Journal articles: 'Prison homicide'

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Reidy, Thomas J., Jon R. Sorensen, and Heidi Stone Bonner. "Prison Homicide: An Extension of Violent Criminal Careers?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (August 4, 2017): 5676–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517721895.

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This study investigated prison homicide perpetrators through the lens of the career criminal perspective. Prison homicide, while a rare event, has critical implications for the prison environment. Despite its importance as a form of institutional violence that must be addressed, only four studies in the past five decades have explored the characteristics of homicide perpetrators/victims, the motives, and circumstances of the crime. The goal of the current study was to develop a better understanding of prison homicide by examining 54 perpetrators who committed 37 inmate homicides over 40 years in a mid-Western state prison system. Results showed that prison homicides typically involved a younger male inmate perpetrator, acting independently, murdering an older inmate, in his cell, by stabbing or beating the victim during an altercation. Perpetrators, in comparison with victims and prisoners in general, had a record indicating more prior community homicides, elevated institutional risk scores, and higher rates of serious and assaultive prison misconduct, all indicative of prior community and prison maladjustment. Consistent with career criminal research, prison homicide perpetrators constitute a small but distinct subset of habitually deviant criminals that perpetrate high rates of criminal and violent behavior regardless of context.

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Spunt, Barry, Paul Goldstein, Henry Brownstein, Michael Fendrich, and Sandra Langley. "Alcohol and Homicide: Interviews with Prison Inmates." Journal of Drug Issues 24, no. 1 (January 1994): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269402400108.

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In 1989 and 1990 interviews were conducted with 268 homicide offenders incarcerated in New York State correctional facilities for homicides that occurred in 1984. The primary purpose of these interviews was to obtain the offenders' own perspectives as to the drug relatedness of these homicides. In this article we report on data obtained during these interviews focusing on the relationship between alcohol and homicide. We show how interviews with prison inmates overcome some of the problems that exist with studies of the alcohol-homicide connection that rely on official record data. Among our findings are that 19% of the homicides were reported to be related to alcohol use, that the majority of these cases involved arguments or disputes, and that in about half of these cases the respondent was high on at least one other substance. We also examine the “alcohol-related” cases from the perspective of a tripartite conceptual framework that specifies the variety of ways that drugs and violence can be related. The methodological and policy implications of our findings are also discussed.

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DeLisi, Matt, and H. Daniel Butler. "Murder as Importation: An Empirical Study of the Continuity of Homicide Offending From Community to Confinement." Homicide Studies 24, no. 4 (June 11, 2020): 398–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767920928106.

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Prison murder is the most severe form of institutional violence but its exceedingly low prevalence has limited prior research. Recent studies of prison murders make clear that serious, violent, and chronic career criminals are most likely to perpetrate inmate murders with equivocal evidence of the role of prior homicide offending on prison murder. Using retrospective administrative data from 1,005 prisoners selected from the southwestern United States, the current study examined whether homicide offending in the community is itself an importation factor that is useful for understanding prison murder and thus can be used to understand continuity in homicidal offending from the community to confinement context. Rare events logistic regression models found that individuals sentenced for first-degree murder are more likely to perpetrate prison murder. A separate rare events logistic regression model with any type of homicide commitment offense as a predictor provided similar findings suggesting these effects are robust to model specification. Given its gravity and fundamental threat to prison safety and security, we encourage data collection and additional research on prison murder and the inmates that perpetrate it.

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Kovacevic, R., and B. Kecman. "Psihotic Disorders and Homicide in Family." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71066-1.

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Background:The family is institution in which the life is born and rise. Homicide is cruel form of violence that is ruining and stopping the life. Those two, exclusive extremities, appear in one phenomenon- homicide in family.Materials and methods:This research is one part of comparative analytic prospective study, which last 10 years. In the Department of forensic psychiatry in Prison hospital in Belgrade we examined 266 perpetrators of homicide in family, 212 (79.70%) were male and 54 (20.30%) were female. Among those perpetrators we identified psychotic disorders in 77 mails (36.32 %) and 12 female (22.22 %). Thos groups committed 89 homicides in family with 99 victims.Results:We found statistically significant difference between males and females with regard to previous psychiatric treatment, alcohol abuses and intoxicated with alcohol at the time of the homicide. In male group with psychotic disorders, dominate schizophrenia (40, 26%) and paranoid psychosis (37, 66%), and in female dominate paranoid psychosis (50, 00%). Many perpetrators (41% male and 27% female) were not treated because of psychiatric disorder before, and psychiatric disorder diagnosed after the homicidal act.Conclusions:Among perpetrators of homicide in family there were two times more male than female with psychopathological symptoms. In both groups, psychoses are most usual diagnosis. The arm of future research should be recognizing factors that increased risk of violent behaviors and comparing those factors among person with and without mental disorders.

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Nadanovsky, Paulo, Roger Keller Celeste, Margo Wilson, and Martin Daly. "Homicide and impunity: an ecological analysis at state level in Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 43, no. 5 (October 2009): 733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102009000500001.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess a new impunity index and variables that have been found to predict variation in homicide rates in other geographical levels as predictive of state-level homicide rates in Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional ecological study. Data from the mortality information system relating to the 27 Brazilian states for the years 1996 to 2005 were analyzed. The outcome variables were taken to be homicide victim rates in 2005, for the entire population and for men aged 20-29 years. Measurements of economic and social development, economic inequality, demographic structure and life expectancy were analyzed as predictors. An "impunity index", calculated as the total number of homicides between 1996 and 2005 divided by the number of individuals in prison in 2007, was constructed. The data were analyzed by means of simple linear regression and negative binomial regression. RESULTS: In 2005, state-level crude total homicide rates ranged from 11 to 51 per 100,000; for young men, they ranged from 39 to 241. The impunity index ranged from 0.4 to 3.5 and was the most important predictor of this variability. From negative binomial regression, it was estimated that the homicide victim rate among young males increased by 50% for every increase of one point in this ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Classic predictive factors were not associated with homicides in this analysis of state-level variation in Brazil. However, the impunity index indicated that the greater the impunity, the higher the homicide rate.

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Cirone, Justin, Jennifer Cone, Brian Williams, David Hampton, Priya Prakash, and Tanya Zakrison. "4377 Missed Opportunities to Prevent Homicide: An Analysis of the National Violent Death Reporting System." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (June 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.413.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of this study is to better understand the homicide victim population who were institutionalized within 30 days prior to their death. Improved knowledge of this population can potentially prevent these future homicides. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A retrospective analysis of the 36 states included in the 2003-2017 National Violent Death Reporting System was performed. Demographics of recently institutionalized homicide victims (RIHV) in the last 30 days were compared to homicide victims who were not recently institutionalized. Circumstances of the homicide, such as suspected gang involvement, were also compared. Parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were performed. Significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There were 81,229 homicides with 992 (1.2%) RIHV. The majority of RIHV were Black (49.6%) and older than victims who were not recently institutionalized (37.2 vs. 34.8, p<0.001). RIHV had a high school degree or higher in 54.8% of cases and the primary homicide weapon was a firearm in 67% of the deaths. They were more likely to be homeless (3.1% vs. 1.5%), have a mental health diagnosis (9.2% vs. 2.3%), abuse alcohol (6.1% vs. 2.2%), or abuse other substances (15.2% vs. 5.8%) [all p <0.001]. These victims were most commonly institutionalized in a correctional facility or a hospital compared to other facilities such as nursing homes. Homicide circumstances for RIHV were more likely to involve abuse/neglect (4.3% vs. 2.2%, p<0.001), gang violence (7.6% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.002), or a hate crime (1.0% vs. 0.1%. p<0.001). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Contact with an institution such as a hospital or prison provides high-risk patients the opportunity to potentially participate in violence intervention programs. These institutions should seek to identify and intervene on this population to reduce the risk of violent homicides.

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Sorensen, Jonathan, Heidi Bonner, Shelley Visconte, Mark Vigen, and S. O. Woods. "Home Invasion Homicide Offenders: An Analysis of Subsequent Prison Rule Violations." Violence and Victims 30, no. 6 (2015): 1082–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00043.

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This study adds to the small body of research on home invasion by describing the circumstances surrounding home invasions that resulted in the death of a resident. The 2 most common types of home invasion homicides (HIHs) involved “drug ripoffs” and robberies of older adults for money and property. The study also examined subsequent rule-violating behavior of 132 HIH inmates while incarcerated. The rate of rule violations among HIH inmates was similar to a broader cohort of incarcerated homicide offenders. A logistic regression model identified variation in assaultive prison behavior based on some routine predictors (age, education, race, and prior imprisonment) and 2 associated with the crime (method of killing and age by gender of victims).

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Gómez, José, Rosario Ortega-Ruiz, Miguel Clemente, and José A. Casas. "Intimate Partner Aggression Committed by Prison Inmates with Psychopathic Profile." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105141.

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Psychopathy and intimate partner aggression (IPA) are two concepts that usually appear concomitantly. Male violence toward women is often considered a psychopathic trait that sometimes involves the woman’s homicide by her partner and, at other times, attempted homicide. This phenomenon has been studied by conducting interviews following Hare’s model with 92 men incarcerated under a compliance regime in a Spanish prison (Córdoba). The results detected six explanatory factors of IPA as a result of attempted homicide or homicide: criminal past and delinquency, impulsivity, the need to stand out from others, lack of empathy, manipulation of others, and instability in partner relationships. The first two factors predict a occurrence of high scores on Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist. The results are discussed, and future lines of research are presented, especially focused on the concept of dehumanization and revenge.

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MARVELL, THOMAS B., and CARLISLE E. MOODY. "The Impact of Prison Growth on Homicide." Homicide Studies 1, no. 3 (August 1997): 205–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767997001003002.

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Armiya’u, Aishatu Yusha’u. "Determinants of Prison Experience among Homicide and Non-Homicide Offenders in Nigeria." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 7, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijmd.2013.07.01.art007.

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Dooley, Enda. "Prison Suicide in England and Wales, 1972–87." British Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 1 (January 1990): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.156.1.40.

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The case notes of 295 suicides (98.3% of the total) in prisons in England and Wales between 1972 and 1987 were studied. This period has witnessed an increase in the suicide rate far in excess of the rate of rise in the prison population. The most common method of suicide was by hanging, usually at night. There was a frequent past history of psychiatric treatment and self-injury. People charged or convicted of violent or sexual offences were over-represented, as were those serving life sentences. There was an association between suicide and both guilt for the offence and being charged or convicted of a homicide offence. Some suicides occurred many years after reception into prison. Routine enquiry about previous suicide attempts must be implemented, along with better, ongoing, active communication between staff and inmates.

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Khachatryan, Norair, Kathleen M. Heide, and Erich V. Hummel. "Recidivism Patterns Among Two Types of Juvenile Homicide Offenders: A 30-Year Follow-Up Study." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 404–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16657052.

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Although juvenile homicide has been a matter of concern in the United States since the 1980s, prior research has not addressed long-term recidivism patterns for convicted juvenile murderers. Furthermore, a prominent juvenile homicide typology had not previously been tested with U.S. offenders. The present study examined whether juvenile offenders who killed or attempted to kill during the commission of a crime differed from those who killed due to some type of conflict on pre-incarceration, incarceration, and post-incarceration variables. These offenders were sentenced to adult prison in the early 1980s. Follow-up data spanned 30 years. The results indicated that approximately 88% of released offenders have been rearrested. Analyses of pre-incarceration variables revealed that crime-oriented offenders were significantly more likely to commit the homicide offense using accomplices than conflict-oriented offenders, and the latter were significantly more likely to use a firearm during the homicide incident. The circumstances of the homicide, however, were not significantly related to any other pre-incarceration variables, release from prison, number of post-release arrests, and number of post-release violent offenses. The implications of the findings, their comparability to previous follow-up research on this typology, and avenues for future research are discussed.

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Jeffries, Samantha, and Chontit Chuenurah. "Pathways to prison in Cambodia for homicide offending." South East Asia Research 26, no. 2 (June 2018): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967828x18769223.

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Lize, Steven Edward, Anna M. Scheyett, Candice R. Morgan, Scott K. Proescholdbell, Tammy Norwood, and David Edwards. "Violent Death Rates and Risk for Released Prisoners in North Carolina." Violence and Victims 30, no. 6 (2015): 1019–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00137.

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Released prisoners face high risk of early mortality. The risk of violent death, specifically homicide and suicide, are addressed in this study. Data on inmates released from the North Carolina Division of Adult Corrections (N= 476) matched to the Violent Death Reporting System are analyzed to estimate rates and demographic and criminal justice–related predictors. Violent death rates for persons released from prison were more than 7 times higher than for the general adult population. Results from multinomial logistic regression indicate decreased homicide risk for every year of age, whereas male gender and minority race increased risk. For suicide, minority race, release without supervision, and substance abuse treatment in prison decreased fatality risk. By contrast, a history of mental illness increased suicide risk. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

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Gudjonsson, Gisli H., Michael D. Kopelman, and James A. C. MacKeith. "Unreliable admissions to homicide." British Journal of Psychiatry 174, no. 5 (May 1999): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.174.5.455.

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BackgroundThe past decade has witnessed a recognition that unsafe criminal convictions may be occasioned by unreliable confessions.AimsTo present a case which illustrates the dangers of using abreaction interview techniques in a legal context and demonstrate the relevance of the memory distrust syndrome to an unsafe confession to murder.MethodWe undertook a detailed assessment of a person appealing against his original murder conviction/the appellant’, and a careful scrutiny of all the relevant papers in the case.ResultsThe appellant served 25 years in prison before his conviction was quashed as ‘unsafe’ on the basis of fresh psychological and psychiatric evidence.ConclusionsAmnesia for an offence had been misdiagnosed, and the use of repeated abreaction interviews had further confused both the appellant and the original court. At the Appeal Court, the advice was that the man had experienced a form of source amnesia which resulted in an unreliable confession.

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Hong, Moonki, and Gary Kleck. "The Short-Term Deterrent Effect of Executions: An Analysis of Daily Homicide Counts." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 7 (January 31, 2018): 939–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128717719514.

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Does capital punishment exert any deterrent effect on homicide, above and beyond the effects of noncapital punishment? We hypothesized that potential deterrent effects should be strongest within a few days of executions because that was when news coverage peaked. We examined data on newspaper and national television news coverage, and found that it was largely confined to the period within a few days of executions. We analyzed state homicide counts for individual days from 1979 through 1998 ( n = 372,555 state-days), following the methods of Grogger and controlling for size of the prison population. We found no significant homicide drops corresponding to temporal patterns of news coverage, with one exception: a small but significant drop on the days executions occurred.

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Yale, D. E. C. "A Year and a Day in Homicide." Cambridge Law Journal 48, no. 2 (July 1989): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300105288.

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On 14 August 1988 the death occurred of Miss Pamela Banyard of Laxenheath. She had been the victim eighteen months previously of a savage and brutal attack for which her assailant was sent to prison for ten years on conviction of attempted murder and robbery. Why was he not convicted of murder? The answer in the words of the Crown Prosecutor: “We cannot prosecute for murder as she died more than a year and a day after the attack.”

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Heide, Kathleen M. "Juvenile Homicide Offenders Look Back 35 Years Later: Reasons They Were Involved in Murder." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 3932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113932.

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Murders committed by juveniles have been a serious concern in the United States for more than 50 years. Decisions by the United States Supreme Court during the 21st century have reduced the likelihood that juvenile homicide offenders will be sentenced to life without parole (LWOP). As a result of these decisions, hundreds of prisoners who were sentenced as juveniles for murder to LWOP under mandatory sentencing statutes or its equivalent are now eligible for the reconsideration of their sentences. In light of these changes in sentencing policies and practices, follow-up research on juveniles convicted of murder is essential. This research is part of a 35-year follow-up study of 59 boys who were convicted of murder and sentenced to adult prisons in a southeastern state, and initially interviewed in the early 1980s. Twenty of these men agreed to participate in clinical interviews during which they reflected upon the reasons (i.e., motives, circumstances) for which they got involved in criminal behavior as juveniles. These reasons, which broadly tap tenets of psychological and sociological theories, were analyzed in terms of predominance. Thereafter, the attention focuses on looking at the relationship of these 20 reasons to recidivism among the 18 juvenile homicide offenders (JHOs) who have been released from prison. JHOs who lived in neighborhoods where crime was routine and who engaged in crime because the opportunity presented itself were approximately 20 and 22.50 times more likely to be arrested post release and returned to prison, respectfully. The implications of these findings, the limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Echeburúa, Enrique, Javier Fernández-Montalvo, and Pedro J. Amor. "Psychopathological Profile of Men Convicted of Gender Violence." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18, no. 7 (July 2003): 798–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260503253300.

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In this article, a description of the demographic, penal, and psychopathological characteristics of 54 men who are in prison because of having committed a serious offense of gender violence was carried out. Furthermore, a comparison of all the variables studied between the participants with homicide and those without homicide was done. The results showed the existence of irrational beliefs both about women and violence as a strategy to cope with everyday difficulties, as well as a general inadaptation to daily life. However, from a psychopathological point of view, in spite of not observing a high degree of symptomatology in the sample, the psychiatric and penal antecedents and current emotional instability were much more frequent and severe in people who had not committed homicide. Therefore, two possible differential profiles among the violent men are presented.

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Limoncelli, Katherine E., Jeff Mellow, and Chongmin Na. "Determinants of Intercountry Prison Incarceration Rates and Overcrowding in Latin America and the Caribbean." International Criminal Justice Review 30, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 10–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567719830530.

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Research on prison population rates and prison overcrowding has largely been limited to U.S. populations. While these studies offer valuable insight into the broader-level factors affecting rates of imprisonment, along with correlates associated with pervasive levels of crowding, less is known about the macro-level causes of elevated imprisonment rates and increasingly high levels of prison crowding across Latin America and the Caribbean. A modified version of negative binomial random-effects model with between- and within-country transformations of time-varying covariates was utilized to test the influence of political, social, and economic factors on the prison population rate between countries and within countries over multiple time points. An ordinary least squares regression model was adopted to analyze the extent to which countries’ levels of political stability, government effectiveness, intentional homicide rates, and unemployment are related to national levels of prison overcrowding percentages. Findings demonstrate that government effectiveness and political stability are significantly and positively associated with increased prison population rates both between countries and within countries over time, while government effectiveness is simultaneously negatively related to prison overcrowding across countries.

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Shaw, Jenny, Isabelle M. Hunt, Sandra Flynn, Janet Meehan, Jo Robinson, Harriet Bickley, Rebecca Parsons, et al. "Rates of mental disorder in people convicted of homicide." British Journal of Psychiatry 188, no. 2 (February 2006): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.188.2.143.

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BackgroundPrevious studies of people convicted of homicide have used different definitions of mental disorder.AimsTo estimate the rate of mental disorder in people convicted of homicide; to examine the relationship between definitions, verdict and outcome in court.MethodA national clinical survey of people convicted of homicide (n=1594) in England and Wales (1996–1999). Rates of mental disorder were estimated based on: lifetime diagnosis, mental illness at the time of the offence, contact with psychiatric services, diminished responsibility verdict and hospital disposal.ResultsOf the 1594, 545 (34%) had a mental disorder: most had not attended psychiatric services; 85 (5%) had schizophrenia (lifetime); 164 (10%) had symptoms of mental illness at the time of the offence; 149 (9%) received a diminished responsibility verdict and 111 (7%) a hospital disposal – both were associated with severe mental illness and symptoms of psychosis.ConclusionsThe findings suggest an association between schizophrenia and conviction for homicide. Most perpetrators with a history of mental disorder were not acutely ill or under mental healthcare at the time of the offence. Some perpetrators receive prison sentences despite having severe mental illness.

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Light, Michael T., and Joey Marshall. "On the Weak Mortality Returns of the Prison Boom: Comparing Infant Mortality and Homicide in the Incarceration Ledger." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 59, no. 1 (December 28, 2017): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146517748412.

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The justifications for the dramatic expansion of the prison population in recent decades have focused on public safety. Prior research on the efficacy of incarceration offers support for such claims, suggesting that increased incarceration saves lives by reducing the prevalence of homicide. We challenge this view by arguing that the effects of mass incarceration include collateral infant mortality consequences that call into question the number of lives saved through increased imprisonment. Using an instrumental variable estimation on state-level data from 1978 to 2010, this article simultaneously considers the effects of imprisonment on homicide and infant mortality to examine two of the countervailing mortality consequences of mass incarceration. Results suggest that while incarceration saves lives by lowering homicide rates, these gains are largely offset by the increases in infant mortality. Adjusted figures that count the number of increased infant deaths attributable to incarceration suggest that the mortality benefits of imprisonment over the past three decades are 82% lower than previously thought.

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Stankevič, Adam. "Viešųjų bausmių taikymas Kauno pilies teisme XVIII a. antrojoje pusėje ir jų vykdymas." XVIII amžiaus studijos T. 6: Personalijos. Idėjos. Refleksijos, T. 6 (January 2, 2020): 205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/23516968-006010.

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ASSIGNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC PUNISHMENTS BY KAUNAS CASTLE COURT IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY The article deals with the issue of assignment and administration of public punishments by Kaunas Castle Court in the late eighteenth century. In the period under investigation, this court imposed capital and corporal punishments, punishments by imprisonment, removal from office and banishment from the city. Death penalty was imposed on those offenders who were accused of homicide, robbery and theft, although the court did not impose qualified methods of capital punishment. Out of corporal punishments, only flagellation (as the principal and ancillary punishment for crimes against life, health and property, never administered to the nobility) and branding (as an ancillary punishment for thieves) were inflicted. The number of imposed strokes ranged from 50 to 400, with the most common number being 100 strokes. During the analysed period, the main place of confinement continued to the so-called Tower (Upper and Lower) Prison. The Upper Tower Prison registry was dominated by relatively short sentences of 3, 6 and 12 weeks, mostly for violent acts (slaps in the face, forfeiture of real estate, assault with a combat weapon, assault on a nobleman’s house and estate). The Lower Tower Prison was used less frequently (as a punishment for beating a nobleman with a non-combat weapon, unlawful incarceration, and unproven criminal charge offence), but the sentences delivered were longer: from 12, 24 weeks to half a year. From 1782 onwards, instead of imposing the death penalty in cases like theft, robbery and homicide, the court began to give imprisonment sentences (fixed or indefinite) which were non-existent under the GDL law and thus had to be carried out in the Kamianets-Podilskyi prison. Keywords: Kaunas Castle Court, public punishments, criminal law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

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Gosek, Paweł, Justyna Kotowska, Elżbieta Rowińska‐Garbień, Dariusz Bartczak, Jack Tomlin, and Janusz Heitzman. "Longer than prison? A comparison of length of stay in a medium security hospital and prison for perpetrators of violent crimes other than homicide or attempted homicide." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 31, no. 3 (June 2021): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2202.

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Rajkumar, Ravi Philip. "Beyond the Penrose Hypothesis: Examining the Association between the Availability of Psychiatric Care and National Homicide Rates in 166 Countries." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 4 (October 14, 2022): 657–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2040049.

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The association between mental illness and violent crimes such as homicide is complex. In 1939, Lionel Penrose hypothesized that the availability of psychiatric hospital beds was inversely related to the prison population, presumably due to the hospitalization of potential offenders with a mental illness. Subsequent studies have found evidence for this association, but questions remain about the contributions of confounding factors. Moreover, there has been a move towards deinstitutionalization and community care of the mentally ill over the past six decades. In this study, the association between national homicide rates and three measures of the availability of psychiatric care—the numbers of psychiatrists, general hospital psychiatric beds, and psychiatric hospital beds per 100,000 population—was examined using a time-lagged correlation analysis. Associations between homicide rates and socioeconomic factors associated with crime were also examined. It was found that the availability of psychiatrists and of general hospital psychiatric beds were both negatively correlated with homicide rates, and that the association with general hospital psychiatric beds remained significant even after correction for confounding factors. These results suggest the need for a more nuanced interpretation of Penrose’s original formulation, involving the interplay of social, economic factors and psychological factors rather than linear causality.

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Noël-Grandmaison, Rachel. "Les décisions pénales dans les causes d’homicide au tribunal de Montréal, de 1985 à 1989." Criminologie 29, no. 1 (August 16, 2005): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017385ar.

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This paper tries to shed a light on the attrition process and on the factors influencing the sentencing's decision making process, for criminal homicide cases prosecuted in Montreal between 1985 and 1989 inclusively. The results showed that unlike the police mainly laying murder charges, 55 % of the 142 sentenced were found guilty of manslaughter. Therefore a large number has less than eight years in prison to serve before eligibility to full parole. The accused who commited an homicide associated with another crime or a settling of accounts, who went through a trial, who had a criminal record and who killed a woman significantly encounter a greater possibility to be sentenced on a murder charge. Yet a sequence in the decision making process can be observed: once is settled the type of charge to be definitive at the end of the criminal process, the factors studied influence rather little the severity of the imposed sentence. Finally the author points out how the prosecution mode of these homicide cases played an important part on the two levels of decision.

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ASSIS, Nancy Rita Sento Sé de. "Crimes e criminosos em Salvador (1890-1930): Teses médicas, discursos e recepção jurídico-policial." Passagens: Revista Internacional de História Política e Cultura Jurídica 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15175/1984-2503-202113205.

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The following work problematizes the reception of racialist theories within the academic context of Bahia Faculty of Medicine, as produced by the legal authorities and the police in the Bahia of the Brazilian Republic. It analyzes a set of legal cases concerning homicide and attempted homicide to have occurred in Salvador, as well as theses presented to the Faculty and reports produced in the state’s prison facilities. Based on a reading of Nina Rodrigues and several theses proposed by medical graduates inspired by his theories and those of Lombroso, we seek to understand their reception inside and outside the academic sphere, where they seem to have better flourished. In a dialogue with a variety of authors are Michel Foucault’s concepts of biopolitics and biopower, as a means of understanding the phenomenon of the racialization of justice based on specific medical knowledge.

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Titterington, Victoria B., and Barry P. Abbott. "Space City Revisited: Patterns of Legal Outcomes in Houston Homicide." Violence and Victims 19, no. 1 (February 2004): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.19.1.83.33237.

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This study re-examines, and updates, that of Lundsgaarde (1977), who found that among homicide offenders in Houston, Texas, in 1969, less than 50% of those who killed intimates or other family members were ever prosecuted for their lethal acts. The general pattern that emerges from our analysis of a random sample of 428 homicide cases during 1985 to 1994 indicates that killers of intimate partners or relatives are somewhat more likely to be prosecuted as offenders who were friends or strangers to their victims. Also during this 1985 to 1994 time period, the relative percent of defendants who were sentenced to a prison term of 20 years or less was smallest for those who killed intimate partners or other family members compared to those convicted of killing friends/acquaintances or strangers. As for sex-specific legal dispositions in cases of lethal violence against intimates or other relatives, we found that sanctions against women were considerably less severe than those against male offenders, in both time periods.

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Drury, Alan J., and Matt DeLisi. "Gangkill: An Exploratory Empirical Assessment of Gang Membership, Homicide Offending, and Prison Misconduct." Crime & Delinquency 57, no. 1 (October 9, 2008): 130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128708325051.

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Fioritto, Alfredo. "Science, Scientist and Judges: Can Judges try Science?" European Journal of Risk Regulation 5, no. 2 (June 2014): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00003548.

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Case n. 380, 22.10.2012, Victims of the earthquake v. Barberi et al., (members of the NationalCommission for the Prediction and Prevention of Major Risks),Tribunal of L'Aquila, grounds delivered on 29.01.2013; (first degree of judgment).Articles 113, 589, c.1and 3, 590 Criminal Code (113 – Cooperation in negligent homicide, 589 – Negligent homicide, 590 – Negligent personal injury)The Tribunal of L’Aquila condemned seven members of the National Commission for the Prediction and Prevention of Major Risks to six years in prison for manslaughter because they dismissed the role of scientists in a March 31, 2009 meeting. The meeting was convoked in L’Aquila to provide the population of L'Aquila, which was scared after a continuous series of tremors lasting three months, with serious information on a scientific base. On the contrary, the members of the Commission supported a press campaign launched by the Chief of the National Civil Protection to reassure the population. Five days after the meeting, a serious tremor took place causing more than 300 deaths.

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Gudjonsson, Gisli H., and Krishna K. Singh. "Attribution of Blame for Criminal Acts and its Relationship with Type of Offence." Medicine, Science and the Law 28, no. 4 (October 1988): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248802800407.

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ABSTRACT: This paper examines the relationship between type of offence and attribution of blame by offenders for their criminal activity. The Gudjonsson Blame Attribution Inventory (GBAI) was administered to 139 prisoners at Grendon Psychiatric Prison, and 37 psychiatric patients with a forensic history. As predicted, a significant relationship with type of offence was found. Subjects who had committed sexual offences reported the strongest remorse for their offence, and those who had committed violent offences (e.g. homicide, grevious bodily harm) were more likely to attribute their offence to mental factors (e.g. loss of self-control, depression).

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Jeffries, Samantha, Tristan Russell, Yodsawadi Thipphayamongkoludom, Prarthana Rao, Chontit Chuenurah, Swe Zin Linn Phyu, and Iraz Rana Zeren. "Mapping Women’s and Men’s Pathways into Thailand’s Prisons for Homicide and Sex Offences: Utilising a Feminist Pathways Approach." Laws 11, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws11020030.

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In feminist criminology, there is a growing body of research exploring pathways to prison, but few studies have specifically sought to map women’s journeys into the criminal justice system for crimes of physical violence and sex offending. Gender comparative research is sparse, and, to date, we know little about women and men imprisoned in Thailand for these types of crimes. Subsequently, in this paper, we report findings from a gender comparative feminist pathways study conducted in Thailand, with a specific focus on violence and sex offending; namely, homicide, sexual assault, human trafficking, and sex work-related offences. We utilise a qualitative analysis of life-history interviews to centre and value these women’s and men’s voices, establish their backstories, and thematically map their imprisonment trajectories. Three pathways to prison emerged: (1) lifestyles of contravention, (2) harmed and harming, and (3) destructive masculinity. Utilising the participants’ descriptions, we highlight similarities and variance by gender within and between these pathways.

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Britten, Thomas. "The State of Nevada v. Eugene Austin: A Tragic Story of Homicide and Incarceration in the American Southwest." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 38, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.38.2.lq1m0l7557357466.

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Eugene Austin (1923-1980) was a member of the Lovelock Paiute Tribe of Nevada. The product of an impoverished and dysfunctional family and a former pupil of an off-reservation boarding school, Austin was a troubled and unhappy youth who yearned to escape the sparse opportunities and lack of mobility available to Native peoples of rural Nevada. In 1941, he was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. He spent the next thirty-three years at the Nevada State Prison in Carson City, longer than any other inmate in the institution's history. He endured inhumane treatment during his incarceration, was lobotomized, and in 1974 was eventually paroled to a convalescent home in California. His arrest, trial, and incarceration reveal a number of tragic missteps in a criminal justice system that often failed to understand or accommodate the unique needs and circumstances posed by Native American offenders in the Southwest.

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Almeida, Jaime, Olindina Graça, Fernando Vieira, Nuno Almeida, and Jorge Costa Santos. "Characteristics of offenders deemed not guilty by reason of insanity in Portugal." Medicine, Science and the Law 50, no. 3 (July 2010): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/msl.2010.100003.

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In Portugal, offenders found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI), may be given a restricted order to a special hospital as an alternative to prison. In European countries there is a recognized need for data concerning this special population. The aim of the present study was to examine the characteristics of all the NGRI subjects ( n = 274) detained in the country in a descriptive and retrospective survey conducted in January 2009. Offence committed, demographic factors, diagnosis at admission, background of substance abuse and diagnostic stability were recorded. Schizophrenia was the commonest diagnosis (51.5%). Mean population age was 42.6 years, with only 6.2% women. Homicide was the most common offense (41.2%). A background of substance abuse was found in 42.3% of subjects. There were significant differences in the schizophrenia and mental retardation patient groups when compared individually with the other diagnoses concerning homicide and arson as the offence. Mean duration of inpatient stay did not differ significantly between diagnoses. The findings also point to poor follow-up of the NGRI patients after admission.

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Kovandzic, Tomislav V., Thomas B. Marvell, Lynne M. Vieraitis, and Carlisle E. Moody. "When Prisoners Get Out: The Impact of Prison Releases on Homicide Rates, 1975-1999." Criminal Justice Policy Review 15, no. 2 (June 2004): 212–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403404263443.

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Farrell, Thomas J. "A Real Second Chance." Federal Sentencing Reporter 32, no. 5 (June 2020): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2020.32.5.272.

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Amendments to the compassionate release provisions of the federal First Step Act and Second Chance Acts provide some opportunity for release for elderly and infirm federal inmates. This article examines the reentry successes of three Pennsylvania state inmates, all convicted of homicide, who won their release as re-sentenced juvenile lifers or through commutation. The author came to know them through a reentry group affiliated with a Pittsburgh university. Their success and scholarship about the low recidivism rates for violent offenders over the age fifty suggest that the criminal justice system should abolish the imposition of life sentences. More than avoid recidivism, each of these returning citizens has made positive contributions to their communities, both in and out of prison. They are working, obtaining educations, engaging in charitable work and political advocacy, and writing about their experiences. Their example and their description of many similarly-situated older inmates still in prison teach that society should not rest the argument for their release solely on compassion and pity. Rather, older inmates have learned coping skills that can help restore the communities that their crimes harmed and that they were taken from during their incarceration. For these reasons, the author suggests that prison sentences generally should provide for release after an inmate serves twenty-five years and attains the age of fifty.

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DOYLE, DAVID M., and SUZANNE SCOTT. "Criminal Liability for Deaths in Prison Custody: The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007." Howard Journal of Crime and Justice 55, no. 3 (September 2016): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12171.

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Wilkinson, Dean, and Laura Caulfield. "A systematic review of the characteristics and needs of older prisoners." Journal of Criminal Psychology 10, no. 4 (September 21, 2020): 253–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-06-2020-0023.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review and understand what the existing evidence base concludes about the needs of this population. The older prisoner population is growing faster than the older general population and placing a strain on prisons. Much of the existing literature focusses on the health-care needs of, or in-prison initiatives for, older prisoners. Typically, these are responsive and lacking an evidence-based understanding of the characteristics and needs of this group. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a systematic review of the existing literature on the needs and characteristics of older people in contact with the criminal justice system. After a thorough search and selection process, 21 papers, from 2002 onwards, were included in the final analysis. The review process was structured through (People, Intervention/Exposure, Comparison, Outcome) and reported using (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Findings The contradictions within the existing evidence base make it difficult to reach firm conclusions about the needs and characteristics of older prisoners. What is clear from the existing research are the relatively high levels of need. There is also some consensus that where older people commit homicide, the victim is likely to be an intimate partner. Overall, there is a need for consistent recording and reporting of characteristics and demographics and more systematic study design. Originality/value This paper has highlighted the key findings and limitations in the existing literature. Future research should make use of secondary official data sources to provide a clearer understanding of the characteristics of this group, their routes to prison, their needs and challenges they present.

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O'Connor, Art, and Helen O'Neill. "Female prison transfers to the Central Mental Hospital, a Special Hospital (1983–1988)." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 8, no. 2 (September 1991): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700015032.

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AbstractDuring the course of imprisonment, whether on remand or when serving a sentence, people sometimes need to be transferred to a psychiatric hospital. In the Republic of Ireland the only psychiatric hospital a person can be transferred to is the Central Mental Hospital (C.M.H.).We describe 99 female prison transfers to the C.M.H. between 1983 and 1988. The mean age of the 70 sentenced prisoners was 26.43 years and that of the 29 remand prisoners was 33 years. The primary diagnoses were Schizophrenia (11), Mania (7), Depression and Stress (23), Personality Disorder (36), Mental Handicap (2) and Drug Addiction (16). The longest average stay at the hospital was for personality disorders (5 weeks). The longest sentences were for drugs offences. There were no cases of homicide or sex offences. We recommend that many of these cases could be handled in their catchment area hospital rather than in a high security Special Hospital.

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Mullen, Paul E. "Schizophrenia and violence: from correlations to preventive strategies." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 12, no. 4 (July 2006): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.12.4.239.

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People with schizophrenia make a significant contribution to violence in our communities and, in so doing, often lay waste to their own lives. The 10% or so from which will emerge the perpetrators of most of the serious violence are identifiable in advance. A structured programme in which the criminogenic personality and behavioural factors, substance misuse and social dislocation are managed together with the active symptoms of the disorder could prevent the progress to violence. Such systems of care could significantly reduce serious criminal violence and homicide, reduce the number of people with schizophrenia who end up in prison, stop the rising number of forensic psychiatric beds and, most importantly, improve the lives of many of the most disturbed and disadvantaged of those with the disorder.

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Kastos, Dimitrios, Evangelos Dousis, Afroditi Zartaloudi, Niki Pavlatou, Antonia Kalogianni, Georgia Toulia, Vasiliki Tsoulou, and Maria Polikandrioti. "Depression in Male Inmates." Clinics and Practice 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13010001.

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Introduction: The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity is high among incarcerated individuals. Severe mental disorder is five to ten times higher among prisoners compared to the general population. Several factors are held to be responsible for the high prevalence of depression in prison: mainly poor living conditions (narrow room, loss of privacy), limited interpersonal relationships, and lack of mental health access. Inmates are at increased risk of all-cause mortality, suicide, self-harm, violence, and victimization while those with mental disorders are involved in conflicts and are more likely to be charged with prison rules. Purpose: To explore depression among male inmates. Methods and material: In the study, 101 male inmates were enrolled. Data were collected by the completion of a “self-rating depression scale (SDS)-Zung” which included participants’ characteristics. The statistical significance level was p < 0.05. Results: Of the 101 participants, 51.4% of inmates were under 40 years old, 54.5% were married, 45.6% had been convicted of homicide and 38.6% had a life sentence. Normal depression levels were experienced by 62.4% of the participants, while 21.8% were mildly depressed, 14.9% were moderately depressed and 1.0% severely depressed. Foreign prisoners had statistically significant higher scores of depression compared to Greeks (median 48 vs. 45, p = 0.012); those suffering from a chronic disease compared to those who did not (median 48 vs. 45, p = 0.038); those who had spent time in solitary confinement compared to those who had not (median 46 vs. 43.5, p = 0.038) as well as those who had not considered harming themselves compared to those who had thought of it (median 46 vs. 44, p = 0.017). Conclusion: Given that prison populations are marginalized and deprived of the rights that people in the community benefit from, establishing the prevalence of depression in male inmates and its associated characteristics may help to formulate recommendations for future prison health care services. Clinical, research, and policy efforts are needed to improve prison mental health.

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Anagonou, L., Houinou Ebo B, F. Adeossi, E. Klikpo, S. Salifou, K. Gbetogbe, Gm Gansou, and Fiossi Kpadonou E. "MINORS ON TRIAL FOR CRIME: VIEW OF THE CHILD PSYCHIATRIST IN JUDICIAL ENVIRONMENT IN BENIN." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i1.2020.269.

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The developmental path of the minor may be marked by particular situations such as conflicts with the law, various crimes. The situations, contexts and processes that lead to crime are multiple. Thus, the aim of our research was to study the characteristics of minors judged for crime, seen in a judicial space. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out at the Cotonou First Instance Court. Data were collected from the judicial files of minors tried for crime by the juvenile court ruling on criminal matters from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2015; 34 files were taken into account. The respondents were all adolescents aged between 10 and 18 years. The majority of them were tried for homicide (61.7%) and rape (32.4%). For 35.3% of the minors tried for crime, the relationship with opposite sex parent had poor quality. These minors received a firm prison sentence (88.2%), and 11.8% of them were placed in a foster centre without receiving a prison sentence. Crimes committed by minors calls into question our ability to supervise and provide a safe and appropriate framework for the psychological construction of children and adolescents in our society. Measures should be taken in terms of prevention at various levels to reduce the risk of children developing criminal behaviour.

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MARVELL, THOMAS B., and CARLISLE E. MOODY. "THE IMPACT OF OUT-OF-STATE PRISON POPULATION ON STATE HOMICIDE RATES: DISPLACEMENT AND FREE-RIDER EFFECTS*." Criminology 36, no. 3 (August 1998): 513–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01257.x.

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Farrington, David P. "Homicide in Eight Countries From 1980 to 2000: The Flow From Crimes Committed to Time Served in Prison." Homicide Studies 24, no. 3 (May 23, 2020): 268–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767920916914.

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This article summarizes national data on completed homicides for eight countries in three time periods: around 1980, 1990, and 2000. The eight countries are England/Wales, the United States, Sweden, Australia, Scotland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Canada. In each year, the article presents the number of police-recorded crimes, the number of persons convicted, the number of offenders sent to custody, average sentence length, average time served, and all linking probabilities. It also shows changes in all these measures between 1980, 1990, and 2000 in different countries. It would be desirable to carry out longitudinal research, tracking offenders through the criminal justice system.

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Harris, Anjelica. "“We Can’t Just Throw Our Children Away”." Texas A&M Law Review 7, no. 3 (May 2020): 613–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v7.i3.4.

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In the words of Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan, children are different. The issue of how to sentence juvenile offenders has long been controversial. Although psychology acknowledges the connection between incomplete juvenile brain development and increased criminality, the justice system lags behind in how it handles juvenile offenders. A prime example is the case of Bobby Bostic, who at the age of sixteen was charged with eighteen offenses and sentenced to 241 years in prison. This sentence, known as a term-of-years or virtual life sentence, essentially guarantees that no matter what Bobby does or who he proves himself to be as an adult, he will die in prison. Since Bobby’s sentencing in 1997, the Supreme Court has held that sentencing juveniles to death violates the Eighth Amendment and has banned life without parole for juvenile offenders. Despite landmark Supreme Court decisions, a gap in the law continues to exist when it comes to juvenile non-homicide of- fenders who are certified and tried as adults. Thousands of juvenile offenders are now trapped in the legal gap that exists in the distinction, or lack thereof, between life without parole and lengthy term-of-years sentences. This Comment will explore the gap in the law, the various ways the States have chosen to handle this issue, and will propose a possible solution for Texas.

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Debowska, Agata, Daniel Boduszek, and Dominic Willmott. "Psychosocial Correlates of Attitudes Toward Male Sexual Violence in a Sample of Financial Crime, Property Crime, General Violent, and Homicide Offenders." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 6 (February 1, 2017): 705–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063217691966.

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Although those currently serving prison sentences for sexual violence can be identified and receive treatment, the number of prisoners with a history of sexual violence against female partners is unknown. Methods to identify prisoners with a proclivity for such violence and accurately assess the risk they pose before and after incarceration are therefore required. Here, we aimed to assess the level of sexually violent attitudes within dating relationships and to examine their associations with experiences of child abuse and neglect (CAN), psychopathic personality traits, prisonization, number of incarcerations, age, years of schooling, relationship status, and parenting among different types of offenders (financial crime, property crime, general violent, and homicide offenders). Data were collected among a large systematically selected sample of adult male inmates ( N = 1,123). We demonstrated that sexual violence-supportive attitudes appear to be a function of child sexual abuse and psychopathic personality traits, and may be developed through early socialization experiences as well as incarceration. Practical implications of current findings are discussed.

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LeBlanc, Nicole, Jennifer M. Kilty, and Sylvie Frigon. "Examining the preventable but predictable death of Ashley Smith." International Journal of Prisoner Health 11, no. 3 (September 21, 2015): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-11-2014-0048.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the fusion of psy-correctional discourse with the dominant risk logic to consider the implication this nexus can have on how self-injurious behaviour committed by women in prison is interpreted and responded to by the Correctional Service Canada (CSC). Design/methodology/approach – The central focus of the study is an in-depth case analysis of the carceral death of Ashley Smith, a 19-year-old woman who committed suicide in her segregation cell in 2007 after enduring four years of excessively punitive treatment aimed at controlling her self-injurious behaviour. Findings – Findings illustrate how the fusion of these logics creates a kind of “therapeutic-risk cloak” that reframes the behaviour as “abnormal” and “risky”, which masks the punitivity of strip search and segregation interventions in the name of safety, security and treatment. Originality/value – Given that correctional officials knowingly failed to intervene when Smith tied the fatal ligature around her neck, a federal inquiry judged her death to be a homicide. By attempting to unveil the “therapeutic-risk cloak” the authors hope to challenge the underlying logic of CSC’s governance and management framework, which not only denies the oppressive gendered carceral reality that is linked to self-injurious behaviour amongst women prisoners, but is also used to justify intervention responses that exacerbate the very behaviour this framework aims to control. Until systemic transformation is achieved that eradicates CSC’s contradictory governance framework, there is no doubt that the authors will continue to see similar preventable deaths take place in prison.

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Higgs, Tamsin, Adam J. Carter, Ewa B. Stefanska, and Emily Glorney. "Toward Identification of the Sexual Killer: A Comparison of Sexual Killers Engaging in Post-Mortem Sexual Interference and Non-Homicide Sexual Aggressors." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 5 (October 14, 2015): 479–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215609935.

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Establishing a model of sexual assault reflecting psychosocial and behavioral characteristics of perpetrators of sexual killing and rape is necessary for development in risk assessment and intervention. Methodological variations in defining sexual killing have amalgamated serial and non-serial offenders and perpetrators with direct and indirect associations between killing and sexual arousal. This study defined sexual killing specifying that killing should be directly linked to sexual arousal, and sampled 48 sexual killers, operationalized to include only those engaging in post-mortem sexual interference, with one or two known female victims (non-serial), from prison service national (England and Wales) databases. These sexual killers were compared with 48 non-homicide, life or indeterminately sentenced sexual aggressors on psychological and crime scene characteristics. Contrary to previous research, fatal outcomes were associated with neither stranger victims nor weapon presence; sexual killing was characterized by severity of violence less so than non-fatal assault. Sexual killers more often reported problems with emotional loneliness, empathic concern, and sexual entitlement than the sexual aggressors. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.

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Eckenwiler, Lisa. "Why Not Retribution? The Particularized Imagination and Justice for Pregnant Addicts." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 1 (2004): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00452.x.

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The Law is a grim, unsmiling thing, Not Justice, though. Justice is witty and whimsical and kind and caring.Rohinton Misuy, A Fine Balance;When the South Carolina Supreme Court upheld the conviction and twelve-year sentence of Regina McKnight, it affirmed that state 's commitment to bring the full force of the law to the punishment of pregnant women who use drugs. Prosecutors linked the delivery of Ms.McKnight 's stillborn baby to her use of cocaine, and argued successfully for a finding of homicide by child abuse. The McKnight judgment follows the South Carolina Supreme Court decision in the case of Cornelia Whitner. Whitner was sentenced to prison for illegal drug use during pregnancy on the grounds that the viable fetus is a child under the state s criminal child endangerment statute.On the basis of constitutional concerns such as due process and privacy, worries that criminal prosecutions may thwart public policy goals such as keeping families together and promoting the health of women and children, and findings that legislatures did not intend to include the fetus in the scope of drug laws or child abuse and neglect laws, criminal prosecution has been resisted in most jurisdictions.

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Adler, Jeffrey S. "‘To Stay the Murderer’s Hand and the Rapist’s Passions, and for the Safety and Security of Civil Society’: The Emergence of Racial Disparities in Capital Punishment in Jim Crow New Orleans." American Journal of Legal History 59, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 297–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajlh/njz012.

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Abstract This essay examines capital punishment in New Orleans between 1920 and 1945. Building on a quantitative analysis of case-level data culled from police, court, and prison records, it explores the emergence of racial disparities in death-penalty sentencing and charts the increasing use of capital punishment as a mechanism of racial control. The paper focuses on four surprising and counter-intuitive patterns in the application of the death penalty. First, shifts in the use of capital punishment during this era bore no connection to patterns of violent crime. Second, changes in death-penalty sentencing were only loosely related to overall trends in homicide conviction. Third, and most surprising, Orleans Parish jurors, particularly during the 1920s, sent white killers to the gallows at a higher rate than African American killers. And fourth, the analysis of case-level records reveals dramatic shifts in death-penalty sentencing during the 1930s, particularly the development of a pronounced racial disparity in the application of capital punishment. Prosecutors also exploited the threat of capital charges to secure guilty pleas from African American suspects, and thus changes in death-penalty sentencing contributed to racial disparities in incarceration. In short, this micro-analysis helps to explain when and why the death penalty became a core component of Jim Crow criminal justice.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Prison homicide'

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