Journal articles: 'Prism layer'

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Pukas, Svitlana, and Roman Gladyshevskii. "The new structure type Gd3Ni7Al14." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 71, no. 11 (October 16, 2015): 996–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229615018082.

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The crystal structure of Gd3Ni7Al14(trigadolinium heptanickel tetradecaaluminide) belongs to a family of two-layer structures and can be described as an assembly of interpenetrating centred straight prisms. For the Ni atoms, trigonal prisms (Al4Gd2and Al6) are observed, the Al atoms are inside tetragonal (Ni2Al2Gd4, Ni2Al4Gd2, Al4Gd4, Ni4Al4and Al8) and pentagonal (Ni4Al6and Al10) prisms, while the Gd atoms are at the centres of pentagonal (Ni4Al6) and hexagonal (Ni4Al8) prisms. In each case, the true coordination polyhedron is a capped prism, also including atoms from the same layer. The structural features of Gd3Ni7Al14are similar to those of the intermetallides PrNi2Al3and ZrNiAl. In all these structures, Ni-centred trigonal prisms form infinite columnsviacommon triangular faces. The columns share prism edges and form a three-dimensional framework with six-membered rings in the (001) plane in the case of the PrNi2Al3and ZrNiAl types. In the case of Gd3Ni7Al14, six-membered rings are also observed, but only two-thirds of the rings are interconnectedviaprism edges.

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Antoniou, J., and G. Bergeles. "Development of the Reattached Flow Behind Surface-Mounted Two-Dimensional Prisms." Journal of Fluids Engineering 110, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3243524.

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Velocity and turbulence measurements are presented for the region after reattachment behind a two dimensional surface-mounted prism of varying length. The prism is mounted on the floor of an open circuit blow down wind tunnel and flow parameters for the developing boundary layer are deduced from the measurements; longitudinal integral time and length scales are estimated through autocorrelations. Reattchment on top of the prism, due to its increased length, affects the characteristics of the developing boundary layer; in this case the shear layer originating from the up-stream edge of the prism splits twice at reattachment points on top and behind the prism and the integral length scales of the turbulent eddies are found to be smaller due to the splitting.

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Lander, D. C., D. M. Moore, C. W. Letchford, and M. Amitay. "Scaling of square-prism shear layers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 849 (June 28, 2018): 1096–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.443.

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Scaling characteristics, essential to the mechanisms of transition in square-prism shear layers, were explored experimentally. In particular, the evolution of the dominant instability modes as a function of Reynolds number were reported in the range $1.5\times 10^{4}\lesssim Re_{D}\lesssim 7.5\times 10^{4}$. It was found that the ratio between the shear layer frequency and the shedding frequency obeys a power-law scaling relation. Adherence to the power-law relationship, which was derived from hot-wire measurements, has been supported by two additional and independent scaling considerations, namely, by particle image velocimetry measurements to observe the evolution of length and velocity scales in the shear layer during transition, and by comparison to direct numerical simulations to illuminate the properties of the front-face boundary layer. The nonlinear dependence of the shear layer instability frequency is sustained by the influence of $Re_{D}$ on the thickness of the laminar front-face boundary layer. In corroboration with the original scaling argument for the circular cylinder, the length scale of the shear layer was the only source of nonlinearity in the frequency ratio scaling, within the range of Reynolds numbers reported. The frequency ratio scaling may therefore be understood by the influence of $Re_{D}$ on the appropriate length scale of the shear layer. This length scale was observed to be the momentum thickness evaluated at a transition point, defined where the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability saturates.

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Iverson, N. R., T. S. Hooyer, U. H. Fischer, D. Cohen, P. L. Moore, M. Jackson, G. Lappegard, and J. Kohler. "Soft-bed experiments beneath Engabreen, Norway:regelation infiltration, basal slip and bed deformation." Journal of Glaciology 53, no. 182 (2007): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214307783258431.

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AbstractTo avoid some of the limitations of studying soft-bed processes through boreholes, a prism of simulated till (1.8 m × 1.6 m × 0.45 m) with extensive instrumentation was constructed in a trough blasted in the rock bed of Engabreen, a temperate glacier in Norway. Tunnels there provide access to the bed beneath 213 m of ice. Pore-water pressure was regulated in the prism by pumping water to it. During experiments lasting 7–12 days, the glacier regelated downward into the prism to depths of 50–80 mm, accreting ice-infiltrated till at rates predicted by theory. During periods of sustained high pore-water pressure (70–100% of overburden), ice commonly slipped over the prism, due to a water layer at the prism surface. Deformation of the prism was activated when this layer thinned to a sub-millimeter thickness. Shear strain in the till was pervasive and decreased with depth. A model of slip by ploughing of ice-infiltrated till across the prism surface accounts for the slip that occurred when effective pressure was sufficiently low or high. Slip at low effective pressures resulted from water-layer thickening that increased non-linearly with decreasing effective pressure. If sufficiently widespread, such slip over soft glacier beds, which involves no viscous deformation resistance, may instigate abrupt increases in glacier velocity.

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Hidalgo-Gato, Marlon C., and Valéria C. F. Barbosa. "Fast 3D magnetic inversion of a surface relief in the space domain." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): J57—J67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0712.1.

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We have developed a fast 3D regularized magnetic inversion algorithm for depth-to-basement estimation based on an efficient way to compute the total-field anomaly produced by an arbitrary interface separating nonmagnetic sediments from a magnetic basement. We approximate the basement layer by a grid of 3D vertical prisms juxtaposed in the horizontal directions, in which the prisms’ tops represent the depths to the magnetic basement. To compute the total-field anomaly produced by the basement relief, the 3D integral of the total-field anomaly of a prism is simplified by a 1D integral along the prism thickness, which in turn is multiplied by the horizontal area of the prism. The 1D integral is calculated numerically using the Gauss-Legendre quadrature produced by dipoles located along the vertical axis passing through the prism center. This new magnetic forward modeling overcomes one of the main drawbacks of the nonlinear inverse problem for estimating the basement depths from magnetic data: the intense computational cost to calculate the total-field anomaly of prisms. The new sensitivity matrix is simpler and computationally faster than the one using classic magnetic forward modeling based on the 3D integrals of a set of prisms that parameterize the earth’s subsurface. To speed up the inversion at each iteration, we used the Gauss-Newton approximation for the Hessian matrix keeping the main diagonal only and adding the first-order Tikhonov regularization function. The large sparseness of the Hessian matrix allows us to construct and solve a linear system iteratively that is faster and demands less memory than the classic nonlinear inversion with prism-based modeling using 3D integrals. We successfully inverted the total-field anomaly of a simulated smoothing basement relief with a constant magnetization vector. Tests on field data from a portion of the Pará-Maranhão Basin, Brazil, retrieved a first depth-to-basement estimate that was geologically plausible.

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Liu, Y., L. Cao, W. K. Chi, L. Y. Zhang, W. M. Yang, and P. C. Xie. "Multi-Layer Counter-Pressure Injection Molding for Thick-Walled Optical Lens." International Polymer Processing 36, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2020-3994.

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Abstract In precision optical applications, plastics thick-walled optical lenses are increasing. Dimensional stability and optical performance are the critical issues that should be addressed for plastic thick-walled lenses. A novel multi-layer counter-pressure injection molding process is proposed in this study. The experimental prism mold with moveable pistons was developed to investigate the effects of layering methods, counter-pressure and their combination on thick-walled optical lenses. The experimental results reveal that counter-pressure injection molding is effective in improving shrinkage, transmittance and refractive index of the thick-walled optical prism. Counter-pressure of the piston provided lower melt velocity and shorter flow path of melt to improve polymer molecules orientation, and also offered continuous holding pressure during the filling stage to eliminate defects such as shrinkage or short shots. The combination of counter-pressure and multi-layer injection molding technology further improved the dimension stability and optical performance of the thick-walled optical lens. Much thinner layers than the final wall thickness of prism ensures shrinkage reduction during the cooling stages. A thick-walled optical prism was fabricated successfully upon applying a multi-layer counter-pressure injection molding process.

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Nakamura, Yasuharu, and Masamichi Nakashima. "Vortex excitation of prisms with elongated rectangular, H and [vdash ] cross-sections." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 163 (February 1986): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112086002252.

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This is an experimental investigation of vortex excitation of prisms with elongated rectangular, H- and [vdash ]-shaped cross-sections, where the depth parallel to the flow is much greater than the height perpendicular to the flow. Measurements are made of free oscillations in a wind tunnel and flow visualizations in a water tank. The flow around elongated bluff prisms is dominated by the impinging-shear- layer instability where the separated shear layers become unstable in the presence of different kinds of shape of the rear part of the cross-section, which may include sharp trailing edges. The two unstable shear layers interact with each other when they meet together downstream of the prism, thereby forming Kármán vortices with the same frequency of oscillation. The former impinging-shear-layer instability is largely responsible for vortex excitation of elongated bluff prisms.

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Risnes, S. "Ectopic Tooth Enamel. An SEM Study of the Structure of Enamel in Enamel Pearls." Advances in Dental Research 3, no. 2 (September 1989): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374890030022701.

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Eighteen human molars with enamel pearls ranging in diameter from 0.8 to 2.7 mm were sectioned, acid-etched, and processed for SEM observation. In addition to pearl enamel, the specimens contained crown enamel for comparison. All pearls were of the composite type. The enamel layer reached maximal thicknesses of between 0.3 and 0.7 mm opposite the tip of the dentinal cone. The enamel structure was normal, but more variable and irregular than crown enamel. The prism course was often irregular throughout the whole thickness of enamel. Distinct Hunter-Schreger bands were absent. Prisms and interprism were occasionally difficult to identify as separate entities. The packing of crystals seemed to be less tight in pearl enamel. The scarcity of Retzius lines was attributed to the method of preparation. Prism cross-striations with a periodicity ranging between 1.3 and 4.5 μm were frequently encountered. A superficial prism-free zone with a regular 1.7-2.5-μm striation was present in localized regions of many pearls. The formation time of a medium-sized pearl was calculated to be about 11.5 months. A variety of cross-cut prism configurations was observed. Occasional hypoplastic lesions and hypomineralized areas were encountered. In conclusion, pearl enamel possesses most of the structural attributes of crown enamel, but in general its organization seems to be less orderly. Enamel pearls represent developmental disturbances in position and timing more than in structure.

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Yampolskiy, A. L., and O. V. Makarenko. "Polarimetry of anisotropic surface layer on glass." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Physics and Mathematics, no. 4 (2020): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1812-5409.2020/4.13.

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Investigating the Stokes vector of light reflected from the surface of the optical glass, the presence of an anisotropic surface layer was established. The phase difference between radiation p- and s-components is revealed, which varies depending on the angle of incidence. This shows a weak anisotropy. Assuming that the anisotropic layer has an increased refractive index due to its chemical-mechanical treatment, it can be considered as some near-surface weakly guiding gradient burried waveguide. The possibility of coming radiation into such a planar waveguide using a coupling total reflection prism was investigated. The inspection showed a violation of the total internal reflection, unequal for p- and s-polarizations, which confirms the presence of the subsurface layer and its anisotropy. The absorption of radiation, which could be compared with the excitation of modes, is small. This is due to the properties of the prism material. Also, higher order modes are absorbed better. There is no significant angular dependence of the polarization degree of the output beam; however, it is higher in the case of s-polarization.

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Park, Sung-Gyu, Tae Yoon Jeon, Hwan Chul Jeon, Seung-Man Yang, Jung-Dae Kwon, Chae-Won Mun, Byungjin Cho, Chang Su Kim, and Dong-Ho Kim. "Fabrication of 3D ZnO hollow shell structures by prism holographic lithography and atomic layer deposition." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 11 (2014): 1957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tc32366h.

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Yang, Xiang I. A., Jasim Sadique, Rajat Mittal, and Charles Meneveau. "Exponential roughness layer and analytical model for turbulent boundary layer flow over rectangular-prism roughness elements." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 789 (January 18, 2016): 127–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.687.

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We conduct a series of large-eddy simulations (LES) to examine the mean flow behaviour within the roughness layer of turbulent boundary layer flow over rough surfaces. We consider several configurations consisting of arrays of rectangular-prism roughness elements with various spacings, aspect ratios and height distributions. The results provide clear evidence for exponential behaviour of the mean flow with respect to the wall normal distance. Such behaviour has been proposed before (see, e.g., Cionco, 1966 Tech. Rep. DTIC document), and is represented as $U(z)/U_{h}=\exp [a(z/h-1)]$, where $U(z)$ is the spatially/temporally averaged fluid velocity, $z$ is the wall normal distance, $h$ represents the height of the roughness elements and $U_{h}$ is the velocity at $z=h$. The attenuation factor $a$ depends on the density of the roughness element distribution and details of the roughness distribution on the wall. Once established, the generic velocity profile shape is used to formulate a fully analytical model for the effective drag exerted by turbulent flow on a surface covered with arrays of rectangular-prism roughness elements. The approach is based on the von Karman–Pohlhausen integral method, in which a shape function is assumed for the mean velocity profile and its parameters are determined based on momentum conservation and other fundamental constraints. In order to determine the attenuation parameter $a$, wake interactions among surface roughness elements are accounted for by using the concept of flow sheltering. The model transitions smoothly between ‘$k$’ and ‘$d$’ type roughness conditions depending on the surface coverage density and the detailed geometry of roughness elements. Comparisons between model predictions and experimental/numerical data from the existing literature as well as LES data from this study are presented. It is shown that the analytical model provides good predictions of mean velocity and drag forces for the cases considered, thus raising the hope that analytical roughness modelling based on surface geometry is possible, at least for cases when the location of flow separation over surface elements can be easily predicted, as in the case of wall-attached rectangular-prism roughness elements.

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Yu, Jiadong, Shudong Yu, Ting Fu, and Yong Tang. "Micro-Prism Patterned Remote Phosphor Film for Enhanced Luminous Efficiency and Color Uniformity of Phosphor-Converted Light-Emitting Diodes." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091117.

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In this work, we propose micro-prism patterned remote phosphor (RP) films to enhance both luminous efficiency and color uniformity (CU) of remote phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (rpc-LEDs) simultaneously. On the incident surface of the RP film, one micro-prism film is used to extract backward light by double reflection. On the exit surface, the other micro-prism film is adopted to retain blue light inside the RP film, thus enhancing the phosphor excitation. Experimental results show that double prism-patterned RP (DP-RP) film configuration shows a luminous flux of 55.16 lm, which is 45.1% higher than that of RP film configuration at 300 mA. As regards the CU, the DP-RP film configuration reduces the angular CIE-x and CIE-y standard variations by 68% and 69.32%, respectively, compared with the pristine device. Moreover, the DP-RP film configuration shows excellent color stability under varying driving currents. Since micro-prism films can be easily fabricated by a roll-to-roll process, the micro-prism patterned RP film can be an alternative to a conventional RP layer to enable the practical application of rpc-LEDs.

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Ghanad Poor, Niema, Nicholas C. West, Rama Syamala Sreepada, Srinivas Murthy, and Matthias Görges. "An Artificial Neural Network–Based Pediatric Mortality Risk Score: Development and Performance Evaluation Using Data From a Large North American Registry." JMIR Medical Informatics 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): e24079. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24079.

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Background In the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), quantifying illness severity can be guided by risk models to enable timely identification and appropriate intervention. Logistic regression models, including the pediatric index of mortality 2 (PIM-2) and pediatric risk of mortality III (PRISM-III), produce a mortality risk score using data that are routinely available at PICU admission. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) outperform regression models in some medical fields. Objective In light of this potential, we aim to examine ANN performance, compared to that of logistic regression, for mortality risk estimation in the PICU. Methods The analyzed data set included patients from North American PICUs whose discharge diagnostic codes indicated evidence of infection and included the data used for the PIM-2 and PRISM-III calculations and their corresponding scores. We stratified the data set into training and test sets, with approximately equal mortality rates, in an effort to replicate real-world data. Data preprocessing included imputing missing data through simple substitution and normalizing data into binary variables using PRISM-III thresholds. A 2-layer ANN model was built to predict pediatric mortality, along with a simple logistic regression model for comparison. Both models used the same features required by PIM-2 and PRISM-III. Alternative ANN models using single-layer or unnormalized data were also evaluated. Model performance was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the area under the precision recall curve (AUPRC) and their empirical 95% CIs. Results Data from 102,945 patients (including 4068 deaths) were included in the analysis. The highest performing ANN (AUROC 0.871, 95% CI 0.862-0.880; AUPRC 0.372, 95% CI 0.345-0.396) that used normalized data performed better than PIM-2 (AUROC 0.805, 95% CI 0.801-0.816; AUPRC 0.234, 95% CI 0.213-0.255) and PRISM-III (AUROC 0.844, 95% CI 0.841-0.855; AUPRC 0.348, 95% CI 0.322-0.367). The performance of this ANN was also significantly better than that of the logistic regression model (AUROC 0.862, 95% CI 0.852-0.872; AUPRC 0.329, 95% CI 0.304-0.351). The performance of the ANN that used unnormalized data (AUROC 0.865, 95% CI 0.856-0.874) was slightly inferior to our highest performing ANN; the single-layer ANN architecture performed poorly and was not investigated further. Conclusions A simple ANN model performed slightly better than the benchmark PIM-2 and PRISM-III scores and a traditional logistic regression model trained on the same data set. The small performance gains achieved by this two-layer ANN model may not offer clinically significant improvement; however, further research with other or more sophisticated model designs and better imputation of missing data may be warranted.

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Garanzha, Vladimir A., Lyudmila N. Kudryavtseva, and Aleksei I. Belokrys-Fedotov. "Single and multiple springback technique for construction and control of thick prismatic mesh layers." Russian Journal of Numerical Analysis and Mathematical Modelling 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rnam-2021-0001.

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Abstract We suggest an algorithm for construction of semi-structured thick prismatic mesh layers which guarantees an absence of inverted prismatic cells in resulting layer and allows one to control near-surface mesh orthogonality. Initial mesh is modelled as a thin layer of highly compressed prisms made of hyperelastic material glued to the triangulated surface. In order to compute robust normals at the vertices of the surface mesh we use quadratic programming algorithm based on the nearest ball concept. This pre-stressed material expands, possibly with self-penetration and extrusion to exterior of computational domain until target layer thickness is attained. Special preconditioned relaxation procedure is proposed based on the solution of stationary springback problem. It is shown that preconditioner can handle very stiff problems. Once an offset prismatic mesh is constructed, self-intersections are eliminated using iterative prism cutting procedure.Next, variational advancing front procedure is applied for refinement and precise orthogonalization of prismatic layer near boundaries. We demonstrate that resulting mesh layer is ‘almost mesh-independent’ in a sense that the dependence of thickness and shape of the layer on mesh resolution and triangle quality is weak. It is possible to apply elastic springback technique sequentially layer by layer. We compare single springback technique with multiple springback technique in terms of mesh quality, stiffness of local variational problems and mesh orthogonality or/and layer thickness balance.

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Mohanty, Goutam, Bijay Kumar Sahoo, and Jamil Akhtar. "Sensitivity Parameter Analysis of Graphene Based Bimetallic Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor." Journal of Nano Research 34 (July 2015): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.34.17.

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In this paper, we have studied theoretically the effect of bimetallic silver/ gold layer on sensitivity of the graphene based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. Here, silver layer (instead of chromium and titanium) is used as an adhesive layer in between gold and BK7 glass prism. The optimized thickness of silver/gold layers reported in literature has been used for the analysis of various sensitivity parameters of the biosensor. A computational simulation is performed to analyze the nature of plasmon dip shift with respect to the addition of graphene layer and binding layer respectively.

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Dowsett, Harry J., Marci M. Robinson, Danielle K. Stoll, Kevin M. Foley, Andrew L. A. Johnson, Mark Williams, and Christina R. Riesselman. "The PRISM (Pliocene palaeoclimate) reconstruction: time for a paradigm shift." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 2001 (October 28, 2013): 20120524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0524.

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Global palaeoclimate reconstructions have been invaluable to our understanding of the causes and effects of climate change, but single-temperature representations of the oceanic mixed layer for data–model comparisons are outdated, and the time for a paradigm shift in marine palaeoclimate reconstruction is overdue. The new paradigm in marine palaeoclimate reconstruction stems the loss of valuable climate information and instead presents a holistic and nuanced interpretation of multi-dimensional oceanographic processes and responses. A wealth of environmental information is hidden within the US Geological Survey's P liocene R esearch, I nterpretation and S ynoptic M apping (PRISM) marine palaeoclimate reconstruction, and we introduce here a plan to incorporate all valuable climate data into the next generation of PRISM products. Beyond the global approach and focus, we plan to incorporate regional climate dynamics with emphasis on processes, integrating multiple environmental proxies wherever available in order to better characterize the mixed layer, and developing a finer time slice within the Mid-Piacenzian Age of the Pliocene, complemented by underused proxies that offer snapshots into environmental conditions. The result will be a proxy-rich, temporally nested, process-oriented approach in a digital format—a relational database with geographic information system capabilities comprising a three-dimensional grid representing the surface layer, with a plethora of data in each cell.

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Sakamoto, H., K. Tan, and H. Haniu. "An Optimum Suppression of Fluid Forces by Controlling a Shear Layer Separated From a Square Prism." Journal of Fluids Engineering 113, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909478.

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This paper deals with the suppression of the fluid forces by controlling a shear layer on one side separated from a square prism. The control of the separated shear layer was established by setting up a small circular cylinder (the control cylinder) in it on one side. Experimental data were collected to examine the effects on the fluid forces and vortex shedding frequency due to variation of the position and diameter of the control cylinder. The results show that (i) the maximum reduction of the time-mean drag and fluctuating lift and drag occurred when the control cylinder was located near what would ordinarily be considered the outer boundary of the shear layer; (ii) the control of the separated shear layer by means of a small cylinder appeared to be effective in suppressing the fluctuating lift and drag rather than the time-mean drag; (iii) in the case of the control cylinder of 6 mm in diameter, the time-mean drag was reduced to about 30 percent, and the fluctuating lift and drag were reduced to approximately 95 and 75 percent, respectively; (iv) the fluid forces and the frequency of vortex shedding of the square prism were mainly dependent on the characteristics of a very thin region near the outer boundary of the shear layer.

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Arifin, Muhammad, Febrilian Dwi Laksono, Supardianningsih Supardianningsih, and Kamsul Abraha. "Optimization of The Mechanical Drive on Set-up of Homemade Surface Plasmon Resonance." Journal of Physics: Theories and Applications 1, no. 2 (October 29, 2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jphystheor-appl.v1i2.19124.

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Mechanical optimization has been done on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) homemade. At set-up, angle scanning comes a small resolution to detect changes in the thickness of the thin film or refractive index of the sample. The mechanical drive has a function to rotate the prism and detector. Torsional Spring-Loaded Gear Antibacklash is used to improve the accuracy of the mechanical drive. The stepper motor is used to rotate the mechanical drive automatically. The built system has successfully increased the resolution of the prism rotation angle by 0.01°. The test using the blank prism indicates the angle of Total Internal Reflection occurs at an incident angle of 41.80 °. The SPR phenomenon was observed in a thin layer of gold deposited on the prism using a vacuum evaporator. The observed SPR angles on samples A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I were 45.02°, 45.05°, 46.30°, 44.48°, 44.70°, 45.49°, 45.52°, 45.66°, and 44.44°, respectively. The SPR angle change shows the difference in the thickness of the gold thin film.

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Xie, Wei, Chan Yao, Kui-Zhan Shao, Yan-Hong Xu, and Zhong-Min Su. "Controllable synthesis of isoreticular pillared-layer MOFs based on N-rich triangular prism building units: gas adsorption and luminescent properties." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 24 (2018): 20056–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj04260h.

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Zhang Qian-Yun, Zeng Jie, Li Ji-Feng, Zhou Ya-Bin, Zhang Xian-Hui, and Cao Hai-Dong. "Study of prism surface plasmon resonance effect based on dielectric-aided layer." Acta Physica Sinica 63, no. 3 (2014): 034207. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.63.034207.

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Vancolen, Séverine, and Eric Verrecchia. "Does prism width from the shell prismatic layer have a random distribution?" Geo-Marine Letters 28, no. 5-6 (July 9, 2008): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-008-0115-5.

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Moghaddas, Mohammad, Kok Keong Choong, Jae-Yeol Kim, and Joo-Won Kang. "Linear Form Finding Approach for Regular and Irregular Single Layer Prism Tensegrity." International Journal of Steel Structures 18, no. 5 (April 30, 2018): 1654–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13296-018-0060-8.

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Liu, Shao Hua, Xin Hai Wang, and Tang Jun. "Study on the Method of 3D Geologic Modeling and Visualization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 2862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2862.

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Three-dimensional Geologic body modeling is one of the core problems in geological information system. The current situation of three -dimensional geographic information system (GIS) and method of space modeling were analyzed in geological field, a kind of three-dimensional geological space modeling method-Similar Tri-Prism(STP) was put forwards, STP Combined with the characteristics of Geological body engineering. This method took Similar Tri-Prism body as the basic volume element of three-dimensional geological modeling, and described the data structure of Similar Tri-Prism body by using five basic elements and six groups of topological relationships. It can effectively express all kinds of three -dimensional geological phenomenon, can better combined with traditional multi-layer triangular irregular network (TIN) model, as well as maintain the topological relationship of space entity. An initial prototype has been developed basing on the modeling method in this paper and proved by real drilling data,which is suitable for three -dimensional GIS in geological field.

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Guo, Shiliang, Xiaogang Wu, Zhiquan Li, and Kai Tong. "High-Sensitivity Biosensor-Based Enhanced SPR by ZnO/MoS2 Nanowires Array Layer with Graphene Oxide Nanosheet." International Journal of Optics 2020 (September 1, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7342737.

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A novel SPR biosensor that can achieve a high sensitivity is proposed; therefore, a new prism coupling structure based on metal nanowires array layer is designed in this paper. The thickness of each medium layer for the structure is analyzed to obtain the optimal SPR spectrum, by the finite element method, so that the sensitivity is able to be enhanced greatly. The optimal thicknesses of each medium layer are given, and the sensitivity of the SPR biosensor can reach as high as 210.75°/RIU for the refractive index of the sensing medium, from 1.30 to 1.38.

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Sharma, Ashish, Lawrence Tarbox, Tahsin Kurc, Jonathan Bona, Kirk Smith, Pradeeban Kathiravelu, Erich Bremer, Joel H. Saltz, and Fred Prior. "PRISM: A Platform for Imaging in Precision Medicine." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 4 (September 2020): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.20.00001.

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PURPOSE Precision medicine requires an understanding of individual variability, which can only be acquired from large data collections such as those supported by the Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). We have undertaken a program to extend the types of data TCIA can support. This, in turn, will enable TCIA to play a key role in precision medicine research by collecting and disseminating high-quality, state-of-the-art, quantitative imaging data that meet the evolving needs of the cancer research community METHODS A modular technology platform is presented that would allow existing data resources, such as TCIA, to evolve into a comprehensive data resource that meets the needs of users engaged in translational research for imaging-based precision medicine. This Platform for Imaging in Precision Medicine (PRISM) helps streamline the deployment and improve TCIA’s efficiency and sustainability. More importantly, its inherent modular architecture facilitates a piecemeal adoption by other data repositories. RESULTS PRISM includes services for managing radiology and pathology images and features and associated clinical data. A semantic layer is being built to help users explore diverse collections and pool data sets to create specialized cohorts. PRISM includes tools for image curation and de-identification. It includes image visualization and feature exploration tools. The entire platform is distributed as a series of containerized microservices with representational state transfer interfaces. CONCLUSION PRISM is helping modernize, scale, and sustain the technology stack that powers TCIA. Repositories can take advantage of individual PRISM services such as de-identification and quality control. PRISM is helping scale image informatics for cancer research at a time when the size, complexity, and demands to integrate image data with other precision medicine data-intensive commons are mounting.

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Kim, Gyeong-Cheon, Ho-Seong Ji, Jae-Min Chu, Seok-Ho Lee, and Seung-Hak Seong. "Flow Structure Around a Rectangular Prism Placed in a Thick Turbulent Boundary Layer." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 26, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2002.26.4.578.

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Kim, Kyung Chun, Ho Seong Ji, and Seung Hak Seong. "Flow structure around a 3-D rectangular prism in a turbulent boundary layer." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 91, no. 5 (April 2003): 653–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6105(02)00459-2.

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SAKAMOTO, Hiroshi, and Masaru MORIYA. "Aerodynamic force acting on a rectangular prism immersed in a turbulent boundary layer." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 51, no. 464 (1985): 1191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.51.1191.

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Qasim, Ola Adel. "Experimental Study of Hybrid Layer Effect for Prism under Bending, Shear and Torsion." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (March 21, 2020): 012168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/745/1/012168.

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Zeng, Jiadong, Mingshui Li, Shaopeng Li, and Ruwei Ma. "Spatial Distribution of Gusty Loads on a Rectangular Prism in Boundary Layer Flows." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 8 (November 6, 2017): 3052–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-0465-5.

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Lutfiyah, Maulina, and Asih Melati. "Study of Computational Theory of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) for Porcine Gelatin Detected Sensor Based Nanomaterial Fe3O4–CNT in Otto’s Configuration." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 1 (October 31, 2017): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v1.279.

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Accurate biomolecular detection can be performed through the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) phenomenon. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the addition of Fe3O4 and Carbon Nanotube (CNT) nanomaterials in the Otto configurations and their use as porcine detection sensors. The research was conducted theoretically by finding the equation of reflectance and computationally using Matlab software version 7.12.0 to know SPR angle and reflectance value. This research uses ATR method with Otto configuration. The modeling was finished using HeNe laser light on 632.8 nm wavelength, semi-circle prism type BK7, metal layer of gold nanoparticles. The results of the research can be used in the detection of porcine gelatin by Otto configurations. The best air gap thickness is 30 nm. The best thickness of the gold layer and Fe3O4 layer are 50 nm and 0.05 nm. The applied of MWCNT nanoparticles is not effective in the detection of biomolecules based SPR. While the thickness of SWCNT used is 1 nm. The SWCNT material also proved to be better used in SPR systems. The addition of porcine gelatin layer in the system shows a graphic change in the form of increasing reflectance value and SPR angular shift.

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Zhang, Shaohua, Zhifu Wei, Ling Xu, Jianwei Xu, Shoujian Ouyang, and Yun Shen. "Plasmonic Fishnet Structures for Dual Band THz Left-Handed Metamaterials." Photonics 8, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040116.

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Plasmonic fishnet structures are proposed to realize dual-band terahertz (THz) left-handed metamaterials (LHMs). The calculated permittivity ε and permeability μ of single-layer LHMs show that ε < 0 and μ < 0 can be simultaneously satisfied in two frequency bands, resulting in dual-band LHMs. The electric and magnetic field distributions are consistent with the current distributions and confirm the physical mechanism of negative permeability. Furthermore, the existence of negative refraction is validated by a stacked LHMs prism with an angle of 1.79°. It is shown that at 2.04–2.42 THz and 3.12–3.28 THz bands, negative refractive indices of the prism can be obtained, facilitating the practical application of LHMs in THz image, sensor, detection, communication, and so on.

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T, Thoyibi, Muhammad Arifin, and Kamsul Abraha. "Uji Kemurnian DNA Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Kultivar “Gama Melon Basket” Menggunakan Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Berbasis Nanopartikel Perak." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 5, no. 01 (December 16, 2015): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/ijap.v5i01.254.

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DNA level of purity has been tested by observing the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in silver film + silver (Ag) nanoparticles system as DNA sensor using Kretschmann configuration. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon observed in the resonance condition of reflectance spectrum vary with incident angle of laser, beamed toward prism. System is built as a model for DNA purity test instrument that give higher accuracy. DNA purity testing was conducted by placing DNA layer with various ratio on prism in order to get the angle shift value in each sample as a result. Purity level of DNA indicates the DNA quality based on the ratio between the amount of pure DNA compared to the amount of impurity materials (protein). After the deposition of DNA in ratio 1,774, 1,838 and 1,916 SPR angle shifted , and respectively. Characteristic differences of DNA with different purity (ratio) are shown by reflectance value that is getting higher at a smaller ratio, indicates that in the higher DNA ratio the angle shift is getting smaller. SPR angle shift which is occurred before and after DNA deposition shows the sensitivity of SPR as DNA sensor.

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Nemoto, Naru, Naoki Wakiya, Kazuo Shinozaki, Takanori Kiguchi, Keisuke Satoh, Masatoshi Ishii, Masao Kondo, Kazuaki Kurihara, and Nobuyasu Mizutani. "Preparation and Optical Properties of Epitaxial Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-PbTiO₃ Thin Film on Si Substrates with Buffer Layer Using Pulsed Laser Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 301 (January 2006): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.301.265.

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Epitaxial Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) thin films for electrooptic applications were fabricated on a Si substrate using buffer layers. The PMN-PT/SrRuO3/SrTiO3/(La,Sr)CoO3/CeO2 /YSZ/Si hetrostructure was fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. A PMN-PT thin film with a thickness of 2μm was successfully deposited. The optical characteristics of PMN-PT epitaxial film were measured by prism coupling method. The morphology of the PMN-PT films was drastically improved by introducing a mask between the target and substrate during the deposition. The PMN-PT thin film showed a columnar structure, where the width of each column was approximately 180nm. A refractive index of 2.48 with zero bias voltage was obtained for the epitaxial PMN-PT thin film using the prism coupler method.

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Guo, Lianghui, Lei Shi, Xiaohong Meng, Rui Gao, Zhaoxi Chen, and Yuanman Zheng. "Apparent magnetization mapping in the presence of strong remanent magnetization: The space-domain inversion approach." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): J11—J24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0082.1.

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Apparent magnetization mapping is a technique to estimate magnetization distribution in the subsurface magnetic layer from the observed magnetic data, of benefit in identifying lithologic units and delineating magnetic geologic boundaries. The conventional approaches for apparent magnetization mapping usually neglect effects of remanence, resulting in large geologic deviation and the occurrence of negative magnetization when the magnetic layer contains strong remanent magnetization. We have developed a space-domain inversion approach for apparent magnetization mapping based on the amplitude of magnetic anomaly (AMA), the analytic signal (AS), and the normalized source strength (NSS) to reduce effects of remanent magnetization. The AMA, AS, and NSS are three common quantities insensitive or weakly sensitive to the remanence transformed from the magnetic total field anomaly or components. The magnetic layer underground is first divided into a regular grid of vertical rectangular prisms, each having a cross-sectional area of one grid square and a uniform magnetization. Then, an iterative algorithm is adopted to invert each quantity of the AMA, AS, and NSS to obtain an optimum value of magnetization of each prism in the magnetic layer. The inversion approach permits the top and bottom surfaces of the magnetic layer to be constant or variable in depth, and requires no prior information of magnetization directions. Our tests on the synthetic and real data from the metallic ores area in the southern margin of North China have proved the feasibility and robustness of the presented inversion approach. All of the AMA, AS, and NSS inversions produced nonnegative magnetization distribution in the magnetic layer. Also, the AS and NSS inversions produced a better resolution of magnetization distribution than that of the AMA.

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Zhang, Li, Yongqi Fu, and Weixing Yu. "Polarization and sizes variation immune optical absorbers." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 03 (January 28, 2016): 1650010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798491650010x.

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In this paper, a novel optical absorber that is flexible in size for fabrication and unique properties is studied numerically by aid of finite difference in time domain (FDTD) algorithm. The structure consists of three layers based on the metal–dielectric–metal design scheme. The middle layer is a dielectric in which the electronic and magnetic resonance energy dissipates. The bottom side is a metallic plane and the top layer is a hexagonal prism array. We also investigate the influence of the structure parameters on the absorbance and the absorption wavelength. The results show that a perfect absorber can be designed, and the number of the absorption peaks varies from two to three for the different radius of circumcircle of the hexagonal prism ranging from 280 nm to 400 nm. Meanwhile, position of the first absorption peak is nearly unchanged. This unique feature may be a significant advantage and possesses great potential applications such as biosensing and photovoltaic. Additionally, position and amplitude of the first absorption peak is constant for broad incident angles. The absorption is insensitive to the polarization of the incident beam due to the highly symmetric structure.

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SAKAMOTO, Hiroshi, Hiroyuki HANIU, and Yoshifumi KOBAYASHI. "Fluctuating forces acting on two rectangular prisms placed vertically in a turbulent boundary layer. On the downstream prism in staggered arrangements." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 53, no. 495 (1987): 3152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.53.3152.

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Viney, NR. "Moisture Diffusivity in Forest Fuels." International Journal of Wildland Fire 2, no. 4 (1992): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9920161.

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Abstract. Apracticalmeans of quanmingthe diffusivities of forest fuels from fielddata is presented. The mathematics of this method is explored for four fuel shapes: a litter layer, a hardwood leaf, a twig and a square fuel moisture analogue stick, which are represented geometrically by a semi-infinite solid, a slab, a cylinder and a square prism, respectively. Theresults are presented graphically. Analyses of two published sets of field data indicate defusivities of 4.1 x 10-12m2 s-1 and 1.3 x 10-10m2 s-1 for Eucalyptus leaves and twigs, respectively, and 2.9 x 10-9m2 s-1 for a lodgepole pine litter layer.

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Makeyev, A. B., and N. I. Bryanchaninova. "Typomorphism of rock-forming minerals of Lunar regolith, Luna-16, -20, -24: comparision of sea vs continent vs sea." Georesursy 23, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2021.1.10.

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The study focuses on the comparison of the chemical and mineral composition of Lunar regolith probes from Luna-16, -20, -24 stations and their the sea-continent environments. Using microprobe JXA-8200 and JSM-5610LV (400 analyses, 50 images, 9 fragments of layer-by-layer core samples) 18 mineral phases and their 12 varieties were diagnosed. The most common are iron-magnesium and calcium-bearing varieties of silicates – anortite, clinopyroxenes and olivine. The typomorphic features of rock-forming minerals in two types of the lunar surface are discussed. The composition of chromespinelids is demonstrated on a triangular prism diagram.

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Watanabe, Atsuo. "Ellipsometric Study of Critical-Angle Infrared ATR Spectroscopy with a Metal-Coated Elastomer Film Overlayer." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 2 (February 1993): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934048190.

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Experimentally obtained ellipsometry angles of the phase about reflecting layers, in an arrangement which put a PVAc layer between a gold-coated PET film and the reflecting surface of a Ge prism at an incident angle of 22.5 to 25.5°, were closest to simulated ellipsometry angles of the phase, under the assumption that the apparent density of the PVAc layer decreased to 77% normal density so that the apparent refractive index of the PVAc layer was 1.35, and the reflecting layers were separated by a gap of 20 nm. Infrared absorption spectra which were obtained by using these optical configurations coincided well with spectra derived by a spectroscopic simulation of the reflecting layers that assumed the decreased density of the PVAc layer and the gap layer when the thickness of the PVAc layer was less than 100 nm. Spectral absorbance of the PVAc obtained by this method with the use of p-polarization was enhanced more than 20-fold over one obtained by transmission.

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41

Ni, Changye, Run Hou, Bin Han, Feng Jin, Guowei Ma, and Tianjian Lu. "Normal and oblique projectile impact of double-layered pyramidal lattice truss structures filled with ceramic insertions." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 8 (December 15, 2015): 1136–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705715618739.

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Systematic three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations are carried out to study the ballistic protection performance of double-layer sandwich plates having metallic pyramidal lattice truss cores filled with ceramic prism insertions and void-filling epoxy resin. Both normal and oblique projectile impacts are considered in the FE simulations that are validated against experimental measurements. The ballistic limit velocity, the energy absorbed by key constituting elements and the critical oblique angle corresponding to the transition from ballistic perforation to projectile embedment are calculated. As the oblique angle is increased, the evolution of deformation and failure in the double-layer plates as well as the underlying mechanisms are explored. It is demonstrated that the proposed double-layer sandwich plates outperform both the single-layer sandwich plates and the homogeneous (monolithic) metallic plates having equal total mass, and the top layer (the ceramic insertions in particular) of the double-layer configuration plays a more dominant role in energy absorption.

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Alloing-Séguier, Léanie, Laurent Marivaux, Jean-François Barczi, Fabrice Lihoreau, and Camille Martinand-Mari. "Relationships Between Enamel Prism Decussation and Organization of the Ameloblast Layer in Rodent Incisors." Anatomical Record 302, no. 7 (November 22, 2018): 1195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.24000.

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Bakunov, M. I., E. A. Mashkovich, and E. V. Svinkina. "Asymmetric Cherenkov radiation for improved terahertz generation in the Si-prism-coupled LiNbO_3 layer." Optics Letters 39, no. 24 (December 3, 2014): 6779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.006779.

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Kim, Kyung Chun, Ho Seong Ji, and Seung Hak Seong. "Effects of turbulent boundary layer thickness on flow around a low-rise rectangular prism." Wind and Structures 8, no. 6 (December 25, 2005): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/was.2005.8.6.455.

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SATO, Hiroshi, Koichi HISHIDA, and Masanobu MAEDA. "Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics around a Square Prism in a Boundary Layer." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 58, no. 545 (1992): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.58.22.

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Huang, Shuan-Yu, He-Yi Zheng, Kai-Yu Yu, Bing-Yau Huang, Hong-Ren Lin, Chia-Rong Lee, and Chie-Tong Kuo. "Electrically tunable prism grating based on a liquid crystal film with a photoconductive layer." Optical Materials Express 2, no. 12 (November 19, 2012): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.2.001791.

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Sakamoto, Hiroshi. "Aerodynamic forces acting on a rectangular prism placed vertically in a turbulent boundary layer." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 18, no. 2 (April 1985): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(85)90093-5.

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Bendjebbour, Mohammed, Abdellatif Cherifi, and Benamar Bouhafs. "Analysis of Coupled Surface Plasmon in LHM Mediated Dielectric Gap Multilayer Structure." Photonic Sensors 10, no. 2 (December 21, 2019): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-019-0568-3.

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AbstractThe purpose of this work is to investigate theoretically the characteristics of confined electromagnetic modes propagating along the interfaces of a multilayer device. This one dimensional (ID) sensor is formed by stacking a left-handed material (LHM) layer between a SiCt2-glass prism and a dielectric gap layer in contact with gold (Au). The results indicate that the total thickness of the LHM layer and dielectric gap, in optimum conditions, give the ability of tuning significantly the characteristics of the resonant modes correlated to surface plasmons (SPs) propagation along the interfaces of the designed device. By considering two arrangements between LHM and Au, two opposite resonant behaviors observed in p-reflectance spectra are analyzed in the angular interrogation mode and discussed thoroughly.

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Nadraga, Vasyl. "Shadow economical practices in the system of social risks." Ukrainian society 2013, no. 3 (2013): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2013.03.126.

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This article analyzes the peculiarities and the extent of shadowing of economic relations in Ukraine are considered its consequences through the prism of actualization of social risks of Ukrainian society. Outlined the basic risks of shad-ow economic activities, including corruption of the state apparatus, low role of law and the judicial system, the formation of layer of shadow oligarchy, abuse in the budgetary sphere, increasing unemployment, unfair redistribution of wealth.

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Bodrov, S. B., I. E. Ilyakov, B. V. Shishkin, and M. I. Bakunov. "Highly efficient Cherenkov-type terahertz generation by 2-μm wavelength ultrashort laser pulses in a prism-coupled LiNbO3 layer." Optics Express 27, no. 25 (November 25, 2019): 36059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.036059.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Prism layer'

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