cual insistimos en la difusión de ideas y productos de investigadores nóveles y expertos, enmarcados dentro de una visión de desarrollo y fortalecimiento académico con espíritu científico y humanístico, tal como lo enfatizó el Maestro Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa, rostro emblemático que caracteriza este órgano de divulgación científica. Prof. Elba AvilaUPEL –IPB
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Sehgal, M. L. "Marxism, Communism, Marxian Socio-political Economic Theory and the Socialist World." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 5 (May 10, 2020): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.75.8178.
Full textAbstract:
Marxian model of economic, as enunciated in "Das-Capital" disapproved of the two classical models of economics proposed by Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes though both had stood the test of the time. Marx’s Economic Theory encompassed the social, historical, and economic points of view based upon the thesis of Hegel's philosophy as well as its antithesis. Marx believed that the concept of relations of production as proposed by Capitalism was vague for the socio-cultural set up of a society. He said that Capitalism would not end up in a quiet death; rather it would have to be broken up with a 'Bang'; maybe by Violent Revolution. Rather than giving some weightage to machines, the paper, or the ’capital’, Marx would put all his eggs on the ‘Labor Class’ as he opined that the ‘Capitalist Class’ exploits the Labor Class. He would proclaim that the sole factor which decided the prices of the commodities was the value of the labor as determined by Labor Theory of Value (LTV) and not by the cost of machines and the capital put in for running the various operation of the establishment. There would be no Ownership of property; State becoming the sole proprietor as everything will be nationalized. Countries like the USSR and East Germany, after being separated from West Germany, because of the execution of treaties of WW-II (1945). North Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela also turned Socialists. Their economies (GDPs) will make a part of the present study. Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungry, and China, which also followed the Socialistic pattern, are excluded.
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Zinov’eva, N. G. "Steel industry of the world and of Russia in pandemic environment." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 7 (August 11, 2020): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-7-657-664.
Full textAbstract:
The crisis of the world economy, caused by coronavirus pandemic early 2020, resulted in a recession in demand for steel products, decrease of ferrous metals production. Dynamic of steel production by world regions and separate countries in 2019 and by 4 months of 2020 is presented. Results of IQ-2020 comparing with the analogue period of 2019, published by WSA, showed more than 10% production drop in such countries like Italy, Spain, Belgium, Taiwan, Venezuela and other, less than 10% production drop in the USA, Russia, Japan, India, Germany, Vietnam. Total decrease of production in IQ-2020 in Top-20 countries accounted for about 1%. In Russia, as per Rosstat data, production of steel and rolled products in the IQ-2020 was less by 1.1% comparing with the volume of IQ-2019. Dynamic of prices within the period from April of 2019 till April of 2020 presented for iron ore raw materials, steel billets, rebars, HRC and CRC at the world market. The decrease of steel rolled products import in the USA in January-April of 2020 by 5,8 million tons was noted, which is 28,2 % lower than the volume of January-April 2019. EC countries in IQ- 2020 decreased export of steel rolled products by 11% down to 4.51 million tons, comparing with IQ-2019, import decreased by 20.6% down to 5.7 million tons. China in January-April of 2020 comparing with January-April of 2019 decreased export of steel by 11.7% down to 20.6 million tons, and increased import by 7.4% up to 4.2 million tons. It was noted, that demand increase at the domestic market of China and tariff-wall, imposed by the USA, EC countries and other countries contribute to the decrease of Chinese export. In 2020 further decrease of steel products demand is expected by 6.4%. In EC countries the metal products consumption due to estimation will decrease by 15.8%, in developing countries (without China), as expected, by the results of 2020 the indices will deteriorate by 11.6%. Consumption of steel products in China in 2020 will increase by 1%. In CIS countries and Russia the decrease of steel consumption in 2020 will be about 10%.
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Szymczak, Pat Davis. "World’s Largest Gas-Producing Nations: Natural Gas Will Keep the Lights on for the Next Generation." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 04 (April 1, 2021): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0421-0018-jpt.
Full textAbstract:
Natural gas is almost certain to be the fastest-growing fossil fuel in the global energy mix for decades to come, comprising 28% of the global energy mix by 2050. Together with renewables, natural gas will likely fuel 60% of global electricity production, be it as pipeline gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG), or blue hydrogen. These are among the forecasts that appear in the 2020 edition of the GECF (Gas Exporting Countries Forum) Global Gas Outlook 2050 released in February 2021 and providing short-, medium-, and long-term energy projections based on assumptions regarding macroeconomic conditions, energy prices, and policies. The report is updated yearly and is the flagship publication of the organization, which represents countries that control 71% of global gas reserves. It is unique in that it focuses exclusively on the global gas industry, which today is providing for 23% of global energy needs. Headquartered in Doha, Qatar, the GECF is an intergovernmental organization comprising 11 member countries and nine observer states, established in 2001 by Russia and Iran. Moscow and Tehran had hoped that GECF would eventually morph into a “Gas OPEC” but that never happened. The organization’s analyses and forecasts do, however, present a worthwhile snapshot of how the world’s largest gas producers see the industry. Member states in GECF include Algeria, Bolivia, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Russia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Observer countries are Angola, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Norway, Oman, Peru, and the UAE. Unconventional Gas To Play Growing Role In its report, the GECF noted that unconventional resources will be playing a growing role in the market and that gas producers will need to emphasize unconventional projects to satisfy growing demand, as well as to invest heavily into exploration to identify and tap into new gas reserves and develop greenfield projects. “It is also important to highlight the increasing interest in hydrogen as a lever to support the deep decarbonization of the world’s economies,” Yury P. Sentyurin, GECF’s Secretary General, wrote in his introduction to the annual outlook. In mentioning hydrogen, Sentyurin is speaking about “blue hydrogen” which is produced from natural gas, and which, when combined with CCUS (carbon capture, utilization, storage) can marry commercial and environmental interests, further positioning natural gas as a transition fuel to bridge the gap between fossil fuels and renewable sources of energy. Blue hydrogen is in fact expected to satisfy half of the hydrogen demand projected worldwide by 2050, Sentyurin points out. Policies being set by countries in the European Union have focused more on costly “green hydrogen” produced from renewable sources; but not in the policies of other nations in regions of the world where growth in energy demand is expected to be the highest. Growth in European energy demand is largely flat.
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Feijoo Calle, Ernesto Patricio, and Juan Carlos Feijoo Vera. "LA DIVISIÓN Y CONDENSACIÓN COMO ESTRATEGIA DIDÁCTICA EN EL PROCESO ENSEÑANZA-APRENDIZAJE UNIVERSITARIO." Universidad Ciencia y Tecnología 24, no. 102 (July 18, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47460/uct.v24i102.338.
Full textAbstract:
En el proceso enseñanza–aprendizaje, la didáctica es un instrumento muy efectivo cuando previo a una planificación, se la utiliza adecuadamente. La didáctica proporciona en la docencia universitaria, una mejora continua. Esta propuesta establece desarrollar la creatividad en cada uno de los docentes. El profesor está en la capacidad de dividir y/o condensar contenidos, a niveles que cada uno de los grupos de estudiantes podrán permitir o dejar que los interactúe eficazmente, siempre respetando el umbral pedagógico, el cual no se lo puede traspasar. Esta habilidad de dividir y condensar contenidos, es la que muchos docentes no la desarrollan y continuamente aplican las tradicionales clases magistrales o procesos generales repetitivos, en todas las clases, para todos los grupos de trabajo y durante sus años de profesorado, sin tomar en consideración la heterogeneidad de los grupos de estudiantes, los medios disponibles, el entorno, las nuevas tecnologías, etc. Por lo expuesto, en este trabajo se presenta, en base a fundamentos teóricos, una estrategia para una clasificación de contenidos, basada en la didáctica global y la didáctica breve, las cuales proporcionan los elementos para que el docente divida los contenidos y algunos de ellos los condense, logrando de esta forma un proceso enseñanza–aprendizaje adecuado.
Palabras Clave: didáctica, enseñanza, aprendizaje, capacitación, planificación.
Referencias
[1]A. Medina y F. Salvador, Didáctica General, España, Pearson, 2009.
[2]Universidad del Azuay, Reflexiones sobre la Evaluación Académica marzo 2020, Ecuador, Universidad del Azuay Casa Editora, ISBN 978-9942-822-51-2, 2020.
[3]C. Necuzzi, Centro de Estudios en Diseño y Comunicación, Cuaderno 67, ISSN 1668-0227, 2018.
[4]P. Feijoo y G. Román, «El Trapecio Lógico en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje universitario: Una Propuesta Metodológica», Revista UCT, Venezuela, Vol. 23, Número 93. [En línea] Disponible en: https://www.uctunexpo.autanabooks.com/index.php/uct/article/view/145. [Ultimo acceso: 20 de enero de 2020]
[5]J. Sandí y M. Cruz, «Propuesta Metodológica de Enseñanza y Aprendizaje para Innovar la Educación Superior», Revista InterSedes, 2016.
[6]M. Sánchez, Diseño de medios y recursos didácticos, México, Limusa, 2016.
[7]A. Quiñonez, N. Pérez y W. Díaz, Desarrollo humano, didáctica y creatividad en la educación universitaria, Colombia, Editorial UD, 2015.
[8]D. Prieto, El Aprendizaje en la Universidad, Universidad del Azuay, Ecuador, 2001.
[9]P. Feijoo y L. Núñez, Didáctica en Minería: Potencialización y Concentración del proceso Enseñanza-Aprendizaje, Congreso Universidad 2020, Cuba, 2020.
[10]F. Ciampolini, Didáctica Breve y Didáctica Global, Universidad del Azuay-Cooperazione Internazionale, Ecuador, 1991.
[11]P. Feijoo, Enseñanza de las Matemáticas en el primer nivel de la Escuela de Ingeniería de Sistemas de la Universidad del Azuay, Una Propuesta Metodológica, Ecuador, Universidad del Azuay, 2002.
[12] RedCedia, Diseño, Creación y Evaluación de Objetos de Aprendizaje, Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador, 2017.
[13]M. Sánchez y A. Martínez, Evaluación del y para el Aprendizaje: instrumentos y estrategias, México, UNAM, 2020.
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González Pérez (UPEL-IPB), Francis Carolina. "Editorial." Revista EDUCARE - UPEL-IPB - Segunda Nueva Etapa 2.0 23, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.46498/reduipb.v23i2.4.
Full textAbstract:
En este número de la Revista EDUCARE deseamos presentar un merecido homenaje a quien fuera una de nuestras Directoras Editoras: la Dra. Morela Arráez Belly, quien ha partido físicamente pero cuya labor fue parte del recorrido histórico como órgano divulgativo de la Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador, específicamente del Instituto Pedagógico de Barquisimeto “Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa”, durante el periodo 2006 a 2007. La Dra. Arráez, quien realizó estudios de pregrado y posgrado en nuestra alma mater ,se destacó como docente y miembro ordinario del personal académico de la UPEL IPB en el área de Literatura, investigadora y coordinadora de proyectos, así como participante de las actividades de la Subdirección de Investigación y Posgrado. Por ello, el Consejo Editorial rinde un tributo especial a través de estas líneas y en honor a su memoria, nos comprometemos a continuar la tarea divulgativa que nos fue encomendada y del cual ella formó parte. Desde esta perspectiva, nuestro norte es apuntar incansablemente por la calidad y excelencia en la comunicabilidad y visibilidad del trabajo científico en el área de las Ciencias de la Educación a nivel nacional e internacional, y ajustarnos a los nuevos requerimientos y demandas que las revistas científicas y bases de datos en estos campo constantemente van exigiendo, de modo que los artículos de nuestros colaboradores sean leídos y referenciados por un amplio número de pares académicos y usuarios en el mundo. Así, se presentan en este número, nuevas producciones que buscan desde diferentes ópticas epistémicas analizar y comprender los complejos entornos socioeducativos. En primer lugar, el artículo de las investigadoras venezolanas Tania Peña Vera, Mabelly Matute Ospino y Yasmine González González refiere un estudio titulado Las Prácticas Profesionales de la Licenciatura en Bibliotecología y Archivología de la Universidad del Zulia, cuyo propósito primordial fue identificar el grado de conocimiento de los estudiantes de la Escuela de Bibliotecología y Archivología de la Universidad del Zulia con respecto a los objetivos de las prácticas profesionales de nivel II ; y determinar las fortalezas y debilidades de dichas prácticas. Los resultados revelan que hay motivación, pensamiento ético de justicia y honestidad y enriquecimiento del perfil profesional de los estudiantes, aunque existen debilidades relacionadas con la articulación de directrices entre los tutores académicos y empresariales, entre otros. Luego, se presenta el artículo Redes Sociales: Herramientas Alternativas para el Desarrollo de Competencias Ciudadanas, cuya autoría corresponde a Nely Monterrosa, docente del Ministerio de Educación Nacional de Colombia quien lo realizó con la finalidad de analizar las redes sociales como herramientas alternativas para el desarrollo de competencias ciudadanas y describir la tipología de éstas en el contexto de estudio. En este sentido, concluye la importancia de concretar acciones institucionales que involucren a todos los actores educativos para promover los valores, hábitos, actitudes ciudadanas en su interacción cotidiana. El tercer artículo realizado por los investigadores María Rodríguez-Gámez, Antonio Vázquez-Pérez y Lenin Agustín Cuenca-Álava de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador se presenta en idioma inglés y se titula University Work as a Guarantee of Sustainable Development. Practical Experiences. El mismo, es un informe de investigación que declara los resultados de las experiencias docentes vinculadas a la gestión de la sostenibilidad y el aprovechamiento de las energías renovables como actividades sustantivas de la universidad. Seguidamente, se muestra una revisión documental titulada La Complejidad Paradigmática en el Aprendizaje Significativo de las Matemáticas realizada por el profesor Waldimiro Olivero del Ministerio de Educación Nacional de Colombia y cuyo propósito fue valorar el nivel de evidencia científica que existe sobre el aprendizaje significativo en las matemáticas y su estructura desde el paradigma de la complejidad. Al respecto, argumenta que aún cuando la evidencia demuestra la importancia de las estrategias significativas para el aprendizaje de la matemática, existe una incongruencia con los resultados en las pruebas nacionales e internacionales del alumnado, que remiten a la necesidad de reflexionar acerca de la trascendencia del hacer docente complejo y de una enseñanza más crítica y transformadora. De igual manera, la Dra. María Giuseppina Vanga de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí realiza una revisión documental titulada Environmental Legislation and its Evolution as a Guide For Environmental Education in Venezuela, en la cual presenta una visión general sobre la evolución de la legislación ambiental en Venezuela y de los problemas ambientales actuales para luego discutir y reflexionar acerca de la importancia de una educación ambiental fundamentada en valores ecológicos que promuevan una vida sostenible. Y por último, los profesores Marisol García Romero y Ender Andrade de la Universidad de los Andes presentan una Propuesta para Evaluar Trabajos Especiales de Grado, la cual pretenden contribuyan con la transparencia de los procesos académico-administrativos y la mejora de la calidad de la producción científica de los posgrados en la universidad. Así pues, presentamos este número como una contribución más a cada docente, investigador y académico cuya avidez de conocimientos le motive a continuar en la búsqueda de preguntas y respuestas del quehacer científico educativo, e incluso a conformar nuestro equipo de autores y árbitros a partir de sus propios hallazgos y reflexiones. Msc. Francis GonzálezCoordinadora de Promoción y Difusión de la Investigación UPEL IPB
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Avila Perozo (UPEL-IPB), Elba Francisca. "Editorial." Revista EDUCARE - UPEL-IPB - Segunda Nueva Etapa 2.0 22, no. 3 (January 16, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.46498/reduipb.v22i3.22.
Full textAbstract:
Desde un sentido plenamente integrador, con madurez y excelencia académica, la universidad venezolana a pesar de los momento de inquietud que transita el país, sigue altamente comprometida con el conocimiento científico, humanístico y tecnológico, garante del bienestar social, cívico y cultural, promotora en la formación humana basada en valores y principios universales para así enriquecer el tejido de la sociedad.En este aspecto, Corrales (2007) sostiene que el origen y destino de la universidad se entreteje en el complejo trama del tejido social, porque la educación superior es producto de fuerzas vitales que empujan al desarrollo, a la vez que es el impulso intelectual y volitivo en la transformación social. Contrariamente a la idea que se tiene de las universidades como asientos y reservorios de la tradición, las instituciones universitarias surgen a la vida con el signo del cambio, lo cual nos compromete a asumir una nueva misión de la universidad congruente con las grandes innovaciones de nuestro tiempo.El sistema de educación superior venezolano representado por las universidades, tiene sin duda una responsabilidad ante la sociedad, en su conjunto actúa con firmeza para producir entre otras cosas conocimiento científico socialmente válido, capaz de generar soluciones creativas en las múltiples áreas del quehacer social. En atención a lo señalado la Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador (UPEL), como universidad formadora del docente venezolano apegada a los preceptos constitucionales, concibe a la educación como un servicio público, fundamentado en el respeto a todas las corrientes del pensamiento, motor de la promoción humana, de la transformación y dimensión dinamizadora de condiciones, necesarias para el desarrollo de la persona, de allí la obligación de repensarla como derecho humano y deber social fundamental para garantizar vida de calidad. (Base del curricular UPEL. 2011)Este principio conducen a pensar en el valor intrínseco de la universidad como un bien y patrimonio social, en virtud a lo que ella representa, por su significado para la humanidad entera, la cual transciende al desarrollo económico, cultural, político y social de país, con base en el conocimiento generado desde la docencia, la investigación y la extensión, siendo la investigación el eje vertebral sobre el cual descansa su razón de ser, puesto que desde allí se fortalece la calidad y la excelencia educativa.La esencia de la Universidad está la investigación y claramente así está estipulado en el espíritu de la Ley de Universidades tal como reza en el artículo 3 “Las Universidades deben realizar una función rectora en la educación, la cultura y la ciencia. Para cumplir esta misión, sus actividades se dirigirán a crear, asimilar y difundir el saber mediante la investigación y la enseñanza; a completar la formación integral iniciada en los ciclos educacionales anteriores; y a formar los equipos profesionales y técnicos que necesita la Nación para su desarrollo y progreso”.Es por ello que desde la Coordinación del Programa de Investigación e Innovación Educativa de la UPEL –IPB, institución universitaria formadora de formadores se contribuye al fortalecimiento de las funciones investigativas, interactuando así con la comunidad con alto nivel de pertinencia social. Bajo esta premisa la revista EDUCARE se constituye en un vehículo de excelencia para dar a conocer los resultados de las producciones investigativas generadas en esta y otras universidades, tanto nacionales como internacionales, y con ello servir como órgano divulgativo de los saberes relativos a las teorías y prácticas pedagógicas innovadoras, para así contribuir al mejoramiento de la calidad educativa y por ende al desarrollo del país.En esta nueva edición y para cerrar el año 2018 se promocionan 8 nuevas producciones intelectuales entre ellas tenemos en la modalidad de Informe de Investigación, el trabajo presentado por Mariela Lilibeth Herrera y Celsa Álvarez de la Universidad de Carabobo, titulada Catálogo de errores en el aprendizaje de la teoría de conjunto; esta investigación se centra en la caracterización del aprendizaje del álgebra, específicamente está dirigido a establecer los errores cometidos por los estudiantes del 3º semestre de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la mención Matemática, de la Universidad de Carabobo en el aprendizaje de la teoría de conjunto. En la misma modalidad Teresa Marchán Hernández del Instituto Pedagógico de Barquisimeto (UPEL-IPB) presente su estudio orientado al Aprendizaje de la informática aplicada mediante recurso tecnológico educativo, realizado en estudiantes del programa de educación comercial, acoplado a los procedimientos metodológicos propios del enfoque cuantitativo, guiado por las etapas diagnóstico, diseño y validación bajo el modelo propuesto por Galvis (2000).Por su parte, Myriam Murillo Naranjo de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo Riobamba, y María Giuseppina Vanga Arvelo de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí ambas de Ecuador, nos presentan el trabajo titulado Desempeño laboral de los comunicadores sociales desde una perspectiva de formación profesional, en este artículo de investigación, se aborda la evaluación de la formación profesional de los titulados de la carrera de Comunicación Social, en su desempeño laboral, con el propósito de analizar la relación existente entre ambas aristas, y para explicar esta relación se parte de los aportes de la teoría sobre las variables de estudio.Con el título Rousseau: aportes en educación matemática, Ronnys Jesús Vicent Millán de la Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador. Instituto Pedagógico de Maturín, presenta un ensayo el cual lleva como impronta reflexionar sobre el pensamiento de Rousseau en el Emilio o de la educación, y sus aportes a la educación matemática. Tiene como pretensión, acercar al lector a la propuesta fundamentada en una educación naturalista, que en la primera edad está supeditada a la sensibilidad del niño.De igual manera se publica el artículo, Los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje: un nuevo camino hacia el conocimiento, presentado por Maiby Camacho y Marcos Flores del Instituto Pedagógico de Barquisimeto (UPEL-IPB). A través del mismo se hace una reflexión acerca de cómo los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje representan un horizonte a transitar en la construcción del conocimiento del estudiante, para ello se utilizó la hermenéutica como método para comprender e interpretar los aportes de los autores referenciados.Del mismo modo, Laine Intriago, Verónica Chávez y María Álava de la Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí Facultad de Hotelería y Turismo en Ecuador, nos traen su artículo: Estudio argumental de las construcciones resultativas en la gramática española y su equivalente al inglés, este trabajo parte de las definiciones generales, demostrando su existencia en la lengua española y en la lengua inglesa, y se explica por qué hay más productividad en la lengua inglesa que en la española, analizando los rasgos sintácticos, semánticos y pragmáticos, el significado global de la construcción y las clases semánticas de los verbos más recurrentes en las mismas.Asimismo, Jessica Sáenz, Mercy Rojas y Sonia Saltos de la Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Facultad de Hotelería y Turismo Ecuador, presentan su artículo titulado, Educación y medios de comunicación: incidencias en las formas de conocer y enseñar, el cual tiene como propósito hacer una reflexión en torno a los medios de comunicación y su impacto educativo como herramienta que consiente una conectividad entre el docente, el estudiante, el mundo circundante y la educación como evento comunicativo en la formación del hombre.Finalmente, Alirio José Abreu Suarez perteneciente al Ministerio del Poder Popular Para la Educación (MPPE) Venezuela, presenta una reflexión sobre la vida y obra del maestro Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa, con relación a tres tópicos, la escuela activa, escuelas rurales y estado docente, el mismo lo ha titulado Una mirada al pensamiento educativo de Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa. Los trabajos contenidos en este número, representan una prueba fehaciente del aporte sustantivo de las universidades por parte del hacer docente e investigativo de quienes nos dedicamos a esta importante labor de educar. Por esta razón, el Consejo Editorial sigue brindado este espacio para la divulgación de aquellos trabajos que realmente describen y diagnostican situaciones y aportan soluciones desde las distintas áreas del saber.No podemos cerrar este editorial sin reiterar que nuestras universidades e investigadores venezolanos, hoy más que nunca, siguen comprometidos con el país y hacen frente a las necesidades socio-educativas con la esperanza de obtener un mejor presente y visualizar un futuro de prosperidad que permita recuperar la calidad de vida que todos los académicos por mandato constitucional nos merecemos. Prof. Elba AvilaCoordinadora de Promoción y Difusión de la InvestigaciónUPEL-IPB
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Acosta Lozano, Néstor Vicente, Debbie Shirley Chávez García, Andrade Yucailla Verónica Cristina, and María Isabel González De La A. "Caracterización e identificación morfométrica de las ubres de cabras criollas (Capra aegagrus hircus) de la parroquia Colonche, ubicados en el bosque deciduo de tierras bajas de Ecuador." Universidad Ciencia y Tecnología 25, no. 109 (June 3, 2021): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47460/uct.v25i109.460.
Full textAbstract:
El objetivo fue caracterizar la morfología de las ubres de cabras criollas de Colonche, se evaluaron 73 hembras adultas, las variables fueron, tamaño y ángulo de pezones, profundidad, inserción y conformación general de ubre. Se estableció un análisis estadístico descriptivo para las variables fanerópticas y morfométrica con el software estadístico SPSS versión 20. Los resultados determinaron que las cabras criollas tienen caracteres mamarios con una ubre periforme con un tamaño de pezón 5,23cm, ideal para la producción de leche, un ángulo de inserción fuerte y amplio 5,93cm, con buena profundidad de ubre4,84cm un ángulo de los pezones direccionados verticalmente 6,21cm y una conformación general ideal en casi todas hembras. Las medidas morfológicas de la glándula mamaria de la ubre fueron: profundidad 17,52cm, perímetro 23,59cm, distancia entre pezones 9,12cm, surco intermamario 4,35cm, longitud delpezón 2,60cm, diámetro base del pezón 2,7cm, predominan animales de capa policromada, de pelo corto.
Palabras Clave: Cabras criollas, cisterna, glándula mamaria, pezón.
Referencias
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[25]Suárez, V.H.; Martínez, G.M.; Nievas, J.D.; Quiroga, Roger. J., “Prácticas de manejo y producción en sistemas familiares de cría caprina en las quebradas áridas de Jujuy y Salta RIA”, Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 186 -194, agosto, 2017.
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"The overcoming directions of the structural economic crisis in oil exporters’ countries according the conditions of global oil prices’ instability (at the example of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela)." Journal of Economics and International Relations, no. 9 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2310-9513-2019-9-07.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the dependence of the country's oil export economies (for example, Venezuela) on the state of the world oil markets through the analysis of the individual components of its socio-economic system. The subject of the study is the manifestation of the structural economic crisis in Venezuela in conditions of changes in oil prices in international markets. The goal is to identify the main causes of the structural economic crisis in Venezuela and to generalize the ways to overcome it. Objective: the consequences of the fall of world oil prices in 2014-2016 on the economic situation of Venezuela; A review of economic cooperation between Venezuela and key global players, in particular, the United States, the People's Republic of China, and the Russian Federation; The changes in the socioeconomic situation in Venezuela that were caused by export losses were analyzed and prospective ways of overcoming the crisis are presented. The study used the scientific methods: the method of comparison – in describing the bilateral political-economic relations between Venezuela and the developed countries of the West, on the one hand, and the new geopolitical partners of Venezuela on the other; analytical-empirical, statistical method and others. In analyzing the socio-economic indicators of Venezuela's economic development under conditions of recession, the cause-effect and the method of deduction – in identifying the weaknesses of the Venezuelan economy and the ways of smoothing the contradictions in conditions of oil and export dependence. On this basis, the following results were obtained: it was identified the main causes of the structural crisis in Venezuela and promising ways in stabilization of the monetary and financial situation in the economy (in particular, the introduction of cryptocurrencies with an attachment to oil as an additional source of financial resources in the country and searching the new sources of loan financing with using of the geopolitical aspect. Conclusions: the economic crisis in Venezuela caused by the over-dependence of economic development on oil exports and due to the ineffectiveness of the socio-economic system’s elements. The alignment of world prices does not allow for a deep recession’s quickly emerging, therefore, price fluctuations in world markets will aggravate the internal economic position and will provoke a socio-political crisis in the country.
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Hernández, Pablo, Andrés Carmona, Maria S. Tapia, and Siloyde Rivas. "Dismantling of Institutionalization and State Policies as Guarantors of Food Security in Venezuela: Food Safety Implications." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 (February 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.623603.
Full textAbstract:
Historically, Venezuela was recognized as a country with solid government food safety policies, science-based legislation, clear national food security goals, strict standards for domestic food production and imports, and a system of institutions committed to ensuring safety and quality along each step of the food chain. Major institutions that aimed to insure people's welfare, nutrition and food availability, and safety were created between 1936 and 1949. Remarkable progress was achieved in terms of control of tropical maladies and fight against hunger and malnutrition. The National Institute of Hygiene set the standards for food safety and the continuous surveillance of available foods. The National Codex Alimentarius Committee was officially created in 2001. Nowadays, the situation has dramatically deteriorated as indicated by a severe decline of national food production and a strong dependence on food imports, whose prices make them inaccessible to the majority of Venezuelans. In response to the humanitarian crisis, the government created a food program, the so-called Local Supply and Production Committee (CLAP), to distribute basic foods at reduced prices but with clear intentions of social and political control of the population. Currently, CLAP products come from government imports at a preferential exchange rate. Under the umbrella of an economic emergency decree, many food safety regulations and surveillance protocols have been relaxed or eliminated, often resulting in the acquisition of low-quality items that do not meet Venezuelan food preferences or quality standards. The objective of this work is to describe, through the Venezuelan case, how the food security infrastructure of a country can be dismantled. We address (1) the development of institutions dedicated to promoting food security and nutrition and the recent dismantling of the sector; (2) the creation, characteristics, and weakness of the CLAP program; and (3) the current food insecurity crisis and the attempts to provide humanitarian help to the Venezuelan population.
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Beyer Kessler, Walter Otto. "LOS CUATRO ASES DE LA BARAJA: UN TRÍO DE EDICIONES PRODUCIDAS EN CARACAS DEL LIBRO ELEMENTOS DE GEOMETRÍA DE LEGENDRE MÁS … UNA(S) EXTRAVIADA(S)." PARADIGMA, June 30, 2020, 979–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.37618/paradigma.1011-2251.2020.p979-1003.id806.
Full textAbstract:
Esta investigación tiene como centro el estudio comparativo de tres ediciones venezolanas de los Elementos de Geometría de André Marie Legendre, libro ampliamente usado en Venezuela. La indagación se realizó siguiendo el método histórico y la metodología de análisis de textos históricos. Se dispuso de la existencia de ejemplares de estas ediciones accesibles en las Bibliotecas Nacional de Venezuela, de la Universidad Central de Venezuela y en la personal del investigador. Se hace una descripción del ejemplar de la obra de cada edición, considerando y comparando entre sí diversos elementos constitutivos del texto. Se detalla lo referido a la traducción del impreso, determinándose qué componente nacional estuvo presente y el papel jugado en ello por el ingeniero Jesús Muñoz Tébar. Entre los resultados destacables están: la obra circuló en Venezuela al menos desde 1841 prolongando su presencia hasta bien entrado el siglo XX; la primera edición venezolana disponible es la de 1854: una impresión (sin las notas) de la traducida por Gilmán publicada en París en 1827. La de 1854 es la edición hispanoamericana más antigua hallada hasta ahora; la parte de geometría y la de trigonometría se publicaron en las ediciones analizadas en un solo volumen, siguiendo el patrón de la francesa; en las ediciones consultadas, posteriores a la de 1854, las partes de geometría y de trigonometría tienen diferentes fechas de edición; la edición de 1908/1895 tiene las figuras intercaladas en el texto. Desde 1873 se ha vinculado a Muñoz Tébar con la traducción, pudiendo determinarse qué él es efectivamente el traductor de esta edición del texto y de las subsiguientes tiradas que se hicieron en Venezuela.Palabras clave: Enseñanza de la Geometría, Legendre, Libros de geometría, Elementos de GeometríaOs quatro ases do baralho: um trio de edições produzidas em Caracas do livro Elementos de Geometría de Legendre e mais ... várias que estão perdidasResumoEsta pesquisa enfoca o estudo comparativo de três edições venezuelanas dos Elementos de Geometria de André Marie Legendre, um livro amplamente usado na Venezuela. A investigação foi realizada seguindo o método histórico e a metodologia de análise de textos históricos. Havia cópias disponíveis dessas edições acessíveis na Biblioteca Nacional da Venezuela, na Universidade Central da Venezuela e na pessoal do pesquisador. É feita uma descrição da cópia do trabalho de cada edição, considerando e comparando entre si vários elementos constituintes do texto. É detalhado o que se refere ao a tradução do impresso, sendo determinado qual componente nacional estava presente e o papel desempenhado pelo engenheiro Jesús Muñoz Tébar. Entre os resultados notáveis estão: a obra circulou na Venezuela pelo menos desde 1841, prolongando sua presença até o início do século XX; a primeira edição venezuelana disponível é a de 1854: uma impressão (sem as notas) da traduzida por Gilmán publicada em Paris em 1827, sendo a da 1854 a mais antiga edição hispano-americana encontrada até agora; a parte da geometria e a parte da trigonometria foram publicados nas edições analisadas em um único volume, seguindo o padrão francês; nas edições consultadas, subseqüentes à de 1854, as partes da geometria e da trigonometria têm datas de edição diferentes; a edição de 1908/1895 tem as figuras intercaladas no texto. Desde 1873, Muñoz Tébar está vinculado à tradução, e pode-se determinar que ele é realmente o tradutor desta edição do texto e das edições subsequentes que foram feitas na Venezuela. Palavras chave: Ensino de geometria, Legendre, Livros de geometria, Elementos de GeometriaThe Four Aces of the Deck of Card: a Trio of Caracas´s Editions of the Legendre´s book Geometry Elements plus ... several that are lostAbstractThis research focuses on the comparative study of three Venezuelan editions of the Elements of Geometry by André Marie Legendre, a book widely used in Venezuela. The investigation was carried out following the historical method and the methodology of analysis of historical texts. There were available copies of these editions accessible in the National Library of Venezuela, the library of the Central University of Venezuela and a copy of the researcher. Adescription of the copy of the book of each edition is made, considering and comparing among themselves various constituent elements of the text. Details regarding the translation of the book are discussed, determining which national component was present and the role played in it by the engineer Jesús Muñoz Tébar. Among the notable results are: the work circulated in Venezuela at least since 1841, prolonging its presence until the beginning of the 20th century; the first Venezuelan edition available is that of 1854: a print (without the notes) of the one translated by Gilman published in Paris in 1827. The 1854 printing is the oldest Spanish-American edition found so far; the geometry part and the trigonometry part in the editions analyzed were published in a single volume following the French pattern; in the consulted editions, subsequent to that of 1854, the parts of geometry and trigonometry have differentedition dates; the 1908/1895 edition has the figures interspersed in the text. Since 1873 Muñoz Tébar has been linked to translation, and it can be determined that he is indeed the translator of this edition of the text and of the subsequent editions that were made in Venezuela.Keywords: Geometry Teaching, Legendre, books of Geometry, Elements of Geometry
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Johnson, Jackie. "Bitcoin and Venezuela's Unofficial Exchange Rate." Ledger 4 (August 2, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2019.170.
Full textAbstract:
Using Bitcoin trading data in Venezuelan bolivars from the LocalBitcoins peer-to-peer market place and using the theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), Bitcoin, as a single universal asset, is substituted for the ‘basket of goods’ normally used in the PPP, allowing the estimation of the relationship between the Venezuelan bolivar and the United States dollar. In this analysis Bitcoin is used as a tool to enable the calculation of the bolivars to dollars unofficial exchange rate and consequently the implied inflation rate. Using Bitcoin’s publicly available prices in this way enables a government’s economic mismanagement to be identified more quickly than the typical approach of measuring changes in the Consumer Price Index. Venezuela is currently in crisis, which this approach identifies as a problem as far back as 2014, as official and unofficial exchange rates diverge and inflation rates increase yearly reaching an unbelievable 70,000% in 2018 alone.
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"Venezuela’s Sovereign Debt Restructuring: The Elephant in the Room." Journal of Investing, August 1, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/joi.2018.27.3.011.
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Dealing with Venezuela’s sovereign debt crisis is very different than it was during the 1980s and 1990s. The problem is much larger than oil prices; the entire economy has collapsed, including PDVSA. But beyond oil, there is politics. The government in Venezuela is an internationally sanctioned kleptocracy, ruling a country in grave social and humanitarian crisis, despite its possession of abundant natural resources, and regime change is not at all certain. Therefore, there are legal as well as reputational hazards, and moral and ethical considerations in Venezuela’s debt crisis. This article analyzes possible political scenarios, including the prospect of a transitional scenario within the current regime, for their impact on all forms of sovereign debt restructuring.
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Bencomo, Juan Carlos, Hugo J. Montesinos, Hugo M. Montesinos, and Jose Roberto Rondo. "Estimating Venezuelas Latent Inflation." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 7, no. 4 (February 15, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v7i4.3249.
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Percent variation of the consumer price index (CPI) is the inflation indicator most widely used. This indicator, however, has some drawbacks. In addition to measurement errors of the CPI, there is a problem of incongruence between the definition of inflation as a sustained and generalized increase of prices and the traditional measure associated with the CPI. We use data from 1991 to 2005 to estimate a complementary indicator for Venezuela, the highest inflation country in Latin America. Latent inflation is defined as that component of measured inflation that has no impact on real output in the long-run. This notion, consequently, is consistent with a vertical long-run Phillips curve and therefore it is grounded on economic theory. Latent inflation is constructed placing dynamic restrictions on a structural vector auto regression system. We find that latent inflation reflects more closely the generalized and sustained price increases most likely to be impacted by monetary policy. Our results are consistent with the identifying restrictions and with the theoretical definition of inflation.
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Arsov, Aleksandar. "Oil Prices Put a Squeeze on Russian, Iranian and Venezuelan Economies?" SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2571967.
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"Lower prices, more refineries and an embarrassing move by Venezuela." Oil and Energy Trends 30, no. 12 (December 13, 2005): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7992.2005.301206.x.
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"OPEC pleased as prices rise and stocks fall, Venezuela suffers and Brazil puts refineries on sale." Oil and Energy Trends 43, no. 5 (May 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.12568.
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"Colombia." IMF Staff Country Reports 20, no. 104 (April 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513536965.002.
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Before the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic, Colombia’s economy had remained resilient—owing to very strong policy frameworks, well-executed policies and immigration from Venezuela. External vulnerabilities increased, however, alongside wider external imbalances. Strong internal demand lifted economic growth to 3.3 percent in 2019 and widened the current account deficit to 4.3 percent of GDP. In the wake of a global shock from the pandemic, Colombia’s economy is expected to contract for the first time in two decades, alongside a looming global contraction, lower oil prices, and tightening financial conditions. In response to disrupted activity, the authorities have adopted a set of measures to boost liquidity and support growth domestically.
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"Colombia." IMF Staff Country Reports 20, no. 148 (May 4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513542867.002.
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Before the Covid-19 pandemic and subsequent global disruption, Colombia’s recovery showed resilience despite a weak external environment thanks to its very strong economic policy framework and timely policy actions. The flexible exchange rate, combined with an inflation-targeting regime, effective financial sector supervision and regulation, and adherence to the fiscal rule, allowed the country to smooth the impact of a large permanent terms of trade deterioration between 2014-2016, laying the foundations for the economic recovery that was underway. Moreover, Colombia made remarkable efforts to receive and integrate a substantial number of migrants from Venezuela that helped boost domestic demand and imports. However, exports were weighed down by unfavorable commodity prices and weak partner country growth. Thus, the external deficit widened, though it was comfortably financed, largely through FDI.
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Marin, Alejandro López de Lara. "Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa y la lucha magisterial por el espacio público venezolano en las primeras décadas del siglo XX." CAMINHOS DA EDUCAÇÃO: diálogos, culturas e diversidades 1, no. 1 (September 13, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/caedu.v1i1.9179.
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El presente artículo analiza la construcción de lo público en Venezuela con base en el trabajo del educador y político Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa, particularmente como dirigente magisterial, fundador de la Sociedad Venezolana de Maestros de Instrucción Primaria (SVMIP) y la aportación en la construcción de una nueva pedagogía inspirada en los preceptos de la Escuela Nueva.La obra y pensamiento educativo se inscriben en la construcción de un nuevo Estado y una nueva política educativa tras la caída de Juan Vicente Gómez en los años treinta. Los planteamientos político-educativos de personalidades como Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa se convierten en un aporte fundamental, tanto para comprender el proceso educativo de su época, como para repensar sus contribuciones.Por lo anterior, el artículo pretende mostrar al lector la importancia de la educación pública en determinados momentos históricos a través de la postura de un educador que encabezó la defensa de lo público en el contexto de los años treinta. Para comprender la importancia de sus experiencias y aportaciones, se requirió del uso de la memoria como proceso de rescate de realidades educativas que hoy parecen ausentes en muchos espacios políticos y académicos.La intención de recuperar la memoria educativa a través del estudio de la obra de Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa, nos permitió dilucidar los valores que hicieron posible la defensa de la educación pública. Esto nos ayuda a crear mayores horizontes en cuanto a las experiencias colectivas, así como a afrontar nuestra realidad actual.
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Ruiz Bolívar, Carlos, and Bettys Arenas de Ruiz. "Errores frecuentes en los trabajos de grado de las Maestrías en Educación." Revista EDUCARE - UPEL-IPB - Segunda Nueva Etapa 2.0 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.46498/reduipb.v11i1.335.
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El propósito del presente estudio consistió en realizar una evaluación de la calidad de los trabajos de grado (TG) que se han producido en los subprogramas de maestrías en educación del Instituto Pedagógico "Luis B. Prieto Figueroa" de la Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador, en la ciudad de Barquisimeto (Venezuela), durante el período 2001-2005. Se utilizó un enfoque metodológico mixto: cuantitativo y cualitativo. Se utilizó una muestra representativa de n = 185 TG. Se utilizó una escala de estimación de 72 reactivos. Los criterios de evaluación empleados fueron: relevancia, pertinencia metodológica, validez interna, actualidad teórica, coherencia y normatividad. Los datos fueron examinados mediante técnicas estadísticas y análisis de contenido. Los resultados indican que no hubo ningún TG en la categoría de "Excelente", sólo el 39 % fue calificado como "Bueno", el 53 % como "Satisfactorio" y un 8 % como "Deficiente".