Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prisión Modelo'

Considerando que la prestación de servicios a la comunidad es una de las penas con mayor efecto resocializador que produce un impacto beneficioso no solo en el autor del delito, sino también en la sociedad y en el sistema penitenciario, en tanto permite la reducción de sus niveles de sobrepoblación carcelaria, la Política Nacional Penitenciaria ha establecido como uno de sus lineamientos la promoción de las penas limitativas de derechos, cuya principal pena es la prestación de servicios a la comunidad. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico sobre el estado situacional de la prestación de servicios a la comunidad nos indica que su imposición y ejecución no es óptima, debido, entre otros factores, a la ausencia de un modelo de implementación que, además de promover su aplicación, permita el control efectivo de su cumplimiento. Por esta razón, esta tesis propone un modelo de implementación que permite superar las deficiencias advertidas en el modelo actual. El modelo propuesto distingue las tres formas que la norma peruana admite para la imposición de la prestación de servicios a la comunidad, dotando a la pena autónoma y sustitutoria de ciertas ventajas respecto a la pena convertida. Asimismo, pretende que todos los actores clave de este modelo tengan roles definidos y responsabilidades claras: la participación activa del condenado, que el Instituto Nacional Penitenciario se constituya como ente rector de las decisiones administrativas, y que el Juez se convierta en el actor principal en todas las etapas del proceso, incluso en la ejecución de la pena, fomentando mecanismos dinámicos y céleres en la toma de decisiones. Lo que se busca es que, en la medida de lo posible, la práctica judicial deje de privilegiar la imposición de penas privativas de libertad, orientándose hacia la prestación de servicios a la comunidad, en concordancia con la política criminal y penitenciaria del Estado Peruano.
Tesis

Despite the unpleasant living conditions in prison, recidivism seems to be an uncontrollable phenomenon. It is evident that prison life is harsh with inmates having to sleep on the floors due to overpopulation, frequently subjected to physical and sexual abuse, and overpopulation leading to numerous communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections. Prison should therefore, be the least favourable ecosystem in which to be incorporated. However, research indicates that thousands of youth return to prison habitually. This study aimed to explore juvenile inmates perceptions of their return to prison. Although recidivism is often measured in terms of the success of rehabilitation programmes, this study focused on eliciting socio-economic factors influencing recidivism.

The privatization of public prisons has caused much controversy in South Africa as well as internationally. However, it should be noted that the level of resistance to privatisation within the South African context has been minimal by international standards. It is not clear what might have contributed to this quiet approach given the fact that there are many anti-privatisation campaigns driven by the labour movement and civil society groups in South Africa. This research investigation focused on the privatisation of prisons and prison services in South Africa and has explored the various advantages and disadvantages that exist in this respect.

The history of prison reform after 1994 was shaped by the relationship between governance and human rights standards
the requirements for both are set out in the Constitution and elaborated on in the Correctional Services Act. Good governance and human rights converge in five dimensions of a constitutional democracy: legitimacy, transparency, accountability, the rule 
of law
and resource utilisation. The new constitutional order established a set of governance and rights requirements for the prison system demanding fundamental reform. It de-legitimised the existing prison system and thus placed it in a crisis. This required its reinvention to establish a system compatible with constitutional demands. The thesis investigates whether 
constitutionalism provided the necessary transformative basis for prison reform in South Africa after 1994. The Department of Correctional Services (DCS) senior management failed to 
anticipate this in the period 1990 to 1994. In the five years after 1994 senior management equally failed to initiate a fundamental reform process. This lack of vision, as well as a number of external factors relating to the state of the public service in the period 1994 to 2000, gave rise to a second crisis: the collapse of order and discipline in the DCS. By the late 1990s the state had lost control of the DCS and its internal workings can be described as a mess &ndash
a highly interactive set of problems in causal relationships. In many regards the problems beleaguering the prison system were created in the period 1994 &ndash
1999. The leadership at the time did not recognize that the prison system was in crisis or that the crisis presented an opportunity for 
fundamental reform. The new democratic order demanded constitutional and political imagination, but this failed to materialise. Consequently, the role and function of imprisonment within the 
criminal justice system has remained fundamentally unchanged and there has not been a critical re-examination of its purpose, save that the criminal justice system has become more punitive. Several investigations (1998-2006) into the DCS found widespread corruption and rights violations. Organised labour understood transformation primarily as the racial transformation of the staff corps and embarked on an organised campaign to seize control of management and key positions. This introduced a culture of lawlessness, enabling widespread corruption. w leadership by 2001 and facing pressure from the national government, the DCS responded to the situation by focusing on corruption and on regaining control of the Department. A number of 
gains have been made since then, especially after 2004. Regaining control of the Department focused on addressing systemic weaknesses, enforcing the disciplinary code and defining a 
new employer-employee relationship. This has been a slow process with notable setbacks, but it continues to form part of the Department&rsquo
s strategic direction. It is concluded that the DCS 
has engaged with and developed a deeper understanding of its constitutional obligations insofar as they pertain to governance requirements in the Constitution. However, compliance with 
human rights standards had not received the same attention and areas of substantial non-compliance remain in violation of the Constitution and subordinate legislation. Overcrowding, 
violations of personal safety, poor services and/or lack of access to services persist. Despite the detailed rights standards set out in the Correctional Services Act, there is little to indicate that 
legislative compliance is an overt focus for the DCS. While meeting the minimum standards of humane detention, as required by the Constitution, should have been the strategic focus of the 
DCS in relation to the prison population, the 2004 White 
Paper defines &ldquo
offender rehabilitation&rdquo
as the core business of the DCS. In many regards the DCS has assigned more prominence 
and weight to the White Paper than to its obligations under the Correctional Services Act. In an attempt to legitimise the prison system, the DCS defined for itself a goal that is required neither 
by the Constitution nor the Correctional 
Services Act. Compliance with the minimum standards of humane detention must be regarded as a prerequisite for successful interventions to reduce 
future criminality. After 
seven years, delivery results on the rehabilitation objective have been minimal and not objectively measurable. The noble and over-ambitious focus on rehabilitation at 
policy level distracted the DCS from its primary constitutional obligation, namely to ensure safe and humane custody under conditions of human dignity Throughout the period (1994 to 2012) 
the DCS has been suspicious if not dismissive of advice, guidance and at times orders (including court orders) offered or given by external 
stakeholders. Its relationship with civil society 
 
 
 
organisations remain strained and there is no formal structure for interaction. Since 2004 Parliament has reasserted its authority over the DCS, not hesitating to criticise poor decisions and 
sub-standard performance. Civil society organisations have increasingly used Parliament as a platform for raising concerns about prison reform. Litigation by civil society and prisoners has 
also been used on a growing scale 
to ensure legislative compliance. It is concluded that prison reform efforts needs to refocus on he rights requirements set out in the Correctional Services 
Act and approach this task in an inclusive, transparent and accountable manner. 
 

Past work related to the private prison system has focused on direct comparisons between private and public facilities, including their respective quality, cost-effectiveness, and influence on recidivism. Using 2005 United States data compiled from a prison facility census, county census, and information on number of arrests by county, I examine the effect that the presence of private prisons has on the number of adult male arrests per county. Across four regression models, I initially find a significant effect of private prisons on arrests, but find that effect becomes insignificant once county and prison controls are accounted for. This suggests that the presence of a private prison in a particular county does not necessarily lead to a significant increase or decrease of arrests in that area.

People outside of prison tend to imagine sex in prison as violent gang attacks on defenceless individuals, but in actual fact, sex in prison is more complicated than the isolated gang rapes that take place. For the purpose of this study, the researcher followed the qualitative research approach from a constructivist perspective to understand how participants portrayed or constructed their experiences of victimization and/or perceprion of rape.

CHDS State/Local
Prison radicalization has been identified as a potentially significant threat to Americas homeland security. When considering the inmate population currently housed within the Federal Bureau of Prisons with a terrorism nexus and the fact that 95 percent of our inmate population will return to our communities, the need for a proactive posture to prison radicalization becomes evident. Currently, the United States has no prison deradicalization program. This thesis provides a comparative analysis of two deradicalization/disengagement programs currently utilized in Singapore and Saudi Arabia. The analysis identifies externally valid data that provides the basis for recommendations for United States correctional policymakers in building a framework for a United States prison deradicalization model. This thesis also examines the current literature, relevant to prison radicalization and the prison environment that may promote prison radicalization. Through an analysis of these environmental elements, specific recommendations are made that attempt to counter the contributing factors, within the prison environment, that make the prison setting a fertile ground for radicalization.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Circles of Support and Accountability (CoSA) have been established in the UK since 2002. Their aim is to support individuals convicted of sexual offences in their reintegration, whilst at the same time holding them accountable for their behaviour. The CoSA model used within the UK has, until recently, been a community one with CoSA beginning once the Core Member (ex-offender) has been released from prison. In 2014, the first UK prison-based model of CoSA was established at HMP Whatton by the Safer Living Foundation charity. The CoSA are designed for elderly (55+) and Intellectually Disabled (ID) individuals convicted of sexual offences, who are assessed as high to very-high risk of reoffending. The research in this thesis was the first to consider a CoSA of this type. The empirical studies provide an in-depth exploration of the experiences of the Core Members as they progressed through the new prison-model CoSA. In addition, how the Core Members construed their self and others was considered along with the volunteers' perspectives of being involved in the prison-model CoSA. Studies one, two and three focused on the Core Members’ journey on a prison-model CoSA. Data were collected at three time-points; just before they started the CoSA and continuing with them through the transitional period of release. A semi-structured interview and repertory grid was conducted with each participant at each time-point. This was the first time the triangulation of these methods had been used with any model of CoSA. The analysis from the first study (n=9) indicated a turning point in the participants' journeys with regard to how they construed themselves and their previous offending behaviour. This signified the first stages of the desistance process according to the Gӧbbels, Ward and Willis' (2012) Integrated Theory of Desistance from Sex Offending (ITDSO). The identity change and cognitive transformation identified within the first study had developed further by the second study (n=6). A reconstruction of the self, said to represent the second phase of the ITDSO, was evident within the Core Members in this study. Despite the support of the CoSA, however, anxieties remained, or even increased slightly, the closer they came to leaving prison. The findings from the third study (n=7) indicated that, once in the community for a few months, the participants appeared to be within the re-entry phase of the desistance model. Barriers to successful reintegration were present however, which threatened to strip away their newly developed sense of agency. At this stage, therefore, it could not be determined whether the participants would reach the final stage of the ITDSO model; 'normalcy/reintegration' whereby an individual is able to maintain their commitment to change. The fourth study involved semi-structured interviews with the prison-model CoSA volunteers (n=10). The findings provided further evidence for how the prison-model CoSA may be best placed to support Core Members, in their progression towards desistance, over the transitional period of release from prison. Research to explore this further is now required.

While extensive research has been conducted on the causes of intimate partner violence in the community, very little is known about rates and predictors of domestic violence perpetrated by offenders who have recently been incarcerated. Some evidence suggests that formerly incarcerated individuals may be at an increased risk to perpetrate intimate partner violence during the transition from prison to the community (e.g., Hairston & Oliver 2006; Hilton, Harris, Popham, & Lang, 2010; Oliver & Hairston, 2008). The primary goal of this dissertation was to examine the extent to which former inmates engage in domestic violence during the transition from prison to the community. A second goal of this dissertation was to determine the independent and interactive effects of selected individual, situational, and social-structural factors on post-prison domestic violence. The current dissertation project involved a retrospective study of data collected from n = 1,137 formerly-incarcerated male offenders who were released from state prison between 2004 and 2009. Data regarding individual-level factors of borderline and antisocial personality characteristics and exposure to family-of-origin violence were extracted from institutional records. Additional individual-level demographic characteristics including offenders' age, ethnicity, education need, marital status, number of children, crime of conviction, length of incarceration, and participation in correctional rehabilitation programs extracted from institutional records were also considered. The situational-level factor of offenders' employment after prison release was also collected from institutional records; and the social-structural factor of neighborhood disadvantage was collected from information available in offenders' community supervision records and Census tract-level data. The outcome measure of post-prison domestic violence was gathered from local law enforcement records. Data were entered into statistical models to predict post-prison domestic violence. Main effects on post-prison domestic violence were examined for each of the individual-level demographic characteristics, borderline and antisocial personality features, exposure to family-of-origin violence, employment, and neighborhood disadvantage. Interactive effects on post-prison domestic violence were examined between borderline and antisocial personality characteristics, exposure to family-of-origin violence, employment, and neighborhood disadvantage. Significant predicted main effects on post-prison domestic violence included age, ethnicity, education need, number of children, violent criminal history, attendance of substance abuse treatment in prison, witnessing interparental violence as a child, and neighborhood disadvantage. Significant predicted interaction effects on post-prison domestic violence included the interaction between physical abuse as a child and neighborhood disadvantage. Implications for policies regarding post-prison supervision sentencing, housing, and the advancement of programming to prevent intimate partner violence during the transition from prison to the community are discussed. Contributions to the literature on intimate partner violence, environmental transition theory, and ecological theoretical frameworks are also addressed.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma Teoria de Mercados Financeiros com custos de penalidade. Os custos de penalidade sao atribuídos a posicoes vendidas a descoberto. Estes custos diferem dos custos de transacao, pois nao dependem de mudancas nas estrategias de negociacao. No caso da venda de acoes a descoberto, o agente aluga a ação e depois realiza a venda; nesse caso, o custo de penalidade representa o custo do aluguel. Para o caso do título livre de risco, o custo de penalidade representa o diferencial ou spread no custo para o agente tomador de recursos (credito). O trabalho e desenvolvido em um espaco de estados discreto e finito; a matematica envolvida e a mesma dos textos tradicionais de finanças e envolve conceitos de algebra linear, programacao linear e calculo estocastico discreto. A utilizacao dessa estrutura vem ao encontro dos objetivos deste trabalho que consistem em introduzir uma nova teoria sem perder a intuicao financeira ou a capacidade de implementação computacional, ou seja a aplicacao pratica dos conceitos desenvolvidos. Iniciamos o estudo para o caso Uni-Período e em seguida estendemos os resultados para o caso Multi-Período. Em particular, apresentamos as condicoes necessarias e suficientes para a nao existencia de arbitragem; vale notar que essas condicoes se tornam as mesmas do modelo tradicional quando os custos sao nulos. Mostramos ainda que a condicao necessaria e suficiente para que o modelo seja completo e a mesma no modelo com penalidade e tradicional. A introducao do custo de penalidade implica na existencia de uma diferenca no valor da estrategia replicante do título contingente -X e X; os precos iniciais destas estrategias serao denominados preco de compra e preco de venda, respectivamente. Por fim, mostramos que sob certas condicoes podemos construir um algoritmo para calcular uma estrategia maxima que replica um título contingente de forma consistente, ou seja, podemos calcular os precos de venda e compra de um título contingente sem que exista arbitragem.
In this work we present a financial theory with penalty costs on short selling positions. Penalty costs differ from transaction costs for they do not depend on changes on trading positions (strategies). In the case of short selling in stocks, the investor borrows and then sells the position; in this case, the penalty costs are associated with the borrowing rate. For the risk free asset the penalty costs are associated with the spread between the credit and deposit rates. The work is developed in a discrete and finite framework; the mathematics involved is the same found in traditional financial literature; roughly, it runs through concepts of linear algebra, linear programming and discrete stochastic calculus. This framework is aligned with the objectives of this work which consist of developing a new theory without losing its financial intuition or the computational feasibility to implement solutions; in other words, the ability to apply the theory in practical applications. We begin by studding the Single-Period case and then extend the results to the Multi-Period case. In particular we present the necessary and sufficient conditions for the non existence of arbitrage, these conditions become the same as in the traditional model if the penalty costs are zero. Also, we show that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the model to be complete are the same in both cases. The introduction of penalty costs induces a difference in the costs of replicating the contingent claims -X and X; the replicating prices will be denominated bid and ask prices, respectively. To finish, we show that under certain conditions we can build an algorithm to calculate the maximal replicating strategy in a consistent manner, that is, we can calculate the bid and ask prices free of arbitrage.

This paper addresses the under representation of Black and minority ethnic (BME) sex offenders in the sex offender treatment programme (SOTP) of the prisons of England and Wales. The proportional over representation of BME men in the male sex offender population of the prisons of England and Wales has been noted for at least ten years. Similarly the under representation of BME sex offenders in prison treatment programmes has been a cause for concern during the last decade. This paper presents current demographic data relating to male BME sex offenders in the prisons of England and Wales. The paper draws together a wide range of social and cultural theories to develop a tripartite model for understanding the dynamics underlying the non-participation of BME

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This work is born from the researcher's experience within the prison system as a professor of criminology 1997-1999 in various prisons in the state of São Paulo, teaching for prison guards, commonly called jailers. From his observation sharp difference among their students and others, given that the training provided by the Penitentiary Academy at the time was planned for the prison model was modified with a new mindset for these professionals. For various reasons, the group of teachers was extinguished and the training course for prison guards was destroyed, and thus the formation of the new agent became ill, hurting himself and the social group they belong to. Faced with so many problems arising from the expansion of prisons in Sao Paulo, and the huge increase of prisoners within the São Paulo prisons, it had to rescue the technical course on prison security officer training from 1997 to 1999 and from this experience design, the final conclusions some targets in the emergence of new business resulting from this experience, as well as the formation of criminologists and some goals to be met in prison
O presente trabalho nasce da experiência do pesquisador dentro do sistema penitenciário como professor de criminologia de 1997 a 1.999, em diversos presídios no Estado de São Paulo, dando aulas para agentes de segurança penitenciária, vulgarmente chamado de carcereiros. De sua observação nota nítida diferença entre seus alunos e os demais, tendo em vista que a formação fornecida pela Academia Penitenciária na época foi planejada para que o modelo de prisão fosse modificado com uma nova mentalidade para estes profissionais. Por diversos motivos, o grupo de professores foi extinto e o curso de formação de agentes de segurança penitenciária foi destruído, e assim a formação do novo agente se tornou precária, prejudicando a ele próprio e ao segmento social que pertencem. Diante de tantos problemas decorrentes da expansão de presídios em SP, e o aumento enorme de presos dentro das prisões paulistas, foi preciso resgatar o curso técnico de formação de agente de segurança penitenciária de 1997 a 1999 e a partir desta experiência projetar, nas conclusões finais, algumas metas dentro do surgimento de novos profissionais decorrentes desta experiência, bem como a formação de criminólogos e algumas metas a serem cumpridas na prisão

Since the war on drugs in the 1980s, the United States has seen an exponential rise in the number of imprisoned individuals. This increase has been particularly dramatic for women. Nationwide, the population of women in prison has grown by 834% over the past 40 years, more than double the growth rate of men. Compared with incarcerated men, women in prison have higher rates of substance abuse, histories of physical and sexual abuse, mental illness, infectious disease and chronic illness. Most women in prison are defined by a challenging intersection of lower socioeconomic status and largely racial, ethnic, and minority gender status. This combination of identity factors both contributes to their health disparities and influences their experiences with health care. Given that the majority of women in prison are of reproductive age, gynecological care is a central aspect of women’s overall health care. However, women in prison are a small minority of the overall incarcerated population, and because of this, their gender-specific health needs are frequently unacknowledged. Using a feminist epistemology, this qualitative multiple case study provides an examination of the experiences of women before prison and in prison with gynecological care and prison staff’s experiences providing this care. The Gelberg Andersen Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations is adapted here for the study of women in prison. The model explains factors enabling and impeding women’s utilization of health care services, including previous health care experiences, prison infrastructure, and personal autonomy. Women in contact with the criminal justice system face difficulties accessing health care both outside and inside prison. Barriers on the outside included lack of health insurance, being addicted to drugs, and prioritizing children’s needs first. On the inside women cited a lack of confidentiality, the absence of trust in providers, and the inability to participate in treatment decision-making. In the case of women in prison, multiple external oppressions result in internalized negative beliefs. Such feelings of powerlessness, lack of control, curtailed agency, and threatened self-worth ultimately influence how women experience gynecological care in prison. Policy, practice and research implications are provided to meet the gender specific health needs of women in prison.

En España se identifica un déficit significativo de estudios que aborden el encarcelamiento, y particularmente el encarcelamiento femenino, desde una perspectiva crítica y feminista. Esta tesis busca ofrecer evidencias empíricas y herramientas conceptuales que contribuyan a cubrir ese vacío y, asimismo, pretende alimentar los debates internacionales actuales en la materia. Con este fin, el objeto de estudio elegido es la política penitenciara dirigida a las mujeres presas en el marco de las iniciativas en materia de igualdad impulsadas en España desde finales de la primera década del siglo XXI. En particular, la tesis analiza la implementación de un nuevo programa de intervención, denominado Módulo de Respeto (en adelante, MdR), en los centros y departamentos con presencia de mujeres. Respecto al marco teórico, la investigación se enmarca, en primer lugar, en los campos de estudio de la sociología jurídica y la criminología y, específicamente, se sitúa en el ámbito de los estudios en criminología feminista, sociología jurídica, sociología del castigo o sociología de las prisiones con enfoque de género, tanto a nivel internacional como en el ámbito español. Dentro de los estudios de la criminología feminista a nivel internacional, la tesis parte del enfoque feminista en el análisis del encarcelamiento femenino que concibe el género como un principio articulador de las formas institucionales de control social y castigo. A la vez, se enmarca en la promoción de un análisis interseccional que reconozca y examine las formas que adoptan diferentes ejes de discriminación como el género, la clase, la raza, la sexualidad, la edad, la religión, la discapacidad, entre otras, cuando operan simultáneamente sobre ciertos grupos y en contextos específicos, particularmente, su concreción en el caso del encarcelamiento femenino. La metodología de investigación utilizada es el estudio de caso múltiple (Yin, 1994). En concreto, se han seleccionado tres centros penitenciarios con MdR de mujeres en los que se han realizado observación directa no participante y entrevistas en profundidad semiestructuradas con profesionales y mujeres presas. La metodología de los estudios de caso se ha visto acompañada de un abordaje más general de la situación del encarcelamiento femenino, las políticas de igualdad y la incorporación de los programas de intervención. Esta se ha realizado mediante la utilización de fuentes de información secundaria y la recogida de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos a través de fuentes de información primaria. La tesis ha permitido corroborar que el sistema penitenciario sigue atravesado por los principales rasgos de una cultura patriarcal y androcéntrica que permea sus prácticas, discursos y dinámicas a todos los niveles y que las medidas impulsadas en materia de igualdad no consiguen eliminar. Así, la investigación ha desvelado cómo el fomento de programas neutros en cuanto al género, como los MdR, lleva a una disciplina cada vez más severa y a una atención inadecuada de las necesidades de las mujeres encarceladas. Asimismo, en los valores, discursos y prácticas de los MdR también se han podido identificar rasgos de las nuevas formas de castigo identificadas en la línea teórica del análisis del neoliberalismo penal. Estas nuevas formas, en su interacción con las prácticas tradicionales del castigo de las mujeres, refuerzan la disciplina, el control y la obediencia, al tiempo que se apoyan en estereotipos de género, raza y nacionalidad. Ahora bien, a pesar de las desigualdades de poder entre la institución penitenciaria y las mujeres presas, estas siguen ejerciendo prácticas de resistencia que frecuentemente descansan en una relectura de los rasgos asociados con la feminidad normativa impuesta.

Detta examensarbete gjordes i samarbete med Boda Borg Torpshammar där jag fick i uppdrag att ta fram ett förslag till ett nytt quest. Questet skulle ersätta ett tidigare och behövde därför ha ungefär samma svårighetsgrad och samma fysiska nivå. Jag har under projektets gång genomfört tester och brukarstudier för att ta fram hinder och utmaningar samt arbetat fram ett gemensamt tema. Avslutningsvis har jag byggt en fysisk modell som visar förslaget i en skala på 1:10.

Prison privatisation was recommended to enhance efficiency, economy and innovation as mean to tackle penal crises. Private sector involvement in the prison system was authorized in Mexico without consultation process which would have informed legislators about the wider implications of this penal policy that affect its legitimation. This research examines key questions: the multidisciplinarity of legitimacy; the extent to which legitimacy of private prisons has been examined; the need for a multidimensional evaluative method of legitimacy; and the legitimating factors to be acknowledged and essential in the prison privatisation debate. Considering that policymakers, politicians and practitioners ought to be aware of the implications of prison privatisation and that the legitimisation of this penal policy is utmost, the goal of this thesis is to develop a new methodology to assess the legitimacy of private prisons, based on principles extrapolated from various disciplines and related to particular issues. Private operation of prisons in England and Wales has provided literature that, in addition to a much wider scholarly canon, will be examined to draw lessons for the Mexican case, and to establish principles underpinning particular categories of legitimacy, related to three disciplines: Philosophy, Sociology and Management. Each of these areas is linked to the participants in this phenomenon: governments, society and corporations. The purpose of this research is to add to the debate, which should enter a new stage, since recent developments in the operation of private prisons question their legitimacy. Through the construction of a new evaluative methodology in the form of a meta-model, it contributes to theory and policy about legitimacy and prison privatisation, by providing a guideline to acknowledge the implications and factors of its legitimation, in order to evaluate, re-evaluate or reform this penal policy.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection which is a major cause of death worldwide. TB is a curable disease, however the bacterium can become resistant to the first line treatment against the disease. This leads to a disease called drug resistant TB that is difficult and expensive to treat. It is well-known that TB disease thrives in communities in overcrowded environments with poor ventilation, weak nutrition, inadequate or inaccessible medical care, etc, such as in some prisons or some refugee camps. In particular, the World Health Organization discovered that a number of prisoners come from socio-economic disadvantaged population where the burden of TB disease may be already high and access to medical care may be limited. In this dissertation we propose compartmental models of systems of differential equations to describe the population dynamics of TB disease under conditions of crowding. Such models can be used to make quantitative projections of TB prevalence and to measure the effect of interventions. Indeed we apply these models to specific regions and for specific purposes. The models are more widely applicable, however in this dissertation we calibrate and apply the models to prison populations.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
The objective of this dissertation is the development of a new high-security penitentiary for the city of Coimbra, thus releasing the function of the present penitentiary. This choice was taken because of the obsolete and precarious conditions that the actual prison presents for the inmates and the prison’s staff. The choice of this theme is also justified because of the need of Coimbra’s inhabitants to make use of the actual prison’s building, one of the most historical of the city, for other activities.The theoretical component of this dissertation is focused on studying the origins of incarceration and the way it became a measure of defence for the government and the society itself. A practice that had to became designed in a building with its own spaces for this new way of punishing. For this, it was essential the study of the prison models and the imprisonment systems that were already implemented, following each decade’s preoccupations. This way, we will try to understand what has been failing and missing in the actual imprisonment system and highlight what’s important nowadays, not only for its performance but also for its goal as an institution. Before we delve deeper into the actual Portuguese situation, we investigate case studies of two countries that have a similar political argument as Portugal, based on discipline, respect, education, labour, religion, rehabilitation and socialization. The final part of this theoretical chapter is about the process of assimilation of the actual reality comparing to the historical component of this institution and the way it helps the problems of today.This dissertation ends with a project for a new penitentiary located in the outskirts of Coimbra. Bearing in mind of its objectives such as: punishment, vigilance, control, help, assist, teach and rehabilitation. The major goal is to combat the recidivism and the way society faces the penitentiaries, an essential point for the future of this system.
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma nova penitenciária de alta segurança para a cidade de Coimbra, dispondo-se, assim, a substituir as funções da atual cadeia. A opção do tema surge, em primeira instancia, pelas condições obsoletas e precárias que a prisão apresenta não só perante os reclusos, como dos seus trabalhadores. Longe dos seus ideias para o qual foi concebida à mais de um século, a escolha do tema é também é fundamentada na necessidade há muito diagnosticada por muitos intervenientes da cidade de poderem fazer uso de um dos edifícios mais simbólicos de Coimbra. A componente teórica deste trabalho procura estudar a origem do cárcere e o modo como este se tornou na medida por excelência de defesa em prol do estado e da sociedade. Uma prática que se teve de materializar em edificado com espaços próprios para esta nova forma de punir. Para tal, foi essencial o estudo, não só dos modelos, mas também dos sistemas prisionais que ali eram implementados, seguindo as necessidades e as preocupações de cada época. Deste modo, tentar-se-á entender o que até agora tem falhado no sistema penal e realçar aquilo que é crucial nos dias que correm, não só para o seu desempenho, mas também para o seu objetivo enquanto instituição. Antes de uma análise mais pormenorizada da situação atual portuguesa, investigam-se casos de estudo de dois países que mantêm um discurso político idêntico ao português, baseado na disciplina, respeito, educação, labor, assistência religiosa, reabilitação e ressocialização. A parte final do capítulo teórico reflete sobre o processo de assimilação da realidade atual em relação com a componente histórica da instituição prisional e o modo como esta ajuda e complementa problemas da atualidade. O trabalho completa-se com o projeto para uma nova instituição prisional a situar num local exterior à cidade de Coimbra. Lidando com os objetivos de punir, vigiar, controlar, assistir, ensinar e recuperar, o projeto tem como intenção maior, por um lado o combate à reincidência, por outro, o modo como a sociedade encara os estabelecimentos prisionais, fator crucial para o futuro do tema em questão.

碩士
嶺東科技大學
財經法律研究所
104
Summary of drunk driving cases, whether accident or not, seems to have become a daily news in the social space. Since 1999 after drunken driving crimes acts as a public danger in China, has been increasing penalties for drunken driving committed level, but have ignored the nature of the treatment. Current practice is like putting them in prison, out of sight for the net. Issue appears to be resolved, are actually spawned more problems. Today correction organ in implementation method works department wide strict and Chai of criminal policy, makes prison by shut by Dang shut, researchers is served Yu Taichung prison, see wine driving inmates people into prison Hour most distribution industry Yu short sentence workers field, in work Shang more is directly face-to-face of management, for wine driving inmates people come and go access correction organ, they into prison Hour whether can adapted imprisonment of life, prison party arrangements of counseling education whether can change he of life and habits, is a big problem. Lamentation Hour, understand wine driving inmates people in accept correction at met, for to improve no longer drink driving of occurred. In conducting the study found that, for the mandatory measures corrective treatment must still rely on other environmental conditions of can only be effective in correcting bad behavior and provide advice. This study performed by the Taichung prison for drunk driving case into targeting, the hallmarks of his drunken driving, most of them are in social class and socioeconomic status weakened condition. So wine driving who in into correction organ implementation of wine driving behavior improved Shang, to with shipped fine of Kano model discussion wine driving inmates people in prison implementation of key quality research as view implementation policy Shang of effectiveness and from understand wine driving inmates people in into correction organ incorrect implementation of drunken driving victim treatment reference.

碩士
南華大學
旅遊事業管理學系碩士班
99
Prison tourism is a type of dark tourism. In order to explore prison tourists, this study extends Mehrabian-Russell’s stimulus-organism-response framework by incorporating prison-specific stimuli and including prison-specific measures of emotion. This study examined the relationship among environmental perception, emotions and behavior intentions using Green Island Human Right Culture Park as its research setting. There were 408 valid questionnaires received and the structural equation modeling was used to test the relations among different variables. Using structural equation modeling, this study shows that prison environment can stimulate the emotions of tourists and thus affect their behavioral intentions. The result indicated that prison facilities had significant effects on positive emotions and negative emotions. Results also suggest that positive emotions, such as refreshment and interest, affect the relationship between prison facilities / commentary /antiques and behavior intentions. In conclusion, according to the research result, this research proposed relative suggestions and directions for further researching and can be referenced for the industries, academics and government agencies.

In hierdie studie word die ses Suid-Afrikaanse gevangenisbendes vergelyk met vyftien bendes uit oorsese lande of streke, tw. Amerika, Sentraal- en Suid Amerika, Kanada, Nieu Zeeland en Brittanje. As basis van vergelyking dien hul Oorsprong, Ontstaansdoel, Geslags- en Etniese samestelling, Eienskappe, Gesagstruktuur, Uitkenningstekens en Metodes van kommunikasie. Die verskillende bendes word ook vanuit Penologiese oogpunt beoordeel. `n Spesiale hoofstuk word gewy aan die uniekheid van die sogenaamde "Nommerbendes", tw. die 28, 27, 26, 25, 24 en 23 bendes. Verskeie aspekte soos die ontstaan, rituele en geheimhouding word volledig onder die soeklig geplaas. In die bespreking van die Nommerbendes word `n groot verskeidenheid geheime inligting vir die eerste maal geopenbaar. Die studie word afgesluit met enkele aanduidings van terreine wat roep om verdere navorsing. `n Vyftal bylaes dien om sekere aspekte van die navorsing en gevangenislewe verder toe te lig.
In this study the six South African prison gangs are compared to fifteen prison gangs from foreign countries, namely America, Central and South America, Canada, New Zealand and Britain. The comparison is based on their Origin, Original aim, Gender and Ethnic make-up, Characteristics, Authoritative structure, Gang identifiet·s and Methods of communication. The different gangs are then evaluated from Penological viewpoint A chapter is specially dedicated to the uniqueness of the so-called "Number Gangs", i.e. 28, 27, 26, 25, 24 and 23 gangs. Difierent aspects, such as their common origin, rituals and secrecy, are carefully described. In the discussion of the different Number gangs a large variety of secret information is exposed for the first time ever. The study concludes with some indicators for possible further research. Five Addenda serve to elucidate certain aspects of the contents.
Penology
M.A. (Penology)

Forecast of the size and structure of the prison population in the CR Abstract: Forecasting of prison population in the Czech Republic is almost an unexplored topic. To the whole prison system as a topic is also devoted little space in the literature. The most advanced methods of forecasting of prison populations cannot be used to the Czech data, which are used in countries with a long tradition of it. The data are not connected between Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Interior, and also differ in their definitions. It is therefore necessary to use a simplified method, which correspond to the data sources. The process is also interfered with unexpected external factors such as the amnesty of the President of the Republic on the 1 January 2013. Models for convicted expected forecast decline in their number by the end of 2013 to 12 to 19 thousands. Models further assume that a decline in 2013 would take place, even if there were no amnesty. Models for the accused assume their fluctuation around the same values. Follow-up calculations show that the state would save significantly by the projection models variants and also the burden on prison officers in correctional facilities would be reduced to 2.1 to 3.2 prisoners per guard from the current 3.5 prisoners per guard. Keywords: prison projection,...

Exclusionary discipline policies (Casella, 2003; Christle, Jolivette & Nelson, 2005; Tuzzolo & Hewitt, 2007), academic failure and school dropout are some of the most salient factors in the school to prison pipeline (Christle, Jolivette & Nelson, 2005). While previous research has explored the variability in existing exclusionary discipline policies and identified numerous factors associated with expulsion or criminal justice outcomes among youth, there has been little effort to bring these individual and school level factors together into a single predictive model that is informed by existing criminological theories. In this context, the proposed study will use multiple waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to consider how school discipline policies, demographics, and competing criminological explanations affect the risk of expulsion and then future contact with the criminal justice system. Findings reveal that school-level factors such as severe disciplinary policies, school size, and school type are weak predictors of expulsion and adult arrest. Conversely, measures of social bonding, low self-control, learning, and strain theories show promise in predicting expulsion and arrest outcomes. A history of school disciplinary actions and self-reported delinquency present themselves as the strongest predictors of expulsion and subsequent arrest. Theoretical and policy implications are considered.

One of the fundamental objectives of the criminal justice system in any country is to punish, rehabilitate, deter, incapacitate and reintegrate offenders into communities. The main motive of punishment therefore is to transform criminals into responsible and law-abiding citizens. Parole is acknowledged as an internationally accepted mechanism that allows for the conditional release of offenders from correctional centres into the community and forms one of the most important components of the criminal justice system value chain. The release of the offenders on parole therefore, does not negate the objectives of punishment but entrenches them through setting conditions by which all parolees must abide by. In other words, all offenders released on parole are supervised at all times by parole officials within their communities to ensure that they comply with their conditions. It is for this function- to grant parole to offenders, that the parole boards have been established in different countries. The Department of Correctional Services in South Africa has adopted the independent model of parole which provides for the parole boards that are headed by independent members from the public appointed by the Minister of Correctional Services. Parole is administered by the parole boards and has, as one of its main functions the release of offenders based on their eligibility. The absence of the performance management system for the parole board makes parole board decision making less transparent and government accountability difficult to establish. Performance management systems have been used to strengthen good governance. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the design of a model of performance management of the parole boards in the Department of Correctional Services in South Africa.
Penology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)