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Journal articles on the topic 'Prisoner reformers'
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1
NJOROGE, PAULINE. "THE EFFECTS OF PRISON REFORMS ON REFORMATION OF INMATES IN NYANDARUA COUNTY,KENYA." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.77.8652.
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This paper uses data collected for an MA Thesis on effects of prison reforms on reformation of inmates in Nyandarua County prisons, Kenya. This study has been necessitated by the need to make the penal system fair and effective. As has been revealed by this study, despite undertaking prison reforms, the attempt to improve the harsh prison conditions has created other problems that negate the reformation and rehabilitation of offenders.
The study sought to investigate the effects of prison reforms on reformation of inmates in prisons with a focus on examining the existing prison reforms that have been undertaken in prisons since 2001, the effects of prison reforms on the reformation of prisoners, how Prison reforms have negated the reformation of prisoners, and mechanisms that were in place in prisons to control the negative effects of prison reforms.
Major research findings obtained revealed that, though reforms have been implemented, a good portion of the reforms remained un-implemented. This may be explained by the fact that the prison authorities themselves did not put in place deliberate measures to rehabilitate inmates. Besides, there were gaps in the marketability of the skills that the prisoners acquired while in prison.
The study noted the upsurge of prison crimes such as substances and drug abuse, rape and sodomy, and prisoner violence/assaults against other prisoners. The study recommends promotion of prison staff because they are the first line of defense in terms of government reformation efforts. Their stronger good will counts in any prisons reformation agenda.
The study recommends constant review of prison education and training programmes to conform them to current job market skills for smooth re-integration of prisoners back into the society.
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O’Neill, Deirdre, Valarie Sands, and Graeme Hodge. "P3s and Social Infrastructure: Three Decades of Prison Reform in Victoria, Australia." Public Works Management & Policy 25, no. 3 (January 15, 2020): 214–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x19899103.
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Once regarded as core public sector business, Australia’s prisons were reformed during the 1990s and Australia now has the highest proportion of prisoners in privately managed prisons in the world. How could this have happened? This article presents a case study of the State of Victoria and explains how public–private partnerships (P3s) were used to create a mixed public–private prison system. Despite the difficulty of determining clear and rigorous evaluation results, we argue that lessons from the Victorian experience are possible. First, neither the extreme fears of policy critics nor the grandiose policy and technical promises of reformers were fully met. Second, short-term success was achieved in political and policy terms by the delivery of badly needed new prisons. Third, the exact degree to which the state has achieved cheaper, better, and more accountable prison services remains contested. As a consequence, there is a need to continue experimentation but with greater transparency.
3
Rubin, Ashley T. "Early US Prison History Beyond Rothman: RevisitingThe Discovery of the Asylum." Annual Review of Law and Social Science 15, no. 1 (October 13, 2019): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042808.
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David J. Rothman's The Discovery of the Asylum, one of the first major works to critically interrogate the beginning of America's extensive reliance on institutionalization, effectively launched the contemporary field of prison history. Rothman traced the first modern prisons’ (1820s–1850s) roots to the post-Revolution social turmoil and reformers’ desire for perfectly ordered spaces. In the nearly 50 years since his pioneering work, several generations of historians, inspired by Rothman, have amassed a wealth of information about the early prisons, much of it correcting inaccuracies and blind spots in his account. This review examines the knowledge about the rise of the prison, focusing on this post-Rothman work. In particular, this review discusses this newer work organized into three categories: the claim that prisons were an invention of Jacksonian America, reformers’ other motivations for creating and supporting prisons, and the frequently gendered and racialized experiences of prisoners. The review closes by reflecting on the importance of prison history in the contemporary context and suggesting areas for future research.
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Jacobi, John V. "Prison Health, Public Health: Obligations and Opportunities." American Journal of Law & Medicine 31, no. 4 (December 2005): 447–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880503100403.
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We don't care enough about prisoners’ welfare. We should care deeply because, as two prominent commentators on the history of prisons have said, “Prisoners are ourselves writ large or small. And, as such, they should not be subjected to suffering exceeding fair expiation for the crimes for which they have been convicted.” Well over two million persons are imprisoned in America today. We imprison a higher percentage of our population than any other country. Those we imprison are disproportionately poor, of color, uneducated, and sick. They have chronic conditions, mental illnesses, sexually transmitted diseases and other infectious diseases. They usually receive inadequate health care—and sometimes shockingly poor care.6 It has always been so. Prison reformers have argued for decent prison care based on humanitarian principles since the founding of the Republic, and, notwithstanding some notable achievements, have failed to achieve decent conditions. In the last fifty years, reformers shifted to individual rights arguments based on prisoners’ constitutional rights.
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Hébert, William. "Trans Rights as Risks: On the Ambivalent Implementation of Canada’s Groundbreaking Trans Prison Reform." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 35, no. 2 (August 2020): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2020.11.
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AbstractThis paper analyses policy documents and interviews conducted in federal prisons to trace the emergence and early effects of Canada’s recent wave of groundbreaking trans correctional reforms. I show that prison authorities were forced to adopt more inclusive policies due to the legal, financial, and reputational risks generated by new trans rights protections. Yet, by examining what rights both enabled and foreclosed once they materialized in the everyday of prison life, I argue that reform’s implementation was fraught with ambivalence. Namely, this ambivalence was felt by the correctional administrators tasked with translating nebulous policy principles into concrete guidelines; by staff, whose front-line duty involved weighing rights against risks; and by trans prisoners, who grappled with how to balance their new entitlements with risks and uncertainties. What trans correctional reforms reveal, then, is that rights and risks are caught in an ambivalent and co-constitutive relationship in Canada’s regime of prison governance.
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Bermingham, Vera. "National Vocations Qualifications (NVQs) in Prisons: A Reflection of Effort and Achievement or the Perpetuation of Existing Patterns of Discrimination?" International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 1, no. 4 (September 1996): 353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822919600100404.
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The purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which gender or racial stereotypes are used to categorise or stigmatise inmates in the allocation of work, training and education in prisons. In setting out the impact of recent legislative reforms, the article begins by outlining the effects of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 and the changes resulting from the introduction of National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) to the prison regime. The requirement, for the purposes of Sentence Planning, of documentary evidence of an inmate's education and training profile will be seen to have far reaching effects at all stages through a prisoner's sentence; and beyond, for the many prisoners who will be subject to a period of compulsory supervision after release. Yet, it will also be shown that the system operates to allow highly discriminatory decisions to be taken without proper accountability. The effectiveness and implementation of the Prison Department's equal opportunities policy will be considered. The article will conclude by recommending further research that specifically focuses on the allocation of opportunities for education and training for prisoners.
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Stevens, Alisa. "Access denied: Research on sex in prison and the subjugation of ‘deviant knowledge’." Criminology & Criminal Justice 20, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 451–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895819839740.
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Despite the fundamental necessity of gaining gatekeeper approval for prisons fieldwork, researchers rarely publicly acknowledge and analyse their failures to secure access. Drawing upon the Foucauldian-inspired literatures on the production and policing of new criminological knowledge, this article presents as a case study the Sex in Prison research project, instigated by the Howard League for Penal Reform, and for which permission to interview serving prisoners was refused. This denial of access, it is argued, resulted from a politically motivated attempt to prevent the acquisition of knowledge perceived as likely to be unfavourable to and critical of prison authorities, emanating from ‘deviant’ informants, using ‘deviant’ methods and obtained on behalf of ‘deviant’ penal reformers. The troubling implications for prisons researchers are explored. The article concludes by highlighting the potential of formerly imprisoned people, as participants in research, to circumvent the limits to knowledge imposed by prison authorities.
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Alpern, Ljudmila. "Mediation as a source of social development." Temida 9, no. 1 (2006): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0601021a.
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In this paper, the author deals with prison as an archaic social institution, which reflects an archaic conception of human being, his needs and duty, but exists in a modern society. Russian prisons are institutions of a male initiations as well as a Russian army. They give a special sort of male socialization, very archaic and military, patriarchal and hierarchal; produce a special kind of society divided on unmixed social groups, casts, and is very violent. Taking into account how many people go through prison in Russia (rotation near 300 people per year, every 4th man got in contact with prison and every 3rd with army) and a fact that prison and society are communicating vessels, our prisons, our prisoners and former prisoners are a good reserve of our social underdevelopment, social cruelty, our disability to promote social reforms, to take care about vulnerable group of our population (children, old people and female), because they are not a part of male prison and a military hierarchy. An attempt to modernize prison life, prison condition by different way and especially mediation as a way to make them softer and human is an attempt of social development.
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Curtice, Martin, and John Sandford. "Article 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 and the treatment of prisoners." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 16, no. 2 (March 2010): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.108.006320.
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SummaryThe humane treatment of prisoners has long been considered a mark of a civilised society. Early prison reformers such as Elizabeth Fry and John Howard campaigned vigorously for the improvement of conditions for inmates and for institutions to be focused as much on reform and rehabilitation as on punishment. This progressive improvement in conditions for those imprisoned has been further advanced by the European Convention on Human Rights and its incorporation into UK law. The Human Rights Act 1998 is playing an ever-increasing role in determining the standards of treatment of those detained by the state. Article 3 of the Act – freedom from torture and inhuman and degrading treatment – is of particular importance for those detained in prisons, hospitals and other institutions. As Article 3 case law has evolved, so its interpretation has broadened to include a thorough scrutiny of prison conditions, prison healthcare and the treatment of prisoners in general.
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Varner, Deena. "Quasi." Cultural Politics 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/17432197-7537515.
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Beginning in the late 1960s a series of reforms saw the emergence of vast numbers of bureaucratic instruments meant to standardize the care, custody, and control of inmates. Grievance and disciplinary procedures were largely homogenized to ensure inmates’ protection from the abuses that were prevalent especially in the southern plantation model of incarceration. These same procedures, however, resulted in the increasing removal of prisoners from the sphere of legal, judicial, and, more broadly, public discourse and oversight. This article analyzes how the failure to prosecute crimes committed inside the prison functions to diminish the legal and political standing of both criminal and victim. In handling crime as an extrajudicial matter, adjudicated exclusively by disciplinary boards, the prisoner-criminal and prisoner-victim are positioned as quasi-legal subjects, bearing neither the rights nor responsibilities of citizenship. The prison, therefore, is a model institution for downsizing citizenship, and its disciplinary procedures are an ideal model for the neoliberalization of public institutions.
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Et. al., Shalini Bahuguna,. "CORRECTIONAL PROGRAMS IN THE STATE PRISONS OF INDIA: AN ANALYSIS WITH REFERENCE TO UTTARAKHAND STATE." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 1387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i4.1217.
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Human rights jurisprudence has greatly contributed to criminal reforms and has had an impact on India. Crime reforms across the globe also have an impact on India. The conceptualization with respect to penal reform originated in the reformist theory of punishment.[1] The time prison must have such meaning that enhances the values of the reform in it. The reformer's appearance is about to add a sense of humanity in the system of criminal reformation and also to add the human values into the system of prison and prison officials have to work to achieve it.[2] The level of protection guaranteed by the law for the reformatory therapy of prisoners must be carried out within a national legal framework and India does not have the same.
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Jewkes, Yvonne, Dominique Moran, and Jennifer Turner. "Just add water: Prisons, therapeutic landscapes and healthy blue space." Criminology & Criminal Justice 20, no. 4 (February 8, 2019): 381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895819828800.
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‘Healthy prisons’ is a well-established concept in criminology and prison studies. As a guiding principle to prisoners’ quality of life, it goes back to the 18th century when prison reformer John Howard regarded the improvement of ventilation and hygiene as being essential in the quest for religious penitence and moral reform. In more recent, times, the notion of the ‘healthy prison’ has been more commonly associated with that which is ‘just’ and ‘decent’, rather than what is healthy in a medical or therapeutic sense. This article interrogates the ‘healthy prison’ more literally. Drawing on data gathered from a UK prison located on a seashore, our aim is to explore prisoners’ rational and visceral responses to water in a setting where the very nature of enforced residence can have negative effects on mental health. In expanding the possibilities for the theorization of the health benefits that waterscapes may generate, and moving the discussion from healthy ‘green space’ to healthy ‘blue space’, the article reveals some of the less well-known and under-researched interconnections between therapeutic and carceral geographies, and criminological studies of imprisonment.
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Naumenko, Olga, Evgeny Naumenko, Tatiana Tkacheva, Lyudmila Blashkova, and Svetlana Salmina. "Humanization of the Siberian prison and power: lessons from the imperial period of Russian history." SHS Web of Conferences 101 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110101012.
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In 2020, the implementation of the 10-year concept for the development of the penal system, aimed at the humanization of prisoner welfare, was ended. The article examines the political result of a closely related reform – the gradual humanization of the Siberian prison in the 19th - early 20th century. The authors believe that the outcome of the prison reform in Russia, in contrast to Europe, was characterized by a weakening of the state power. Given the poverty of the Russian people, their disenfranchisement and unemployment, the material conditions in the reformed prisons were often better than those of law-abiding citizens at liberty. On the one hand, this hindered the reduction of crime rates, but, on the other hand, caused misunderstanding in Russian society, exacerbated the sense of injustice and projected it onto the state authorities.
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Alahdadi, Amir. "Prison and Its Impact on Recidivism." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 5 (June 29, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n5p59.
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<p>"Imprisonment" is one the main penalties currently applied in all legal systems of the world. This penalty, as well as other penal institutions, has undergone many changes throughout history and has been evolved by several reforms to turn into its present form. However, imprisonment system has not moved towards its goals – which are "punishment", "intimidation" and "rehabilitation". Also it has adverse effects and serious damages for the society, including the impact of prison on recidivism.</p>Serious attention to the problems arisen from prison is a critical and essential issue that requires cooperation and coordination of triple forces and community as well as the prisoners themselves. It is not a unilateral issue which involves the prisoner community at all, but its major victim is society where recidivism disturb the peace, order and security. Thus, the goal of all criminal systems in recent years was reducing the resort to this punishment and eliminate its adverse effects and also passing several rules, regulations and bylaws or holding numerous conferences and training workshops at national and international level. In order to achieve this purpose rules and providing different solutions are imposed.
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Ammar, Diala, and Alberto Cordova. "HIV/AIDS in Lebanese prisons: challenges and proposed actions." International Journal of Prisoner Health 10, no. 3 (September 9, 2014): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-08-2013-0042.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the extent of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) crisis in Lebanese prisons, propose functional reforms for Roumieh prisons (the country's largest male top-security prison), and outline the main challenges to HIV/AIDS prevention, intervention, and treatment. Design/methodology/approach – All recommendations were based on previous successful stories, international prison standards as well as cultural considerations. Findings – This paper argues that prevention and interventions starts within the prison community including inmates, guards, and other prison and provision of appropriate health care, education, and prison infrastructure. Social implications – These strategies are not only important in limiting prevention and transmission of HIV/AIDS, but also contribute in optimizing quality of life within the prison system. Originality/value – This paper is the first of its kind to discuss the prison situation in Lebanese prisons in terms of public health promotion and reforms.
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Wall, Oisín. "‘Embarrassing the State’: The ‘Ordinary’ Prisoner Rights Movement in Ireland, 1972–6." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 2 (August 28, 2019): 388–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009419863846.
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This article explores the early years of the campaign for ‘ordinary’, not politically-aligned, prisoners’ rights in Ireland. It argues that this campaign has often been overshadowed by the activities of ‘political prisoners’, who only constituted a small minority of prisoners in the period. The article follows the development and changing tactics of the ordinary prisoners’ movement, through the rise and fall of the Prisoners’ Union (PU) (1972–3) and into the early years of the Prisoners’ Rights Organisation (PRO) (1973–6), which would become the longest-lasting and most vocal penal reform organisation in Ireland, until the formation of the Irish Penal Reform Trust in 1994. It argues that the movement constantly adapted its tactics to address emerging issues and opportunities. Ultimately, it contends that by 1976 the PRO was an increasingly legitimate voice in Ireland’s public discourse on prisons. It shows that, although the campaign did not achieve any major penal reforms in this period, it had a significant impact on public debates about prisons, prisoners’ mental health, the failures of the penal system, and prisoners’ entitlement to human rights.
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Papavangjeli, Edlira. "The Development of the Albanian Prison System in the Light of International Standards." Security and Human Rights 25, no. 1 (January 14, 2014): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02501009.
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The article focuses on the main developments in the Albanian prison system mainly during the last 24 years of democratic transformation. In more concrete terms, the article provides an insight into the legislative, institutional and infrastructural reforms of the Albanian prison system. Special attention is given to the rights and treatment of prisoners seen from a human rights perspective and principles of proper treatment. Furthermore, the article highlights the worrying issues that the prison system faces and concrete suggestions are provided from the perspective of international standards. The impact of international and national monitoring mechanisms on the Albanian prison system reforms also forms part of the analysis.
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Waits, Mira Rai. "Imperial Vision, Colonial Prisons:." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 77, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 146–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2018.77.2.146.
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Prison construction was among the most important infrastructural changes brought about by British rule in nineteenth-century India. Informed by the extension of liberal political philosophy into the colony, the development of the British colonial prison introduced India to a radically new system of punishment based on long-term incarceration. Unlike prisons in Europe and the United States, where moral reform was cited as the primary objective of incarceration, prisons in colonial India focused on confinement as a way of separating and classifying criminal types in order to stabilize colonial categories of difference. In Imperial Vision, Colonial Prisons: British Jails in Bengal, 1823–73, Mira Rai Waits explores nineteenth-century colonial jail plans from India's Bengal Presidency. Although colonial reformers eventually arrived at a model of prison architecture that resembled Euro-American precedents, the built form and functional arrangements of these places reflected a singularly colonial model of operation.
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ZUBOV, S. V. "The role of M.N. Galkin-Vraskoy in the reforms of the Main Prison Administration in 1879–1895." Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 225, no. 2 (2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-225-2-18-26.
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Abstract. The article examines the reforms of the prison work in Russia of the last quarter of the 19th century, carried out by the Main Prison Administration (GTU), the role of M. N. Galkin-Vraskoy in these reforms, in particular, the reasons for the appointment of M. N. Galkin-Vraskoy as the first head of the GTU, the introduction by him of the compulsory labor of prisoners throughout Russia, the reasons and the process of transferring the GTU from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice. Key words: M. N. Galkin-Vraskoy, Main Prison Administration (GTU), penitentiary officer.
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SCOFIELD, REBECCA. "Violence and Social Salvation at the Texas Prison Rodeo." Journal of American Studies 54, no. 1 (September 27, 2018): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875818001305.
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From 1931 until 1986, at the annual Texas Prison Rodeo, incarcerated people performed before massive crowds. In this negotiated space, prison officials, audience members, and imprisoned riders welded together a performance of violent range labor with a discourse of social rehabilitation. Responsible for funding all educational and recreational programs for the incarcerated population of Texas, the rodeo purported to save lives even as it risked them. Prisoner-led reforms in the 1960s and 1970s, however, helped expose the failures of Texas's labor regime, stripping the rodeo of its rehabilitative pretenses and contributing to the eventual demise of prison rodeo in Texas.
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Benkő, Levente. "A Narrow Breathing Space. The Issue of Prisoners in Bishop János Vásárhelyi’s Correspondence between 1944 and 1945." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica 65, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.65.2.01.
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"In his study, the author focuses on analysing how the issue of war prisoners and of Reformed civilians dragged away from their homes is presented in the corre-spondence of Bishop János Vásárhelyi, the leader of the Reformed Church District of Transylvania. He also discusses the steps the bishop could take to obtain the re-lease of the captives. The author lists a number of examples illustrating the measures implemented in September 1944 at first by the Hungarian military authorities leaving northern Transylvania and then by the Romanian and Soviet military authorities marching in and whisking along Hungarian ecclesiastical personalities and also members of the congregation. One can find out from the study the efforts Bishop János Vásárhelyi made to convince the Hungarian authorities to release the members of Romanian Greek Catholic and Orthodox high clergy they had in their custody, and afterwards how he attempted to obtain the release of the Reformed Church’s clergymen, teachers, and professors and also of one of his family members imprisoned by the Romanian authorities in Romanian lagers. Furthermore, the study points out the fact that in that period many Hungarians who were transported to the Soviet Union in large prisoner trains via Kolozsvár/Cluj asked for help too, and the bishop tried to help within the narrow margins and with the few means that he had. Keywords: Bishop, János Vásárhelyi, World War II, Reformed Church District of Tran-sylvania, prisoner, Groza."
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Całkowska, Karolina. "Penology at source: Francis Lieber." Polish Journal of Criminology 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7473.
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The first half of the 19th century was the time of the American penitentiary solutions rising. New look at the penalty of imprisonment caused that from the end of the 18th century, so right after the first modern American separate system prison was built in Wallnut (1790) travels of representatives of European countries visiting new US penitentiary establishments have been widely spreaded. Theoretical travels in search of the best prison solutions. Reports from the prison reformers were produced, and the discussions around them were accompanied by the development of a modern scientific discourse on prison and the penitentiary system that was being created at that time. The first wave of these trips took place at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, document it in particular, the reports of the French F. A. F. La Raochefoucauld-Liancourt (1796), Englishman J. Turnbull (1797), Pole J.U. Niemcewicz (1807) . The intensification of these journeys took place after 1830, when the second type of separate system (the Auburn system) developed in America. During this time, reports of visits to American prisons were published, among others, by leading reformers of the prison, particularly considered to be the creator of the German prison science N.H. Julius (1833), or W. Crawford from England .
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Cracknell, Matthew. "Post-release reforms for short prison sentences." Probation Journal 65, no. 3 (May 21, 2018): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550518776779.
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Transforming Rehabilitation (TR) promised a ‘revolution’ in the way offenders are managed, providing a renewed focus on short sentence prisoners. The TR reforms extends mandatory post-release supervision and tailored through-the-gate resettlement provisions to a group that has predominantly faced a ‘history of neglect’ yet often present with the most acute needs within the criminal justice system. However, existing literature underlines that serving short sentences lacks ‘utility’ and can be counter-productive to facilitating effective rehabilitation. This article explores the purposes of providing post-release supervision for short sentences, firstly exploring a previous attempt to reform short sentences, the now defunct ‘Custody Plus’ within the 2003 Criminal Justice Act, and then the Offender Rehabilitation Act (ORA) 2014 within the TR reforms. This article contends that both post-release reforms have sought to re-affirm and re-legitimise prison as the dominant form of punishment in society – or what Carlen refers to as ‘carceral clawback’. This article will also use Cohen’s analysis on social control to establish that post-release supervision will serve to ‘widen the net’, extend the period of punishment and oversight and will only reinforce a form of enforced ‘state-obligated rehabilitation’ that will undermine efforts made to resettle short sentence prisoners.
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Herzog-Evans, Martine. "French early release: McProcedures and McRe-entry." European Journal of Probation 11, no. 3 (December 2019): 188–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2066220319897238.
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Before 2009, the main rationales of the French early release system were reinsertion and resocialisation; the prevention of reoffending, the interests of society; and the rights of victims. With the chronic prison overcrowding and the cost for public finances a radical change occurred with three law reforms (2009, 2014, 2019). The new main – if not unique – objective is to free as many prisoners as possible, this, as quickly as possible, without through the gate programmes that address prisoners’ release needs. As a research conducted from 2014 to 2016 shows ‘bad fast’ procedures are rejected by both reentry judges (they lack ‘moral alignment’) and with prisoners (they are perceived as unfair and unsupportive). This article will deal with these subjects by drawing upon theories of innovation diffusion and legitimacy of justice.
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Chokprajakchat, Srisombat, and Wanaporn Techagaisiyavanit. "Women Prisons in North-Eastern Thailand: How Well Do They Meet International Human Rights Standards?" International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 8, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v8i4.1186.
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Thailand has one of the highest incarceration rates of women in the world. With an increasing prison population overall as well as an increasing proportion of female inmates, the country faces one of its most challenging tasks in penitentiary administration: reforms to its legal landscape and its correctional practices in line with international standards. A response to such a crisis is to undertake a prison evaluation project to ensure proper implementation of the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (also known as the ‘Bangkok Rules’). The primary objective of this research article is to assess and identify a prison model that can inspire the development of other prison facilities, while supporting a firm commitment to maintain and improve the status of current model facilities.
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Raynor, Peter. "Resettlement after short prison sentences: What might work in England and Wales?" Probation Journal 67, no. 4 (May 22, 2020): 326–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550520926580.
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One of the advertised aims of the ‘Transforming Rehabilitation’ (TR) reforms in England and Wales was to extend compulsory post-custody supervision to prisoners serving short sentences who were outside the scope of existing resettlement provision. It is now well established that the arrangements introduced by TR for this group of prisoners have not been successful, having delivered high and often unmanageable caseloads, little help to service users and a greatly increased chance of recall to prison. The need which the reforms purported to meet remains unmet. There is little point in poorly designed and delivered provision; on the other hand, resources for the foreseeable future are not likely to support large increases in expenditure when so many parts of the criminal justice system require investment. This article draws on research from the 1990s onwards on provision for this group of prisoners, and in particular, the ‘Pathfinder’ projects of 1999–2003, as examples of what can be achieved on a voluntary basis. It is suggested that future provision for this group in England and Wales should be based on a more selective and individualized provision, with less coercion and more choice for service users.
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Foley, John. "A Charge to the Grand Jury of the County of Glocester, Delivered at Epiphany Sessions, January 10, 1797." Camden Fourth Series 43 (July 1992): 553–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068690500001926.
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It gives me pleasure to acquaint you, that, on inspecting the Calendar of the Prisoners who are to take their trials at the present Sessions, I see nothing in the nature of their crimes, that requires any particular observation. The same remark may be applied to their numbers, which, [2] considering the extent and population of the county, are comparatively small. From the wise regulations and admirable system of police adopted in your places of confinement, there is reason to hope, that these unhappy persons will return home, improved in their morals; that they will, by their future behaviour, make amends for their past misconduct; that they will gradually recover the stand of virtue, and become useful members of society. These pleasing hopes are in some measure justified by experience. Few examples are to be met with in your Gaol Register of second commitments: and it is with the utmost satisfaction I announce to you, that one instance has occured of a Prisoner who, though completely abandoned on his first admission, was yet so thoroughlky reformed by your Prison discipline, as to be hired on the expiration of his confinement into a respectable family, where his behaviour during the ensuing twelvemonth was so truly meritorious, as to entitle him to that reward, which the Penitenciary Act, with no less wisdom than [B2-3] humanity, holds forth as an encouragement to returning virtue.
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Эрлихсон, И. М. "CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN HISTORICAL RETROSPECT A Review of S. A. Vasilyeva’s monograph “‘I was in prison and you came to visit me…’ The History of Prison Pastoral Care in Protestantism and its Influence on Prison Reforms in America, Europe and Russia” (Moscow, Prospect Publ., 2019. 184 p.)." Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, no. 1(66) (June 8, 2020): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2020.66.1.016.
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В предлагаемой рецензии анализируется монография С. А. Васильевой «“В темнице был, и Вы пришли ко мне…” История зарождения практики тюремного служения в протестантской традиции и его влияние на ход пенитенциарных реформ в Америке, Европе и России», в которой систематизируется и осмысливается исторический опыт функционирования социального института тюремных капелланов и перспектив его внедрения в современную российскую уголовно-испол-нительную практику. The present review analyzes S. A. Vasilyeva’s monograph “"I was in prison and you came to visit me…" The History of Prison Pastoral Care in Protestantism and its Influence on Prison Reforms in America, Europe and Russia”, which systematizes and reassesses the historical experience of pastoral care and counseling for prisoners and analyzes the potential of its integration into the Russian penitentiary system.
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AUSTIN, JAMES, and BARRY KRISBERG. "Incarceration in the United States: The Extent and Future of the Problem." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 478, no. 1 (March 1985): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716285478001003.
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The purpose of this article is to summarize and interpret the most current data on imprisonment in the United States. These data will be examined in light of other criminal justice and national trends affecting prison population growth. Of special importance will be analysis of historical and projected trends in the use of American prisons. This will include an examination of the methods used to forecast future incarceration rates in light of changing criminal justice policies and other factors believed to influence prison population growth. The authors conclude that despite a projected national trend of a leveling off of prison admissions, prison populations will continue to rise, reflecting the effects of sentencing reforms aimed at increasing prison terms.
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Austin, James. "Regulating California’s Prison Population." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 664, no. 1 (February 18, 2016): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215602700.
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While many scholars and social commentators bemoan the rise of “mass incarceration” in the United States, few states have succeeded in significantly reducing prison populations. Fueled by systemic changes in penal codes, sentencing practices, and federal funding all designed to increase the use of imprisonment, most states have been unable to reverse the massive increase that has transpired over the past four decades. More alarming, there are few indications that mass incarceration will be reduced any time soon. There are a few exceptions, with California being one. Since 2007, California’s prison population has dropped by over 43,000 prisoners. Reductions have also been achieved in the state parole (82,000) and probation (15,000) populations. Today there are 146,000 fewer Californians in prison, jail, parole, or probation. Initially driven largely by a period of lengthy litigation, a rare federal court order to depopulate, several other reforms, reflecting a sticks and carrots approach, were introduced beginning in 2007 to lower imprisonment rates. Among them was “Realignment,” which relocated approximately 27,000 state prisoners to the counties. However, it required another stick in the form of a ballot initiative (Proposition 47) to further reduce the prison population and meet compliance with the federal court order. In the end, it was the externally imposed dual “sticks” of litigation and a ballot initiative that proved to be the driving forces in reducing California’s use of mass incarceration.
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Monaghan, Jeffrey. "Criminal Justice Policy Transfer and Prison Counter-Radicalization: Examining Canadian Participation in the Roma-Lyon Group." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 30, no. 03 (May 12, 2015): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2015.11.
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AbstractThreats of radicalization have become dominant tropes for Western security agencies. This article examines efforts to address radicalization in the penal setting. Examining the prison counter-radicalization project directed by the secretive G8 Roma-Lyon Group, the article details Canadian participation on the basis of wanting to acquire counter-radicalization best practices from abroad. Contributing to criminal justice policy transfer studies, the article highlights disjunctures between reforms programs driven by powerful actors and particular contexts where these prescribed policy reforms take shape. Characterizing the Roma-Lyon Group as a venue for norm-makers such as the United States and the United Kingdom, and Canada as a norm-taker, the article traces the transfer of counter-radicalization practices from the transnational to the national level. Underlining how the replication of counter-radicalization policies fits into trends of precautionary risk and governing through insecurity, the article concludes by highlighting what the transfer of prisoner radicalization policy means for future socio-legal research.
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Mishra, Arjyalopa, Amartya Shreya, and Anuj Shukla. "Promotion of mental health and well-being in Indian prisons." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20205740.
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Decades of study on prison sociology have sought answers to questions pertaining to the social organization of the prison community. Various researchers expressed their opinion, stating that incarceration has a negative psychological impact. Indian Prisons framework it is seen that the penitentiaries are exceptionally stuffed, this in a situation where the crime percentage has expanded alarmingly which further extends the overburdened detainment facilities. This study is aims to review the documentation of committee reports which were attempts to observe the changes in the Indian Prison Structure. It also makes an attempt to explore the behavior, cognitions and emotional adjustments as different variables in understanding the adaptation process in the Prison set up. Overall, it also attempts to highlight the state of wellbeing and promotion of mental health in the Indian Correctional Systems as major reforms to be incorporated.
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Anderson, Ian. "‘Left Backs Working Prisons’." Counterfutures 3 (April 1, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/cf.v3i0.6417.
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During the 2014 General Election campaign, reactions to a National Party announcement about ‘working prisons’ emphasised cross-partisan enthusiasm for incarceration. This cross-partisan support extends not only across the parliamentary ‘Right’ and ‘Left’ but also to liberal NGOs such as JustSpeak and academics working in the area. While some liberal reformers sincerely consider prison labour to be a form of rehabilitation rather than punishment, there is no a priori reason why rehabilitation should involve the deprivation of citizenship rights, such as the right to a minimum wage. The assumption that labour-power can be used in this way points to how inmates are made into a ‘nonpublic’. A nonpublic is a disavowed population that doesn’t necessarily emerge with an organised claim on recognition.
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Jach, Theresa R. "Reform versus Reality in the Progressive Era Texas Prison." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 4, no. 1 (January 2005): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400003650.
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The state of Texas' determined effort to keep African-Americans performing plantation labor was at the heart of its prison farm system, from Reconstruction through the 1920s. State and penitentiary officials followed a practice of racialized labor control, demanding that African-American convicts perform plantation gang labor, not only to make the prison system profitable but also keep them involved in extractive agriculture. As the prison population grew, so did the abuse of convicts. The story of Texas’ penitentiary system shows the continuing tie between African-Americans, plantation labor, and racism in Texas, as well as other southern states. The sprawling farm system that developed in Texas made it unique in the South. When Progressive Era reformers confronted abuses in the Texas prison system, they had to contend with an overwhelming profit motive that made reform difficult, and warped reform measures they managed to push through the legislature. Among the initial goals of Texas prison reformers were an end to convict leasing and a ban on the use of the whip as punishment. The agenda of reformers collided with the goals of the Texas prison system, with unexpected results. Looking at reform measures after they passed the legislature illustrates how prison managers tried to circumvent regulations that hindered profitability.
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HAMMER, CARL I. "The Oxford Martyrs in Oxford: The Local History of their Confinements and their Keepers." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 50, no. 2 (April 1999): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046999001700.
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Early in March 1554 the three English reformers and later Oxford martyrs, the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, the former bishop of Worcester, Hugh Latimer, and the bishop of London, Nicholas Ridley, were transported to the supposedly safe location of Oxford to expedite their trials. Their stay in Oxford, however, turned out to be a long one, lasting until their execution by burning outside the Northgate there: Latimer and Ridley on 16 October 1555; Cranmer on 21 March 1556. During the time they spent in Oxford – between nineteen and twenty-four months – they were usually confined apart from one another, in a number of locations, by the municipal officials responsible to the crown for their safekeeping: the mayor and the two bailiffs of Oxford. Cranmer, the most important and politically the most sensitive of the prisoners, appears to have spent most of his long confinement in the Bocardo, the local prison over the town's Northgate next to St Michael's church. Latimer and Ridley, on the other hand, spent considerable time privately boarded in the houses of, respectively, the bailiffs and the mayor, and Ridley, in particular, seems to have been able to maintain regular written and personal contact with their supporters and sympathisers. Their confinement must have put the three reformers, all of them Cambridge graduates, into a variety of contacts with local residents, but records for only two of those relationships have survived, and from diametrically opposite sources.
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Anwar, Zahid, and S. Zubair Shah. "A History of Prison Reforms in Pakistan." Global Regional Review I, no. I (December 30, 2016): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2016(i-i).03.
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Pakistan has been following the prison system of the British Empire. The Pakistani prison system has gone through many changes. Efforts have been made to bring the prison system in Pakistan in conformity with the modern prison system. The restoration of democracy in Pakistan has paved the way for further reforms in the prison system. Many suggestions have been forwarded to the authorities and have been requested for the modification of the inside condition of Pakistani jails. The data for this paper have been collected from Human Rights Organization/ Council of Pakistan, Islamic Ideological Council and jail training institute Lahore. The research under focus is an attempt to explore prison reforms in Pakistan in historical perspective and put forward suggestions to in tune the prison system in Pakistan with International standard.
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Shah, Syed Arshad Hussain, Syed Akhter Hussain Shah, and Mahmood Khalid. "Incompatibility of Laws and Natural Resources: A Case Study of Land Revenue Laws and Their Implications in Federal Areas of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 1105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.1105-1117.
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Better rule of law would generate economic growth, which would in turn build constituencies for democratic reforms [Root and May (2006)]. Consider prisoners dilemma, to Law and Economics Scholars, the inevitability of prisoner’s dilemmas arising to block potentially efficient exchanges explains the need for and consequently the adoption of contract law. When the law enforces contracts, it permits the participants in a potential prisoners’ dilemma the option of escaping the dominant strategy equilibrium of non-cooperation, which prevents the achievement of efficient exchanges, by permitting the parties to effectively pre-commit to future cooperative behavior. Mutual pre-commitments can produce the efficient cooperate-cooperate equilibrium. The existence of contract law then tends to foster efficient cooperative behaviour. Institutions are considered to provide the mechanisms by which individuals can resolve social dilemmas [Steins (1999)]. They are sets of rules that people have created in order to control/regulate the behavior of people using a natural resource. Several layers of institutions are important for institutional development and economic performance. These layers, from the slowest moving to the fastest moving are: human motivations and social institutions, political institutions, legal institutions and private institutions [Azfar (2006)]. Institutions perform their role to frame rules, procedure and enabling environment for implementation of rules. Rights of individuals are recognised and recognised through institutions as well.
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Krisberg, Barry. "How Do You Eat an Elephant? Reducing Mass Incarceration in California One Small Bite at a Time." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 664, no. 1 (February 18, 2016): 136–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215600407.
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While most states are considering reducing the impact of mass incarceration in their prison systems, few states have faced a larger challenge than California, and few states have reduced their convict and parole population as much as California. Federal court intervention and a series of legislative and voter-initiated reforms in California have changed the landscape in one of the nation’s largest criminal justice systems. This article draws on a variety of data sources to explore a potentially historic moment in the quest to end mass incarceration; it remains to be seen whether the public debate over appropriate punishments changed among criminal justice interest groups, such as corrections officers, law enforcement, prosecutors, the judiciary, victim advocates, and liberal and conservative spokespersons. Has the fear of crime among the citizenry changed, and has the public embraced a different response to lawbreakers? There have been important law changes that reduce some felonies to lesser crimes and incentives to punish offenders in local corrections rather than state prisons (known as Realignment), but genuine reductions in mass incarceration will require even more actions. Based on my review of California trends in crime, punishment, and public opinion, I argue that even while there will likely be more progress in decriminalizing drug crimes and other nonviolent crimes, public attitudes toward more serious offenders will be decisive in forecasting the future of mass imprisonment and the California prison gulag. At present, California is pursuing an incremental approach to reducing the numbers in prison for very serious crimes. Reform of prisons is likely to consist of small bites of change in sentencing and parole policies.
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Massaro, Vanessa A. "Relocating the “inmate”: Tracing the geographies of social reproduction in correctional supervision." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38, no. 7-8 (May 2, 2019): 1216–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654419845911.
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Neoliberal governance spurs the contradictory drives of securitization and austerity in the US carceral system. Correctional and parole offices cut costs by relocating care, relying upon the work of Black women, their families, and communities to provide myriad services to their incarcerated and paroled loved ones. Yet while their labor is vital to the reproduction and growth of this system, these same neoliberal processes work systematically to erase it. In doing so, they allow new kinds of unwarranted state surveillance through the private space of the home. In this article, I critically analyze the austerity measures implemented by Pennsylvania’s Department of Corrections, an institution that has undergone extensive reforms since 2012. To do so, I bridge feminist political and economic geographies, examining state processes via an analysis of unpaid reproductive labor, everyday practices, and emotion. Through a three-year ethnographic study with the loved ones of incarcerated people, I show how the state externalizes the cost of supervision onto prisoners’ support networks, relying in varied ways on families for the care and surveillance of prisoners. I show that this covert strategy enables the state to claim reductions in prison populations while, in fact, maintaining containment of formerly incarcerated people. These findings urge increased attention to the state’s dependence on incarcerated people’s support networks, demonstrating the vital insights a feminist geographic perspective offers in this age of austerity.
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Peebles, Gustav. "Washing Away the Sins of Debt: The Nineteenth-Century Eradication of the Debtors' Prison." Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, no. 3 (June 26, 2013): 701–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417513000297.
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AbstractThis article seeks to come to terms with the extraordinarily swift demise of the debtors' prison in multiple countries during the nineteenth century. While focusing primarily on the reform debate in England, I argue that the debtors' prison quickly came to be seen as a barbaric aberration within the expanding commercial life of the nineteenth century. By turning to a copious pamphletic literature from the era of its demise, I show how pamphleteers and eye-witnesses described the debtors' prison in the idiom of ritual; it was seen as a dangerous sanctuary that radically inverted all capitalistic economic practices and moral values of the world outside its walls. Reformers claimed that, inside these shrines of debt, citizens were ritually guided and transformed from active members of society into “knaves” or “idlers,” or both. As such, the debtors' prison needed to be eradicated. To do so, reformers mobilized at least three critical discourses, all of which sought to mark the debtors' prison as a zone of barbarism that threatened the civility of the state and its citizenry. By focusing on the debtors' prison as a powerful and transformative ritual zone, the article provides a counterintuitive history of this institution that was so crucial to the regulation of credit and debt relations for centuries. In so doing, the article contributes to a broader literature on the spatiality of debt.
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Dalal, Rajbir, and Rekha Chauhan. "Prison reforms in India: Emerging issues." Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR) 8, no. 6 (2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2278-4853.2019.00236.2.
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Ashton, C. "A fresh light for prison reforms." Managing Service Quality: An International Journal 3, no. 3 (March 1993): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000003167.
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Birkett, Gemma. "Tessa West, The Curious Mr. Howard: Legendary Prison Reformer." Punishment & Society 15, no. 3 (June 17, 2013): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474513479092.
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Huang, Elaine, and Jennifer K. Wagner. "The Indefinite “Stay” on Regulatory Reforms for Research With Prisoners." American Journal of Bioethics 17, no. 7 (June 29, 2017): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2017.1328534.
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Dupont-Bouchat, Marie-Sylvie. "De la prison à l’école de bienfaisance. Origines et transformations des institutions pénitentiaires pour enfants en Belgique au XIXe siècle (1840-1914)." Criminologie 28, no. 1 (August 16, 2005): 23–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017363ar.
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The creation and evolution of juvenile institutions in 19th century Belgium corresponds to two approaches, two eras and two reformers (Edouard Ducpétiaux and Jules LeJeune). The first fifty years are dominated by the idea of guilty children, who should be condemned and incarcerated in penitentiaries to be punished and reformed. Then, the image of children in danger who should be protected against the bad influences of their families becomes dominant. The passage from punishment to protection involves the adoption of social and psychological criteria to classify children along new categories. The scope of the institutions is being widened as their mission becomes centered on all types of children "in danger". As institutions become challenged, family placements become more popular and are intended to compensate for the weaknesses and bad influences of the natural family. The legal withdrawal of parental authority (endorsed by Parliament in 1912) is aimed at controlling families of deprived classes of society. The adoption of the medical model for juvenile delinquents becomes a reality with the opening of psychological observation centres in the Écoles de bienfaisance.
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Ledesma, Elida, and Chandra L. Ford. "Health Implications of Housing Assignments for Incarcerated Transgender Women." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 5 (May 2020): 650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305565.
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Transgender women (i.e., persons who were assigned male sex at birth but who live and identify as female) experience forms of discrimination that limit their access to stable housing and contribute to high rates of incarceration; once incarcerated, the approaches used to assign them housing within the jail or prison place them at risk for abuse, rape, and other outcomes. Yet, a paucity of studies explores the implications of carceral housing assignments for transgender women. Whether the approaches used to assign housing in jails and prisons violate the rights of incarcerated transgender persons has been argued before the US federal courts under Section 1983 of the US Constitution, which allows persons who were raped while incarcerated to claim a violation of their Eighth Amendment rights. Reforms and policy recommendations have been attempted; however, the results have been mixed and the public health implications have received limited attention.
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STEELE, Stacey, Carol LAWSON, Mari HIRAYAMA, and David T. JOHNSON. "Lay Participation in Japanese Criminal Justice: Prosecution Review Commissions, the Lay-Judge System, and Penal Institution Visiting Committees." Asian Journal of Law and Society 7, no. 1 (February 2020): 159–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2019.22.
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AbstractThis article highlights reliance on lay participation as a mechanism for solving perceived problems in Japanese criminal justice by examining three reforms aimed at increasing lay participation in Japanese criminal justice: the mandatory prosecution power given to Prosecution Review Commissions, the saiban’in seido (lay-judge system), and Penal Institution Visiting Committees. The article argues that lay participation plays an important role in legitimizing aspects of the current system. Despite the Nagoya Prison Scandal in 2002–03, Japan’s extraordinary achievements in order inside prisons have been maintained and citizens are comforted that the system has oversight by Visiting Committees. Although PRCs and saiban’in seido represent a more open approach to eligibility and selection than Visiting Committees, they too help to legitimize existing structures. The article concludes by considering challenges to the continued reliance on lay participation in Japan including reform fatigue, the demographic crisis, the impact of geography, and technological developments.
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Romanov, Mykhailo Vasylovych. "Ensuring the rights and safety of prisoners during the COVID 19 pandemic." Herald of the Association of Criminal Law of Ukraine 1, no. 15 (August 6, 2021): 256–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2311-9640.2021.15.231331.
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The article deals with the issue of ensuring the rights and safety of prisoners during the COVID 19 pandemic. Research was conducted on problems in the operation of penal institutions relating to the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of prisoners and the establishment of appropriate hygienic conditions in penal institutions. Some of the results of an anonymous interview of prisoners are cited, which make it possible to conclude that the State Penal Enforcement Service is unable to impose the necessary quarantine measures, as well as being unable to provide adequate medical care to prisoners and ensure their safety in physical isolation during the spread of COVID 19.
Some of the recommendations that have been drawn up in the international penal correction system and that relate to the introduction of quarantine measures in non-custodial facilities have been analysed, and their justification and enforcement have been considered. The examination of the plans gives the author grounds to argue that only the adoption of relevant normative acts and action plans was ensured in Ukraine, but that the plans themselves were not properly implemented. The author points out that the failure of the Penal Correction Service to introduce and implement these measures is due to a significant underfunding of the needs of penal departments and institutions, as well as to the inadequate implementation of those measures, as provided for in normative acts.
In his conclusions, the author points out that the practice of the enforcement of criminal sanctions requires the serious and consistent introduction and implementation of the measures provided for in the regulations for the period of quarantine, as well as significant reforms in the medical care of prisoners and adequate funding of such reforms by the State.
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Rao, Priya. "Indian Prison Sysytem: Structure, Problem and Reforms." Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00032.9.
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Graber, Jennifer. "Natives Need Prison: The Sanctification of Racialized Incarceration." Religions 10, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10020087.
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This paper draws on literary scholar Susan Ryan’s work to show how Americans worked out national as well as racial identities through benevolent activity, including forms of reformative incarceration. Reformers operated as true citizens by sustaining themselves and providing for others. Recipients, on the other hand, functioned as people in need. Ryan argues that benevolent activists ascribed need to entire groups of people. As a result, “the categories of blackness, Indianness, and Irishness…came to signify need itself.” Elite Americans thereby “raced” need, assigning essential difference to populations they sought to relieve. Ryan’s work on racialized need can help us understand the connections between Christianity, race, and mass incarceration. I explore how one nineteenth-century military prison—and the disciplinary institutions later modeled on it—was created in direct response to presumed (and raced) need among Native Americans. I also consider how Christian reformers obscured and concealed the racialized nature of this institution—and how, in that avoidance, they came to sanctify mass incarceration for racial minorities. Finally, I look at two incarcerated Native artists’ drawings to show how people caught up in racialized renderings of their need have something else to say about who they are and what prison is.