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1
Roxell, Lena. "Fångar i ett nätverk? : Fängelser, interaktioner och medbrottslingsskap." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Criminology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7114.
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<p>The objective of the thesis is to study how contacts/relationships are established in prison, and whether this is of significance for co-offending. A further objective is that of studying co-offending among individuals classified as gang members. Data have been collected from the Register of Suspected Offenders for all individuals released from Swedish prisons over a period of six months (n=3,930). Data have also been collected for individuals deemed by prison service officials to be members of various gangs (n=1,310). Twelve individuals (four women and eight men) with experience of serving time in prison have been interviewed. </p><p>The results of the register study show that it is uncommon for individuals who have spent time together at the same prison to be suspected of committing offences together subsequent to release. This was the case for two percent of the entire study population and three percent of the gang members. The co-offending of different gangs has also been studied by means of network analysis. There are substantial variations between different gangs as regards the proportion of suspected offences involving gang members and other individuals respectively, as reflected in both direct and indirect links. The interview study shows that there are different reasons for wanting to establish contacts/relationships with others. For some the intention is to maintain contacts of value for future crimes. A number of different reasons emerged however for why such contacts are discontinued. Inmates return to their old friends, they are re-arrested, women find themselves back in the worlds of men, a long time may pass between the individuals’ respective release dates, they may live a long way apart or drug use, leading to the breakdown of contacts as a result. </p><p>The theoretical framework employed in the thesis proceeds from social exchange theory. For co-offending to take place subsequent to release from prison, the contact/relationship established in prison must be worth something. Trust, contacts with other criminals, the size of an individual’s criminal network, and criminal capital are all relevant in this context. </p>
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Maitra, Dev Rup. "Gangs, race, and 'the street' in prison : an inductive analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290265.
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This thesis investigates the practices and compositions of gangs in Greater Manchester, England. Primarily drawing from qualitative data gathered in two adult, men's prisons, it explores gang members' activities, how these practices develop on 'the street', and how they are later affected by imprisonment. The thesis also explores the links between race, geographical area and gang affiliation, analysing how a gang member's racial background and area of origin may relate to his gang. The results show the strong influence of gangs at the sample prisons, and how gangs affect the ways in which prisoners negotiate the carceral space: violent practices, gang allegiances and rivalries developed on 'the street' are regularly transplanted into prison. These high levels of gang 'importation' into the sample prisons result in the social and cultural significance of street gangs often penetrating prison walls. Area of origin and shared racial background are strong unifying 'banners' under which many prison gangs operate, and violence is an integral part of life in 'the gang'. However, reflecting the academic literature, gang members often contest the terminology around 'gangs', showing the polarized discourse around these topics. The thesis attempts to resolve some of these debates by presenting a comprehensive gang typology shaped by theory and prisoners' testimonies.
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Booyens, Karen. "The sexual assault and rape of male offenders and awaiting-trial detainees." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05312009-204352.
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Roxell, Lena. "Fångar i ett nätverk? : Fängelser, interaktioner och medbrottslingsskap /." Stockholm: : Kriminologiska institutionen Department of Criminology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7114.
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Novis, Roberta. "Hard times : exploring the complex structures and activities of Brazilian prison gangs." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/958/.
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This research examines the presence of organised criminal groups in prison and its influence on inmate’s interaction and on the prison system of Rio de Janeiro. Information collected from a series of in-depth interviews with prisoners and ex-prisoners, members and non-members of the criminal groups and authorities of the criminal justice system, suggests that the current social organisation of prisons is working favourably towards the further development of organised crime and deviant behaviour. Prisoners are subordinated not only to the prison administration but also to the gang leaders. If a convict had no links with drug trafficking prior to incarceration, they definitely create one behind bars. Ninety-eight percent (98%) of interviewees from the sensitive sample engaged in drug trafficking while in prison. Off-brand inmates, those who are the less conspicuous convicts, end up engaging in illegal activities to avoid retaliation, perpetuating then a cycle of violence in a fragmented geopolitical gang space behind bars. Political pressure towards the validity of the classification system stratified by gang affiliation has impacted on the prison administration to create multiple categories of prisoners, which are mutually exclusive. This has had pervasive impacts on penal affairs such as allocation of sentences, lack of vacancies and disruption of prisoner’s routine. The research shows that the State goes beyond classification of inmates by gang affiliation; it has incorporated elements of gang’s violent tradition to assess and influence justice and prisoner’s progression. This study offers an interesting scope for a comparative analysis through the study of anti-prison gang strategies. Experiences around the globe have been driven to target gangs with racial and ethnical rivalries. Prison gangs in this study are devoted to a more capitalist goal: the monopoly of illegal drug markets in the streets. Such understandings and contextualizing make a significant contribution to re-examining the role of inmate culture as well as the value of contemporary penal reforms designed to making the penal institutions more responsive and interventionist in addressing inmate needs.
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Richert, William Henry. "Parolee and police officer perceptions of prison gang etiology, power, and control." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3008.
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Examines the attitudes and perceptions among parolees, and police officers on why inmates join prison gangs, how powerful they are, and their power and control in prison. Data was gathered from 250 surveys distributed to a group of parolees at an undisclosed southern California municipal police department jail, and 250 surveys distributed to police managers attending the FBI National Academy in Quantico, Virginia. Results of this study validated the hypothesis that there is a significant difference in attitudes and perceptions of parolees and police officers of why inmates join prison gangs and the power and control gang inmates have in prison.
7
Albertse, Lizelle. "Gang members' experiences of victimization and perpetration of rape in prison." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7518_1241763499.
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<p>People outside of prison tend to imagine sex in prison as violent gang attacks on defenceless individuals, but in actual fact, sex in prison is more complicated than the isolated gang rapes that take place. For the purpose of this study, the researcher followed the qualitative research approach from a constructivist perspective to understand how participants portrayed or constructed their experiences of victimization and/or perceprion of rape.</p>
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Bailey, Charlotte. "Desegregating California’s Prisons: When Legal Prescriptions Collide with Institutional Realities." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1442.
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Over the last fifty years, California has become one of the largest jailers in the world, incarcerating nearly 128,000 men and women on a $10.5 billion budget. The prison population has rapidly risen over this period, resulting in overly crowded, chaotic prisons and jails that became increasingly difficult to manage. As correctional officers and officials lost control over the prison social order, inmates looked to themselves and created a new set of social norms through race-based gangs. What began with the formation of the Mexican Mafia in 1957 now dictates prison social life, where racially segregated cells, cafeterias, yards, and gyms are the new norm. In an attempt to manage this new social structure, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation unofficially employed the use of racial segregation during the intake process for prison housing. The practice was challenged and eventually overruled in the 2005 Supreme Court decision Johnson v. California, but the State continues to struggle with compliance on multiple fronts.
This thesis examines the history and development of race-based gangs in California in an attempt to understand how to manage the racially segregated world of prisons today. It finds that tensions between the courts, the State, and the inmates are ultimately perpetuated by the continuance of racially segregation policies, and it will ultimately take the political will of Department officials to eliminate race-based gangs and enact cultural change.
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Tierney, Kathryn E. "Study of Navy and Marine Corps prison inmates affiliated with gangs and extremist groups : trends and issues for enlistment screening." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9029.
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This thesis examines self-identified gang members and extremists incarcerated in Navy and Marine Corps brigs and disciplinary barracks. Information was gathered from interviews conducted with inmates. The interviews focused on several key issues, including reasons for enlisting in the Navy and Marine Corps; truthfulness with recruiters concerning certain illegal activities prior to enlistment, including juvenile arrests and convictions; the nature and severity of crimes for which members were convicted, including links with gangs or extremist groups; and reasons for lack of assimilation and acculturation into military service. This thesis also provides background information on present enlistment screening procedures, current Department of Defense policies concerning gangs and extremist groups, and demographic data on the characteristics of self- admitted gang members who are incarcerated in a Navy brig. Common themes that emerged from the interviews are presented, and selected summaries are included in an appendix. In addition, the study examines enlistment screening procedures for identifying applicants who have gang or extremist group affiliations, and recommends a number of areas for farther research
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Jesus, Filho José de. "Administração penitenciária: o controle da população carcerária a partir da gestão partilhada entre diretores, judiciário e facções." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18432.
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Previous issue date: 2017-02-23<br>A presente tese dedica-se a uma análise crítica das instituições contemporâneas de controle sobre a população carcerária do estado de São Paulo, e, de maneira mais específica, a uma análise do conflito de coordenação que caracteriza o seu modus operandi. Ajustando o foco sobre os diretores das unidades prisionais, a pesquisa busca compreender como ocorre a atuação desses frente à interveniência crescente de outros atores e grupos sociais na gestão prisional, com destaque para o poder Judiciário e as lideranças internas entre presos, além das secretarias estaduais responsáveis pela gestão prisional às quais os diretores são subordinados. A pesquisa procura compreender a emergência desses novos atores no contexto da gestão penitenciária identificando o processo de fragmentação institucional do exercício de poder sobre a população carcerária por meio de sucessivas reformas realizadas ao longo do século XX, e o quanto esse fenômeno estimulou a emergência de novas forças que se colocaram em disputa pela primazia sobre essa população. Para isto é realizada uma caracterização dessas forças, entre as quais se tornaram mais proeminentes: administração penitenciária central, diretor, diretor de segurança, facções, juiz da execução, defensor público e mídia, e analisa as interações mantidas entre esses atores, com tensões e cooperações estabelecidas ao longo do tempo. A partir de uma análise crítica das premissas que orientam o comportamento de cada um desses atores, a tese apresenta as características da profunda crise de coordenação que define a gestão carcerária no estado de São Paulo nas últimas décadas.<br>This dissertation provides a critical analysis of contemporary control institutions responsible for the prison population within the state of São Paulo. More specifically, it analyzes the management conflict that characterizes its modus operandi. By focusing on the prison wardens, the research endeavors to understand how the behavior of these actors is influenced by a number of other powers, such as judges, inmates, and the bureaucracy in the state correctional department, to which wardens are subordinate. The research shows that the emergence of these other influences has led to institutional fragmentation in the exercise of power over the prison population. To this end, the research carries out a detailed characterization of these powers and subsequently analyzes the interactions between these actors including their tensions and cooperations over the years. The prominent actors included in analysis are the prison central administration, the warden deputy, the security warden, prison gangs, judges, public defenders and the media. By conducting a critical analysis of the principles that guide the behavior of these actors, the dissertation is able to identify the characteristics of the profound crisis that defines prison administration in São Paulo in the last decades.
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Fortune, Sandra H. "Inmate and prison gang leadership." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2003. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1103103-220112/unrestricted/FortuneS112503f.pdf.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.<br>Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-1103103-220112. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
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Wood, Jane L. "Groups in prison : an examination of their origins, membership and gang related activities." Thesis, University of Kent, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268327.
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Skywalker, Luke Lee. "Politics of the number: an account of predominent South African prison gang influences." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9095.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>The study is a contextual account of various factors that facilitate and promote the continued dominance of the ‘Number gangs’ prevalent in many (if not most) South African prisons. Even though there is a substantial amount of factors that critically influence and sustain the South African prison gangs, this paper will focus upon a few of these influences. An emergent sentiment from exponents within these gangs, and supporting academic literature both argue that these dominant inmate factions are now adapting their mythical credo so as to remain an informal power-player within the scope of a failing South African prison administration. From a managerial perspective, the Department of Correctional Services (DCS) is often found attempting to give meaningful accounts of itself amidst its failed efforts to transform both itself and the South African prison administration. The policy legislation and administration of DCS thus also contribute to prison gang prominence. The study shows that DCS has embraced a policy of harsher penality, although its official position is that it is transforming into an administration that is focused upon human rights. This paper will thus give brief insight into the prison gangs’ organization and operations, and then focus upon various contexts within which the Number gangs continue to be pervasive, especially due to changing prison administrative policy (or lack thereof) and due to new adaptive strategy employed by gangs to make themselves powerbrokers within this contentious penal discourse.
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Selepe, Siphiwe Hope. "Gang conflict in the South African prisons : a case of Waterval, 1980- 1992." Thesis, University of Zululand, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1139.
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Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology in the Department of Sociology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1996.<br>This research is based on Gang Conflict in the South African Prisons, with special reference to Waterval prison, 1980-1992. This research primarily attempts to describe the prison subculture in terms of its characteristics and influence as they relate to conflict situations. Furthermore, it outlines this phenomenon as it affects the behaviour and attitudes of prisoners in general and prison officials in particular.
In assessing the major impact of Gang Conflict as a form of deviance towards prison officials efforts to rehabilitation, the theories of Robert Merton as well as that of Karl Marx (i.e. Anomie and Alienation) have a tremendous influence in this study. Other sociological theories are considered as contributory to the study.
For purposes of collecting data, a survey questionnaire was administered to 50 prison warders, with more than 3 years experience, drawn from the total population of Waterval prison warders. To put the study of Gang Conflict in context, chapter 2 contains the background and development of Waterval Prison, which does not justify the conditions and treatment of priosners.
Regarding some gangs found in the South African prisons, chapter 3 gives an exposition to the origin, structure and function of most important prison gangs.
Chapter 4, further outlines the character of prison subculture and its influence on deviance to both prisoners and and prison warders. The existence and survival of prison gangs are due to factors both inside and outside the prison.
In the light of the findings of this study, the following was recommended:
* The need for further research in a number of aspects, related to this problem and the service structure facilities needed.
* The image of warders should be actively enhanced. Their sense of responsibility, loyalty, educational level, in-service training and ability to cope professionally with their task should receive top priority to combat gangs. This enhancement is further recommended to other prison departments, to ascertain a cross-cultural picture.
* Prison officials should always be on the look-out for gangs and strict control measures by all personnel against gangs may be simple solution to the problem. Therefore, they should be able to identify gang members.
* Health and welfare services as well as psychiatric and psychological services should be common functions of the prison without class interests. This might consolidate in the total eradication of Prison Gangs.
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Zoccole, Elizabeth. "Gang Diversion Program Implementation: A Reentry Program for Inmates with STG Affiliations at a Supermax Prison." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu152785131656646.
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Lingaas, Ingebjørg. "Breaking Bars: An investigation into how performance art as an intervention program inside prison may lead to a behavior change among male gang members in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29330.
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Violence has been declared a public health problem by the World Health Organisation (1996). Violence prevention strategies are actively used in efforts to rehabilitate offenders during their incarceration, and are intended to prepare them for reintegration into society and to prevent recidivism. Given the lack of research undertaken on violence prevention strategies in the gang-ridden context of Cape Town, South Africa, this dissertation looks at a prison intervention programme, Help I am Free, that uses performance arts as a case study to investigate the potential impacts of such intervention strategies. The paper does so by outlining the experiences of five male gang members before, during, and after their time in prison. Using a cross-sectional qualitative research design, the dissertation explores participants’ life histories and seeks to shed light on the ways in (and degrees to) which such programmes may influence the men’s attitudes towards themselves and others, and the likelihood of their successful reintegration into society. The theoretical frameworks used draw on applied theatre theories, social-cognitive theories, and theories of masculinities. The paper argues that programmes such as Help I am Free may impact participants’ perceptions of self and others strongly, and may also lead to an increased sense of self-worth and motivation to change lifestyle. However, it also indicates the limitations of the programme to achieve sustained success, given the structural barriers which afflict South Africa. The paper outlines a number of challenges that the men face while on parole, and concludes that while prison intervention programmes, and art programmes specifically, may trigger a sense of healing and encourage more positive notions of self, there are more comprehensive strategies in post-release urgently needed in order to prevent recidivism and to achieve authentic social re-integration.
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Pettersson, Annie, and Ludvig Gropp. "”Dette kan være prisen for å være moralens vokter i alle sammenhenger” : En kvalitativ studie om rapporteringen kring Therese Johaugs dopingfall i svenska och norska medier." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-70140.
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The aim of this study is to examine in which way nationalistic influences plays a prominent part in the news coverage of larger media houses. This by studying how two newspapers, Swedish Aftonbladet and Norwegian Verdens Gang, portrays and reports about Therese Johaug after she was tested positive for doping. We performed a critical discourse analysis of a total of 20 web-based news articles. These articles were chosen from the date the news appeared and one week forward. This in order to see if the the two newspapers were characterized with nationalistic tendencies as well as comparing them to see what the differences and similarities might be. By using theories such as national identitets, nationalism, ”us and them” and imagined communities we came to the conclusion that a nationalistic discourse is very much present. The subjects in the articles often become representatives of either Norway or Sweden - depending on the nationality. Johaug is mostly characterized as a national hero and sympathies are often shown from the norwegian news-articles. The opposite meaning were shown in the swedish news-articles. Described as an antagonist and a cheat - the complete opposite of a national hero. Imagined communities are also present as a nationalistic discourse. The people of Norway and Sweden are often involved - in order to justify this imagined community which occurs within the nation's borders. The similarities and differences between the two newspapers are quite subtle - but present nonetheless. This with a nationalistic discourse which confirms both previous research and our theoretical framework.
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Hoppert-Flämig, Susan. "Striving for security : state responses to violence under the FMLN government in El Salvador, 2009-2014." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15883.
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This research focuses on the provision of intrastate security and on the question how states in the global South do or do not provide security for their citizens and do or do not protect them from physical violence. This thesis argues that while institutional conditions are an important aspect of security provision in the global South, more attention needs to be paid to policy processes. Institution building as set out in the literature about Security Sector Reform and statebuilding assumes that it is possible to provide security to all citizens of a state by building democratic state security institutions. However, this is only possible if the state is the predominant force of controlling violence. Research showed that this is rarely the case in countries of the global South. This thesis contends that statehood in the global South is contested due to power struggles between multiple state and non-state elites. It argues that the analysis of security policy processes allows for an analysis of security provision in societies where no centralised control over violence exists. It contributes to a better understanding of the shortcomings of security provision in the global South because it shows the impact of societal and state actors on security policy making. Using the case of security policy making under the first FMLN (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí Front for National Liberation) government in El Salvador (2009-2014), the thesis shows that, in a contested state policy making does not result from a pact between the state and society or from a social consensus as envisaged by parts of the FMLN and other forces of the New Left in Latin America. Instead, policy making results from elite pacts and elite struggles. This is illustrated in the domination of an ad hoc decision-making mode which describes short-term decisions which are insufficiently implemented and easily reversed or replaced. Thus, security provision as a policy field remains focused on elite interests and does not include the interests of the broader population.
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Hoppert-Flämig, Susan. "Striving for security: State responses to violence under the FMLN government in El Salvador 2009-2014." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15883.
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This research focuses on the provision of intrastate security and on the question how states in the global South do or do not provide security for their citizens and do or do not protect them from physical violence. This thesis argues that while institutional conditions are an important aspect of security provision in the global South, more attention needs to be paid to policy processes. Institution building as set out in the literature about Security Sector Reform and statebuilding assumes that it is possible to provide security to all citizens of a state by building democratic state security institutions. However, this is only possible if the state is the predominant force of controlling violence. Research showed that this is rarely the case in countries of the global South. This thesis contends that statehood in the global South is contested due to power struggles between multiple state and non-state elites. It argues that the analysis of security policy processes allows for an analysis of security provision in societies where no centralised control over violence exists. It contributes to a better understanding of the shortcomings of security provision in the global South because it shows the impact of societal and state actors on security policy making. Using the case of security policy making under the first FMLN (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí Front for National Liberation) government in El Salvador (2009-2014), the thesis shows that, in a contested state policy making does not result from a pact between the state and society or from a social consensus as envisaged by parts of the FMLN and other forces of the New Left in Latin America. Instead, policy making results from elite pacts and elite struggles. This is illustrated in the domination of an ad hoc decision-making mode which describes short-term decisions which are insufficiently implemented and easily reversed or replaced. Thus, security provision as a policy field remains focused on elite interests and does not include the interests of the broader population.
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Charland, Marie-Pier. "Les gangs de rue en prison." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4889.
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Les gangs de rue suscitent aujourd’hui l’intérêt de nombreux chercheurs en raison de la menace qu’ils semblent poser à la société et ses institutions. En effet, depuis quelques années, les Services Correctionnels du Québec connaissent une hausse du nombre de personnes incarcérées associées aux gangs de rue et plusieurs questionnements sont soulevés face à la recrudescence de ces groupes en prison.
Peu de recherches se sont penchées sur la question des gangs de rue en prison, alors que ceux-ci semblent être à la source de plusieurs problèmes aigus dans les institutions carcérales. Ainsi, ces derniers sont souvent associés à la criminalité et à la violence, que ce soit dans les médias ou dans la littérature scientifique et semblent être la source de plusieurs inquiétudes de la part du grand public; considérés comme imprévisibles et violents, ils font peur.
Groupes diversifiés et difficiles à saisir, leur étude se veut non seulement primordiale vu leur nature, mais nécessaire afin d’en saisir la complexité et pouvoir agir, que ce soit au niveau de la prévention, de la gestion ou encore de la répression.
Ce mémoire vise donc la compréhension de l’expérience des membres de gangs de rue dans les prisons provinciales québécoises. Dans ce cadre, nous avons procédé par une approche qualitative au moyen d’entretiens de type qualitatif menés auprès de détenus considérés par les services correctionnels comme étant proches ou membres de gangs de rue.
Les vingt-et-une entrevues menées nous ont permis d’approfondir et de saisir le vécu de ces derniers en détention. De ces entretiens, trois grandes dimensions sont ressorties, soit l’organisation sociale des gangs de rue en prison, les conditions de détention difficiles dans lesquelles évoluent ces groupes ainsi que leur fonctionnement en prison.
Nos analyses nous ont permis de dégager certains constats. À leur arrivée en prison, les individus affiliés aux gangs de rue sont doublement étiquetés, et se retrouvent dans des secteurs de détention spécifiques où les conditions sont particulièrement difficiles à vivre. Dans ce contexte, les gangs de rue tendent à reproduire en prison certains attributs associés aux gangs de rue, notamment une certaine structure et hiérarchie organisationnelle et un esprit de cohésion. Il ressort ainsi de notre étude que cette solidarité semble permettre aux gangs de rue de s’adapter à l’environnement hostile que représente la prison. Toutefois, cette solidarité nous parait être un obstacle ou du moins une difficulté inhérente à la prise en charge et à la gestion des gangs de rue en prison.<br>Today, street gangs are of great interest for many researchers because of the threat they seem to pose to society and its institutions. In recent years, the Quebec Correctional Services has seen an increase of incarcerated street gang members which has created a number of issues related to the growth of these groups in prison.
Furthermore, few studies have addressed the issue of street gang members in prison although they seem to be the source of several serious problems in penal institutions. Street gangs are often associated with criminality and violence, whether in the medias or in scientific papers. They seem to be a great source of concern for the public; and, in general; they are perceived to be unpredictable, and violent, which is creating fear.
These groups are ever-evolving, diversified and constantly re-immerging. Thus, the study of these groups is essential largely due to their characteristics, but also necessary in order to grasp their complexity and eventually, to be able to succeed in the control, repression and prevention of these groups.
This master seeks to understand the experience of street gang members in provincial prisons. In this context, the choice of the qualitative approach seems entirely justified. The qualitative interviews we conducted with individuals identified by the correctional services to be closely associated to or members of street gangs seemed to us to be in line with the choice of the qualitative approach and were necessary in order to focus on the views and experiences of their life in prison.
The twenty-one interviews we conducted with inmates that are associated to a street gang have permitted us to further understand and capture the mentality of those in detention. From these interviews, three major issues have emerged; firstly, the social organization of street gangs, secondly, the harsh prison conditions in which these groups operate and thirdly, how they function and operate in prison.
Finally, we have identified some facts from our interviews. When street gang members arrive in prison, they are experiencing a double-labelling, are living in harsh prison conditions and are all housed together. Thus, the characteristics displayed of street gangs in prison is somewhat similar to the behaviour within the community; such as, their subculture, their structure, their positions, the family spirit that characterizes them in the community, their solidarity and violence. The deprivation endured by incarceration added to the characteristics of street gangs lead to a further form of solidarity. This solidarity allows the street gang members to adapt to any hostile environment, including the prison. Finally, this solidarity is certainly an important inherent obstacle to the control of these groups in prison.
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Burman, Michelle Lynn. "Resocializing and repairing homies within the Texas Prison System : a case study on security threat group management, administrative segregation, prison gang renunciation and safety for all." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/23352.
Full textAbstract:
This research is a case study focused on the resocialization of prison gang members through the lens of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice’s (TDCJ) Gang Renouncement and Disassociation (GRAD) process, a nine-month, three-phase voluntary process whereby confirmed prison gang, or Security Threat Group (STG), members renounce their gang membership and disassociate from the gang while still incarcerated. The TDCJ implemented its gang renunciation process to relinquish its dependence on segregating confirmed prison gang members and to provide them a way to transition out of segregation. The GRAD process has been in place since 2000 with more than 2,600 offenders completing it, but little information, other than anecdotal evidence, is available to support or disprove its success or effectiveness at de-ganging and resocializing prison gang members for the long haul.
Interviews were conducted with 16 individuals, including GRAD correctional officers and instructors, and law enforcement officers with known expertise and knowledge of prison gang investigations. A limited amount of extant aggregate-level data was provided by TDCJ to supplement the narratives in the qualitative analysis.
Findings suggest that the identified goals of the process differ among GRAD staff and non-GRAD staff: GRAD staff focused on offender rehabilitation, and non-GRAD staff focused on gang renunciation. It was also found that resocialization and normative change can and do occur in the closed GRAD environment; however, no tracking mechanism exists to systematically and pro-actively monitor their behavior once they are released from GRAD to determine if they have internalized these new norms and values. Based on the interviews, it also appears that the length of time spent in segregation prior to renunciation renders the offender more grateful and appreciative, and, therefore, more likely to successfully complete the process. Finally, interviews with law enforcement reveal that, upon release to the broader community, these offenders may have renounced the gang – but not the crime.
The dissertation ends with limitations to the study, recommendations for future research, and implications for social work.<br>text
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Hlongwane, Amon Lemmy. "Gang conflict in prison." Diss., 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16955.
Full textAbstract:
Gevangenisbendes in Suid-Afrika het 'n lang geskiedenis. die eerste was gestig onder Swart gevangenes in die Transvaal onmiddellik na die Anglo-Boere oorlog.
Die Ninevite bende was ingestel deur Nongoloza Mathebula en het in die Witwatersrand geopereer. "Nongoloza" se bende het bestaan uit agt lede waarvan die 28 bende later ontwikkel het. Die 28 bende is ten gunste van wyfies-verhouding (homoseksuele) onder sy bende lede. "Ngelejani" se bende, waaruit die 26 bende ontwikkel het, was nie ten gunste van die wyfies-verhouding nie. Die ander bende wat in die gevangenis ontstaan het, is die Big 5 bende en die Airforce bende.<br>Prison gangs in South Africa have a long history. the first were established among Black prisoners in the Transvaal soon after the Anglo-Boer war. The Ninevite gang was introduced by Nongoloza Mathebula and operated in the Witwatersrand.
"Nongoloza's" gang consisted of eight members, from which the 28 gang later developed.
The 28 gang approved the boy-wives relationship (homo-sexual) among its gang members. "Ngelejani's" gang from which the 26 gang developed, disapproved the boy-wives relationship. Other gangs established in prison, are the Big 5 gang and the Airforce gang.<br>Sociology<br>M.A. (Penology)
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Weyers, Andries Petrus. "`n Penologiese ontleding van gevangenisbendes as internasionale verskynsel." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/710.
Full textAbstract:
In hierdie studie word die ses Suid-Afrikaanse gevangenisbendes vergelyk met vyftien bendes uit oorsese lande of streke, tw. Amerika, Sentraal- en Suid Amerika, Kanada, Nieu Zeeland en Brittanje. As basis van vergelyking dien hul Oorsprong, Ontstaansdoel, Geslags- en Etniese samestelling, Eienskappe, Gesagstruktuur, Uitkenningstekens en Metodes van kommunikasie. Die verskillende bendes word ook vanuit Penologiese oogpunt beoordeel.
`n Spesiale hoofstuk word gewy aan die uniekheid van die sogenaamde "Nommerbendes", tw. die 28, 27, 26, 25, 24 en 23 bendes. Verskeie aspekte soos die ontstaan, rituele en geheimhouding word volledig onder die soeklig geplaas.
In die bespreking van die Nommerbendes word `n groot verskeidenheid geheime inligting vir die eerste maal geopenbaar.
Die studie word afgesluit met enkele aanduidings van terreine wat roep om verdere navorsing.
`n Vyftal bylaes dien om sekere aspekte van die navorsing en gevangenislewe verder toe te lig.<br>In this study the six South African prison gangs are compared to
fifteen prison gangs from foreign countries, namely America, Central and
South America, Canada, New Zealand and Britain. The comparison is
based on their Origin, Original aim, Gender and Ethnic make-up,
Characteristics, Authoritative structure, Gang identifiet·s and Methods of
communication. The different gangs are then evaluated from Penological
viewpoint
A chapter is specially dedicated to the uniqueness of the so-called
"Number Gangs", i.e. 28, 27, 26, 25, 24 and 23 gangs. Difierent aspects,
such as their common origin, rituals and secrecy, are carefully described.
In the discussion of the different Number gangs a large variety of
secret information is exposed for the first time ever.
The study concludes with some indicators for possible further
research.
Five Addenda serve to elucidate certain aspects of the contents.<br>Penology<br>M.A. (Penology)
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Birch, Kelly. "Slavery and the origins of Louisiana’s prison industry, 1803-1861." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/123239.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the role that chattel slavery played in shaping a system of for-profit incarcerations in Louisiana between 1803 and 1862. In doing so, it challenges the conventional historical narrative of American penal development, which identifies the origins of the prison industrial complex in the decades following the abolition of slavery in the United States. Scholars have already contended that the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude ‘except as a punishment for crime’, facilitated the constitutional reinstitution of enslavement in American corrections systems. This thesis reveals that this relationship between slavery and imprisonment extends back further. It argues that, in pre-Civil War Louisiana, chattel slavery and the prison were mutually reinforcing institutions, and each, being market-oriented, shaped the other. In its exploration of this relationship, this thesis contributes to the history of penal reform and imprisonment, and to the history of American slavery. It also joins the history of the state with that of early American capitalism. To tell this story, this thesis incorporates new interpretations of sources used in previous studies (for example, Supreme Court records, census returns, and runaway slave advertisements), with insights gleaned from new types of primary material, such as jailers’ log books, receipts, and financial accounting records. This thesis begins in the decades following the U.S. Purchase of 1803, as Louisiana transitioned from a European colony to an American state. During this time, penal reforms gradually led to the replacement of an array of public corporal punishments with a system of mass incarceration that would ultimately fuse Enlightenment-inspired ideals with the moneymaking imperatives of the market revolution. Opening in 1835, a new state penitentiary complex in Baton Rouge, together with an expansive network of rural parish prisons, police jails, and urban workhouses, was deployed by local law enforcement agencies and slaveholders for the control and discipline of enslaved men, women, and children. But even while the state’s penal system served both public justice and private slaveholder rule, incarcerations’ costs mounted. And in the aftermath of a transatlantic panic in 1837, as the Lower Mississippi Valley plunged into financial depression, a demand for institutional economy steered Louisiana’s prisons into the free market. Beset by market shifts and fluctuations in labour and commodity prices, jailers and state authorities saw an economic solution to incarcerations’ costs in the uniquely fungible condition of enslaved prisoners. They capitalised on this in grim ways. Keepers of crowded, filthy prisons collected fees for confining, punishing, and selling African American inmates. Many also pressed inmates into labour in prison factories and state-sponsored chain gangs. In the latter, enslaved prisoners built the infrastructure that supported Louisiana’s commercial expansion. But as the prison emerged as an important centre of economic production, it was also transformed into a site of struggle, as African American inmates resisted the double burden of enslavement and incarceration.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2018
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Nel, Sarah Lettie. "A critical analysis of gangsterism in South African correctional centres : the case of Barberton management area." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23132.
Full textAbstract:
Prison gangs are currently rife in South African correctional centres. Correctional officers and fellow offenders are frequently attacked by gang members, facilities are damaged and inmates are injured or killed in fights or during fires in correctional centres. Severe gang violence occurred at the Polls moor and Rustenburg correctional facilities at the end of 2016 and inexperienced correctional officers lacked the expertise to suppress the violence. This state of affairs necessitates further study into the management of prison gangs.
Given the above background, this study aimed to examine how correctional facilities can
suppress gang activity. The study provides an overview of the history of gangs in South Africa and shows how community gangs spread to prisons. This is followed by a meticulous documentation of the different elements of gang culture by means of observation in an effort to arm future correctional officers with knowledge regarding gangs. The findings of the observation revealed that gangs each have a unique way of greeting, using hand gestures, tattoos and verbal greetings. These communicative acts can be used as part of a strategy to prevent new offenders from becoming involved in gang activity.
The observational research was confirmed by means of qualitative research. The experiences of gang members were examined by means of questionnaires to better understand the dynamic. The qualitative study was conducted at four correctional facilities, namely a maximum, medium A and medium B facility and a town youth facility. These different facilities ensured that all age groups were represented. Questionnaires were distributed to offenders who voluntarily consented to participating in the research.
The literature study showed that South Africa has good legislature and policies in place, but that they have to be implemented more strictly and that the correctional officers have to be empowered by an increase in human resources and funding.
In addition to capacity building, the strategic framework presented as part of the study suggests that supervision of gang members should be sharpened by for instance reconsidering the lay-out of correctional facilities. Gang members should be involved in rehabilitation programmes, which are frequently available, but not implemented. Correctional officers should be trained to manage gang members and legislation and policies should be revised frequently, as criminals tend to adjust their modus operandi continuously.
The suggested framework can be of great value to the Department of Correctional Services, as managing gang activity in correctional centres can greatly change the efforts of the department to rehabilitate offenders.<br>Corrections Management<br>M. Tech. (Correctional Services Management)
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Naguran, Lerisa Ansuya. "A social capital perspective on prison theatre and change : a case study at the youth centre, Westville Correctional Facility, Durban." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/7778.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation explores the effects of a Prison Theatre project conducted at the Youth Centre at Westville Correctional Centre in 2010. It explores the relationship between change and increased levels of Social Capital that staff and offenders attribute to the performances. The centre houses male offenders between the ages of 18 and 25. The project was of particular interest because it involved offenders, correctional staff and management. The plays were made using a problem-posing methodology that involved the audience in proposing solutions. These were documented and circulated to management, staff, and offenders. The plays addressed three topics. The first topic was chosen by the cast, and the other two topics were chosen by the management. The topics were: Increasing self-esteem in the Youth Centre (Chosen by offenders); No smoking policy (Chosen by management); Sexual assault (Chosen by management). I interviewed the cast, a sample of the audience, and correctional staff and managers. The data was analysed in terms of levels and elements of Social Capital (Putnam, 1995) and included Negative Social Capital. I have not found other examples of research in the field of Prison Theatre that have made use of concepts related to Social Capital to analyse the impact of theatre projects. This research therefore establishes a new area of focus for the field of Prison Theatre. The findings proved that the theatre project was an effective means of increasing communication between members of different gangs and between correctional staff and offenders in a non-threatening manner. This provided opportunities for changes in relations of power and increased problem solving in the correctional environment. As a result two systemic changes occurred. The staff provided feedback on offenders‟ requests and complaints and designated smoking areas were created. The findings demonstrate how notions of Social Capital can explain how theatre affects change in a correctional context because it focuses on social dynamics rather than systemic issues. This is important in a correctional environment where offender‟s ability to effect systemic change is limited.<br>Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.
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Booyens, Karen. "The sexual assault and rape of male offenders and awaiting-trial detainees." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25160.
Full textAbstract:
In this study the nature and extent of the sexual assault and rape of male sentenced offenders and awaiting-trial detainees in Pretoria Local Correctional Centre were investigated. Prison gangs, overcrowding of correctional centres, the involvement of correctional officials and the sexual orientation of the potential victim were highlighted as risk factors in the sexual assault and rape of male offenders and awaiting-trial detainees. As this study focused on both the victim and the offender of male-on-male sexual assault and rape, both victimological and criminological theories were used as a theoretical basis. Creswell’s dominant-less-dominant model of combination was used in this study, with the dominant model being the qualitative methodology, and the less-dominant model the quantitative methodology. Non-purposive sampling was used, as the researcher could not identify the victims and/or perpetrators of male-on-male sexual assault and rape individually. In order to obtain in-depth information on the research participants’ experiences of sexual activities and rape in the correctional centre, face-to-face structured interviews were conducted with one hundred research participants. After the analysis and interpretation of the data, it became evident that male-on-male sexual assault and rape, as well as consensual sexual activities, do occur in this correctional centre. Research participants highlighted four types of sexual engagements in this correctional centre, namely the need for emotional sex, survival sex, compliant sex and forced sexual acts. The reasons offered for the occurrence of rape in this correctional centre include that an agreement had not been reached between inmates and because of that the rape will take place, corruption by correctional officials, the involvement of prison gangs and the use of deception by the perpetrators. Six research participants revealed that they had been the victims of rape. All the victims were raped within days or weeks after their arrival at the correctional centre. Five of the victims did not receive medical treatment after the rape, and none of the victims received counselling or therapy after the rape. Five of the research participants reported that they had sexually assaulted and/or raped other inmates. Four of the perpetrators were awaiting trial for an aggressive offence (armed robbery) and one for a sexual offence (rape). The perpetrators forced their victims to engage in oral sex, inter-femoral sex and anal sex. The aims of the study were reached and recommendations for further research were also made. Emanating from the feedback of the participants as well as the literature review, the researcher developed an Offender Sexual Assault Protocol. The Department of Correctional Services can use this protocol to reduce and manage sexual assault and rape in male correctional facilities.<br>Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2009.<br>Social Work and Criminology<br>unrestricted
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Mamosadi, Tseke. "Social support for male prisoners who are living with HIV at Pretoria Central Prison." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4915.
Full textAbstract:
A qualitative study aimed at exploring the nature and extent of the perceived social support available to male prisoners living with HIV at Pretoria Central Prison was conducted. A literature investigation into the life and world of male prisoners, with a focus on the nature and extent of the perceived social support provided to prisoners living with HIV, is presented. Fifteen (15) prisoners were identified by means of non-probability purposive sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted to collect information on how male prisoners living with HIV at Pretoria Central Prison viewed the nature and extent of the social support available to them. The study shows that the research participants living with HIV tended to receive social support from practitioners and other prisoners trained as voluntary caregivers. The study recommends that prisoners living with HIV should have greater access to social support from their significant others.<br>Social Work<br>M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)
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"Inmate and Prison Gang Leadership." East Tennessee State University, 2003. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1103103-220112/.
Full text
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Macaulay, Fiona. "The policy challenges of informal prisoner governance." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10692.
Full textAbstract:
Yes<br>Informal prisoner governance in Latin American penal institutions raises a number of dilemmas for policy. The responses must encompass decarceration and diversion policies, and an approach to prison security that emphasises co-production and co-governance rather than coercive control.
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Macaulay, Fiona. "Prisoner capture: welfare, lawfare and warfare in Latin America’s overcrowded prisons." 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16521.
Full textAbstract:
Yes<br>This chapter focuses on the forms of legality and illegality produced by, and within, prison systems in Latin America where prison populations have risen five-fold, leading to a serious structural crisis in the criminal justice system. The chapter develops the concept of “prisoner capture”, a double-sided phenomenon of illegality in the state’s practices of detention, on the one hand, and informal, or parallel, governance exercised by those that it detained, on the other. State authorities held tens of thousands of people in extended and legally unjustifiable pretrial detention, and frequently denied convicted prisoners their legal rights, including timely release. This officially sanctioned form of kidnapping created such overcrowding and under-investment in prisons that national, constitutional, and international minimum norms on detention standards were routinely, systematically and grossly violated. These multiple illegalities on the part of the state in turn encouraged the emergence of prisoner self-defence and self-governance organizations. This resulted in “prisoner capture” of a different kind, when inmates took over the day-to-day ordering of prison life. In turn, this produced a parallel normative and pseudo-legal world in which inmates adjudicated on and disciplined other inmates in the absence of state officials within the prison walls. The chapter further examines what the study of Latin American prisons and penal practices can add to the field of socio-legal studies in the region and the implications of this phenomenon of prison capture for the dominant socio-legal literature on prisons and imprisonment.