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Journal articles on the topic 'Prison gangs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Maitra, Dev Rup. "‘If You’re Down With a Gang Inside, You Can Lead a Nice Life’: Prison Gangs in the Age of Austerity." Youth Justice 20, no. 1-2 (February 20, 2020): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473225420907974.

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In many countries, there has been growing academic attention towards the activities of street and prison gang members. However, while much of the American literature explores the experiences of prison gang members, such investigation has been notably absent in the English context. This article seeks to address this deficit in the literature. Through gathering data from interviews with active prison gang members, it shows how reduced staffing levels in English prisons has led to an increasingly ‘ungovernable’ prison space. This, in turn, has led to an increase in levels of gang membership. Most notably, the high numbers of street gangs ‘imported’ into prisons has had the unintended effect of creating several ‘in prison’ gangs, which form for the first time in prison, with their members seeking protecting from more established gangs. This proliferation of gangs has had a significant impact on rates of in-prison violence, and how prisons are managed.

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2

Valdez, Avelardo. "Mexican American Youth and Adult Prison Gangs in a Changing Heroin Market." Journal of Drug Issues 35, no. 4 (October 2005): 843–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500409.

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This article focuses on the interaction between the larger community's drug markets and youth and adult prison gangs, and the process that leads to specific adverse consequences both to the youth gangs as organizations, and to individual members. Described is the emergence of a restructured heroin market dominated by an adult prison gang. A major consequence of this was the increasing use of heroin among Mexican American gang members and their transformation from autonomous youth gangs to extensions of the adult prison gangs or their demise. Data was collected from 160 members of 26 Mexican American youth gangs and key informants in San Antonio. Findings focus on organizational rules, drug market transformations, consequences on members, and the impact of heroin on the gang's organization. Discussed is how the dominance of prison gangs is related to the increased incarceration and recidivism rates of Mexican Americans and declining economic opportunities for urban minorities.

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3

Contreras, Randol. "Not Bowing Down." Swiss Journal of Sociocultural Anthropology 29, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/sjsca.2023.29.8825.

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In the United States, some prison gangs control not only inmates, but also what happens on the street. Since most gang members eventually get detained and incarcerated, prison gangs will victimize or kill any resistors in jail and prison. In this paper, I examine such a case between the California prison gang, La Eme, and the rebel Maravilla gangs of East Los Angeles. La Eme controls almost all the Latino gangs in Southern California and enforces prison and street rules that “Southsider” gangs must follow. Between 1993 and 2006, the Maravilla gangs resisted La Eme’s prison co-governance and then experienced a violence and victimization perhaps unrivaled in the gang world. Through field research on the Maravilla gangs, this paper reveals how some gangs defy prison co-governance, which then makes them feel meaningful in the gang world.

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4

SKARBEK, DAVID. "Governance and Prison Gangs." American Political Science Review 105, no. 4 (October 18, 2011): 702–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055411000335.

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How can people who lack access to effective government institutions establish property rights and facilitate exchange? The illegal narcotics trade in Los Angeles has flourished despite its inability to rely on state-based formal institutions of governance. An alternative system of governance has emerged from an unexpected source—behind bars. The Mexican Mafia prison gang can extort drug dealers on the street because they wield substantial control over inmates in the county jail system and because drug dealers anticipate future incarceration. The gang's ability to extract resources creates incentives for them to provide governance institutions that mitigate market failures among Hispanic drug-dealing street gangs, including enforcing deals, protecting property rights, and adjudicating disputes. Evidence collected from federal indictments and other legal documents related to the Mexican Mafia prison gang and numerous street gangs supports this claim.

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5

Meek, John. "Gangs in New Zealand Prisons." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 25, no. 3 (December 1992): 255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589202500304.

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Gangs became a permanent feature of New Zealand prisons during the 1980s. Surveys indicate that more than 20% of inmates have past or present gang affiliations. This article looks at the gang phenomenon both in the community and in prisons. A case study looking at the impact of gangs at Auckland Maximum Security Prison (Paremoremo) is included; a unique inmate subculture was destroyed and inter-gang conflict resulted in the prison being run on a unit basis. Using information from the 1989prison census, including unpublished material, the article examines the level of gang membership and compares gang members and unaffiliated inmates over a range of variables. Gang members were found to be more likely to be younger, classified as requiring medium or maximum security custody, convicted of violent offences and serving longer sentences. The article also looks at management approaches to gangs in prisons and a fresh approach being adopted by the Department of Justice.

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Lindegaard, Marie Rosenkrantz, and Sasha Gear. "Violence makes safe in South African prisons." Focaal 2014, no. 68 (March 1, 2014): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2014.680103.

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That gangs have a prominent place in South African prison violence—like in many other geographical contexts—has become increasingly clear. Based on qualitative research among South African inmates and ex-inmates, we propose that prison gangs be considered adaptation strategies to the extremely coercive and oppressive environments of prisons. We focus on the relationship between gang involvement in prison, violent acts among inmates, and the risk of being subjected to violence during incarceration. By providing emic perspectives, we aim to demonstrate how inmates negotiate three types of social roles, largely defined by their ability and willingness to use violence: franse, gangster, and wyfie. Our findings suggest that prison gangs may jeopardize the personal safety of inmates, but can also paradoxically offer some inmates the opportunity to establish a sense of safety and agency by avoiding random violence.

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Rahimipour Anaraki, Nahid. "Prison gangs in Iran: Between violence and safety." Incarceration 2, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 263266632110052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26326663211005250.

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This article aims to bridge the gap in our knowledge about Iranian prisons and the sociodynamic relations that animate them by illuminating the characteristics and activities of prison gangs in Iran. The interaction between gang affiliation and drug networks, security and violence will be discussed in detail. The in-depth qualitative research, which is informed by grounded theory, serves as the first academic study of gangs in Iranian prisons. Research participants included 38 males and 52 females aged 10–65 years. They were recruited in several different settings, both governmental and non-governmental organizations. The study employed theoretical sampling and in-depth, semi-structured interviewing. Results show that gang-affiliated inmates in Iranian prisons gain monopoly over the drugs market inside prison networks, which leads to inevitable extortion of both prisoners and correctional officers. Gang affiliation blurs the lines between violence and safety, while providing a sense of identity, belonging and financial and emotional support. Prison gang membership also offers some benefits to prisoners and staff, as their existence underpins an informal social order that can be used to govern prisoners. The article discusses this less well-known and unexplored dimension of the topic.

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Phillips, Coretta. "‘It ain’t nothing like America with the Bloods and the Crips’: Gang narratives inside two English prisons." Punishment & Society 14, no. 1 (January 2012): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474511424683.

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This article explores recent concerns about the emergence of gangs in prisons in England and Wales. Using narrative interviews with male prisoners as part of an ethnographic study of ethnicity and social relations, the social meaning of ‘the gang’ inside prison is interrogated. A formally organized gang presence was categorically denied by prisoners. However, the term ‘gang’ was sometimes elided with loose collectives of prisoners who find mutual support in prison based on a neighbourhood territorial identification. Gangs were also discussed as racialized groups, most often symbolized in the motif of the ‘Muslim gang’. This racializing discourse hinted at an envy of prisoner solidarity and cohesion which upsets the idea of a universal prisoner identity. The broader conceptual, empirical and political implications of these findings are considered.

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9

Lessing, Benjamin. "Counterproductive punishment: How prison gangs undermine state authority." Rationality and Society 29, no. 3 (May 11, 2017): 257–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463117701132.

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State efforts to provide law and order can be counterproductive: mass-incarceration policies, while incapacitating and deterring individual criminals, can simultaneously strengthen collective criminal networks. Sophisticated prison gangs use promises of protection or punishment inside prison to influence and organize criminal activity on the street. Typical crime-reduction policies that make incarceration likelier and sentences harsher can increase prison gangs’ power over street-level members and affiliates, a formal model shows. Leading cases from the Americas corroborate these predictions: periods of sharply rising incarceration, driven partly by anti-gang laws, preceded qualitative leaps in prison-gang power on the street. Critically, prison gangs use this capacity not only to govern and tax criminal markets but also to win leverage over state officials by orchestrating terror attacks, intentionally curtailing quotidian violence, or both. Thus, even if increased incarceration leads to reduced crime, it may do so by strengthening prison-gang power at the expense of state authority.

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Weide, Robert D. "The Invisible Hand of the State: A Critical Historical Analysis of Prison Gangs in California." Prison Journal 100, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 312–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885520916817.

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This article provides a critical historical analysis of the formation and proliferation of some of the earliest and most well-known prison gangs in the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and the conflicts between them. This analysis provides an alternative explanation for prison gang formation that contrasts with existing pathological perspectives on prison gangs by examining the role of the prison staff and administration in the formation and proliferation of prison gangs and the provocation of conflicts between them. The historical narrative and analysis is constructed from existing literature, qualitative research using both formal and informal interviews, and descriptive data acquired from CDCR Annual Reports.

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Ganapathy, Narayanan, and Lavanya Balachandran. "Minority gangs in Singapore prisons: Prisonisation revisited." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 53, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 44–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865819876674.

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This article attempts to better contextualise the theoretical and empirical connections between pre-prison orientation of prisoners and their subsequent adaption and subjective experiences of imprisonment using the case study of Omega, a racial minority gang in the Singapore prisons. While the article traces the gang’s emergence to its marginality in both the mainstream and illegitimate societies, the persistence of Omega beyond prisons is also shown to lie in its capacity to be remodelled for the street where the gang operates on an equal footing with the historically entrenched Chinese Secret Societies in the illicit economy. This research is not only able to adequately explain the form and hierarchy of penal subcultures, and the differentiated strategies offered by the various racial, class and gender groups to ‘surviving’ prisons, but also shows how in-prison adaptations affect the construction of post-prison identities and behaviours. The intent is to provide a nuanced sociological examination of the prison institution by capturing the iterative and interactive effects between the ‘outside’ (i.e. street) and the ‘inside’ (i.e. prison), thus extending the analysis beyond the deprivation-importation impasse by introducing an element of ‘exportation’ that help contextualise the racialised experiences of minority prisoners in the postcolonial state.

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Scott, Daniel W. "Attitude is everything: Youth attitudes, gang involvement, and length of institutional gang membership." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17, no. 6 (September 17, 2014): 780–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430214548285.

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Prison gangs have been a topic of interest among scholars, but research on youth prison gangs is limited. Furthermore, violent attitudes and gang involvement have not been addressed extensively, and a better understanding of youth prison gang involvement is needed to effectively inform responses to violence in correctional facilities. This paper fills this research gap through an analysis of violent attitudes as they relate to gang involvement and length of gang membership. The data derive from interviews with 285 males conducted in a larger study on gangs and violence in California’s youth correctional facilities. The results show that gang members tend to have stronger violent and aggressive attitudes compared to nongang members, and length of institutional gang membership is statistically significant and negatively associated with violent and aggressive attitudes. Furthermore, a youth’s violent and aggressive attitudes will vary depending on if the youth has never spent time in an institutional gang, is currently in one, or is a former institutional gang member. I conclude the paper with a discussion of these findings and what they imply for gang group processes, theory, institutional policy, and programs.

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Zoettl, Peter Anton. "My body imprisoned, my soul relieved: Youth, gangs and prison in Cape Verde." European Journal of Cultural Studies 21, no. 2 (September 15, 2015): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549415603380.

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Urban street gangs flourish in the urban centres of the Cape Verdean archipelago. Most of their members belong to the male, young and economically disadvantaged strata of society. While in public discourse youth gangs are often peremptorily blamed for most of the violence and criminality that take place in the country, the internal dynamics of gang life often go unnoticed. Based on fieldwork in the cities of Praia and Mindelo, the article discusses the mechanisms that make Cape Verdean adolescents and youths join urban gangs and stick to them, despite the state’s politics of securitization and repression. Within this context, the experience of imprisonment is related to gang members’ pre-prison biographies and the conceptualization of prison itself, reinforced during individual ‘careers’ of marginality.

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14

Harland, Alan T. "Prison Gangs: Introductory Overview." Prison Journal 71, no. 2 (September 1991): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003288559107100201.

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15

Tapia, Mike, Corey S. Sparks, and J. Mitchell Miller. "Texas Latino Prison Gangs." Prison Journal 94, no. 2 (March 12, 2014): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885514524694.

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16

Johnson, Andrew. "A Gang of Pentecostals." Social Sciences and Missions 33, no. 1-2 (May 22, 2020): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-bja10006.

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Abstract This article uses ethnographic data from two of Rio de Janeiro’s inmate-led prison churches to examine how they function. It also highlights the structural and functional parallels of these churches with prison gangs. I argue that the gang-like characteristics of these churches are an important reason for the success of Pentecostalism inside Rio de Janeiro’s penal system. The results of this research can inform future scholarly investigation and prison ministry initiatives.

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Bouchard, Martin. "Social networks and gangs: moving research forward with low-cost data collection opportunities in school and prison settings." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 13, no. 2/3 (July 9, 2021): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-12-2020-0563.

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Purpose As useful as police data have been in furthering our knowledge of gangs and gang violence networks, not everything about gang networks can be learned from examining police data alone. There are numerous alternative sources of data that already exist on gang networks and some that can be developed further. This study aims to introduce existing research on social networks and gangs with a specific focus on prisons and schools. Design/methodology/approach This study reviews the existing empirical literature on gang networks in schools and prison settings and use the broader literature on social networks and crime to propose directions for future research, including specific suggestions on data collection opportunities that are considered to be low-cost; that is, strategies that simply make use of existing administrative records in both settings, instead of developing original data collection procedures. Findings The author found the existing literature on each of these settings to be quite limited, especially when the spotlight is put specifically on gang networks. These shortcomings can be addressed via low-cost opportunities for data collection in each of these settings, opportunities that simply require the network coding of existing administrative records as a foundation for gang network studies. Originality/value Investing in these low-cost network data collection activities have the potential for theoretical and empirical contributions on our understanding of gang networks, and may also bring value to practitioners working in school and prison settings as a guide for network-based planning or interventions.

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SKARBEK, DAVID. "Covenants without the Sword? Comparing Prison Self-Governance Globally." American Political Science Review 110, no. 4 (November 2016): 845–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055416000563.

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Why does prison social order vary around the world? While many of the basic characteristics of prisons are similar globally, the extent and form of informal inmate organization varies substantially. This article develops a governance theory of prison social order. Inmates create extralegal governance institutions when official governance is insufficient. The size and demographics of the prison population explain why inmates produce extralegal governance institutions in either decentralized ways, such as ostracism, or through more centralized forms, such as gangs. Comparative analysis of Brazil, Bolivia, England, Scandinavia, and men's and women's prisons in California provide empirical support.

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Caporale, Juvenal. "A Foucauldian Analysis of Gang Injunctions." Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 48, no. 1 (2023): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/azt.2023.48.1.111.

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Gang injunctions emerged during the 1980s with the expansion of prisons, targeting alleged street gang members and their spaces of association. This essay examines gang injunctions, or street gang restraining orders, in Southern California through a Foucauldian framework. Applying a critical analysis of court documents found at law enforcement agencies and district or city attorney offices, I offer a broad insight into gang injunctions , focusing on the county of San Diego. I argue that gang injunctions are significant: although these injunctions are neutral prima facie or on the face of race and ethnicity, they structurally embody ongoing legacies of criminalizing people of color through mechanisms associated with the prison industrial complex and mass incarceration. Gang injunctions embody the surveillance and disciplinary practices of the panopticon created by power and knowledge within civil society and illustrate biopolitical policies implemented by the state that exclusively target purported alleged street gang members in their communities. As gang injunctions systematically criminalize Latina/o street gangs and their communities, they have detrimental effects on all members as their enforcers are motivated by politics and overactive control over specific geographies. This study proposes that gang injunctions create a direct pipeline from civil society to prison.

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Skarbek, David. "Prison gangs, norms, and organizations." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 82, no. 1 (April 2012): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.01.002.

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Jański, Kamil. "Primeiro Comando da Capital and Comando Vermelho." Ad Americam 23 (June 7, 2022): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.23.2022.23.01.

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The era of the military junta left a legacy of draconian laws and inhumane prison conditions. The lack of effective reforms led to the rise of the prison gangs Comando Vermelho in the city of Rio de Janeiro and Primeiro Comando da Capital in the city of São Paulo. Ineffective state government policies based on relocation of problem prisoners and initial denial of their existence not only accelerated the expansion of the CV and PCC gangs in the prisons themselves but also enabled them to infiltrate the favelas. Members of the Comando Vermelho and the Primeiro Comando da Capital gangs took advantage of inequalities and racial discrimination that had existed since colonial times to maintain a negative image of the state and white elites while gaining support and potential recruits. The cocaine boom of the 1980s and the associated development of the narco-business provided the gangs with a lucrative source of income, but at the same time became a flashpoint between them, generating conflicts. Parallel with the emergence of organized crime, a multidimensional phenomenon called narco-culture arose and began to permeate popular culture. Though it, members of gangs and drug cartels sought to legitimize and gain social acceptance for narco-business, drug consumption, and their own criminal operations at the expense of lowering the authority of the state.

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LESSING, BENJAMIN, and GRAHAM DENYER WILLIS. "Legitimacy in Criminal Governance: Managing a Drug Empire from Behind Bars." American Political Science Review 113, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 584–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000928.

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States, rebels, and mafias all provide governance beyond their core membership; increasingly, so do prison gangs. US gangs leverage control over prison life to govern street-level drug markets. Brazil’s Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) gang goes further, orchestrating paralyzing attacks on urban targets, while imposing a social order throughout slums that sharply reduces homicides. We analyze hundreds of seized PCC documents detailing its drug business and internal disciplinary system. Descriptively, we find vast, consignment-based trafficking operations whose profits fund collective benefits for members’ families; elaborate bureaucratic procedures and recordkeeping; and overwhelmingly nonviolent punishments for debt-nonpayment and misconduct. These features, we argue, reflect a deliberate strategy of creating rational-bureaucratic legitimacy in criminal governance. The PCC’s collectivist norms, fair procedures, and meticulous “criminal criminal records” facilitate community stigmatization of infractors, giving mild sanctions punitive heft and inducing widespread voluntary compliance without excessive coercion. This has aided the PCC’s rapid expansion across Brazil.

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Maitra, Dev Rup. "“For Me, They Were the Good Old Days”: Retrospective Narratives of Childhood Experiences in ‘the Gang’." Genealogy 4, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4030071.

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Much of the existing scholarship on gang membership predominantly focuses on adolescence as being the formative time period for the development of gang identities; however, there has thus far been more limited attention towards the childhood experiences of gang members, (i.e., pre-adolescence). The organising principle of this paper is to articulate the retrospective accounts of gang members’ childhoods, and how these recollections form a central role to the emergence of gang identities. The data presented in this paper were collected during fieldwork in two adult, men’s prisons in England; interviews were conducted with 60 active and former prison gang members, identified through prison databases; a small number (n = 9) of interviews were conducted with ‘street’ participants, such as ex-offenders, outreach workers and gang researchers. This paper aims to show that many gang members romanticise accounts of their childhoods, in spite of often having experienced adverse childhood experiences:, so too do many gang members view their childhood experiences as part of their mythologised narrative of life in ‘the gang’. Nevertheless, a tension exists between how gang members seek to portray their childhood experiences around gangs and the negative labelling and strain they experienced during their childhood; often, romanticised accounts seek to retrospectively neutralise these harms. In so doing, the lens through which childhood gang membership is viewed is one which conceptualises childhood gang involvement as being something non-deleterious, thus acting as a lens that attempts to neutralise the harms and vicissitudes of gang affiliation.

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Ortiz, Jennifer M. "Gangs and environment: A comparative analysis of prison and street gangs." American Journal of Qualitative Research 2, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/5796.

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Chalas, Dawn Marie, and Jana Grekul. "I’ve Had Enough: Exploring Gang Life From the Perspective of (Ex) Members in Alberta." Prison Journal 97, no. 3 (May 11, 2017): 364–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885517705312.

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Administrators and frontline workers in correctional centers and in the community search for effective gang prevention and intervention programs. To this aim, semistructured interviews with 175 male and female adult (ex) gang members in correctional centers and community corrections exploring a range of topics were conducted. Presented here is an overview of the childhood experiences of the sample, gang experiences, and prevention and intervention strategies identified as helpful by participants. Street–prison gang connections and the impact of gang desistance are explored, as is the influence of local context on the types of gangs and the implications for programming.

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Pyrooz, David C., Scott H. Decker, and Emily Owens. "Do Prison Administrative and Survey Data Sources Tell the Same Story? A Multitrait, Multimethod Examination With Application to Gangs." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 5 (October 3, 2019): 627–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128719879017.

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Measurement is critical to advancing theory and research in criminology. Yet, criminologists are often forced to rely on data sources that are not intended to be used for research or collected in contexts where subjects may have incentives to misreport. This is particularly true of data in institutional corrections research. This study leveraged novel data to examine correspondence in key measures found in prison administrative and survey data on 802 prisoners in Texas, focusing on the measurement properties of an important group rarely studied in prison: gang members. We observed high rates of correspondence between data sources for gang membership (82%) and the gang with which they were affiliated (86%). A multilevel test of item correspondence demonstrated that the measures of gang membership performed as well or better than more episodic measures and worse than more durable measures common in corrections research. A multitrait, multimethod matrix revealed that gang membership, and nearly all other measures, satisfied the principles of validity. Finally, there were no differences in correspondence rates between gang and nongang members for nearly every measure, regardless of the method to measure gang membership. Prison administrative and survey data generally tell the same story, which is promising for institutional corrections research, particularly research focused on gangs.

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Loganathan Krishan and Saralah Devi Mariamdaran Chethiyar. "Explorative Study on Recidivism Factor of Gang Violence in Malaysia." International Journal of Linguistics and Culture 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v4i2.236.

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The number of crimes continues to rise high every year despite the imposition of punitive and harsh punishments. Gang violence is one of the parts of the crime that occurs in Malaysia. Gang violence is described as a violent phenomenon involving a group of people whose primary purpose is to engage in aggressive and delinquent behavior. Criminals who are involved in gang violence are substantially more likely to re-offend after being released than offenders who are not members of gangs. The objective of this study is to discuss the recidivism factors of gang violence in Malaysia. The Library Research approach was used in this study, where information and related statistics were gathered from a variety of sources. The psychological factors and criminogenic factors are the main factors of gang members return to the prison. The factors which are discussed in this study can help people to know the reasons gang members who are involved in violence return to prison.

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Roth, M. Garrett. "Prison Gangs and the Community Responsibility System." Review of Behavioral Economics 1, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/105.00000011.

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Lötter, J. M. "Prison gangs in South Africa: A description." South African Journal of Sociology 19, no. 2 (May 1988): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02580144.1988.10558376.

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Winterdyk, John, and Rick Ruddell. "Managing prison gangs: Results from a survey of U.S. prison systems." Journal of Criminal Justice 38, no. 4 (July 2010): 730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.047.

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31

Berger, Raqota. "Deviant Group Membership – Joining, Leaving, and Behavior in Criminal Groups." International Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 6 (September 24, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i6.4427.

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Each year across the United States hundreds of thousands of individuals become involved in deviant groups, the most common being street gangs. Joining a deviant group is associated with higher rates of criminal offending, serious bodily injury, victimization, and even death. This study collected data from 124 individuals that have joined criminally-based groups at some point in their lives. These groups were identified by respondents as street gangs, crews, biker gangs, prison gangs, drug gangs, and car gangs. Most members joined their groups as teenagers ( = 15), and most left their groups during their early adult years. The average time spent in their respective groups was 6 years. The most common reasons for joining their groups was for friendship, family, respect, money, and protection. All respondents were involved in some sort of harmful behaviors while in their groups, the most common being drug and alcohol use, graffiti, vandalism, theft, and violence. Most of the study’s respondents had already left their respective groups (n = 70, 56.5%). The top reasons for leaving involved maturity, family responsibilities, parental responsibilities, legal problems, and employment. Generally, members from all types of groups studied stated that the group and lifestyle had a significant impact on their life and development (77%). Out of the major deviant groups analyzed in the study, it appears that belonging to a street gang may have largest overall impact, t(113) = 2.32, sig. = .002. This study provides further insight and information that could be of use for those working across a range of professions dealing with youth violence, behavioral problems, mental health issues, and education.

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Hunt, Geoffrey, Stephanie Riegel, Tomas Morales, and Dan Waldorf. "Changes in Prison Culture: Prison Gangs and the Case of the "Pepsi Generation"." Social Problems 40, no. 3 (August 1993): 398–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.1993.40.3.03x0085g.

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Hunt, Geoffrey, Stephanie Riegel, Tomas Morales, and Dan Waldorf. "Changes in Prison Culture: Prison Gangs and the Case of the "Pepsi Generation"." Social Problems 40, no. 3 (August 1993): 398–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3096887.

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Ruddell, Rick, and Shannon Gottschall. "Are All Gangs Equal Security Risks? An Investigation of Gang Types and Prison Misconduct." American Journal of Criminal Justice 36, no. 3 (May 5, 2011): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12103-011-9108-4.

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Shabangu, S. A. "Can gangs be a source of ubuntu in prison?" South African Journal of Philosophy 42, no. 4 (October 2, 2023): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2023.2288758.

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Pyrooz, David, Scott Decker, and Mark Fleisher. "From the street to the prison, from the prison to the street: understanding and responding to prison gangs." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2011): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5042/jacpr.2011.0018.

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Paat, Yok-Fong, Eddie Hernandez, Trina L. Hope, Jennifer Muñoz, Hector Zamora, Michael H. Sanchez, and Sonny Contreras. "“Going Solo” or Joining Gangs while Doing Time: Perceptions of Prison Gangs among the Formerly Incarcerated." Justice System Journal 41, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0098261x.2020.1785360.

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Batista, Analía Soria, and Welliton Caixeta Maciel. "PRISÃO COMO GUETO: a dinâmica de controle e de extermínio de jovens negros pobres." Revista Observatório 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2018v4n2p174.

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Este artigo rejeita a visão convencional do Estado que se revela na afirmação de perda de controle do Estado nas prisões geridas pelas gangues. Para tanto, adota uma narrativa histórico-analítica seletiva e uma abordagem sociológica das características culturais, sociais e políticas do processo de formação da República brasileira e da produção de determinados habitus de relacionamento entre o Estado e a sociedade, traduzidos em práticas de negociações entre os diversos agentes sociais. Considera os episódios denominados midiaticamente de “guerra nas prisões” como analisadores dos complexos processos sociais de produção do controle social e de manutenção da ordem pelo Estado baseados na guetização dos presídios e nas dinâmicas de violência e de negociação entre o Estado e as gangues prisionais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Estado; controle social; prisões; gangues; guetização prisional. ABSTRACT This article rejects the conventional view of the state that is revealed in the claim of loss of state control in gang-managed prisons. In order to do so, it adopts a selective analytical historical narrative and a sociological approach to the cultural, social and political characteristics of the process of formation of the Brazilian Republic and the production of certain habitus of relationship between the State and society, translated into practices of negotiations between the different Social agents. It considers the so-called mediatic episodes of “war in prisons” as interpretive keys to the complex social processes of production of social control and maintenance of order by the state based on the ghettoization of prisons and on the dynamics of violence and negotiation between the state and prison gangs . KEYWORDS: State; social control; prisons; gangs; prison ghettoization. RESUMEN El presente articulo rechaza la visión convencional del Estado subjacente en la afirmación de que el Estado perdió el control en las prisiones gerenciadas por gangues. Para fundamentar el análisis, utiliza una narrativa histórico-analítica selectiva y una abordaje sociológica sobre las características culturales, sociales y politicas del proceso de formación de la República brasileña e de la producción de determinados habitus en los agentes sociales que caracterizan las relaciones entre el Estado y la sociedade y que son visíbles en sus prácticas comunes de negociación. La guerra en las prisiones es considerada un analizador de los complejos procesos sociales relativos a la producción de control e de ordem en la sociedad, que se apoyan en la guetización de las prisiones y en las dinámicas de violencia y negociación entre el Estado y las gangues de las prisiones. PALABRAS CLAVE: Estado; control social; prisiones; gangues; guetización prisional.

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Skarbek, D. "Putting the "Con" into Constitutions: The Economics of Prison Gangs." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 26, no. 2 (November 7, 2008): 183–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewn021.

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Johnson, Elmer H. "Yakuza (Criminal Gangs) in Japan: Characteristics and Management in Prison." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 6, no. 3 (August 1990): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104398620000600302.

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Carter, J. H. "Gothic Sovereignty: Gangs and Criminal Community in a Honduran Prison." South Atlantic Quarterly 113, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 475–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-2692155.

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Ireland, Jane L., and Christina L. Power. "Propensity to support prison gangs: its relationship to gang membership, victimisation, aggression and other disruptive behaviours." Psychology, Crime & Law 19, no. 9 (October 2013): 801–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2012.684057.

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LeFlouria, Talitha. "Hard Labor and Hard Time: Florida's “Sunshine Prison” and Chain Gangs." Labor 13, no. 1 (February 2016): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-3342740.

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Johnson, Andrew, and James Densley. "Rio’s New Social Order: How Religion Signals Disengagement from Prison Gangs." Qualitative Sociology 41, no. 2 (May 18, 2018): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11133-018-9379-x.

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Narag, Raymund E., and Sou Lee. "Putting Out Fires: Understanding the Developmental Nature and Roles of Inmate Gangs in the Philippine Overcrowded Jails." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 11 (December 3, 2017): 3509–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17744726.

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Utilizing intensive interview data from inmates in one of the most overcrowded and underresourced jails in Metro Manila, Philippines, this article explores the origins and roles of inmate pangkats (a derivative of gangs) in jail management. Responding to institutional deficiencies, such as police misconduct and court case delays, and structural shortages, such as lack of space, operational resources, and personnel, this article investigates how the pangkats supplement jail management and help keep the jail operations afloat. Specifically, this article documents how the pangkats put out fires: their intricate roles in mitigating pains of imprisonment, conflict mediation, order maintenance, and instilling discipline among their members. This article also details the emergence of a give-and-take relationship that develops between and among the pangkats and jail officials that are reflective of the Philippine sociocultural realities. Implications to theory on prison community and policy on gang management in a developing country context are discussed.

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Mitchell, Meghan M., Chantal Fahmy, David C. Pyrooz, and Scott H. Decker. "Criminal Crews, Codes, and Contexts: Differences and Similarities across the Code of the Street, Convict Code, Street Gangs, and Prison Gangs." Deviant Behavior 38, no. 10 (November 2016): 1197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1246028.

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Miszewski, Kamil. "Social readaptation of released long-term prisoners and back to crime." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 590, no. 5 (May 31, 2020): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1168.

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The Donald Clemmer’s concept of prisonization did not give long-term prisoners greater chance for social readaptation after leaving the prison. The socialization of prison behavior patterns during such a long period of sentence was to be so signifi cant that it became impossible to bring them back to social life. Meanwhile, research that has emerged since the 1970s is beginning to undermine this idea. More authors examining groups of long-term convicts come to the conclusion that they function in isolation quite well, and even better than prisoners with short sentences. Also statistics show that the scale of the phenomenon of return to crime after the end of a long-term penalty is several times smaller than in the case of short-term penalty. Long-term prisoners can cope well also at large. They owe this to their efforts in prison, living far from what Clemmer presented: they avoid subculture and gangs, take care of their interests, study and work. They have constant contact with the outside world and are more interested in it than what happens in prison. They function exactly differently than short-term convicts. They also commit far fewer regulatory offenses than short-term convicts do. Therefore, it seems that we need to look at Clemmer’s concept once again and perhaps revise its too strongly defi ned assumptions.

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Hanneman, Jared. "The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Penal System." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 45, no. 3 (April 13, 2016): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306116641407pp.

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Brotherton, David C. "The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Penal System." Punishment & Society 18, no. 2 (August 26, 2015): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474515584562.

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Pinsonneault, Pierre. "L’abandon de la carrière criminelle : quelques témoignages." Criminologie 18, no. 2 (August 16, 2005): 85–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017218ar.

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This article summarizes some of the findings of research done on the relinquishing of a criminal career. It is based on about twenty interviews, carried out between July and November 1984, with multirecedivist ex-criminals who had abandoned their criminal careers for at least five years prior to the study. We isolated the factors that dissuaded them from continuing this way of life as well as others that caused them to adopt a more conventional lifestyle.It is a question of the difficulties connected with a criminal way of life — whether it be with one's criminal colleagues, rival gangs, informers, or the police, lawyers and the courts. There follows a series of bad experiences concerning prison life : the accumulation of sentences and years of prison, the living conditions, problems with the officers and guards, the presence of other inmates. But there are also positive things one discovers in prison whether it be new knowledge, new responsibilities or the help of people outside, such as Alcoholics Anonymous or the chaplains or at the emotional level, of a wife or mate.We see, based on these factors, some of the difficulties that the ex-criminal must face if he wants to persevere in following a conventional lifestyle.

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