To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Private board.
Journal articles on the topic 'Private board'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Private board.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Shinozaki, Shinya, and Konari Uchida. "Private benefits and board size: International evidence." Corporate Board role duties and composition 7, no. 1 (2011): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv7i1c1art3.
Full textAbstract:
In our analyses of 10,390 companies from 51 countries, we find that in countries that have small capital markets free cash flow is positively related to board size. However, this positive relation becomes significantly weak for companies in large securities markets. This result suggests that managers in underdeveloped capital markets have an incentive to construct less effective boards to extract private benefits. However, the distorted managerial incentive is alleviated in developed countries that have various disciplinary mechanisms to ensure good governance practices. We do not find clear evidence that legal protection of shareholder rights mitigates the managerial incentive to construct less effective boards.
2
Tuwey, Joel Kiplagat, and Daniel Kipkirong Tarus. "Does CEO power moderate the relationship between board leadership and strategy involvement in private firms? Evidence from Kenya." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 16, no. 5 (October 3, 2016): 906–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-01-2016-0010.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine how board leadership affects the board strategic involvement in private firms in Kenya and how CEO power moderates this relationship. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a Kenyan data set to investigate what makes boards in private firms get involved in strategy. Survey data derived from a sample of 186 CEOs of private firms were used, and the hypotheses were tested using moderated regression analysis. Findings The results indicate that board members’ knowledge, board chairman’s leadership efficacy, board members’ personal motivation and board members’ background all have a positive and significant effect on board strategy involvement. The authors also found that CEO power moderates the relationship between board leadership and strategy involvement. The study concludes that when the CEO wields immense power, the board tends to become passive and to submit to the direction of the CEO. Originality/value The study adds value to the understanding of the effect of the board leadership on strategic involvement in private firms and how CEO power influences this relationship, particularly in a developing country like Kenya.
3
Rwakihembo, John, Nixon Kamukama, and Fredrick Kijjambu Nsambu. "CORPORATE BOARD SIZE AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANIES IN UGANDA." International Journal of Business Strategies 5, no. 1 (July 3, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ijbs.525.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose-The paper seeks to compare the corporate board size and the financial performance of private companies in Uganda.Methodology-The paper adopted a positivist paradigm besides a cross-sectional study design. Researchers gathered quantitative data from 394 companies in Western and Central Uganda. An open questionnaire was administered to board members and executives from companies. Pearson correlation and standard regression techniques were used for data analysis.Findings-A significant positive relationship between the performance of the firm and the board size among private companies was established from the findings.Unique Contribution to Practice and Policy-This study will provide a precise and direct understanding of the relationship between board size and performance.The practical implications-The study recommends that private companies should recruit large boards of directors due to their diversified skills and connections that increase firm value.Research limitations-The study falls short of examining the influence of other characteristics of the board, such as composition, and leadership structure, on financial performance but solely concentrates on the board size. Besides, it was cross-sectional and generalized all private companies without considering industry-specific factors that could have changed the results.Originality/value-This is the first study that focuses on exploring the comparison between the corporate board size and the financial performance of private companies in Uganda.
4
Ghosh, Pubali, and Mark Bray. "Credentialism and demand for private supplementary tutoring." International Journal of Comparative Education and Development 20, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijced-10-2017-0029.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Private supplementary tutoring is expanding fast around the world. Recognising that examination boards are major shapers of curricular load, the purpose of this paper is to identify the roles of examination boards at Grades 8, 9 and 10 in Bengaluru, India. Two boards were chosen, with one having a heavier perceived curricular load than the other. Design/methodology/approach The study used mixed methods with a questionnaire survey of 687 students in Grades 8, 9 and 10, and 51 face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. Findings Perhaps surprisingly, the findings did not reveal significant differences in tutoring demand by students. Both groups viewed the board examinations as having high stakes, and accordingly invested in extensive private tutoring. Competition emanating from credentialism was the main driver of the decision to receive tutoring among both cohorts. Originality/value Although previous studies have explored various components of demand for tutoring, to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first to explore the impact of examination boards on demand for tutoring. Since the system of schools being affiliated to examination boards is common not only in India but also in many other countries, the study has broad international relevance.
5
Bellato, Leticia L. N. "Determinants of Companies’ Board Composition in Emerging Markets." International Journal of Business Administration 12, no. 5 (September 2, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v12n5p17.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the determinants of female board representation for a sample of Brazilian listed companies for the year of 2018. Using count data models, we find that greater firm size, performance and board size lead to higher woman representation on companies’ boards. Also, that private control is associated with a lower number of women on boards. Most studies related to board composition focus on independent directors and are conducted in a developed countries’ setting. This work contributes to the extant literature in understanding what drives woman representation on corporate boards in an emerging market context and also would help to support the definition and implementation of gender diversity policies by showing possible impacts.
6
Jenkins, C. Douglas, and Herschel Hall. "Private Lateral Program – Knoxville Utilities Board." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, no. 11 (January 1, 2006): 2187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864706783750024.
Full text
7
Olbrich, Daniela. "Discretionary powers in the Austrian Private Foundation Law." Trusts & Trustees 26, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttaa040.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The fact that only an objective qualification of the foundation board is decisive with regard to its liability is sufficiently ruled by the Austrian Supreme Court. However, in the end the board member is left alone with the question of what is required in concrete terms. A recent decision of the Austrian Supreme Court granting the foundation’s executive board an extremely wide scope for decision-making where the foundation statute does not provide detailed guidelines came as a surprise. This article deals with the issues faced by foundation board members in avoiding liability when exercising their powers and the need to limit the wide discretionary powers of such board members by creating an adequate statutory framework.
8
Bhattacharya, Debarati, Ya-Yun Kao, and Wei-Hsien Li. "Industry Experiences of Board, CEO, and Acquisition Performance." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 23, no. 03 (July 31, 2020): 2050022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091520500228.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the collective impact of expert boards and CEOs on acquisition performance, providing new insight into the CEO–board relationship. Acquiring firms with expert boards earns an additional 1.16 percentage points (3.91 percentage points) when the CEOs are new to the target industry (also experts) compared to the firms with “nonexperienced” boards (expert boards alone). Robust to endogeneity checks, our evidence supports the “vigilant-advisor”, “resource-provisioning”, and “shared-experience” hypotheses that take three distinct views of the CEO–board relationship. Generalist CEOs and public targets intensify the shared-experience effect, whereas less powerful CEOs and private targets intensify the resource-provisioning effect. Experienced directors improve the quality of acquisitions by assisting acquirers to avoid large losses, identify targets with higher synergies, and negotiate better deals.
9
Fiegener, Mark K. "Determinants of Board Participation in the Strategic Decisions of Small Corporations." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29, no. 5 (September 2005): 627–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00101.x.
Full textAbstract:
Agency, strategic choice, and cognitive perspectives are used to examine the conditions under which chief executive officers (CEOs) of small private corporations involve the board of directors in strategic decisions. Logistic regression results (2,382 respondents to a cross–industry mail survey) indicate that board strategic participation is not the dominant practice in these firms but that boards are more likely to participate in strategic decisions when the firm is larger, the board has a critical mass of outside directors, the strategic issue under consideration involves an organizational transition or potential downturn, or CEO power (ownership) is low.
10
Kim, Jin Wook (Chris). "Board Independence and Expropriation Risk in Family Run Businesses." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 3, no. 1 (January 2014): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2014010103.
Full textAbstract:
Due to their significant stock ownership and control, founding families are generally immune from the disciplinary forces associated with the market for corporate control. As a result, founding families may spend cash on the pursuit of private benefits. In this paper, the author examines whether independent directors protect outside shareholder rights from the risk of expropriation. In particular, the author examines how board independence impacts a firm's efficiency in utilizing cash reserves. The author finds evidence that the value of an extra dollar of unexpected cash holding is greater in family firms with a greater percentage of independent directors on their boards, suggesting that independent directors prevent the potential risk of value destruction that results from founding families' pursuit of private benefits.
11
Alfred, Kelly C., Timothy Turner, and Aaron Young. "State Medical Board Exposure to Threats of Violence." Journal of Medical Regulation 99, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-99.3.11.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Between 2010 and 2012, the Federation of State Medical Boards Research and Education Foundation (FSMB Foundation) conducted a survey of state medical boards in an effort to ascertain the extent to which state medical board members and staff have experienced threats of violence and the actions taken by state boards in response to such threats. The survey also assessed current and anticipated levels of security being provided by state boards. Of the 70 boards queried, 37 responded, with 73% (n=27) of these boards reporting that their board members and/or staff had experienced either explicit or implied threats of violence. These threats targeted board members (85%), board staff (78%) and others (15%). Many of the threats directed at board members occurred after board meetings and/or hearings and were made by either a physician or a family member of a physician. Most of the threats directed at board members, staff and others were verbal, including threats of death. Most boards provide a security presence at board meetings, ranging from local law enforcement agencies to private security firms, but less than half of the respondents in the survey expressed satisfaction with their present security level. The results of the survey suggest that the state medical board community should be aware of the potential for violence against board members and staff, and should formulate prevention and threat-assessment policies as a precaution. Educational and training resources may be needed at the state board level. This could include the development of educational modules to train state public officials in conflict management, the prevention and handling of acts of violence, and how to identify and assess the seriousness of a potentially violent or stressful situation.
12
Gray, Dahli, Monica Jorge, and Laura Rodriguez. "Goodwill Accounting Alternative: Private Versus Non-private Companies." Journal of Social Science Studies 3, no. 1 (October 16, 2015): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v3i1.8433.
Full textAbstract:
<p>This article examines the accounting change effective after December 15, 2015 and illustrates the Goodwill Accounting Alternative available to private companies as introduced by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-18 Business Combinations (Topic 805) Accounting for Identifiable Intangible Assets in a Business Combination—a consensus of the Private Company Council (PCC). The measurement and reporting results of private companies are compared with those of public business entities and not-for-profit entities (i.e., non-private companies) for the same in-scope transactions (i.e., acquisitions, assessing fair value under the equity method, and reorganizations). If a private company adopts the FASB ASU 2014-18, then it must also adopt the FASB ASU 2014-02 Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) Accounting for Goodwill—a consensus of the PCC. This results in the private company amortizing goodwill over 10 or fewer years using the straight-line method. Non-private companies use goodwill impairment testing involving fair value measurements. The illustration presented includes a comparison of the initial and subsequent period measurement and reporting requirements and results and indicates that financial accounting choice can result in a significant monetary difference in the total reported owners’ equity.</p>
13
Nurunnabi, Mohammad. "Political governance and (account)ability of private universities in developing countries." International Journal of Public Sector Management 29, no. 6 (August 8, 2016): 522–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-09-2014-0112.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Due to scarcity of research in governance and accountability in private higher education in developing countries, the purpose of this paper is to explore the tensions surrounding good governance in legitimizing accountability in private universities in developing countries with reference to Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach Mixed methods are employed: a quantitative survey of 1,576 students from all 79 private universities; qualitative interviews with 23 stakeholders; and policy documents including the Private University Acts, the World Bank Report and newspapers (1992-2015) were evaluated. The objectives of these mixed methods in this study are juxtaposed and generate complementary insights that together create a bigger picture surrounding governance and accountability issues. Findings Using Clark's (1983) triangle model (i.e. state control, academic oligarchy, and market forces together with the external influence of donors and boards of trustees as internal governance) and new institutional theory (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983), the major contributions of this study are explaining the root causes of the poor governance of private universities through three related factors: the substantial political power and autonomy held by boards of trustees; a lack of enforcement of Private University Act; and a lack of coordination among stakeholders. The coercive power of the state becomes powerless since the board of trustees ultimately enjoys political power and “does whatever it can.” The lack of coordination of the academic oligarchy (e.g. professors and academics) and market forces (represented by students) by the board of trustees creates a paradox of governance and hence a decoupling of formal policies and actual practice. Practical implications The findings have major policy implications for local and international policymakers for improving good governance in private universities in developing countries. Originality/value The novelty of the study's findings represents an initial effort to understand the complex and persistent phenomenon of prolonged poor governance of private universities in developing countries, which is largely neglected in the literature. This will undoubtedly contribute to literature and policy implications.
14
Chatterjee, Chanchal. "Board Quality and Earnings Management: Evidence from India." Global Business Review 21, no. 5 (August 8, 2019): 1302–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150919856958.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines whether board qualities influence the earnings management behaviour of firms in a large emerging market set-up by using panel data of 783 Indian private manufacturing firms over a period of 7 years (April 2009–March 2016). The study finds that it is board quality that helps in curbing earnings manipulation and not just board independence. Results reveal that diligent and busy boards help in reducing earnings management, CEO duality affects the quality of reported earnings and promoters’ influence on boards increases earnings management. Domestic or foreign institutional investors do not have any independent impact on earnings management. However, domestic institutional ownership reduces earnings management when promoters’ influence exists. The article contributes to the literature by focusing on whether corporate governance (CG) mechanisms are important in curbing earnings management in an emerging market context. The findings are expected to be helpful to policymakers and regulators while framing appropriate CG policies and regulations.
15
Matsa, David A., and Amalia R. Miller. "A Female Style in Corporate Leadership? Evidence from Quotas." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 136–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.5.3.136.
Full textAbstract:
This paper studies the impact of gender quotas for corporate board seats on corporate decisions. We examine the introduction of Norway's 2006 quota, comparing affected firms to other Nordic companies, public and private, that are unaffected by the rule. We find that affected firms undertake fewer workforce reductions than comparison firms, increasing relative labor costs and employment levels and reducing short-term profits. The effects are strongest among firms without female board members beforehand and are present even for boards with older and more experienced members afterward. The boards appear to be affecting corporate strategy in part by selecting like-minded executives. (JEL G34, J16, J78, M12, M51)
16
Iacoviello, Giuseppina, MariaСaterina Mazzei, and Giovanni Riccardi. "The gender composition of the board and firm performance. The role of regulatory measures." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 1 (2015): 1385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i1c11p10.
Full textAbstract:
The gender composition of the board of directors can affect the quality of its monitoring role and thus the financial performance of the firm. The relationship between female representation and firms’ performance represents a crucial issue in the debate on the effects of board gender quotas. The evidence on this relationship is mixed. Many studies analyze whether female top executives and women on boards of directors have a significant effect on firm performance. Many governments have introduced regulations regarding the gender composition of the boards of directors of private firms in order to improve equality of opportunity. This study examines the relationship between management diversity and firm performance for the 180 companies listed during 2008 - 2014. No evidence suggests that regulatory measures, on average, improve firm performance.
17
Tsevi, Linda. "Private Higher Education’s Quality Assurance in Ghana." International Higher Education, no. 75 (March 17, 2014): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2014.75.5437.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses factors influencing the establishment of Ghana’s National Accreditation Board. Salient aspects are the growing population’s demand for higher education, increase in private providers and concerns about quality. Also discussed are the accreditation board’s quality assurance procedures and attendant problems.
18
Damayanti, Dini Fitri, Bagoes Widjanarko, and Cahya Tri Purnami. "Analisis Peran Manajerial Pengurus Ikatan Bidan Indonesia (IBI) dalam Pelaksanaan Program Peningkatan Pemberian Asi (PPASI) di Wilayah Kota Pontianak." Jurnal Manajemen Kesehatan Indonesia 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmki.4.1.2016.27-34.
Full textAbstract:
Breastfeeding improvement (PPASI) program was an effort to increase the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding. Successfulness of the exclusive breastfeeding required support from midwives. Indonesian Midwifery Association (IBI), as a midwives professional organization, had declared to implement PPASI program step by step and continually by all IBI board members. Although IBI boards at Pontianak branch had conducted several seminar activities regarding breastfeeding and lactation management training for IBI members but private practice midwives were still giving formula milk to the newborns. Based on that problem, this study was conducted with the objective to explain managerial role of IBI boards in implementing PPASI program in the area of Pontianak city. This was a qualitative study using phenomenology approach. Study informants were IBI branch and sub branch board members in the area of Pontianak city. Data were collected by in-depth interview and analyzed using content analysis method. Results of the study showed the roles of IBI boards as leader in implementing PPASI program in the motivational activities. IBI boards reminded IBI members to do lactation management in every informal small group social gathering (arisan). Evaluation of lactation management was conducted by IBI boards because they were on duty as midwives coordinators at Puskesmas and as room chiefs in hospitals. Guidance to the members was conducted by the boards through ‘arisan’ and there was no rewards given to members who had implemented lactation management. The role of boards as information resource was done by conducting lactation seminars for IBI members and in collaboration with district health office to implement lactation management training. There was no special standard for lactation management and socialization was only given to the members who wanted to apply for private practice midwives (BPS) permit. In term of IBI board role as policy makers, the board had not made planning for PPASI program. Planning and organizing were only done for seminar activities about breastfeeding. No written regulation issued by IBI board and no sanction was assigned to the members in implementing PPASI program. Based on the study results, it was suggested to IBI board to formulate evaluation format and to give rewards to IBI members in order to motivate them to implement lactation management, to make specific standard operating procedure for lactation management and to make understandable and details regulations regarding PPASI program implementation, to assign sanction to members who broke the rules.
19
De Maere, Jonas, Ann Jorissen, and Gerwin van der Laan. "Board roles in private firms: the influence of information on board task performance." Academy of Management Proceedings 2013, no. 1 (January 2013): 15362. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.15362abstract.
Full text
20
Tuwey, Joel, and Vincent Ngeno. "Board Leadership, Chief Executive Officer Optimism and Firm Innovation." SEISENSE Journal of Management 2, no. 6 (October 3, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v2i6.221.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose - Following the resource dependence and optimism theory, the study explored whether Chief Executive Officer (CEO) optimism moderates the link between board leadership and firm innovation in the financial sector.
Design/Methodology - 130 financial institutions in Kenya were surveyed using cross-sectional and explanatory designs. Hypothesis testing utilized both moderated hierarchical regression models and mod-graphs.
Findings - The results revealed that the board member’s openness and independence positively influence firm innovation. The moderated hierarchical regression results and figures in the mod-graphs reveal that CEO optimism enhances the association between the board member’s openness, independence, and firm innovation.
Practical Implications - The results suggested that for financial institutions to be innovative, board members should be open to each other in terms of the private ideas as well as being independent about decisions made to spur the growth of the firms. Additionally, such boards should appoint CEOs who are optimistic about being innovative.
21
Black, Bernard S., Antonio Gledson De Carvalho, and Érica C. R. Gorga. "A Governança Corporativa das Empresas Brasileiras com Controle Privado Nacional." Brazilian Review of Finance 7, no. 4 (January 5, 2009): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rbfin.v7n4.2009.1450.
Full textAbstract:
We provide an overview of the corporate governance practices of Brazilian public companies, based primarily on an extensive 2005 survey of 116 companies. We focus on the 88 responding Brazilian private firms which are not majority owned by the state or a foreign company. We identify areas where Brazilian corporate governance is relatively strong and weak. Board independence is an area of weakness: The boards of most Brazilian private firms are comprised entirely or almost entirely of insiders or representatives of the controlling family or group. Many firms have zero independent directors. At the same time, minority shareholders have legal rights to representation on the boards of many firms, and this representation is reasonably common. Financial disclosure lags behind world standards. Only a minority of firms provide a statement of cash flows or consolidated financial statements. However, many provide English language financial statements, and an English language version of their website. Audit committees are uncommon, but many Brazilian firms use an alternate approach to ensuring financial statement accuracy – establishing a fiscal board. A minority of firms provide takeout rights to minority shareholders on a sale of control. Controlling shareholders often use shareholders agreements to ensure control.
22
Oghuvbu, Enamiroro Patrick. "Unified Teaching Service Board For Private Post Primary Schools." Journal of Social Sciences 16, no. 2 (March 2008): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2008.11892611.
Full text
23
Fiegener, Mark K., Bonnie M. Brown, Dirk R. Dreux, and William J. Dennis. "CEO Stakes and Board Composition in Small Private Firms." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 24, no. 4 (July 2000): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225870002400401.
Full text
24
Sjölander-Lindqvist, Annelie, and Serena Cinque. "When wolves harm private property." Focaal 2013, no. 65 (March 1, 2013): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2013.650110.
Full textAbstract:
According to Swedish environmental policy, harm to private property (mainly livestock, farm, and companion animals) caused by attacks from protected large carnivores is compensated by the state. In a case of suspected harm, a formal investigation process to assess the damage and its cause is initiated by the government. Inspections of damage on living private property are carried out by officials authorized by the regional County Administrative Board (CAB). By focusing on judgment in the making of property compensation decisions, this article demonstrates what occurs in frontline policy enactments, when the inspectors (as deliverers of political decisions) collapse organizational requirements and ideas with personal, yet socially and culturally framed commitments. It concludes that organizational decision making is neither fixed nor stable: organizations operate interactively, generating practices that enhance the agency and authority of particular actors in order to facilitate state policy implementation.
25
Jamal, Karim, Robert Bloomfield, Theodore E. Christensen, Robert H. Colson, Stephen Moehrle, James Ohlson, Stephen Penman, Thomas Stober, Shyam Sunder, and Ross L. Watts. "A Perspective on the Canadian Accounting Standards Board Exposure Draft on Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for Private Enterprises." Accounting Horizons 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2010.24.1.129.
Full textAbstract:
SYNOPSIS: The Canadian Accounting Standards Board (hereafter, AcSB) recently issued an exposure draft to adopt separate GAAP for private enterprises. This new GAAP is justified as being consistent with the current FASB/IASB conceptual framework, but is sensitive to the different cost-benefit considerations facing private entities. We view this proposal as being innovative and responsive to the differential reporting needs of private entities. In this article we explain our reasoning and conclusions on several issues raised by the exposure draft starting with a discussion about the need for a separate conceptual framework for private enterprises. We sketch a preliminary conceptual framework that could be used to develop and justify the type of changes proposed in this exposure draft. We then discuss key issues raised in the exposure draft such as reliance on historical cost as the key basis of measurement, the significant reduction in disclosure requirements for private enterprises, and stopping the emerging issues committee from providing implementation guidance (no EICs). We also comment on the mechanism for financing the standard-setting board, the need to ensure compatibility between accounting and auditing standards, and a process for adjusting the education system to support this new private enterprise GAAP.
26
Berge, Sigrid Slettebakk. "Social and private speech in an interpreted meeting of deafblind persons." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 16, no. 1 (March 10, 2014): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.16.1.05ber.
Full textAbstract:
The article explores how the distinction between egocentric and social speech affects the dynamics of interpreter-mediated interaction, during a meeting among five deafblind board members in Norway. Extracts from a videotape of the meeting were analysed, with a specific focus on two sequences of exchanges involving a board member (Inger), her interpreter and the rest of the group. Inger uses Norwegian Tactile Sign Language with her interpreter, who in turn uses spoken Norwegian and Norwegian Sign Language with the rest of the group. The analysis shows that, while most of Inger’s utterances were social and oriented to the other board members, some were of a private nature and directed only to herself. The interpreter evaluated Inger’s communicative project constantly and acted accordingly, interpreting the socially oriented utterances but not the private utterances. Based on these findings, the interpreter’s performance is discussed in relation not only to professional ethics but also to monological and dialogical perspectives on language and interpreting.
27
Lukason, Oliver, and María-del-Mar Camacho-Miñano. "Corporate Governance Characteristics of Private SMEs’ Annual Report Submission Violations." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13100230.
Full textAbstract:
Managers are, by law, responsible for the timely disclosure of financial information through annual reports, but despite that, it is usual that they are engaged in the unethical behaviour of not meeting the submission deadlines set in law. This paper sheds light on the afore-given issue by aiming to find out how corporate governance characteristics are associated with annual report deadline violations in private micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We use the population of SMEs from Estonia, in total 77,212 unique firms, in logistic regression analysis with the delay of presenting an annual report over the legal deadline as the dependent and relevant corporate governance characteristics as the independent variables. Our results indicate that the presence of woman on the board, higher manager’s age, longer tenure and a larger proportion of stock owned by board members lead to less likely violation of the annual report submission deadline, but in turn, the presence of more business ties and existence of a majority owner behave in the opposite way. The likelihood of violation does not depend on board size. We also check the robustness of the obtained results with respect to the severity of delay, firm age and size, which all indicate a varying importance of the explanatory corporate governance characteristics.
28
De Vita, Glauco, and Yun Luo. "When do regulations matter for bank risk-taking? An analysis of the interaction between external regulation and board characteristics." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 18, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 440–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-10-2017-0253.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeAccording to previous international studies, the impact of external regulation on bank risk is ambiguous. The purpose of this paper is to ask the question, “When do regulations matter for bank risk-taking?” by reporting the first empirical investigation of how the relation between bank regulations (capital requirements, official supervisory power and market discipline) and bank risk-taking is moderated by board monitoring characteristics.Design/methodology/approachUsing SYS-GMM, the analysis of the interaction between bank-level boards of directors’ attributes (board size, board independence and board gender diversity) and external regulation is based on a sample of 493 banks operating in 54 countries over 2001-2015, accounting for three measures of bank risk-taking.FindingsRegulations matter for bank risk-taking conditional on board characteristics: board size, board independence and board diversity. With the exception of capital requirements, the market discipline exerted by external private monitoring and greater supervisory power are unable to mitigate the propensity to greater risk-taking by banks resulting from larger board size, higher board independence and greater gender diversity of the board.Originality/valueThe bank risk empirical literature is still silent as to the interaction between board governance and regulation for the purpose of examining banks’ risk-taking. This paper fills this gap, thus making a significant contribution by extending our knowledge of whether and how board governance moderates the relationship between external regulation and bank risk-taking.
29
McEnroe, John E. "An Examination of Voting Behavior of the ASB." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 9, no. 1 (January 1994): 117–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x9400900107.
Full textAbstract:
The system by which auditing standards are promulgated has resided in the private sector since 1939. The members of the Auditing Standards Boards (ASB), unlike the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), retain formal affiliations with their parent organizations during their tenure on the ASB. As a result, this process has been criticized by the late Senator Metcalf and others. One of Metcalf s allegations was that large accounting firms dominate the audit standard-setting process through their employees that serve on the ASB. Accordingly, this study examines certain voting behavior of the ASB in an effort to determine if the board members are acting as agents of their parent organizations or, rather, as independent rule makers. The results do support the proposition that in casting certain votes, the board members are acting in an agency capacity.
30
Agyenim-Boateng, Cletus, Anne Stafford, and Pam Stapleton. "Does the United Kingdom’s Local Improvement Finance Trust (LIFT) Scheme for Primary Health Care Enhance Partnership Working?" Public Works Management & Policy 25, no. 3 (January 20, 2020): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x19899401.
Full textAbstract:
This article draws on a qualitative case study comparing two U.K. primary health care schemes which were entered into as part of the Local Improvement Finance Trust (LIFT) policy. LIFT takes the form of a social infrastructure Public Private Partnership (PPP) where public procurers and private suppliers work together in active long-term partnering agreements to deliver local primary health care facilities. The organizational structure is that of a joint venture company which is jointly owned by public and private partners, with the expectation that by having both the public and private sector represented on the company board partnership working between the two sectors is enhanced. The two schemes studied delivered contrasting results. One scheme showed how the private sector dominated the board, making partnership working difficult to achieve in the context of directors following their fiduciary role to maximize profits for shareholders. However, the findings from the second scheme showed that partnership working and LIFT success may be dependent on trust, general business ethos, and key personalities working together. Policy makers should therefore pay attention to not only the organizational structures, but also how the private sector controls and governance are exercised to benefit all stakeholders.
31
Dah, Mustafa, Mohammad Jizi, and Sadim Sbeity. "Board independence and managerial authority." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 3 (April 3, 2018): 838–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-04-2017-0071.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The imposition of the Sarbanes Oxley (SOX) Act and the NYSE/NASDAQ regulations boosted the proportion of independent directors serving on corporate boards. For certain firms, increasing the number of independent directors may impose costs that exceed the benefits. The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of increased independence following SOX, relative to the pre-SOX board independence benchmark, on managerial authority and entrenchment within the firm. Design/methodology/approach Data are collected from COMPUSTAT, ExecuComp, and RiskMetrics. Data are divided into two periods, pre-SOX (1996-2001) and post-SOX (2002-2006). The focus is on the sub-group of firms who were not complying with the board independence requirement prior to SOX and became compliant afterwards. Various regressions are employed to assess the implications of increased independence following SOX on managerial authority and entrenchment. Findings The appreciation in board independence post-SOX significantly inflates both managerial compensation and the likelihood of CEO duality. Also, there is a positive association between board independence and managerial entrenchment during both the pre- and post-SOX periods. Imposed board composition requirements diminished board monitoring efficiency and boosted the CEO dominance and control over the firm. Originality/value This research adds to the extant literature investigating the implications of SOX on internal monitoring and governance. The results are based on an off-equilibrium phenomenon in which companies were obliged to alter their endogenously determined board structure. Thus, regulations to improve governance could backfire as the CEO might abuse them to extract private benefits.
32
Lye, Chun-Teck, Jiunn-Shyan Khong, and Chee-Wooi Hooy. "Board Gender Diversity, Investor Protection, and Private Information-Based Trading." Global Economic Review 48, no. 4 (July 2, 2019): 419–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1226508x.2019.1636701.
Full text
33
Gao, Huasheng, and Zhongda He. "Board structure and role of outside directors in private firms." European Financial Management 25, no. 4 (July 22, 2018): 861–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eufm.12191.
Full text
34
Gao, Huasheng, Jarrad Harford, and Kai Li. "CEO Turnover–Performance Sensitivity in Private Firms." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 52, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 583–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109017000126.
Full textAbstract:
We compare chief executive officer (CEO) turnover in public and large private firms. Public firms have higher turnover rates and exhibit greater turnover–performance sensitivity (TPS) than private firms. When we control for pre-turnover performance, performance improvements are greater for private firms than for public firms. We investigate whether these differences are due to differences in quality of accounting information, the CEO candidate pool, CEO power, board structure, ownership structure, investor horizon, or certain unobservable differences between public and private firms. One factor contributing to public firms’ higher turnover rates and greater TPS appears to be investor myopia.
35
Rhodes, Heather N., and James A. Ligon. "Regulatory Corporate Governance and the Valuation of IPO Firms." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 8, no. 2 (July 20, 2019): 18–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v8i2.449.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to evaluate the effect of regulatory corporate governance mandates on the valuation of equity-issuing firms in the U.S. Using a matched sample, we examine how the Exchange Listing Requirements, specifically, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), generally, affect IPO valuations. Board structure compliance provides no consistent valuation benefit. We find some evidence of negative effects for firms whose board structure is significantly altered by Reform and among small firms. The absence of increased valuations post-Reform suggests that there is little to offset the loss of private control benefits that Reform represents (post-Reform insider ownership and founder involvement are lower) and, thus, at the margin, Reform creates incentives for some firms to stay private. While the 2012 JOBS Act reduced the burden of registration, reporting and accounting requirements of SOX for small firms, it did nothing to change the board structure requirements of these firms. The results of this study together with those of Wintoki (2007) and Rhodes (2018) suggest that regulations pertaining to the board structure requirements of small equity-issuing firms should either be modified to allow more flexibility or repealed altogether. If lawmakers ultimately relax these requirements, future studies may focus on changes in board structures, private benefits of control, and the rates at which firms access public equity markets.
36
Li, Ji Guang. "Optimize the Governance Structure of Private Enterprises from Social Angle." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 962–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.962.
Full textAbstract:
Because the optimization objective for governance system of Private enterprise is not to accurate, this thesis proves that the optimization objective for governance system of Private enterprise is not the maximization of “boss” interests, but also should be the maximization of enterprise and social efficiency, as well as the maximization of social total welfare; For Private enterprise, which kind of governance system is the most optimal, depending on the objective that is to ensure the interests of family controlling shareholders, or to protect the interests of non-controlling shareholders, or to meet the requirements of society and government for the enterprises. Different angles have different optimal standard, the Government will have to play a comprehensive role in guiding and leading. For that, Private enterprise should implement the system of distributing the number of director, setting up the shareholder committee, the source of supervisor socialization, the authority of supervisors' board higher than directors’ board, bringing employee into the governance framework, and implement government audit.
37
Fatemah, Henna. "Perceptions of Teachers towards Assessment Techniques at Secondary Level Private School of Karachi." Journal of Education and Educational Development 2, no. 2 (February 8, 2016): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v2i2.443.
Full textAbstract:
This paper sets out to explore the perceptions of teachers towards assessment techniques at a secondary level private school of Karachi. This was conjectured on the basis of the circumstances of parallel boards in the education system of Pakistan and its effectiveness within the context with respect to the curriculum. This was gauged in line with the forms and techniques of assessment corresponding with the curriculum. A qualitative research design based on interviews was chosen for this study. Purposive sampling was used to select the teachers from a school. The findings of the study revealed that the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is best suited to assess students’ knowledge and skills and the teachers viewed that in order for students to be accomplished in this board, the ways of assessment must take a more meaningful measure of evaluating student’s progress.
38
Christensen, Søren, and Ann Westenholz. "Institutionalisering af medarbejdervalgte i danske virksomhedsbestyrelser og den sociale konstruktion af bestyrelsen som praktisk strategisk aktør." Dansk Sociologi 12, no. 1 (January 14, 2001): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v12i1.637.
Full textAbstract:
Institutionalisation of employee representatives on boards of directors and the social construction of the board as a practical strategic actor
In this study we attempt to analyse how the implementation of employee representatives on Danish boards of directors transformed labour market relations, and how boards of directors developed integrative rather than aggregative decision making processes. The 1973 legislation granting employees of private Danish companies the right to elect members to the board of directors broke with a 75 year old tradition of labour-management rela-tions. The article analyses the role of the political parties (from a wide political spectrum) to the development of the law. Thereafter the article analyses its implemen-tation. The authors see this development as on of a struggle bet-ween two kinds of logic: aggregative as opposed to integrative logic, or consistency versus practicality. The credibility of these boards depends on the fact that they make decisions from the point of practical logic, but employ consistency logic when they explain these decisions to their voters.
39
Abor, Patience Aseweh. "Examining gender diversity on hospital boards in Ghana." International Journal of Health Governance 22, no. 4 (December 4, 2017): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-04-2017-0016.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The issue of gender diversity on hospital boards plays a significant role in the financial health and clinical performance of hospitals. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of gender diversity of hospital boards in Ghana. Specifically, this study examined the proportion of females on hospital boards and considered how hospital-level characteristics such as hospital size, age, location and ownership structure explain the board gender diversity of hospital boards in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative approach based on 100 hospitals was used. Findings The results of the study indicate that women are represented on all hospitals with governing boards but with different proportions depending on ownership form. In all, women represent less than half of board membership. Smaller and older hospitals were found to have more female representation on their board. Also, not-for-profit mission and for-profit private hospitals tend to engage more females than their counterpart public hospitals. Research limitations/implications The study examined female representation on hospital boards depending on only hospital-level characteristics such as hospital size, age, location and ownership. Other factors could be determining the appointment of females on hospital boards other than hospital characteristics. Social implications Efforts on improving the role of women on hospital boards need to be encouraged. Originality/value Evidence from this study clearly suggests underrepresentation of women in the top echelons of hospitals owned by government or the state, bigger and newer hospitals.
40
Goncalves, Alex Ferreira, Luciano Rossoni, and Wesley Mendes-Da-Silva. "Board social capital reduces implied cost of capital for private companies but not of state-owned companies." Management Decision 57, no. 10 (November 11, 2019): 2672–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-11-2017-1205.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the type of ownership and control moderates the effect of the board social capital on the implied cost of capital. To do so, the authors analyzed the effect of the board social capital by the relational resources present in its direct and heterogenous ties, considering the predictions of analysts about the implied cost of capital. Design/methodology/approach The data panel comprised 137 companies listed on the Brazilian stock exchange between the years of 2002 and 2015, generating a total of 535 observations. The authors check the robustness of the results through instrumental variables and systems of equations, as well as compete for the effect of board social capital both by the board and ownership structures. Findings Results show that the board relational resources, both in direct and heterogeneous ties, significantly reduce the implied cost of capital for private companies, but not for state-owned companies. Board social capital reduces the cost of capital even when the results compete with the board structure and concentration of ownership, being able to mitigate the discount in the cost of capital by the presence of dominant shareholders. Originality/value This study uses a more theoretically and empirically comprehensive measure of board social capital than the majority of studies that use only network position indicators. So, contrasting the effect of this measure on the implied cost of capital between private and state-owned companies, the authors also demonstrate that the board social capital can mitigate the discount by ownership concentration on the implied cost of capital.
41
Loewe, William P. "Public Theology, Private Religion?" Horizons 30, no. 2 (2003): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0360966900000530.
Full textAbstract:
What does one say in a presidential address? First of all, and as always, it is good, and very good, for us to be here as we come together to renew the bonds of collegial respect and affection that make our Society unique. Looking back on the events of the past two years, however, “difficult” hardly begins to describe them. That short period saw the bishops of the United States acquiesce to Rome's demand for a juridical implementation of canon 812, and we have been wrestling both individually and as a society with the ramifications of that decision. Then, dwarfing all else, there burst upon us the towering horror of 9/11 with its awful images of fiery destruction and plummeting human bodies. Where that leaves us as a nation remains to be seen, but the specious practicality of Realpolitik seems to be the order of the day. An Afghan wedding party becomes “collateral damage,” while a spiral of violence sweeps over the Holy Land, engulfing even Bethlehem, birthplace of the Prince of Peace. At the same time the church that looks to him as its founder staggers through a sordid scandal of clerical sexual abuse and hierarchic cover up. We mourn and lament as even our heroes sink into the quagmire. On a personal level, this two-year term began with news that my father had fallen ill, and I attended his deathbed shortly before our board meeting last November. These have been a difficult two years.
42
Parmiter, Geoffrey de C. "The Imprisonment of Papists in Private Castles." Recusant History 19, no. 1 (May 1988): 16–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200020112.
Full textAbstract:
IT is well known that during the latter part of the reign of Elizabeth I prominent papists were, from time to time, imprisoned in castles or large houses. That was done whenever the privy council felt that there were dangers threatening England which would become more dangerous if influential papists were allowed to remain at liberty. It was a cheap way to restrain the liberty of papists, as the owners of the buildings used as prisons were required to put them into repair and maintain them at their own expense, while the prisoners were required to pay for their board and lodging. Although the practice is a commonplace, its origins and development are less well known.
43
Wang, Yanling. "A Study of China's Elimination of Private Benefits of Control in State-owned Enterprises." Public Administration Research 5, no. 1 (April 28, 2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/par.v5n1p45.
Full textAbstract:
To eliminate control of state-owned enterprise managers of self-interest is a key problem for management of state-owned enterprises, the Chinese government has adopted a separate government functions from enterprise management, clear property rights, the board of directors system, assignment of the board of supervisors system, disciplinary leadership system reform, the mixed ownership and other measures, are difficult to eliminate the soe managers to seize control of self-interest, together with the present situation of China's state-owned enterprises, this paper proposed by the board of supervisors as the center of the corporate governance structure, powers and running of the reform of internal management mechanism, to try to eliminate the control gain, achieving the value of state-owned enterprises.
44
Huang, Haiying. "How independent should the board be? Corporate board structure from a voting perspective." Corporate Ownership and Control 3, no. 3 (2006): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv3i3p12.
Full textAbstract:
This paper proposes a model of corporate voting in which private information and individual preferences of board directors drive the board decisions. The optimal board structure and optimal firm value are solved numerically and their dependence on director and firm characteristics are studied. The optimal board structure is determined by outside and inside directors’ relative unforcedness about the firm, insiders’ bias, outsiders’ advisory ability as well as the characteristics of the projects that the firm have. Voting rules other than the majority voting rule are considered. It is found that the majority rule often is not the optimal rule and it is optimal for a firm to have more inside directors while adopting a tougher voting rule. By studying strategic voting equilibria theoretically, insights about how board directors vote strategically are also provided
45
LADLE, RICHARD J., CHIARA BRAGAGNOLO, GABRIELA M. GAMA, ANA C. M. MALHADO, MEREDITH ROOT-BERNSTEIN, and PAUL JEPSON. "Private protected areas: three key challenges." Environmental Conservation 41, no. 3 (November 15, 2013): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892913000477.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYPrivate protected areas (PPAs) are a board category that includes reserves established and managed by non-government entities, including civil society organizations, businesses and private individuals. It was recently suggested that the creation of a system of PPAs in Brazil may act as a useful model for extending protected area systems internationally. While it is clear that RPPNs have an important role to play in the future development of Brazil's protected area system, there are several significant challenges that need to be overcome if they are fulfil their potential: (1) ensuring that RPPNs contribute to coverage and representation; (2) ensuring adequate governance; and (3) increasing the attractiveness of the RPPN model. While it is still too early to determine whether RPPNs constitute a robust PPA model that could (or should) be exported to other countries, they are creating new opportunities for innovation and novel management strategies that might eventually lead to a vibrant and distinctly Brazilian protected area movement.
46
Shi, Xiaofei, Fei Zhao, Long Xu, Na Bian, and Fengfei Wang. "Does the board’s on-site decision inhibit over-investment." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): e0255453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255453.
Full textAbstract:
It is an effective expansion of the research on the Board of Directors to do the research based on different board meeting forms and their effects sampling A-share companies listed in 2007–2017, the article empirically tests the impact of the times of board meetings, the proportion of on-site board meetings on listed companies’ over-investment. Consequently and significantly, the times of board meetings is positively correlated with over-investment, while the proportion of on-site board meetings is negatively correlated with over-investment. That is, the on-site meeting for the Board decision-making will better inhibit the enterprises’ over-investment behaviors. Further research shows that when there is a controlling shareholder in the company or in a dual position, the on-site board meeting no longer has a significant inhibitory effect on over-investment. By research on the independence of the Board of Directors, it is found that when selecting on-site board decision-making, the existence of independent directors has an over-investment suppression effect, and the higher the proportion of independent directors, the more obvious the inhibitory effect is. The samples are divided into state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, the study found that when choosing on-site board meetings, state-owned enterprises have a greater inhibitory effect on over-investment than private enterprises. The findings of this study will enrich the research of the board meeting and provide a new testing method for the relevant research of the Board of Directors.
47
Lynch, Gabrielle, Karina Nieto, Saumya Puthenveettil, Marleen Reyes, Michael Jureller, Jason H. Huang, M. Sean Grady, et al. "Attrition rates in neurosurgery residency: analysis of 1361 consecutive residents matched from 1990 to 1999." Journal of Neurosurgery 122, no. 2 (February 2015): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.10.jns132436.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECT The objective of this study is to determine neurosurgery residency attrition rates by sex of matched applicant and by type and rank of medical school attended. METHODS The study follows a cohort of 1361 individuals who matched into a neurosurgery residency program through the SF Match Fellowship and Residency Matching Service from 1990 to 1999. The main outcome measure was achievement of board certification as documented in the American Board of Neurological Surgery Directory of Diplomats. A secondary outcome measure was documentation of practicing medicine as verified by the American Medical Association DoctorFinder and National Provider Identifier websites. Overall, 10.7% (n = 146) of these individuals were women. Twenty percent (n = 266) graduated from a top 10 medical school (24% of women [35/146] and 19% of men [232/1215], p = 0.19). Forty-five percent (n = 618) were graduates of a public medical school, 50% (n = 680) of a private medical school, and 5% (n = 63) of an international medical school. At the end of the study, 0.2% of subjects (n = 3) were deceased and 0.3% (n = 4) were lost to follow-up. RESULTS The total residency completion rate was 86.0% (n = 1171) overall, with 76.0% (n = 111/146) of women and 87.2% (n = 1059/1215) of men completing residency. Board certification was obtained by 79.4% (n = 1081) of all individuals matching into residency between 1990 and 1999. Overall, 63.0% (92/146) of women and 81.3% (989/1215) of men were board certified. Women were found to be significantly more at risk (p < 0.005) of not completing residency or becoming board certified than men. Public medical school alumni had significantly higher board certification rates than private and international alumni (82.2% for public [508/618]; 77.1% for private [524/680]; 77.8% for international [49/63]; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in attrition for graduates of top 10–ranked institutions versus other institutions. There was no difference in number of years to achieve neurosurgical board certification for men versus women. CONCLUSIONS Overall, neurosurgery training attrition rates are low. Women have had greater attrition than men during and after neurosurgery residency training. International and private medical school alumni had higher attrition than public medical school alumni.
48
Corten, Maarten, Tensie Steijvers, and Nadine Lybaert. "Auditor choice in private firms: a stakeholders perspective." Managerial Auditing Journal 33, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 146–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-03-2017-1535.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This paper aims to examine whether a private firm’s demand for a Big4 auditor is influenced by the auditor choice of its main supplier, customer and competitor. The authors rely on institutional theory to explain this stakeholders’ influence. The authors also examine whether the extent to which the firm’s board of directors engages in networking moderates this influence. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaire data are combined with archival data of 210 Belgian private firms with a statutory audit requirement. Logistic regression analysis is applied to examine to what extent firms follow their main competitor, customer and supplier in hiring a Big4 auditor. Findings The results reveal a positive association between the firm’s choice of a Big4 auditor and its main supplier being audited by a Big4 auditor, supporting the conformance effect (isomorphism) toward suppliers as hypothesized by institutional theory. The extent of board networking, however, seems to weaken this effect. Toward competitors, a divergence effect instead of a conformance effect is found, which indicates the existence of competitive differentiation regarding auditor choice. Research limitations/implications While prior studies mainly focus on the agency relationships between shareholders, debtholders and managers to explain auditor choice, this study also takes into account the firm’s other main stakeholders by relying on institutional theory. Both the conformance effect toward suppliers as well as the divergence effect toward competitors provide interesting additional perspectives on why auditors are demanded, leading to interesting future research opportunities. Originality/value This paper fulfills an identified need to consider additional theories in explaining audit outcomes.
49
Wang, Guoyu, and Chao Li. "Applicability of the Liability Convention for Private Spaceflight." Space: Science & Technology 2021 (May 4, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9860584.
Full textAbstract:
While the era of private spaceflight is coming, it is getting urgent to have common understanding about the existing space legal systems, i.e., the Applicability of the Liability Convention (ALC) in handling with damage which might occur during space tourism. The applicability of the relevant articles about absolute liability, fault liability, and claimant State is systematically analyzed. The paper in turn analyzes the ALC in the situation of the participants suffering damage and in that of the participants causing damage, as a dichotomy methodology. The LC applies to a private spaceflight participant when they suffer damage on board during the spaceflight. As to the eligible claimant State, in the absence of the nationality State, the registry State, or the owner State of the space object may present the claim instead. If damage to the foreign participants on board happened on the surface of the earth, the nationality State of the participant could present claim to the launching State to protect its national’s interests under general international law rather than under LC. If the damage happens to the foreign participants on board happened elsewhere than on the surface of the earth, Article III of the LC could only apply in limited situations. Only when a spacecraft for private spaceflight of/or registered by one State is carried by the launching vehicle of another State, Article III applies. The best solution in such colaunching situation is to settle down the rights, obligations, and liabilities specifically in a binding international agreement between the launching States. The absolute liability should apply when a space object causes damage to a spaceship carried on by an aircraft before it separates from each other. After the separation, fault-based liability applies to the damage happening to spaceship. The registry State of a space object should be responsible for participants thereof who caused damage to the space object of a third-party State. The LC then applies when the damage is caused by the fault of the participant. If the spaceship is not registered, the launching State shall be responsible for the participants involved its “national activities,” no matter if the participant is its nationals or foreigners and the damage caused by them based on their fault, while the nationality State is not supposed to be responsible for its nationals in such case. At last, issuing a space visa to the participant of private spaceflight could be taken as a compliment measure for the State to implement its authorization obligation as to its national space activities, which could bring more legal certainties when defining the fault attribution.
50
Walby, Kevin, Randy K. Lippert, and Alex Luscombe. "Police foundation governance and accountability: Corporate interlocks and private, nonprofit influence on public police." Criminology & Criminal Justice 20, no. 2 (August 18, 2018): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895818794225.
Full textAbstract:
Police foundations are new private organizations used by public police services to raise corporate monies in North America. This article examines problems of governance and accountability arising in relation to police foundations and police services. Drawing from interviews, freedom of information requests and records from city archives, we analyze interlocks between corporations and police foundations via board membership. Because of the influence and control directors exercise by voting on projects and vetting other board members, links between corporations and police foundations raise ethical questions about the power of board members to influence police spending and procurement. We analyze data pertaining to four themes in literature on nonprofit organizations and directorate interlocking: philanthropy; influence and control; cooptation; and reciprocity. In conclusion, we reflect on the implications of our findings for literatures on public police governance and accountability.