Academic literature on the topic 'Prisoners, Khoisan (African people)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Prisoners, Khoisan (African people)"
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Coid, Jeremy, Ann Petruckevitch, Paul Bebbington, Traolach Brugha, Dinesh Bhugra, Rachel Jenkins, Mike Farrell, Glyn Lewis, and Nicola Singleton. "Ethnic differences in prisoners." British Journal of Psychiatry 181, no. 6 (December 2002): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.6.473.
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BackgroundIn England and Wales, persons of African–Caribbean origin are more likely to be both imprisoned and admitted to secure hospitals.AimsTo estimate population-based rates of imprisonment in different ethnic groups, and compare criminal behaviour and psychiatric morbidity.MethodWe examined Home Office data on all persons in prison, and carried out a two-stage cross-sectional survey of 3142 remanded and sentenced, male and female, prisoners in all penal establishments in England and Wales in 1997.ResultsWe confirmed high rates of imprisonment for Black people and lower rates for South Asians. Different patterns of offending and lower prevalence of psychiatric morbidity were observed in Black prisoners.ConclusionsDespite increased risks of imprisonment, African–Caribbeans show less psychiatric morbidity than White prisoners. This contrasts with the excess of African–Caribbeans in secure hospitals, an inconsistency possibly in part due to the effects of ethnic groups on admission procedures.
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Fadem, Pam, Rachel Leah Klein, and Benjamin D. Weber. "Open Letters from Prison." Radical History Review 2023, no. 146 (May 1, 2023): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-10302919.
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Abstract This article describes the response of a group of California women prisoners and their allies on the outside to the conditions that radically altered and devastated the lives of people in prison during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Benjamin Weber, African American and African Studies faculty member at the University of California, Davis, reached out to the California Coalition for Women Prisoners (CCWP), with its over twenty-six years of relationships with incarcerated women in California prisons. CCWP members Pam Fadem and Rachel Leah Klein collaborated to intervene early in the pandemic to facilitate communication among people both on the inside and outside of prison.
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CAMPBELL, JAMES. "AFRICAN AMERICANS AND PAROLE IN DEPRESSION-ERA NEW YORK." Historical Journal 54, no. 4 (November 7, 2011): 1065–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x11000392.
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ABSTRACTIn the first half of the twentieth century, parole in the Deep South of the United States was part of a nexus of penal mechanisms providing white employers with a pliant black labour force. By contrast, in New York, which was at the forefront of innovations in parole policy, there was a surprising interracial consensus among white parole administrators and politicians, civil rights activists, and black prisoners themselves that the African American community was integral to parole administration and success. This article explores why different constituencies supported this consensus through debates on parole in the black press and via the desperate, and invariably futile, letters that prisoners wrote to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). These sources also indicate that, for black prisoners in New York, African American influence over the parole system was routinely constrained by widespread black poverty, racial segregation, and discrimination in employment.
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Worku, Zeleke. "The Strategic Benefits Of Rehabilitation Of The Prison Population Of The City Of Tshwane." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 36, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v36i6.10364.
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There are 158, 111 prisoners in South Africa. This figure includes pre-trial detainees or remand prisoners. Foreign prisoners account for about 7.5% of the South African prison population. There are 243 prison facilities in South Africa. The official capacity of South African prisons is 119, 134. There is a severe shortage of prison facilities in South Africa. Several studies have shown the need for rehabilitation programmes based on international best practice. A survey was conducted by collecting data from 408 residents of the City of Tshwane in South Africa in order to identify factors that affect the perception of people living in the City about the rehabilitation of prison inmates back into society. Multivariate methods of data analyses were used for data analyses. The results showed that 83.33% of respondents support the rehabilitation of South African prison inmates, whereas the remaining 16.67% do not support the rehabilitation of South African prison inmates. The results identified 3 influential factors. These 3 factors were the gender of respondents, the ages of respondents and the level of education of respondents.
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Barnum, Christopher C., Sandra A. Quinn, and Nick J. Manrique. "Racial Disparity in Iowa Prisons: Possible Theoretical Explanations for Racial Differences Between Inmates on the Level of Service Inventory–Revised." Race and Justice 2, no. 2 (April 2012): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368712440461.
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This article presents a test of several theoretically informed hypotheses that characterize differences between Whites and African Americans incarcerated in the Iowa prison system. The authors judge differences by comparing inmates’ responses on the Level of Service Inventory–Revised or LSI-R, which is a standardized risk/need assessment instrument used to classify Iowa inmates. The hypotheses are based on ideas found in theories of structural distributive justice, general strain theory (GST), and macro-structural explanations of crime. Iowa is an interesting case study because it ranks near the top in the United States in the proportion of Black to White prisoner disparity. This disparity serves as a lens that sharpens distinctions between the populations. The findings suggest that in comparison to White prisoners, African American inmates have higher total LSI-R scores than White inmates and that prior to incarceration African American prisoners had more difficulty finding work, were more likely to have an official record of violent crime, and were more likely to associate with people who were involved in crime than were White inmates. Additionally, the results suggest that in comparison to White inmates, African American prisoners were more likely to feel that their prison sentences were unfair and to act in ways that were indicative of this. These findings are consistent with explanations found in macro-structural theories of crime as well as concepts found in GST and structural distributive justice theory. The authors briefly discuss the implications of these findings.
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Hübschle, Annette M. "The social economy of rhino poaching: Of economic freedom fighters, professional hunters and marginalized local people." Current Sociology 65, no. 3 (October 13, 2016): 427–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392116673210.
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In light of the high incidence of rhino poaching in southern Africa, the African rhinoceros might become extinct in the wild in the near future. Scholars from a variety of disciplines have analysed drivers of illegal hunting and poaching behaviour in general terms. Existing scholarship on rhino poaching proffers a simplistic concurrence of interlinked drivers, including the entry of transnational organized crime into wildlife crime, opportunity structures and the endemic poverty facing people living close to protected areas. By engaging with the lived experiences and social worlds of poachers and rural communities, this article reflects on empirical evidence gathered during ethnographic fieldwork with poachers, prisoners and local people living near the Kruger National Park. It is argued that the socio-political and historical context and continued marginalization of local people are significant factors facilitating poaching decisions at the grassroots level. Green land grabs and the systematic exclusion of local people from protected areas, as well as the growing securitization of anti-poaching responses, are aiding the perception that the wild animal is valued more highly than black rural lives. As a consequence, conservationists and law enforcers are viewed with disdain and struggle to obtain cooperation. The article critiques the current fortress conservation paradigm, which assumes conflict-laden relationships between local people and wildlife.
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Mbuagbaw, Lawrence, Anisa Hajizadeh, Annie Wang, Dominik Mertz, Daeria O. Lawson, Marek Smieja, Anita C. Benoit, et al. "Overview of systematic reviews on strategies to improve treatment initiation, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and retention in care for people living with HIV: part 1." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e034793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034793.
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ObjectivesWe sought to map the evidence and identify interventions that increase initiation of antiretroviral therapy, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and retention in care for people living with HIV at high risk for poor engagement in care.MethodsWe conducted an overview of systematic reviews and sought for evidence on vulnerable populations (men who have sex with men (MSM), African, Caribbean and Black (ACB) people, sex workers (SWs), people who inject drugs (PWID) and indigenous people). We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library in November 2018. We screened, extracted data and assessed methodological quality in duplicate and present a narrative synthesis.ResultsWe identified 2420 records of which only 98 systematic reviews were eligible. Overall, 65/98 (66.3%) were at low risk of bias. Systematic reviews focused on ACB (66/98; 67.3%), MSM (32/98; 32.7%), PWID (6/98; 6.1%), SWs and prisoners (both 4/98; 4.1%). Interventions were: mixed (37/98; 37.8%), digital (22/98; 22.4%), behavioural or educational (9/98; 9.2%), peer or community based (8/98; 8.2%), health system (7/98; 7.1%), medication modification (6/98; 6.1%), economic (4/98; 4.1%), pharmacy based (3/98; 3.1%) or task-shifting (2/98; 2.0%). Most of the reviews concluded that the interventions effective (69/98; 70.4%), 17.3% (17/98) were neutral or were indeterminate 12.2% (12/98). Knowledge gaps were the types of participants included in primary studies (vulnerable populations not included), poor research quality of primary studies and poorly tailored interventions (not designed for vulnerable populations). Digital, mixed and peer/community-based interventions were reported to be effective across the continuum of care.ConclusionsInterventions along the care cascade are mostly focused on adherence and do not sufficiently address all vulnerable populations.
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Jennings, Evelyn P. "The Path to Sweet Success: Free and Unfree Labor in the Building of Roads and Rails in Havana, Cuba, 1790–1835." International Review of Social History 64, S27 (March 26, 2019): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000075.
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AbstractHavana's status as a colonial port shaped both its infrastructure needs and the patterns of labor recruitment and coercion used to build it. The port city's initial economic and political orientation was maritime, with capital and labor invested largely in defense and shipbuilding. By the nineteenth century, Cuba had become a plantation colony based on African enslavement, exporting increasing quantities of sugar to Europe and North America. Because the island was relatively underpopulated, workers for infrastructure projects and plantations had to be imported through global circuits of coerced labor, such as the transatlantic slave trade, the transportation of prisoners, and, in the 1800s, indentured workers from Europe, Mexico, or Asia. Cuban elites and colonial officials in charge of transportation projects experimented with different mixes of workers, who labored on the roads and railways under various degrees of coercion, but always within the socio-economic and cultural framework of a society based on the enslavement of people considered racially distinct. Thus, the indenture of white workers became a crucial supplement to other forms of labor coercion in the building of rail lines in the 1830s, but Cuban elites determined that these workers’ whiteness was too great a risk to the racial hierarchy of the Cuban labor market and therefore sought more racially distinct contract workers after 1840.
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Singh, S. "The historical development of prisons in South Africa: A penological perspective." New Contree 50 (November 30, 2005): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v50i0.438.
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President Nelson Mandela commented during his time of incarceration1 “Prison not only robs you of your freedom, it attempts to take away your identity. It is by definition a purely authoritarian state that tolerates no independence and individuality. As a freedom fighter and as a man, one must fight against the prison’s attempt to rob one of these qualities.” Historically, the characteristic feature of the development of South African prisons was its resemblance to the mine compound. Such compounds housed mine workers, of whom many were convicts supplied by the prison system. Even by 2006 these remnants of the past are distinct in the large communal cells crammed with rows of beds in which prisoners are housed. It is currently assumed that institutional confinement has always been employed as the usual method of dealing with offenders throughout history. This has been assumed, almost universally, because presently offenders are confined within penal institutions, such as, prisons, reformatories, reform schools and jails. However, the use of institutions for the extended confinement of offenders, as the prevailing method of punishment, is a relatively contemporary innovation and was primarily a product of American influences. The use of the prison as an institution for the detention of offenders for the period of their sentence is approximately two hundred and fifty years old. The suffering and anguish of living conditions to which inmates are subjected in overflowing prisons cannot be calculated in figures and graphs. The consequences of housing too many people in too little space means that inmates are doubled-bunked in small cells designed for one, or forced to sleep on mattresses in unheated prison gyms, temporary housing, hallways, or basements. In this article a review of the origin and development of prisons in South Africa will be given. A historical look into the Department of Correctional Services in South Africa and the change in direction of the penal system during the past century will also be reviewed. An assessment of the overcrowding of penitentiaries over the decades together with the problems experienced will be discussed.
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Greshilov, Egor Timurovich. "Demographic crisis in Japan." Social'naja politika i social'noe partnerstvo (Social Policy and Social Partnership), no. 11 (November 7, 2023): 714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pol-01-2311-03.
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Demographic problems in the XXI century affect many modern states. In relation to each country, they have a certain character and have their own characteristics, based on the established traditions, the level and quality of life of the population, socio-economic indicators, social support of the population of the country from their governments. On the one hand, the problem of overpopulation is characteristic of the modern stage of human development. Individual States are characterized by a demographic explosion (India, countries of the African continent). Other states are experiencing a demographic crisis. This article examines the situation of the demographic crisis in Japan. Japan often attracts attention to itself by taking non-trivial decisions at the government level to solve problems of a socio-economic nature. In this regard, the purpose of the article was a comprehensive study of the demographic structure of the land of the rising sun, demographic trends, features of the demographic situation, as well as state policy measures to overcome the growth of demographic problems. The author investigates the main causes of the demographic crisis in Japan, the peculiarities of pension provision, the problems of population aging, poverty, and the peculiarities of the labor market in Japan. It is shown that the increase in the number of foreign labor did not fill the gap in the labor market. Therefore, the Japanese authorities plan to raise the retirement age and introduce a number of incentive measures for companies working with the elderly. The gradual aging of the population is just one of several unfavorable demographic trends in Japan. Another problem of no less concern to the authorities of this country is the phenomenon of «lone parasites». In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of crimes committed by elderly people. The data regularly published by the Japanese Statistical Office confirms the surprising trend of a very rapid increase in the number of prisoners of both sexes over 65 years of age. The article uses a variety of sources — media materials on the problem under study, scientific articles of researchers directly and indirectly devoted to the consideration of topical issues and problems of a demographic nature. The article makes extensive use of publicly available statistical data.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Prisoners, Khoisan (African people)"
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December, Peter. "‘n Ondersoek na die uitbeelding van Khoisan-karakters deur wit Afrikaanse prosateurs: 1994-2014." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22070.
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This dissertation offers a literary-thematic investigation based on a postcolonial approach to the representation of the Khoisan and their descendants. I restricted my scope to selected Afrikaans novels at the centre of critical attention between between 1994 and 2014. Earlier novels in this period under discussion are Dolf van Niekerk’s Koms van die hyreën (1994), Willem Kotze’s Tsats van die Kalahari (1994), Die spoorsnyer (1994), Olifantjagters (1997) and Gif (2001) by Piet van Rooyen, plus Karel Schoeman’s Verkenning (1996). Later texts in the focus are Duiwelskloof (1998) and Bidsprinkaan (2005) by André P. Brink, Dalene Matthee’s Pieternella van die Kaap (2000), Eben Venter’s Santa Gamka (2009) and most recently, the Hertzog prize winner of 2015, Buys by Willem Anker (2014). Themes central to South African literature will form the focus of the research, namely intercultural interaction between the first inhabitants of South Africa and missionaries, the question of land ownership, the language motif, and the role of religion (indigenous versus Western belief systems). Attention will also be on more specific issues such as the nature of the relationship between the Khoisan and the colonisers, the characterization of the Khoisan by the selected white authors, as well as other contemporary debates. The secondary objective of the study is to review the historical presence of the Khoisan and their descendants as reflected through the fictional lense of these authors writing over the last two decades, since democratization of the regime in 1994. My focus is particularly on the substantial cultural contribution of the Khoi and the San, as reflected through their representation in fictional works. The question will be posed whether the portrayal of Khoisan characters in novels after 1994 is different from the portrayal in fiction before 1994? My hypothesis is that in the fictional representation one finds a move towards restoration of their human dignity, yet the fact remains that all the authors are white. A different study of fictional works by coloured writers (whose numbers as Afrikaans authors grew substantially after 1994), investigating their representation of the descendants of the Khoi and the San, would in all probability yield radically different results, as the white authors imagine the characters and their consciousness from outside the community and the racial group, whereas the coloured writers belong to the community and the group that they portray.
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Hollinger, Wanda J. "The provision of support services for people affected by incarceration through the ministry of the Hollinger Foundation a training manual for African-American clergy /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.
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Muthien, Bernedette. "The KhoeSan & Partnership: Beyond Patriarchy & Violence." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1879.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008.This thesis contributes to existing literature on violent and peaceful societies generally, and more specifically contributes to debates on gender egalitarian societies within the fields of Peace, Gender and Indigenous Studies, by focusing on the KhoeSan, and KhoeSan women especially. This research project focused on two critically intersectional components: (1) reconstructing knowledge in general and reclaiming indigenous knowledge, from an African feminist perspective; and (2) analysing and reclaiming peaceful societies and the notion of nonviolence as a norm. Inextricably tied to these primary research questions, is the issue of gender, and gender egalitarianism, especially as it relates to women. An interdisciplinary, intersectional approach was used, combining the analytical lenses of the fields of Political Science (Peace Studies), Anthropology and Gender Studies, with some attention to cultures and spiritualities. The participatory methods employed include focus group discussions and unstructured interviews with KhoeSan community leaders, especially women elders. Concrete skills exchange with, and support for, the participating communities was consciously facilitated. Scholarship on, as well as practices of, the Khoesan evince normative nonviolence, as well as gender egalitarianism. These ancient norms and practices are still evident in modern KhoeSan oral history and practice. This thesis sets the following precedents, particularly through the standpoint of a female KhoeSan scholar: (a) contributing to the research on peaceful societies by offering an analysis of the KhoeSan’s nonviolence as a norm; (b) and extending scholarship on gender egalitarian societies to the KhoeSan. Further research in these intersecting areas would be invaluable, especially of peacefulness, social egalitarianism and collective leadership, as well as gender egalitarianism, among the KhoeSan. Broadening research to encompass Southern Africa as a region would significantly aid documentation.
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Hamukwaya, Shemunyenge Taleiko. "An investigation into parental involvements in the learning of mathematics : a case study involving grade 5 San learners and their parents." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003480.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate and document parental involvement in a San community in Namibia over a period of two months. The emphasis was to investigate whether San parents in the Omusati region were involved in the learning of mathematics of their children. The learner participants were selected according to those who were open to sharing their ideas. An interpretive approach was used to collect and analyse data. The collected data was gathered from 9 participants (4 learners in grade 5 together with their parents, plus their mathematics teacher). Semi-structured interviews, parental contributions and home visit observations were the three tools that I used to collect data. The selected school is located in a rural area in the Omusati region of northern Namibia. The interviews were conducted in Oshiwambo (the participants‟ mother tongue) and translated into English and then analyzed. I discovered that the selected San parents were involved in some but limited school activities. The findings of this study emphasizes that illiteracy may be one of the contributing factors of low or non-involvement of parents among the San community. Other factors which I found caused parents not to assist their children with homework was parents spending much of their time at the local cuca shops during the day until late in the evenings. The study also highlights possible strategies that can be carried out by teachers to encourage parental involvement in school activities.
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Gabie, Sharon. "Khoisan ancestry and coloured identity: A study of the korana royal house under chief Josiah Kats." Thesis, 2014.
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The advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994 coincided with International Legislation where the International Labour Organisation ILO Convention 1969 – Indigenous & Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 was prominent in their ‘rights to roots’ campaign, closely followed by the 1994 United Nations Draft - Universal Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. These international debates filtered through to local communities in South Africa, who was still in the infant stages of democracy. The newly installed government glanced off ethnic loyalty in favour of the spirit of nationalism as the building blocks to unity in the new State. Under leadership of the African National Congress (ANC), resurgent voices of Khoisan revivalist groups appeared to reassert an identity linked to particularity. This was done in the wake of a colonial and apartheid past, where these institutions destabilised identities hence the formation and mobilization of new political structures amongst neo-Khoisan Revivalist groups. Many of these neo-Khoisan groups are spearheaded by self-appointed leaders to mobilize support on the basis of ethnic loyalty to foster notions of ‘belonging’ to an ethnic society and the scramble for resources. This thesis looked at the contemporary view of those who are in the process of identity reclamation. It has done so by using the Korana Royal House as a vignette to look at the broader Khoisan movement. The thesis looked at the evolution of naming rules and customs and how these interrelate in different contexts and the international discourse about concepts like indigenous and traditional groups.
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Lange, Mary Elizabeth. "Women reading the Gariep River, Upington : structured inclusion." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1637.
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This research project focuses on the application of a structured inclusive approach to the use of ethnography for the interpretation of rock art. The geographical research location is the Upington area north of the Orange/Gariep River. Both tangible and intangible heritage are explored using a multiple intelligence theoretical framework including auto ethnographic, ecosystemic methodology. The study is embedded in constructivist educational theory, which builds on the researcher and others' previous knowledge and research. The intangible heritage is made up of oral narratives about a Water Snake told by a group of women of a mixture of cultural backgrounds. The tangible rock art, made up of various rock engraving styles is situated at Biesje Poort. Contemporary indigenous as well as various academic interpretations of the site are included in the research. Secondary sources relating to theory and methodology on myth and ethno archaeology, specifically on rock art, are used in the first section of the research in order to convey the research context. The second section of the research concentrates on the application of various dominant intelligences in regard to the analysis of primary sources. Experiential, intrapersonal and interpersonal encounters with the subjects are included. Synthesis of the primary and secondary sources plus new and prior research is included in the presentation through written text and visual representation and imagery. The research is conducted in order to include and expand on present museum practices which emphasize inclusion and ownership of heritage research and representation. As such this research process emphasizes the ethical implications of participatory research and aims to maintain an empowering partnership with the research informants.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.
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Nortje, Janneke Margaretha. "Medicinal ethnobotany of the Kamiesberg, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6278.
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M.Sc.Scientific relevance: Qualitative and quantitative data is presented that give a new perspective on the traditional medicinal plants of the Khoisan (Khoe-San), one of the most ancient of human cultures. The data is not only of considerable historical and cultural value, but allows for fascinating comparative studies relating to new species records, novel use records and the spatial distribution of traditional medicinal plant use knowledge within the Cape Floristic Region. Aim of the study: A detailed documentation and quantitative analysis of medicinal plants of the Kamiesberg area (an important Khoisan and Nama cultural centre) and their medicinal traditional uses, which have hitherto remained unrecorded. Materials and methods: During four study visits to the Kamiesberg, semi-structured and structured interviews were conducted with 23 local inhabitants of the Kamiesberg, mostly of Khoisan decent. In addition to standard methodology, a newly developed Matrix Method was used to quantity medicinal plant knowledge. Results: The Kamiesberg is an important center of extant Nama ethnomedicinal information but the knowledge is rapidly disappearing. Of a total of 101 medicinal plants and 1375 anecdotes, 21 species were recorded for the first time as having traditional medicinal uses and at least 284 medicinal use records were new. The relative importance, popularity and uses of the plants were quantified. The 97 newly documented vernacular names include 23 Nama (Khoekhoegowab) names and an additional 55 new variations of known names. The calculated Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI) and other indices accurately quantify the level of knowledge and will allow for future comparisons, not only within the Kamiesberg area but also with other southern African communities of Khoisan decent. Conclusion: The results showed that the Kamiesberg is an important focal point of Khoisan (Nama) traditional knowledge but that the medicinal plants have not yet been systematically recorded in the scientific literature. There are numerous new use records and new species records that are in need of scientific study. Comparative data is now available for broader comparisons of the pattern of Khoisan plants use in southern Africa and the study represents another step towards a complete synthesis of Cape Herbal Medicine.
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De, Beer Josef Johannes Jacobus. "An ethnobotanical survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6204.
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M.Sc.This study aimed to systematically record and thus preserve indigenous plant use information of the Agter-Hantam area in a scientifically accurate way and to make a contribution to the knowledge of Khoi-San ethnobotany. The research work met all the minimum standards for ethnobotanical research as proposed by Heinrich et al. (2009), which includes that field studies should be built on a clear conceptual framework and hypothesis testing, that ethical clearance should be obtained, the methodology/ research procedures should adhere to minimum requirements, and the research should comply with data standards that will make it possible to use specific information in future experimental and applied research. The study area was the Agter-Hantam region, Calvinia district, Northern Cape Province of South Africa, where the ancestors of the supervisor have had a well-recorded presence since the 1770’s. The rapid appraisal methodology was initially used and this was followed by a new rigorous and practical quantitative approach developed during this study ̶ here referred to as the Matrix Method in conducting ethnobotanical field work. The survey has revealed a wealth of traditional knowledge on useful plants amongst people of Khoi-San decent in the Agter-Hantam. The traditional and contemporary uses of 64 plant species were accurately recorded. Previously unpublished information on indigenous plant use revealed by this study includes 14 new species records of useful plants, 20 new vernacular names not recorded in literature, and 99 new uses for 46 of the plant species. Although some work has been done in what Prance et al. (1987) coined as “quantitative ethnobotany”, this study also introduced two new terms- the Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI), a quantitative measure of a person’s knowledge of local plant use (with a value between 0 and 1), and the Species Popularity Index (SPI), a quantitative measure of the popularity of each species (value between 0 and 1). In the Agter-Hantam, the EKI of participants varied from 0.20 to 0.93. The best known and most popular indigenous plants in the Agter-Hantam are Aloe microstigma (a new species record, with a SPI of 0.97), Hoodia gordonii (SPI = 0.94), Microloma sagittatum (0.94), Sutherlandia frutescens (0.92), Quaqua incarnata (0.92) and Galenia africana (0.85).
Books on the topic "Prisoners, Khoisan (African people)"
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Jackson, Gale. Khoisan tale of beginnings and ends. Brooklyn, NY: Storm Imprints, 1998.
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Steyn, H. P. Vanished lifestyles: The early Cape Khoi and San. Hatfield, Pretoria: Unibook Publishers, 1990.
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Schmidt, Sigrid. Katalog der Khoisan-Volkserzählungen des südlichen Afrikas =: Catalogue of the Khoisan folktales of southern Africa. Hamburg: Buske, 1989.
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Catalogue of the Khoisan folktales of Southern Africa. 2nd ed. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2013.
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Rainer, Vossen, ed. New perspectives on the study of Khoisan. Hamburg: H. Buske, 1988.
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Hunters and herders of southern Africa: A comparative ethnography of the Khoisan peoples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
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Barnard, Alan. The Kalahari debate: A bibliographical essay. [Edinburgh]: Centre of African Studies, Edinburgh University, 1992.
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Raiskio, Teuvo. Oudosta kulkijasta ihmiseksi: Suomalainen bushmannilähetystyö ja sen välittämä kuva bushmanneista vuosina 1950-1985. Oulu: Oulun yliopisto, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Prisoners, Khoisan (African people)"
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Beinart, William. "Defining the Problems: Colonial Science and the Origins of Conservation at the Cape, 1770–1860." In The Rise of Conservation in South Africa, 64–98. Oxford University PressOxford, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199261512.003.0003.
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Abstract Veld, forests, water, and wild animals were critical natural resources for Khoisan and African people, as well as the landowners who were increasingly the backbone of the colonial economy. Colonial regimes were alive to the dangers of overexploitation. At the Cape, attempts at regulation—along European lines—began soon after Company rule was established. Comments and debates about environmental degradation are evident surprisingly early in the history of European settlement. They arose from the emerging understandings of the environment, from the experience of farmers, and from international scientific advances that framed environmental problems in new ways.
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Bandama, Foreman. "Archaeology and History of the Subcontinent." In The Oxford Handbook of South African History, C24.S1—C24.N86. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921767.013.24.
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Abstract South Africa holds a privileged position as one of the few countries with an accessible, long, and “unbroken” history going back to the time of our now extinct prehuman ancestors. From about three million years ago, the nation’s earliest fossil traces are used to create lineages and linkages that connect to the “first people,” a label now ascribed to the foraging (hunting and gathering) Later Stone Age groups. Successive waves of migration and assimilation brought various identities to this southern tip of the continent, starting with Khoe herders, with whom the hunter–gatherer groups had an ambivalent relationship before creolizing into the Khoisan identity. Sedentary Bantu-speaking farmers then arrived several centuries before Europe completed the colonization of this subcontinent, about four hundred year ago. Material remains and scientific models are used to fingerprint these identities in ways that continue not only to trigger debates but also to shed light on the long history of humanity in South Africa. Better still, dedicated materials analyses also suggest novel insights, which peaked during the second millennium CE, when contact with the outside world intensified the existing local and regional networks.
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Willoughby, Christopher D. E. "Skull Collecting, Medical Museums, and the International Dimensions of Racial Science." In Masters of Health, 125–41. University of North Carolina Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469672120.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the international underpinnings of medical museums’ collections of racial skulls. Through two distinct methods, it unpacks how transnational agents of capitalism, imperialism, and slavery collected, stole, and transmitted human remains to medical schools in the antebellum United States. In regard to the first method, a global network of collected assembled and shipped skulls of cadavers from imperial battlefields, in the wake of slave rebellions, and other remains buried in and taken from sacred sites spread round the globe. The chapter’s second method is to relate counternarratives of everyday people of African descent whose remains were stored in Harvard’s medical museum. From alive to being displayed postmortem, it charts the histories of a young Khoisan man from Southern Africa named Sturmann and a rebel in one of the largest slave revolts in Brazilian history, the Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Salvador, Bahia.
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Johnson-Williams, Erin. "Singing, Suffering, and Liberation in the Concentration Camps of the South African War." In The Oxford Handbook of Community Singing, 667–85. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197612460.013.34.
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Abstract This chapter considers the political implications of communal singing in the concentration camps of the South African War, 1899–1902. In these spaces, spontaneous, communal hymn singing emerged as a form of ethnic and religious expression. Eye-witness accounts (diaries, medical and newspaper reports) of prison life in Afrikaner concentration camps reveal that the singing of Dutch psalm tunes and hymns occurred spontaneously at moments of personal and communal grief, as well as more formally in concentration camp funerals and prayer meetings. The texts were Calvinist, often providing parallels between the plight of the Afrikaner people and that of the Israelites. This sacred repertoire was in aesthetic and theological tension with the evangelical, English-language hymns that British soldiers and missionaries disseminated among the prisoners. Drawing on the themes of “sounding biopolitics,” “audible incarceration,” and “de-incarceration and liberation,” the author proposes that the experience of communal singing in the context of imperial incarceration created cultures of separatism in which the act of collective singing shaped expressions of both oppression and resistance.
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Smith, Craig Bruce. "Maintaining Moral Superiority." In American Honor, 98–126. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469638836.003.0005.
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This section analyzes the early years of the Revolution, including the ethics of the war and Americans’ attention to maintaining moral superiority. It shows that the patriots wanted to win, but win well. They wanted the new country to succeed, but not at the cost of honor or virtue. Thus, this chapter shows attempts to discourage the old European notions of honor that still existed in favor of the democratized version. It shows how ethical ideals played a role in all aspects of military establishment from battlefield tactics, to the treatment of prisoners, to the recruitment of soldiers. It also presents an expansion of honor and a broadening of ethics as part of a wider social revolution that included those of different genders, races, and classes as equal participants and claimants to honor. It looks at martial and civil policies that enforced conduct and recognized women’s and African Americans’ contributions. All people could claim their share of honor and virtue through proper conduct, duty to the nation, and, above all, ethical behavior.
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Mccarty, Heather. "Blood In, Blood Out." In Caging Borders and Carceral States, 245–78. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651231.003.0009.
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The chapter offers a study of changing social relations within the prison system during the transition from 60s-era activism to gang formation in the beginning decades of mass incarceration. Between the decades of the 1960s and 1990s, California experienced a societal shift within prisons from interracial and Black Power campaigns for prisoners’ rights to the racialized balkanization and violence stemming from the rise of prison gangs and the worsening of prison conditions due to overcrowding. Within prisons, mass incarceration’s effect reshaped prison societies because the rapid growth of prison populations accelerated the violence that accompanies human caging. Internal dynamics of societal change reflected California’s changing racial demography, as Cold War defense industries and giant agribusinesses attracted African American laborers from the U.S. South and Mexican migrant laborers from across the border. As mass incarceration swept up more people of color in California’s overcrowded prison system, the prior social networks centered on politicization and protest were disrupted and replaced by rival prison gangs who met the needs of a sub rosa internal prison economy with racial violence and competition.
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Boeri, Miriam. "The Racial Landscape of the Drug War." In Hurt. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293465.003.0006.
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This chapter provides insider accounts of how the War on Drugs impacted people of color. The racial disparities of the incarcerated population increased as working-class African American communities became impoverished ghettos. Constant police surveillance of minority neighborhoods and invasive oversight by detached judges and probation officers humiliated those entrapped by law enforcement and too poor to afford honest legal protection. Jammie speaks for those with less strength of character when she tells the judge, “How can you sit up there in suburbia and tell me how to live my life as a black woman in the ghetto?” As punitive responses to drug use became more severe, particularly for crack cocaine, extended families were engulfed in overwhelming debt as the criminal justice system demanded the accused pay for their own court, probation, and legal fees, and former prisoners were required to pay for their time behind bars and parole services. Older black baby boomers who remembered the hope of the Civil Rights Movement despaired of societal change as they sought solace in drugs. Racism through the “New Jim Crow” remained a lurking barrier to achieving the dream.
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Flockton, Elizabeth A., and Jennifer M. Hunter. "Clinical research, audit, and training." In Consent, Benefit, and Risk in Anaesthetic Practice, 117–34. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199296873.003.0009.
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Abstract The twentieth and even the twenty-first centuries have seen major advances in clinical medicine. As we continue to push forward ‘the frontiers of science’, the expectation of our patients to have a longer and improved quality of life increases at a rate that outstrips these advances. The demand for biomedical research to develop treatments for disease or to improve upon existing therapy has never been greater. Medical research is not a recent phenomenon. In the first century AD, Aulus Cornelius Celsus described in De Medicinavarious surgical procedures, such as removal of cataracts and treatment of bladder stones, and gave detailed notes on the preparation of ancient remedies including opioids. Celsus is credited as being one of the forefathers of human experimentation(1). In De Medicina(1) he wrote, ‘It is not cruel to inflict on a few criminals sufferings which may benefit multitudes of innocent people through all centuries.’ How unacceptable such an approach would be today. In our desire to increase the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of disease, we have, on occasion, overlooked the principle of first do no harm. Recent history is littered with examples of mistreatment and abuse committed in the name of medical research. Perhaps the most notorious were the medical experiments conducted by the Nazis upon civilians and prisoners of war between 1939 and 1945, including infection with epidemic jaundice and spotted fever, and exposure to seawater, high altitude, freezing, and mustard gas. We can also find examples closer to home. For almost a century, the British Raj sent political prisoners to a penal colony in the Andaman Islands where they were subjected to secret pharmaceutical trials undertaken by British army doctors(2). In the United States, the Tuskegee syphilis study sought to determine the course of untreated syphilis. The participants were all African–American males who, believing they were receiving an adequate level of care, were not given penicillin and suffered the debilitating effects of the disease(3). History has demonstrated the need to establish a code of practice governing the conduct of clinical trials, to prevent such inhumanities occurring again.