Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prism layer'

The aim of the master’s thesis is an investigation of volume mesh quality, turbulent models and models of rotation and their influence on aerodynamic coefficients of rotating wheels. Mesh independence study and near-wall prism layer modelling are also of high importance. Subsequently, the appropriate turbulent model is used for research of wheel rotation on drag and lift on a front and rear axle of the vehicle compared to the stationary case.

Volvo Car Corporation (VCC) uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and wind tunnel during the aerodynamic development of new vehicles. In the past VCC main focus has been on the drag force correlation to the wind tunnel measurements but in recent years improved methods for lift force correlations has been highly wanted. Three objectives were considered in this study to improve the lift force correlation between the CFD simulations and wind tunnel measurements for geometrical configurations of the V60 and S60 models.Poor mesh resolution for the wall bounded flow existed for the VCC mesh method and therefore prisms layers were considered in this thesis to increase the mesh resolution inside the boundary layer.As slick tyres generally were used in the CFD simulations better geometrical correlation was wanted to be studied as it could improve the lift force correlation between CFD simulations and wind tunnel measurements. Therefore detailed tyres were considered in this study.As the coarsest surface mesh size was used for the underbody and the components inside the engine bay, where some of the highest flow velocities occurred, mesh refinements were investigated for engine bay and underbody in this study.The prisms layers improved the predicted behavior for the boundary layer as it captured the large velocity gradients more accurately. Due to this, the skin friction prediction was also improved. Different flow behavior around the front wheels and rear wake occurred due to earlier separation. The different flow field caused an improved correlation for the lift force but worsened correlation for the drag force due to increased pressure at the rear of the cars. However, the front lift force trend correlation for the considered configurations was improved with the prisms layer mesh method.The detailed tyres caused slight more disturbances for the underbody flow which caused more attached flow around the rear of the car hence lowered pressure. Earlier separation around the front wheels also occurred for the detailed tyre geometry as the disturbed flow around the wheels was increased. Slight improved correlation for the front and rear lift forces to the wind tunnel measurements could be seen with the detailed tyre compared to the slick tyre.The mesh refinements for the engine bay and underbody showed significant differences for the flow at the underbody which had significant impact on the flow at the rear wake for the V60 model. Minor differences could be seen for the aerodynamic forces for the baseline configuration for the V60 model while great differences occurred for the configurations affecting the underbody. Due to this significant improved correlation for the front and rear lift force trends were achieved for the underbody configurations with the refined engine bay and underbody mesh method.Conclusions could be drawn that the prisms layer caused earlier separation due to its increased mesh resolution for the wall bounded flow. However, finer mesh resolution was needed inside the boundary layer to ensure consistent separation behavior for both the considered models. Improved correlation for the front lift force could however be seen. The detailed tyre only had minor effects on the flow field and aerodynamic forces and therefore not so important to include for further studies. The refined engine bay and underbody caused significant improved lift force trend correlation to the wind tunnel measurements and should be considered for future studies. To improve the correlation between CFD simulations and wind tunnel measurements increased mesh resolution for the wall bounded flow should be considered to better capture the large velocity gradients close to the wall.

Thesis (PhD (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There are many applications where a Gaussian laser beam is not ideal, for example, in areas such as medicine, data storage, science, manufacturing and so on, and yet in the vast majority of laser systems this is the fundamental output mode. Clearly this is a limitation, and is often overcome by adapting the application in mind to the available beam. A more desirable approach would be to create a laser beam as the output that is tailored for the application in mind – so called intra-cavity laser beam shaping. The main goal of intra-cavity beam shaping is the designing of laser cavities so that one can produce beams directly as the output of the cavity with the required phase and intensity distribution. Shaping the beam inside the cavity is more desirable than reshaping outside the cavity due to the introduction of additional external losses and adjustment problems. More elements are required outside the cavity which leads to additional costs and larger physical systems. In this thesis we present new methods for phase and amplitude intra– cavity beam shaping. To illustrate the methods we give both an analytical and numerical analysis of different resonator systems which are able to produce customised phase and intensity distributions. In the introduction of this thesis, a detailed overview of the key concepts of optical resonators is presented. In Chapter 2 we consider the well–known integral iteration algorithm for intra–cavity field simulation, namely the Fox–Li algorithm and a new method (matrix method), which is based on the Fox–Li algorithm and can decrease the computation time of both the Fox–Li algorithm and any integral iteration algorithms. The method can be used for any class of integral iteration algorithms which has the same calculation integrals, with changing integrants. The given method appreciably decreases the computation time of these algorithms and approaches that of a single iteration. In Chapter 3 a new approach to modeling the spatial intensity profile from Porro prism resonators is proposed based on rotating loss screens to mimic the apex losses of the prisms. A numerical model based on this approach is presented which correctly predicts the output transverse field distribution found experimentally from such resonators. In Chapter 4 we present a combination of both amplitude and phase shaping inside a cavity, namely the deployment of a suitable amplitude filter at the Fourier plane of a conventional resonator configuration with only spherical curvature optical elements, for the generation of Bessel–Gauss beams as the output. In Chapter 5 we present the analytical and numerical analyses of two new resonator systems for generating flat–top–like beams. Both approaches lead to closed form expressions for the required cavity optics, but differ substantially in the design technique, with the first based on reverse propagation of a flattened Gaussian beam, and the second a metamorphosis of a Gaussian into a flat–top beam. We show that both have good convergence properties, and result in the desired stable mode. In Chapter 6 we outline a resonator design that allows for the selection of a Gaussian mode by diffractive optical elements. This is made possible by the metamorphosis of a Gaussian beam into a flat–top beam during propagation from one end of the resonator to the other. By placing the gain medium at the flat–top beam end, it is possible to extract high energy in a low–loss cavity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is verskeie toepassings waar ʼn Gaussiese laser bundel nie ideaal is nie, in gebiede soos mediese veld, stoor van data, vervaardiging en so meer, en tog word die meeste laser sisteme in die fundamentele mode bedryf. Dit is duidelik ’n beperking, en word meestal oorkom deur aanpassing van die toepassing tot die beskikbare bundel. ’n Beter benadering sou wees om ʼn laser bundel te maak wat afgestem is op die toepassing - sogenaamde intra-resonator bundel vorming. Die hoofdoel van intra-resonator bundel vorming is om resonators te ontwerp wat direk as uitset kan lewer wat die gewenste fase en intensiteits-distribusie vertoon. Vorming van die bundel in die resonator is voordeliger omdat die vorming buite die resonator tot addisionele verliese asook verstellings probleme bydra. Meer elemente word benodig buite die resonator wat bydra tot hoër koste en groter sisteme. In hierdie tesis word nuwe fase en amplitude intra-resonator bundelvormings metodes voorgestel. Om hierdie metode te demonstreer word analitiese en numeriese analises vir verskillende resonator sisteme wat aangepaste fase en intensiteit distribusies produseer, bespreek. In die inleiding van die tesis word ʼn detailleer oorsig oor die sleutel konsepte van optiese resonators voorgelê. In hoofstuk 2 word die bekende integraal iterasie algoritme vir intraresonator veld simulasie, naamlik die Fox-Li algoritme, en ʼn nuwe metode (matriks metode), wat gebaseer is op die Fox-Li algoritme, en die berekeningstyd van beide die Fox-Li algoritme en enige ander integraal iterasie algoritme verminder. Die metode kan gebruik word om enige klas van integraal iterasie algoritmes wat dieselfde berekenings integrale het, met veranderde integrante (waar die integrand die veld van die lig golf is in die geval van die Fox-Li algoritme, IFTA, en die skerm metode. Die voorgestelde metode verminder die berekeningstyd aansienlik, en is benaderd die van ʼn enkel iterasie berekening. In hoofstuk 3 word ʼn nuwe benadering om die modellering van die ruimtelike intensiteitsprofiel van Porro prisma resonators, gebaseer op roterende verliese skerms om die apeks-verliese van die prismas te benader, voorgestel. ʼn Numeriese model gebaseer op hierdie benadering wat die uitset van die transversale veld distribusie in eksperimentele resonators korrek voorspel, word voorgestel. In hoofstuk 4 word ʼn tegniek vir die generering van Bessel-Gauss bundels deur die gebruik van ʼn kombinasie van amplitude en fase vorming in die resonator en ʼn geskikte amplitude filter in die Fourier vlak van ʼn konvensionele resonator konfigurasie met optiese elemente wat slegs sferiese krommings het, voorgestel. In hoofstuk 5 word die analitiese en numeriese analises van twee nuwe resonator sisteme vir die generering van sogenaamde “flat–top” bundels voorgestel. Beide benaderings lei na ʼn geslote vorm uitdrukking vir die resonator optika wat benodig word, maar verskil noemenswaardig in die ontwerptegniek. Die eerste is baseer op die terug voortplanting van plat Gaussiese bundel, en die tweede op metamorfose van Gaussiese “flat-top” bundel. Ons toon aan dat beide tegnieke goeie konvergensie het, en in die gevraagde stabiele modus lewer. In hoofstuk 6 skets ons die resonator ontwerp wat die selektering van ʼn Gaussiese modus deur diffraktiewe optiese element moontlik maak. Dit word moontlik deur die metamorfose van ’n Gaussiese bundel na ʼn “flat-top” gedurende die voortplanting van die een kant van die resonator na die ander. Deur die wins medium aan die “flat–top” kant van die bundel te plaas word dit moontlik om hoë energie te onttrek in ʼn lae verlies resonator.

Dans cette thèse nous présentons une solution complète au problème de l’acquisition et de la reconnaissance d'une pièce dans un ensemble de pièces en désordre, à l'aide des informations que nous fournit un capteur de distances. Le système utilise tes données tridimensionnelles obtenues à partir d’un télémètre laser et cherche à trouver une région de la pièce qui se trouve au sommet du vrac et qui va nous permettre de la prendre. L’algorithme calcule la position, l'orientation et l'ouverture de la pince du robot de façon à optimiser le succès de préhension de la pièce. Une fois saisi par le robot, la pièce isolée désormais est montrée au système 30 de façon à la reconnaître et déterminer sa position et son orientation. La reconnaissance et la localisation sont formulées comme un problème de minimisation globale au sens des moindres carrés, sans avoir à taire d’appariement entre caractéristiques de la scène et caractéristiques du modèle. L’algorithme utilise des informations locales: les coordonnées de quelques points sur la surface de l’objet, plus une estimation de l’orientation de la normale de la surface en ces points
This thesis presents a complete solution to the problem of acquiring and recognizing an object among a set of randomly oriented objects in a bin, using range data. The system uses the information from a laser range-finder in order to isolate a workpiece, or more generally, a part of a workpiece to be handled by a robot. The position, orientation and aperture of the gripper are then calculated in such a way so as to optimize the success of prehension. The workpiece is then grasped and "shown" to the 30 system in order to recognize it, and determine its position and orientation relative to the robot hand. The recognition and localization are done with the use of very sparse information. This information is the coordinates of a set of points measured on the object's surface, plus an estimation of the surface normal direction at these points. The problem is formulated as a least-squares minimization problem, using just the geometric constraints available from object models

Several novel techniques for controlling, managing and utilizing high power diode lasers are described. Low pressure water spray cooling for a high heat flux system is developed and proven to be an ideal cooling method for high power diode laser arrays. In order to enable better thermal and optical performance of diode laser arrays, a new and simple optical element, the beam control prism, is invented. It provides the ability to accomplish beam shaping and beam tilting at the same time. Several low thermal resistance diode packaging designs using beam control prisms are proposed, studied and produced. Two pump cavity designs using a diode laser array to uniformly pump rod shape gain media are also investigated.
Ph.D.
Other
Optics and Photonics
Optics

In this thesis, different optomechanical design and adhesive configurations for mounting mirrors and prisms used in a laser system are investigated. Maintaining stability and strength of optical components of a laser device is difficult especially if the system is to be used in military environment. In order to determine the strength of prism mounts to high acceleration levels, mathematical correlations derived by Yoder are used. By use of these mathematical correlations, safety factor of different prism mounts and adhesive configurations are calculated for an acceleration level of 40g. So as to decide most stable mirror mount and adhesive configuration, several experiments are conducted. For the experiments, 5 different optomechanical mounts are designed. Then, 25 mirrors are bonded to the designed mounts with 5 different adhesives. These experiments are done to simulate harsh military environmental conditions such as thermal shock, mechanical vibration and mechanical shock. In the experiments, angular movement of mirrors due to adhesive cure, thermal shock, mechanical vibration and mechanical shock are monitored. Thermal shock is applied between -40º
C and 70º
C with a temperature change of 22º
C/min. On the v other hand, mechanical vibration of 14 grms and mechanical shock of 40g for 6 ms is applied in the experiments. Shortly, this study is done for determination of the most stable mirror and prism mount design and adhesive combination of a laser system subjected to extremely harsh environments.

Drones have become more common, and are commercially available for consumers. Small drones can be used for unauthorized information gathering, or to cause disruptions. This has created a need for safe, effective countermeasures against drones. In this thesis, a method for countermeasures against drone imaging is investigated. The method is based on aiming and focusing a laser beam toward the camera of the drone. The retroreflection from the target is used as a feedback signal. Risley prisms were used to aim the beam, and an electrowetting lens was used to control the focus. Control algorithms based on the method called Stochastic Parallel Gradient Descent (SPGD), line searching and the Kalman filter are presented and evaluated. An experimental setup was used to track a moving target and dazzle a camera, demonstrating the validity of the method. Additionally, a simulation environment was used to estimate the potential performance of the control algorithms in a realistic scenario, under ideal circumstances.

L'utilisation du laser à CO2 dans le domaine biomédical est limitée par l'absence de fibres optiques performantes pour le déport du faisceau IR. Pour élargir son domaine d'application, nous avons réalisé une tête laser miniaturisée (long. 25 cm diam. : 22 mm) pour être prise en main, de puissance de sortie ajustable (0-30 Watts) avec un faisceau de structure et de polarisation contrôlées. Les performances élevées ont été obtenues grâce à une simplification extrême de la structure du laser guide d'onde et à l'excitation RF du milieu amplificateur en régime d'écoulement de gaz. Dans la technologie retenue, nous avons privilégié les solutions à faible coût de revient (utilisation du Nitrure de Bore). Nous avons caractérisé la tête laser (puissance et rendement) dans différentes conditions de puissance d'excitation et de pression du milieu amplificateur. La puissance maximale est de 37 Watts avec un rendement de 10%. Nous avons déterminé les caractéristiques optiques du milieu amplificateur (résistance de décharge, coefficient de gain linéaire et intensité de saturation) et étudié la structure des modes d'émission qui dépend de la valeur d'indice complexe de réfraction du BN que nous avons déterminé à 10 micromètres. Nous avons enfin étudié les possibilités d'utilisation de cette source en milieu hospitalier ou en milieu industriel (blindage de la source, visualisation du point d'impact du faisceau infrarouge et commande de la puissance de sortie)

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de la mise en phase de réseaux linéaires de lasers faiblement couplés, appliquée aux réseaux de lasers à semiconducteur et de microlasers à solide. La mise en phase d'un réseau de lasers constitue unmoyen de dépasser les limitations actuelles des sources laser unitaires et de créer un faisceau de forte intensité lumineuse, à la fois cohérent spatialement (faible divergence) et spectralement (synchronisation de l'émission du réseau sur une seule fréquence). Après une rapide présentation de la définition de mise en phase et des différents modèles développés à cet effet, le premier chapitre est consacré à l'établissement d'une méthodologie générale d'analyse des effets temporels de la mise en phase d'un réseau de lasers faiblement couplés. Cette méthodologie repose sur les équations d'évolution couplées qui sont démontrées à partir des équations de Maxwell et de la théorie semiclassique appliquée au couplage faible de lasers. Puis ces considérations théoriques sont appliquées à l'étude de deux cas particuliers : la mise en phase d'un réseau de lasers à semiconducteur par cavité externe dans le deuxième chapitre et la mise en phase d'un réseau de microlasers à solide par champ évanescent dans le troisième chapitre.

High-peak power laser systems are defined along with a brief introduction of the technology used in their development and application to the project. A review of concepts surrounding optical pulses, focusing on the particular phenomena involved with the ultrafast, follows. Numerical models involving optical pulses are introduced and verified. An extensive description of the laser system is presented, including models used in its design. Data verifying the correct operation of the laser system is presented and interpreted. A dispersion compensation system, including a function model, is introduced, and its application to the laser system is analyzed. An introduction to pulse characterization techniques is presented followed by the design and verification of two different characterization devices. Experiments utlizing the dispersion compensation system and pulse characterization devices are presented and the results are interpreted. Conclusions are made regarding the performance of the laser system models and pulse characterization devices, along with suggested improvements for each. The results of the experiments are discussed including suggestions for future work.

Nous proposons un ensemble de méthodes permettant de résoudre le problème de saisie d'un objet place dans un vrac, la reconnaissance de la prise dans le vrac étant assurée par un système de mesure tridimensionnelle à laser, la saisie de l'objet étant effectuée par un bras de robot à six axes muni d'une pince à deux doigts parallèles. La géométrie du capteur de mesure et le modèle mathématique des cameras sont présentes. La calibration des caméras qui permet la reconstruction tridimensionnelle des mesures est résolue grâce à trois méthodes. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus préconisent l'utilisation de la méthode basée sur le filtre de kalman. La calibration de la position du faisceau laser, qui donne une solution partielle au problème d'ombre dans le champ de vision des caméras, est calculée grâce à trois méthodes, celle basée sur le filtre de kalman s'avérant la meilleure compte tenu des résultats expérimentaux. Un panorama des opérateurs de détection de contour est exposé puis l'opérateur choisi, basé sur la valeur résiduelle absolue, est présenté. Enfin l'algorithme qui calcule la position, l'orientation et l'ouverture de la pince est défini. Cet algorithme explore la scène à partir du sommet du vrac et détermine la prise, sans modèle d'objet a priori, grâce à deux cassures (contour local d'un objet) qui vérifient un ensemble de contraintes géométriques

Ce travail vise à améliorer la description à l'échelle du nanomètre des sols argileux expansifs en utilisant la théorie de la fonctionnelle de densité (DFT). L’eau n’est plus considérée comme un solvant continu mais comme un fluide de molécules polaires individuelles. L'objectif est de reproduire les résultats issus de l'expérience ou de la modélisation numérique tels que la présence de couches d'eau discrètes dans l'espace interfolaire ou la variation de la pression de disjonction avec la distance interfolaire dans le régime de gonflement cristallin. Différents phénomènes physiques de complexité croissante sont successivement étudiés. La taille finie des molécules d'eau est tout d'abord prise en compte en modélisant l'eau comme un fluide de sphères dures traité par la théorie fondamentale de la mesure. La nature polaire du solvant est ensuite implicitement considérée en utilisant un potentiel intermoléculaire de Lennard-Jones pour reproduire les différents types d'interactions de Van der Waals. La nature dipolaire de l'eau est ensuite explicitement modélisée par un fluide dipolaire de sphères dures. Ces deux derniers modèles utilisent une approche perturbative de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de densité dans laquelle les effets de corrélation entre les molécules du fluide sont incorporés. Les ions sont finalement ajoutés afin de compléter la description de la double couche électrique. En vue d'une application au génie civil, l'expression améliorée de la pression de disjonction à l'échelle nanométrique est incluse dans une forme modifiée du principe de Terzaghi appliqué aux argiles expansives non-saturées récemment développée dans notre groupe afin de simuler numériquement le comportement hydro-mécanique des argiles gonflantes lors d’essais d'infiltration d’eau
This work aims at improving the nanoscale description of expansive clayey soils using the Density Functional Theory (DFT). Water is no longer considered as a continuous solvent but as a fluid of individual polar molecules in order to recover existing experimental and modeling results such as the presence of discrete water layers in the interplatelet space or the variation of the disjoining pressure with the interplatelet distance at low hydration level. Different physical phenomena of increasing complexity are successively considered. The finite size of the water molecules is firstly taken into account by modeling water as a Hard Sphere fluid using the Fundamental Measure Theory. The polar nature of the water solvent is then implicitly taken into account through a Lennard-Jones potential averaging the different types of Van der Waals interactions. Next the polar nature of the solvent is explicitly modelized by considering water as a Dipolar Hard Sphere fluid. These two fluid models are studied in the framework of the Density Functional Perturbation Theory in which correlation effects between the fluid molecules are incorporated. Ions are finally added in order to complete the Electrical Double Layer description at the nanoscale. With the objective of an application to civil engineering, the improved expression of the disjoining pressure at the nanoscale is included in a modified form of Terzaghi's effective stress principle for unsaturated expansive clays recently developed by our group in order to numerically simulate the hydro-mechanical behavior of expansive clays during water uptake

Cette thèse CIFRE adresse le développement de diodes laser, émettant à 975nm, de très forte puissance, rendement à la prise élevé, et stabilisées en longueur d’onde pour pompage de fibres dopées Er/Yb et réalisation de lasers à fibre. La thèse a été développée dans le cadre d’un partenariat étroit entre le Laboratoire IMS, le GIE III-V Lab, principal fondeur français de composants à semiconducteurs III-V pour des applications électroniques et photoniques, et THALES Research & Technology à Palaiseau en région parisienne. Un travail en profondeur de caractérisation et d’analyse a porté sur les aspects thermiques qui contribuent, en particulier,à limiter les niveaux de puissance optique de sortie. Dans ce cadre, nous avons réalisé un ensemble de caractérisations complémentaires au GIE III-V lab et à l’IMS nous permettant d’envisager des solutions correctives d’optimisation technologique portant en particulier sur la profondeur de gravure définissant la largeur de la zone d’émission et la nature du substrat dissipateur. Ces solutions ont été proposées à partir de modélisations physiques mises en oeuvre avec un simulateur dédié, propriété de III-V Lab et de simulations par éléments finis thermiques et thermomécaniques (approche multiphysique) de la structure microassemblée définitive. Ces travaux se sont prolongés par la fabrication et la caractérisation électro-optique et thermique de plusieurs structures verticales : LOC (Large Optical Cavity), SLOC (Super Large OpticalCavity) et AOC (Asymetrical Optical Cavity). Les diodes laser de type LOC et SLOC sont stabilisées en longueur d’onde en intégrant un réseau de Bragg (DFB). Une puissance optique de 8W avec une efficacité de 60% a été obtenue ; ce qui permet de situer ces travaux à l’état de l’art international notamment vis-à-vis de ceux publiés par l’Institut Ferdinand-Braun.L’originalité des travaux menés dans cette thèse nous a permis d’avoir accès à une bourse du Cluster européen « Laserlab » (The Integrated Initiative of European Laser Research Infrastructures), pour conduire des campagnes d’expérimentation à l’Institut Max Born à Berlin dans le groupe du Dr J.W. Tomm. Les travaux ont porté sur la caractérisation thermique de ces diodes laser de forte puissance émettant à 975nm, à double hétérostructure symétrique et asymétrique (SLOC et AOC), en utilisant des techniques complémentaires (microphotoluminescence,photoluminescence résolue en temps, spectroscopie de photocourant et mesures L-I pulsées) et permettant d’évaluer le type de contraintes résiduelles apportées par les étapes de report de la diode Laser ainsi que la cinétique de dégradation catastrophique de type COD
This PhD addresses the development of high-power laser diodes emitting at 975nm withhigh efficiency and wavelength stabilized using a Bragg grating. This thesis was conducted in the framework of a close partnership between IMS Laboratory, the GIE III-V lab, who is themain French founder of III-V semiconductor devices for electronic and photonic applications,and THALES Research & Technology in Palaiseau. An in-depth characterization and analysiswork has addressed thermal aspects that contribute, in particular, to limit the optical outputpower of a laser diode. In such a context, we have carried out a set of complementary characterizations both at III-V lab and IMS allowing us to provide some corrective solutionsfor technological optimization concerning the etching depth of the grooves that defines the emitting stripe of the laser diode and the nature of the submount acting as a thermocompensator.These solutions have been proposed from optical modelling implemented with a dedicated simulator, property of III-V lab, and thermal and thermomechanical (multiphysics approach) finite element simulations of the overall microassembled structure. All this work has resulted in the fabrication as well as electro-optical and thermal characterizations of three vertical structures namely LOC (Large Optical Cavity), SLOC (Super Large Optical Cavity)and AOC (Asymmetrical Optical Cavity). The LOC and SLOC vertical structures have been processed with a Fabry-Perot cavity and also including a Bragg grating (DFB architecture) while the AOC one was only fabricated with a Fabry-Perot cavity. State-of-the-art results aredemonstrated since in particular an optical power of 8W with an efficiency of 60% has been obtained that can be compared to those recently published by the Ferdinand-Braun Institute.The originality of the work carried out in this PhD has allowed us to receive a grant from the European Laserlab Cluster (The Integrated Initiative of the European Laser Research Infrastructures), to conduct dedicated experiments at the Max-Born Institute (Berlin) in thegroup of Dr. J.W. Tomm. The work aimed to characterize mechanical strain of the laser diode induced by the soldering process. Two vertical structures (SLOC and AOC) were investigated using complementary techniques (microphotoluminescence, time-resolved photoluminescence,photocurrent spectroscopy and pulsed L-I measurements), allowing to quantify the level of residual stress provided by the laser diode mounting process as well as the kinetics of the catastrophic degradation process (COD)

Le diagnostic par une méthode optique telle que l'anémométrie phase Doppler, des particules présentes dans les milieux diphasiques, nécessite l'emploi de faisceaux laser focalisés. La compréhension et l'élimination des effets engendrés sur les mesures de taille, par les gradients d'éclairage ou les « effets de trajectoire », est au centre de la première partie de cette thèse. Différentes solutions, testées numériquement et expérimentalement, sont proposées pour éliminer les biais constatés. L'extension de l'anémométrie phase Doppler à la mesure de la partie réelle et complexe (absorption) de l'indice de réfraction des particules est ensuite considérée. Les méthodes originales proposées autorisent, en plus des mesures de taille et de vitesse, la reconnaissance des particules par leur indice, l'étude de la coalescence de gouttes (liquides transparents ou absorbants) ou la détection des fortes variations de température de particules. La dernière partie de ce travail propose diverses solutions pour étendre l'anémomètrie phase Doppler à la mesure de particules cylindriques (fibres, jets liquides), ovoïdes (oblates/problates), sphériques non­homogènes (multicouches, à coeur, hétérogènes: diphasiques ou non) et irrégulières. Le cas des particules multicouches est particulièrement détaillé, à partir de simulations basées sur le travail théorique effectué pour étendre la théorie de Lorenz-­Mie généralisée à ce type de particules.

Broadband spectral content is required to support ultrashort pulses. However this broadband content is subject to dispersion and hence the pulse duration of corresponding ultrashort pulses may be stretched accordingly. I used a commercially-available adaptive ultrashort pulse shaper featuring multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan technology to characterise and compensate for the dispersion of the optical system in situ and conducted experimental and theoretical studies in various inter-linked topics relating to the light-matter interaction. Firstly, I examined the role of broadband ultrashort pulses in novel light-matter interacting systems involving optically co-trapped particle systems in which inter-particle light scattering occurs between optically-bound particles. Secondly, I delivered dispersion-compensated broadband ultrashort pulses in a dispersive microscope system to investigate the role of pulse duration in a biological light-matter interaction involving laser-induced cell membrane permeabilisation through linear and nonlinear optical absorption. Finally, I examined some of the propagation characteristics of broadband ultrashort pulse propagation using a computer-controlled spatial light modulator. The propagation characteristics of ultrashort pulses is of paramount importance for defining the light-matter interaction in systems. The ability to control ultrashort pulse propagation by using adaptive dispersion compensation enables chirp-free ultrashort pulses to be used in experiments requiring the shortest possible pulses for a specified spectral bandwidth. Ultrashort pulsed beams may be configured to provide high peak intensities over long propagation lengths, for example, using novel beam shapes such as Bessel-type beams, which has applications in biological light-matter interactions including phototransfection based on laser-induced cell membrane permeabilisation. The need for precise positioning of the beam focus on the cell membrane becomes less strenuous by virtue of the spatial properties of the Bessel beam. Dispersion compensation can be used to control the temporal properties of ultrashort pulses thus permitting, for example, a high peak intensity to be maintained along the length of a Bessel beam, thereby reducing the pulse energy required to permeabilise the cell membrane and potentially reduce damage therein.

This dissertation proposes, studies and experimentally demonstrates novel liquid crystal (LC) optics to solve challenging problems in RF and photonic signal processing, freespace and fiber optic communications and microscopic imaging. These include free-space optical scanners for military and optical wireless applications, variable fiber-optic attenuators for optical communications, photonic control techniques for phased array antennas and radar, and 3-D microscopic imaging. At the heart of the applications demonstrated in this thesis are LC devices that are non-pixelated and can be controlled either electrically or optically. Instead of the typical pixel-by-pixel control as is custom in LC devices, the phase profile across the aperture of these novel LC devices is varied through the use of high impedance layers. Due to the presence of the high impedance layer, there forms a voltage gradient across the aperture of such a device which results in a phase gradient across the LC layer which in turn is accumulated by the optical beam traversing through this LC device. The geometry of the electrical contacts that are used to apply the external voltage will define the nature of the phase gradient present across the optical beam. In order to steer a laser beam in one angular dimension, straight line electrical contacts are used to form a one dimensional phase gradient while an annular electrical contact results in a circularly symmetric phase profile across the optical beam making it suitable for focusing the optical beam. The geometry of the electrical contacts alone is not sufficient to form the linear and the quadratic phase profiles that are required to either deflect or focus an optical beam. Clever use of the phase response of a typical nematic liquid crystal (NLC) is made such that the linear response region is used for the angular beam deflection while the high voltage quadratic response region is used for focusing the beam. Employing an NLC deflector, a device that uses the linear angular deflection, laser beam steering is demonstrated in two orthogonal dimensions whereas an NLC lens is used to address the third dimension to complete a three dimensional (3-D) scanner. Such an NLC deflector was then used in a variable optical attenuator (VOA), whereby a laser beam coupled between two identical single mode fibers (SMF) was mis-aligned away from the output fiber causing the intensity of the output coupled light to decrease as a function of the angular deflection. Since the angular deflection is electrically controlled, hence the VOA operation is fairly simple and repeatable. An extension of this VOA for wavelength tunable operation is also shown in this dissertation. A LC spatial light modulator (SLM) that uses a photo-sensitive high impedance electrode whose impedance can be varied by controlling the light intensity incident on it, is used in a control system for a phased array antenna. Phase is controlled on the Write side of the SLM by controlling the intensity of the Write laser beam which then is accessed by the Read beam from the opposite side of this reflective SLM. Thus the phase of the Read beam is varied by controlling the intensity of the Write beam. A variable fiber-optic delay line is demonstrated in the thesis which uses wavelength sensitive and wavelength insensitive optics to get both analog as well as digital delays. It uses a chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG), and a 1xN optical switch to achieve multiple time delays. The switch can be implemented using the 3-D optical scanner mentioned earlier. A technique is presented for ultra-low loss laser communication that uses a combination of strong and weak thin lens optics. As opposed to conventional laser communication systems, the Gaussian laser beam is prevented from diverging at the receiving station by using a weak thin lens that places the transmitted beam waist mid-way between a symmetrical transmitter-receiver link design thus saving prime optical power. LC device technology forms an excellent basis to realize such a large aperture weak lens. Using a 1-D array of LC deflectors, a broadband optical add-drop filter (OADF) is proposed for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) applications. By binary control of the drive signal to the individual LC deflectors in the array, any optical channel can be selectively dropped and added. For demonstration purposes, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) digital micromirrors have been used to implement the OADF. Several key systems issues such as insertion loss, polarization dependent loss, wavelength resolution and response time are analyzed in detail for comparison with the LC deflector approach. A no-moving-parts axial scanning confocal microscope (ASCM) system is designed and demonstrated using a combination of a large diameter LC lens and a classical microscope objective lens. By electrically controlling the 5 mm diameter LC lens, the 633 nm wavelength focal spot is moved continuously over a 48 [micro]m range with measured 3-dB axial resolution of 3.1 [micro]m using a 0.65 numerical aperture (NA) micro-objective lens. The ASCM is successfully used to image an Indium Phosphide twin square optical waveguide sample with a 10.2 [micro]m waveguide pitch and 2.3 [micro]m height and width. Using fine analog electrical control of the LC lens, a super-fine sub-wavelength axial resolution of 270 nm is demonstrated. The proposed ASCM can be useful in various precision three dimensional imaging and profiling applications.
Ph.D.
Optics and Photonics
Optics

Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié la relation entre le traitement par antidépresseurs, la prise du poids et le syndrome métabolique sur un échantillon de patients atteints de TDM. Les résultats cliniques ont suggéré que la prise du poids précoce due au traitement par antidépresseurs augmenterait le risque de prise du poids ultérieure et d’incidence ultérieure du syndrome métabolique. Ainsi que la relation entre l'utilisation des antidépresseurs, la réponse au traitement et la prise du poids reste complexe. Malgré l'augmentation simultanée de la consommation d'antidépresseurs et la tendance à l'obésité dans les sociétés occidentales, des cohortes prospectives supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour tester pleinement l'hypothèse traitant que la prise du poids chez les utilisateurs des antidépresseurs est un effet iatrogène. Bien que l'impact des antidépresseurs sur la morbidité cardiovasculaire ne puisse toujours pas être déterminé, les résultats du premier chapitre ont montré que l'utilisation des antidépresseurs, indépendamment de leurs classes, avait un impact sur les dérèglements métaboliques, nécessitant une attention clinique spécifique. Une étude de cohorte à long terme est nécessaire pour confirmer si l'interruption et la réinstauration du traitement par des antidépresseurs seraient liées à la fluctuation des dysrégulations du syndrome métabolique
In this dissertation we have studied the relationship between AD treatment, weight gain and MetS on a sample of MDD patients. Clinical findings have suggested that early weight gain due to AD treatment would increase the risk of both later weight gain and later MetS incidence. The relationship between AD use, response to treatment and weight gain remain complex. Despite the simultaneous increase in AD use and obesity trends in Western societies, additional prospective cohorts are needed to fully test the hypothesis that weight gain among AD users is indeed an iatrogenic effect. Although impact of AD on cardiovascular morbidity still cannot be ascertained, the results from the first chapter showed that AD use – irrespective of the class - does impact and worsen metabolic dysregulations, which would require specific clinical attention. A long term cohort study is required to confirm whether discontinuation and re-initiation of AD treatment would be linked to fluctuation in MetS dysregulations

Dans le cadre de ma thèse, je me demande à quelles conditions le travail en groupe peut être le catalyseur susceptible de réduire les biais de raisonnement prégnants au niveau individuel. Particulièrement, je m’intéresse à l’heuristique de représentativité.Je réponds à cette question en m’inspirant du paradigme du partage des informations. Selon celui-ci, les membres des groupes ne partagent pas leurs informations uniques. Je postule qu’amener les groupes à discuter les informations pertinentes à la résolution du problème est le critère minimum, et peut-être suffisant pour garantir des performances de raisonnement optimales. J’ai pensé que ça pourrait être le cas si les participants disposaient de méta-informations les informant sur la distribution des informations au sein du groupe. Six études examinent le rôle des méta-informations sur la réduction des biais dans le raisonnement en groupe. Les résultats des 3 premières études mettent en évidence l’effet positif des méta-informations sur le travail en groupe.Dans les 3 études suivantes, je nuance le degré de généralité des conclusions antérieures. Mes résultats indiquent que les estimations individuelles préalables au travail en groupe peuvent elles aussi être affectées par la présence de méta-informations. De plus, celles-ci colorent la perception des membres du groupe quant à la pertinence des données uniques qu’elles désignent, les amenant à des raisonnements biaisés si ces données ne sont pas pertinentes. Enfin, l’effet des méta-informations sur le partage n’est pas positif à tous les coups : Si la coopération maximise leur effet, celui-ci est délétère lorsque la compétition règne parmi les membres du groupe
Within my thesis’ framework, I asked myself under what conditions group-work could constitute a catalyst likely to reduce biases in individual reasoning. Particularly, my attention was drawn to the heuristic of representativeness. I answered this question through the lens of the information sharing paradigm. These authors showed that group members do not pool unshared information. Such statement led me to an unseemly question. If group members do not share information that is indispensable to solve a problem, by what means would they succeed avoiding reasoning pitfalls? Also, I stated that to bring groups over “discussing all information that is pertinent to the problem’s resolution” was the bare minimum criteria to succeed and it was maybe enough to guarantee satisfying reasoning performances. I predicted that it might be the case if participants had available meta-information. A total of six studies examine the role of meta-information on reducing biases within group thinking. The results from the first 3 studies underline the positive effect of meta-information.In the subsequent 3 studies, I scrutinize the generalities previously stated. Results also point to individual and previous-to-work estimations being affected by meta-information. Furthermore, meta-information colors group members’ perception regarding the pertinence of the unshared data it assigns, leading them to biased reasoning, when such data is not relevant. Finally, meta-information’s effect on information sharing is not always positive : it becomes deleterious once competition takes over group members

Les orogènes collisionnels sont classiquement décrits comme le résultat de l'accrétion continentale de marges proximales. Cette accrétion conduit à la surrection des reliefs et à l'export important de produits d'érosion dans les bassins d'avant-pays qui les jalonnent. Dans ce schéma géodynamique sont alors uniquement considérés les domaines pré-orogéniques les moins déformés. Pourtant, un nombre croissant d'évidences géologiques de terrain indiquent la conservation voire la réutilisation de structures héritées de la phase extensive précédant la convergence et la collision au coeur des orogènes. À partir de l'étude géo-thermochronométrique de la bordure orientale du domaine hyper-étiré nord-pyrénéen (massif de l'Agly, Zone Nord Pyrénéenne) et de son avant-pays précoce (synclinal de Rennes-les-Bains, Bassin Aquitain), cette thèse a pour objectifs de décrire l'évolution d'une marge distale au cours des premiers stades de convergence, de quantifier les processus source-réceptacle associés et d'apporter des contraintes temporelles et paléogéographiques quant à la création des tout premiers reliefs pyrénéens issus de son inversion. Grâce à l'utilisation du multi-thermochronomètre (U-Th)/He sur zircon et apatite, deux épisodes de refroidissement sont mis en évidence dans le prisme nord-pyrénéen (Campano-Maastrichtien et Eocène), chacun d'eux synchrone d'une phase de subsidence dans le bassin d'avant-pays. J'ai ainsi pu proposer un modèle équilibré d'évolution d'une marge distale hyper-amincie par inversion de structures héritées, chevauchements de socle et sous-placage continental se matérialisant par une signature thermochronologique claire de refroidissement sans érosion au début de la convergence. L'absence d'enregistrement de refroidissement au Paléocène par l'arrêt prématuré de l'inversion précoce dans le prisme nord-pyrénéen indique l'absence significative d'érosion et la position bordière de ce prisme par rapport à un édifice déjà construit plus à l'est à cette époque. Pour caractériser cet édifice aujourd'hui disparu du fait de l'ouverture du Golfe du Lion, j'ai utilisé une approche détritique de double datation in situ (U-Th)/He - U/Pb sur zircon et mis en évidence une histoire de dénudation rapide pendant le Campano-Maastrichtien, caractéristique de la création d'une topographie précoce. Ce travail montre pour la première fois clairement la migration progressive de la déformation d'est en ouest par l'inversion de structures héritées au début de la convergence pyrénéenne, ce qui suggère l'existence d'un domaine ouvert à l'est à la fin de l'épisode extensif précédant la convergence. Cette étude met en avant le rôle de l'architecture des systèmes hyper-amincis dans la formation des orogènes collisionnels et confirme les liens étroits existant entre un orogène et ses bassins d'avant-pays
Collisional orogens are classically described as the result of continental accretion of proximal margins. This accretion leads to the creation of relief and to the important export of erosion products in the directly adjacent foreland basins. In this geodynamic scheme, only the least deformed pre-orogenic domains are considered. However, a growing number of geological field evidences indicate the preservation or even the reuse of structures inherited from the rifting phase preceding convergence and collision within orogens. By conducting a geo-thermochronometric study of the easternmost, inverted hyperextended Aptian-Cenomanian rift system (Agly massif, North Pyrenean Zone) and the adjacent early retroforeland (Rennes-les-Bains syncline, Aquitaine Basin), this thesis aims to describe the evolution of a distal rifted margin during the first stages of convergence, to quantify the associated source-to-sink processes and to provide temporal and paleogeographic constraints regarding the creation of the very first Pyrenean reliefs resulting from inversion of the margin. Using the zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He multi-thermochronometers, I show that the Pyrenean retro-wedge records two clear phases of orogenic cooling, Late Campanian-Maastrichtian and Ypresian-Bartonian, which I relate to early inversion of the distal rifted margin and main collision, respectively. I have thus been able to propose a crustal-scale sequentially restored model for the tectonic and thermal transition from extension to peak orogenesis in the eastern Pyrenees, which suggests that both thrusting and underplating processes contributed to early inversion of the Aptian-Cenomanian rift system. The absence of Paleocene cooling record indicates little to no erosion of the Pyrenean retro-wedge, suggesting the existence of a more easterly source area supplying early retroforeland sediments at this time. To characterize this eastern edifice, which has since been destroyed by the Oligocene-Miocene opening of the Gulf of Lion, I used in situ (U-Th)/He - U/Pb double dating on detrital zircons and show rapid denudation rates during early convergence, characteristic of early topographic growth. This work shows for the first time clearly the progressive migration of deformation from east to west by inversion of inherited structures at the beginning of Pyrenean convergence. This suggests the existence of an open domain in the east at the end of the rifting phase preceding convergence. This study highlights the role of the architecture of hyper-thinned systems in the formation of collisional orogens and confirms the close links between an orogen and its foreland basins

Le carcinome pulmonaire est une affection grave et fréquente dont la prise en charge a été bouleversée ces dernières années, tant sur le plan diagnostique que pronostique ou « théranostique » avec l’avènement des « thérapies ciblées ». Ces dernières permettent une nette amélioration de la survie et du confort des patients éligibles, mais ne sont pas sans compliquer le travail médical, depuis le diagnostic de la maladie jusqu’au suivi régulier du patient, sans oublier le choix des traitements ou les problèmes techniques posés par la multiplication arborescente des altérations moléculaires à rechercher à partir d’un tissu tumoral souvent peu abondant dans ce contexte particulier de l’oncologie thoracique. Ce travail de thèse collige 5 travaux de recherche selon deux angles d’approche : les marqueurs moléculaires pronostiques et « théranostiques » du cancer pulmonaire, et les procédures de diagnostic in vivo de cette pathologie. Le premier axe comporte 4 articles. Les deux premiers concernent l’évaluation d’une nouvelle technique moléculaire, la LD-RT-PCR, dans la détection des translocation géniques du cancer pulmonaire : la première étude est une étude de faisabilité, la deuxième est un travail de validation. Le troisième article explore l’association entre la présence d’une mutation STK11 dans les carcinomes pulmonaires et l’expression de PDL1. Enfin, le quatrième article est une étude de cas illustrant l’importance de l’approche morphologique du cancer pulmonaire. Le second axe est représenté par un travail comparant une technique d’imagerie in vivo par voie endoscopique utilisant la micro-endoscopie confocale par laser avec l’approche microscopique conventionnelle
Lung cancer is a serious and frequent condition for which the management strategies have been dramatically modified in recent years, from a diagnostic, prognostic and “theranostic” perspective, most notably with the introduction of “targeted therapies”. The latter have demonstrated dramatic improvement in both quality of life and survival rates of eligible patients, yet consequently highlight new complications in diagnosis, treatment options or technical considerations which can be attributed to the growing number of molecular alterations to be detected from limited tissue samples frequently encountered in thoracic oncology. This work combines 5 different research papers from 2 different angles: prognostic and “theranostic” molecular markers of lung cancer, as well as in vivo diagnostic procedures of lung cancer. The first angle encompasses 4 articles. The first two evaluate a new molecular technique, LD-RT-PCR, to detect gene translocation in lung cancer. The third article explores the association between STK11 mutations in lung cancer and the expression of PDL1. Finally, the fourth article is a case report illustrating the importance of a morphological approach to lung cancer. The second angle compares in vivo imaging techniques by endoscopy using confocal laser microendoscopy alongside a conventional microscopic approach

碩士
國立成功大學
光電科學與工程研究所
96
This study investigated electrically-controllable prism gratings based on homogeneously-aligned liquid crystals with a photoconductive layer. An ultraviolet-induced conductivity-gradient electrode-like grating pattern of the polymer layer under a gray-scale grating photomask results in a spatially-periodic gradient magnitude of the effective electric field dropping on LC layer under an applied dc voltage. This causes a prism grating with a spatially-periodic gradient reorientation of LCs. An asymmetric diffraction pattern can be obtained when the probe beam passes through the LC prism grating, and the distribution of the asymmetric diffraction pattern can be tuned with different dc voltage and switched between two orthogonal probe polarizations. Simulation based on a diffraction theory under a LC prism grating model is also developed and compared with the experimental results in this thesis.

博士
國立成功大學
土木工程學系
103
SUMMARY The Reissner mixed variational theorem (RMVT)- based finite layer methods (FLMs), finite rectangular prism methods (FRPMs) and finite cylindrical prism methods (FCPMs), are developed for the three-dimensional (3D) analysis of multilayered functionally graded material (FGM) plates/ circular hollow cylinders with various boundary conditions and under mechanical loads. In these formulations, the structures is divided into a number of finite rectangular/cylindrical prisms, in which the trigonometric functions and Lagrange polynomials are used to interpolate the circumferential direction and the axial–radial surface variations of the primary field variables of each individual prism, respectively. The number of nodes of the nodal surface of each prism can be set at four for linear FRPMs/ FCPMs, and eight and nine for quadratic ones. These quadratic FRPM/ FCPM solutions of simply supported, multilayered composite cylinders and sandwiched FGM ones obtained in this way are in excellent agreement with the exact 3D solutions available in the literature, and those solutions for the plates/ cylinders with combinations of various edge conditions closely agree with the solutions obtained using the ANSYS commercial software. Keywords: Reissner mixed variational theorem; Finite layer methods; Finite prism methods; Functionally graded materials; Carbon nanotubes

碩士
國立中央大學
光電科學與工程學系
102
In this thesis, we have devoted to integrate two device functions in a monolithic LiNbO3 crystal. These two devices are an EO beam deflector and an optical parametric generator (OPG) or optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The PPLN crystal has a double-prism domain (DPD) structure has been designed and fabricated in this work. We further inserted this DPD PPLN crystal in a Nd:YVO4 laser system to simultaneously function as a laser Q switch and an intracavity optical parametric generator (OPG) and optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The PPLN crystal has a double-prism domain (DPD) structure with a domain period of 30 m to simultaneously as an electro-optic (EO) beam deflector (and therefore an EO Q-switch in the laser cavity) and an optical parametric down converter. The characterized deflection angle of the DPD PPLN device was 1o at the voltage about 300V. And at 180V Q-switching voltage and 1-kHz switching rate, we measured a down-converted signal at 1550 nm with pulse energy of 8.14 J and pulse width of 3.5ns ( peak power of ~2.3 kW) from the constructed IOPO at 7.5W diode pump power. Continuous wavelength tuning of the IOPO signal was also demonstrated.

碩士
淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
88
Fluids flowing pass rectangular prisms, separate at the leading edges and form vortex shedding. Because of the alternating occurrence of vortex shedding, the separated shear layer has periodically unsteady structures. In order to control the influence of wind on buildings, this research simplifies the high-rise building into a 2-D rectangular prism. In the wind tunnel, the turbulence intensity and turbulence length scale of the approaching flow and the high-to-width ratio of the prism were controlled to observe the unsteady structures of the separated shear layer. The experiment results show that there is no reattachment phenomenon on the short rectangular prism. The variation of velocity profiles, turbulence intensity profiles and velocity gradient profiles along the lateral side of models were smooth farther downstream. The locations of the maximal turbulence intensity matched those of the maximal velocity gradient. Differences of the accelerating and decelerating phases were extended farther downstream. The locations of the maximal velocity rise with the increase of turbulence intensity and turbulence length scale. This indicates growth of the separated shear layer, and its correspondence to the variation of the vorticity thickness .

碩士
淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
88
The approaching flow separates at the leading edge, forms separated shear layers of different curvature that develop forward downstream, and alternately forms vortices. The vortices then detach from the prisms. When the prisms are long enough, the separated shear layers reattach to the lateral sides of the prisms, separate again, and form vortices further downstream. Due to the alternating occurrence of vortex shedding, the separated shear layers have unsteady periodic structures. In addition to being affected by the after-body of the prisms, the separated shear layers are also influenced by the turbulence intensity and length scale of the approaching flow. This in turn affects the vorticity strength and thus the forces on the prisms. Measurements of a smooth flow field and homogeneous turbulence flow fields passing by prisms with depth-to-width ratios of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 were carried out to study the unsteady structures of the separated shear layers of two-dimensional rectangular prisms. Changes of the alongwind surface pressures on the lateral side were measured using pressure taps, and carried out to study the effects of different experimental field parameters on separated shear layer development of the long rectangular prisms. The results show that the variations of velocity profiles, turbulence intensity profiles and turbulence length scale profiles along the lateral side smoothen out farther downstream. Differences between the accelerating phase and decelerating phase along the lateral side increase extended farther downstream. B/D=1.0 is more obvious than B/D=2.0 and B/D=3.0. The location of the maximal turbulence intensity and maximal turbulence length scale coincide. The curve location of the velocity profiles has maximal turbulence intensity, and it increases along with the high turbulence intensity and the high turbulence length scale. It shows that the high turbulence intensity and the high turbulence length scale enhance the growth of separated shear layer.

In laser wakefield acceleration, an ultra-short high-intensity laser pulse excites a plasma wave, which can sustain accelerating electric fields of several hundred GV/m. This scheme advances a novel concept for compact and less expensive electron accelerators, which can be hosted in a typical university size laboratory. Furthermore, laser wakefield accelerators (LWFA) feature unique electron bunch characteristics, namely micrometer size with duration ranging from several fs to tens of fs. Precise knowledge of the longitudinal profile of such ultra-short electron bunches is essential for the design of future table-top X-ray light-sources and remains a big challenge due to the resolution limit of existing diagnostic techniques. Spectral measurement of broadband coherent and incoherent transition radiation (TR) produced when electron bunches passing through a metal foil is a promising way to analyze longitudinal characteristics of these bunches. Due to the limited reproducibility of the electron source this measurement highly requires single-shot capability. An ultra-broadband spectrometer combines the TR spectrum in UV/NIR (200-1000 nm), NIR (0.9-1.7 µm) and mid-IR (1.6-12 µm). A high spectral sensitivity, dynamic bandwidth and spectral resolution are realized by three optimized dispersion and detection systems integrated into a single-shot spectrometer. A complete characterization and calibration of the spectrometer have been done concerning wavelengths, relative spectral sensitivities, and absolute photometric sensitivities, also taking into account for the light polarization. The TR spectrometer is able to characterize electron bunches with charges as low as 1pC and can resolve time-scales of 0.4 fs. Electron bunches up to 16 fs (rms width) can be reconstructed from their TR spectrum. In the presented work, the self-truncated ionization induced injection (STII) scheme has been explored to study the relevant beam parameters especially its longitudinal bunch profile and the resulting peak current.