Relevant bibliographies by topics / Private companies – Germany, West

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Private companies – Germany, West'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Private companies – Germany, West"

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Mayer-Ahuja, Nicole. "Three Worlds of Cleaning: Women's Experiences of Precarious Labor in the Public Sector, Cleaning Companies and Private Households of West Germany, 1973-1998." Journal of Women's History 16, no. 2 (2004): 116–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2004.0039.

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Kucher, Andreas B., and Matthias Meitner. "Private Equity for Distressed Companies in Germany." Journal of Private Equity 8, no. 1 (2004): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpe.2004.450952.

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Oehler, Andreas, Tim A. Herberger, Matthias Horn, and Henrik Schalkowski. "IPOs, the level of private equity engagement and stock performance matters: Empirical evidence from Germany." Corporate Ownership and Control 15, no. 1 (2017): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i1art7.

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Research on IPOs commonly focuses on the relation between firms’ pre IPO ownership structure and subsequent stock performance. We extend the literature by additionally focusing on companies’ post IPO ownership structure, in particular, private equity capital engagement, to analyse IPOs stock performance matters. For this purpose, we employ a unique dataset on German IPOs from 2004 to 2014 that allows us to identify companies’ ownership structures before and after the IPO. We compute stocks’ market-adjusted returns and information ratios for the first 200 trading days to answer two research questions. First, do stocks of companies that were (partially) owned by private equity investors prior the IPO show a different performance after the IPO than stocks of companies without prior investments of private equity investors? Second, does the extent of private equity investors’ involvement at the IPO (i.e. their pre and post IPO shareholdings) influence the stock performance following the IPO? We do not find evidence that stocks of companies, which had private equity investors as shareholders prior to the IPO, outperform stocks of companies without private equity investors per se. However, for the subsample of companies that had private equity investors as shareholders, we document that the stronger the private equity investors reduce their engagement the stronger is the performance of the issued stock.
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DUSTMANN, CHRISTIAN, and ARTHUR SOEST. "Wage Structures in the Private and Public Sectors in West Germany." Fiscal Studies 18, no. 3 (1997): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00262.x.

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Eierle, Brigitte, and Simone Wencki. "The determinants of capitalising development costs in private companies: evidence from Germany." Journal of Business Economics 86, no. 3 (2015): 259–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11573-015-0778-0.

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Wackerbauer, Johann. "Regulation and Privatisation of the Public Water Supply in England, France and Germany." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 8, no. 2 (2007): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/178359170700800201.

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Faced with liberalisation proposals and an increasing internationalisation of water resource management, the question arises as to how a change of the regulatory framework in Germany would affect the market structure and the supply conditions in this area. The water supply companies in Germany have invested ca. €2.5 billion annually to achieve a high technical standard, which has resulted in high cost increases and price hikes. It is thus presumed that there is a high rationalisation potential for the municipal water suppliers. The questions of economic efficiency and the participation of private providers in the water supply have increasingly gained importance. A liberalisation of the water supply can take place in different ways; the concrete basic features depend on what regulations the market for drinking water is or should be subject to and in what way and to what extent the private sector is involved into the organisation of water supply. In the EU-15, the only country where the provision of operational services in the water supply has been totally passed to the private sector is the United Kingdom, but this is only true for England and Wales. Another singular case is France, where there is a mix of mainly private operating companies and municipalities which have divided the regional supply areas among themselves. In six other EU-15 countries where some privatisation took place, either the municipalities or (majority) publicly owned companies are controlling water supply. In the remaining seven countries, the water supply is organised by municipality companies only. In this paper the two unique forms of privatisation in France and England/Wales as well as the German method of privatisation as an example for the interaction of municipalities and majority publicly owned water companies are discussed, especially with regard to the corresponding effects on competition and market structures.
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Mulyati, Erna. "MULTIGROUP ANALYSIS IN SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE." Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen 21, no. 2 (2020): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jbm.v21i2.466.

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This study aims to examine differences in private and government third-party logistics companies in Indonesia in terms of improving supply chain performance. In this research, supply chain performance testing is influenced by collaboration, radical innovation, and incremental innovation. The sample used is the third-party logistics industry in West Java and DKI Jakarta, totaling 100, which is divided into private third-party logistic companies and government-owned third-party logistics companies. The results showed that there are differences in the effects of collaboration. There is supply chain performance where there are differences in the influence of collaboration and radical innovation on supply chain performance between private companies and government. There is no difference in the influence of collaboration and incremental innovation on supply chain performance between private companies and the government. The findings of this study indicate that radical and incremental innovation acts as a partial mediation on the effect of collaboration on supply chain performance in private and government companies.
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Kreibich, Heidi, Meike Müller, Kai Schröter, and Annegret H. Thieken. "New insights into flood warning reception and emergency response by affected parties." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 12 (2017): 2075–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2075-2017.

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Abstract. Flood damage can be mitigated if the parties at risk are reached by flood warnings and if they know how to react appropriately. To gain more knowledge about warning reception and emergency response of private households and companies, surveys were undertaken after the August 2002 and the June 2013 floods in Germany. Despite pronounced regional differences, the results show a clear overall picture: in 2002, early warnings did not work well; e.g. many households (27 %) and companies (45 %) stated that they had not received any flood warnings. Additionally, the preparedness of private households and companies was low in 2002, mainly due to a lack of flood experience. After the 2002 flood, many initiatives were launched and investments undertaken to improve flood risk management, including early warnings and an emergency response in Germany. In 2013, only a small share of the affected households (5 %) and companies (3 %) were not reached by any warnings. Additionally, private households and companies were better prepared. For instance, the share of companies which have an emergency plan in place has increased from 10 % in 2002 to 34 % in 2013. However, there is still room for improvement, which needs to be triggered mainly by effective risk and emergency communication. The challenge is to continuously maintain and advance an integrated early warning and emergency response system even without the occurrence of extreme floods.
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Bürgin, Annina, and Patricia Schneider. "Regulation of Private Maritime Security Companies in Germany and Spain: A Comparative Study." Ocean Development & International Law 46, no. 2 (2015): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2015.1024065.

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Hofert, Sebastian, and Christian Möller. "Reform of the Private Limited Company Act and codification of the private international law of companies in Germany." Law and Financial Markets Review 2, no. 5 (2008): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17521440.2008.11427991.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Private companies – Germany, West"

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Knapp, Kyle. "Organizational culture in Germany, a comparison between West and East German companies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22134.pdf.

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Knapp, Kyle (Kyle David) Carleton University Dissertation Management Studies. "Organizational culture in Germany: a comparison between West and East German companies." Ottawa, 1997.

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Richter, Ansgar. "Corporate restructuring in the United Kingdom and West Germany : recent developments in large non-financial companies." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1502/.

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This thesis investigates recent corporate restructuring trends among large non-financial companies from the UK and West Germany. Following an introduction in chapter 1, chapter 2 examines the structure of firms, both historically, and from a transaction cost economic perspective. In chapters 3 to 5, empirical evidence on corporate restructuring in large non-financial companies in the UK and West Germany is provided. Chapter 3 reports on the results of a questionnaire survey in which a total of 116 UK and West German companies took part. It is found that, from 1986 to 1996, companies from both countries have engaged in restructuring, but that corporate restructuring has started earlier, and has been taken further, among the respondents from the UK than among the respondents from West Germany. Chapter 4 focuses on changes in the degree of diversification of companies. The measurement of diversification is discussed. Two data sets are used to calculate diversification indices for companies from the two countries. Evidence is found that companies from the UK have decreased their degree of diversification between 1988 and 1995. West German companies have started to reduce diversification only after 1992. In chapter 5, a comparative case study of two large chemical companies, ICI pic in the UK and Hoechst AG in West Germany, is presented. It is found that corporate restructuring has started earlier at ICI than at Hoechst. Various reasons for the difference in the onset of corporate restructuring are discussed. In Chapter 6, an interpretative approach to the cross-national differences in the timing and the extent of corporate restructuring in the two countries is developed. It is argued that country-specific institutional and economic factors account for these differences, and four sets of these factors are explored. Finally, the findings of the investigation are evaluated and future directions of research outlined.
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Dembkowski, Sabine. "The impact of environmental consciousness on the new private car purchase : a qualitative investigation in England and West Germany." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264621.

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Loderstedt, Katja. "Post-socialist women in management : a comparative study of women managers in West German companies expanding in Russia and eastern Germany during the 1990s." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404136.

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Crossland, John. "Border crossings : investigating the comparability of case management in a service for older people in Berlin." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38640/.

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Case management, a coordinating process designed to align service provision more closely to the identified needs of people requiring assistance in the context of complex care systems, is an example of those policies and practices that cross the borders of different national welfare systems, ostensibly to resolve the same or similar problems in the adopting country. Developed in the USA, case management was re-named 'care management' upon adoption in the UK as part of the community care reforms of the early 1990s, reforms which have framed my professional life in English local authority adult social care services ever since. In 2007, a temporary research fellowship (TH Marshall Fellowship, London School of Economics) enabled me to spend four months in Berlin studying a citywide case management service for older people in the context of German long-term care policy and legislation. This experience sits at the core of this thesis which addresses the extent to which the study of a specific case management service for older people in Berlin can illuminate how case management translates across differing national welfare contexts, taking into account the particular methodological challenges of cross-national research. Drawing on both cross-national social policy and translation studies literatures and adopting a multi-method case study approach, the central problems of determining similarity and difference, equivalence and translation form the core of the thesis. Informed by a realist understanding of the social world, the study took a naturalistic turn in situ that fore-grounded the more ethnographic elements in the mix of documentary research, semi-participant observation and meetings with key informants that formed my data sources and were recorded in extensive field notes. The data were analysed to trace how case management was constructed locally in relation to both state and federal level policy and legislation, and then comparatively re-examined in the context of the key methodological problems identified above in relation to understandings of care management in England as reported in the literature, in order to further explore the question of comparability of case management across different welfare contexts. The research clearly demonstrates how institutional context both shaped and constrained the adoption of case management in Berlin, and highlights a need in comparative research for close contextual examination of the apparently similar, with a focus on functionally equivalent mechanisms, to determine the extent to which case management can be said to be similar or different in different contexts, particularly where English words and expressions are directly absorbed into the local language. Relating the case study to findings from earlier studies of care management in England highlights the extent to which care management in England is itself a locally shaped and contextualised variant of case management as developed in the USA that matches poorly to the variant in Berlin. Indeed problems discovered in the research site constructing definitional boundaries for case management in practice mirror issues in the wider literature and raise questions about the specificity of the original concept itself. Nonetheless, the study shows that, despite the multiple asymmetries of equivalence and difficulties of translation, there are sufficient points of similarity for cautious potential lessons to be drawn from Berlin, particularly with regards to policy changes on the horizon in England, but also in the other direction with regards to how case management in Berlin may also be re-shaped following recent reforms to German long-term care legislation.
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Books on the topic "Private companies – Germany, West"

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Bonn, Moritz J. The German Stock Corporation Act. 2nd ed. C.H. Beck, 2000.

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Beate, Friedhelm. Zur Möglichkeit des gutgläubigen Erwerbes einer juristischen Person von ihrem Gesellschafter. WiRe Verlagsgesellschaft, 1990.

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1906-, Hefermehl Wolfgang, and Germany, eds. Aktiengesetz: GmbH-Gesetz : Textausgabe. 2nd ed. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1995.

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Bonn, Moritz J. Aktiengesetz. 3rd ed. C.H. Beck, 1997.

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Uwe, Hüffer, ed. Aktiengesetz. Beck, 1993.

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Germany, ed. The private company in Germany: A translation and commentary. 2nd ed. Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1986.

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Die Auswirkung des MoMiG auf die Attraktivität der deutschen GmbH: Eine umfassende Übersicht über die Neuerungen im GmbH-Recht mit einem Vergleich zur englischen Private Company Limited by Shares. Diplomica, 2010.

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Goette, Wulf. Das MoMiG in Wissenschaft und Praxis. RWS Verlag Kommunikationsforum, 2009.

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Konzernbildungs- und Konzernleitungskontrolle bei der GmbH. P. Lang, 1990.

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Herold, Lars. Public vs. private companies in Germany: Quantifying, understanding and closing the performance gap. Shaker Verlag, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Private companies – Germany, West"

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Moebius, Stephan. "Reconstruction and Consolidation of Sociology in West Germany from 1945 to 1967." In Sociology in Germany. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71866-4_3.

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AbstractThis chapter will focus on the two decades after 1945, the period of the “post-war society” (1945–1967), which in the historical sciences is also characterized as a period of boom (keywords: “Wirtschaftswunder” (“economic miracle”), expansion of the welfare state, expansion of the educational sector, certainty about the future) and which comes to an end in the 1970s. Germany was undergoing a profound process of change: socio-structural changes in an advanced industrial society, structural changes in the family and a retreat into the private sphere, new opportunities in the areas of consumption and leisure due to the “Wirtschaftswunder,” urbanization and changes in communities, “Western Integration” (“Westbindung”), the ban on the KPD (Communist Party of Germany) in 1956, remilitarization, the development of the mass media and mass motorization, and the repression of the Nazi past were central social and sociological issues. At the same time, fascist tendencies were still virulent during the 1950s and 1960s. After 1945, sociology had to be rebuilt. Journals were refounded or newly founded, the German Sociological Association was restored and sociology was re-established as a teaching subject. Different “schools” and regional centers of sociology emerged. The so-called Cologne School centered around René König, the Frankfurt School around Adorno and Horkheimer, and the circle around Helmut Schelsky should be mentioned in particular; but also, Wolfgang Abendroth, Werner Hofmann, and Heinz Maus (Marburg School), Otto Stammer (Berlin), Arnold Bergstraesser (Freiburg i.Br.), and Helmuth Plessner (Göttingen). Despite their theoretical and political differences, up until the 1950s, they all had in common the decisive will for political and social enlightenment regarding the post-war situation. Furthermore, the particular importance that empirical social research and non-university research institutions had for the further development of sociology after 1945 is worth mentioning.At the end of the 1950s, field-specific dynamics gained momentum. The different “schools” and groups tried to secure and expand their position in the sociological field and their divergent research profiles became increasingly visible. The so-called civil war in sociology drove the actors further apart. Additionally, disciplinary struggles and camp-building processes during the first 20 years of West German sociology revolved around the debate on role theory and the dispute over positivism. By the end of the 1950s, an institutional and generational change can be observed. The so-called post-war generation, which included Ralf Dahrendorf, Jürgen Habermas, Niklas Luhmann, Erwin K. Scheuch, Heinrich Popitz, Hans Paul Bahrdt, M. Rainer Lepsius, and Renate Mayntz, assumed central positions in organizations, editorial boards of journals, and universities. While the early “schools” and circles (König, Schelsky, Adorno, and Horkheimer) initially focused on the sociology of the family and empirical research, the following generation concentrated foremost on industrial sociology, but also on topics of social structure and social stratification as well as on social mobility.
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"Chapter 10. Private Companies and the Recycling of Household Waste in West Germany, 1965–1990." In Green Capitalism? University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9780812293883-011.

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"XI. Germany (Gerner-Beuerle/Siems)." In The Private International Law of Companies in Europe, edited by Carsten Gerner-Beuerle, Federico M. Mucciarelli, Edmund Schuster, and Mathias Siems. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406759062-385.

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Boutros, Andrew. "Germany." In From Baksheesh to Bribery. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190232399.003.0008.

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Germany is currently ranked among the top 12 in the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index. The country achieved this ranking through substantial efforts in the last decades in legislation, in society, and in the business sector. Today, the corporate compliance management systems of many major German corporations serve as a benchmark in the corporate world. But there is still a lot of work to do. Germany does not yet have a corporate criminal code that holds legal entities criminally liable for corruption-related offenses. German authorities still do not have a uniform and standardized procedure for acknowledging adequate compliance management systems as an affirmative defense or mitigating factor to decrease administrative fines. Although repeatedly requested by the OECD, Germany also still lacks an express and explicit law that grants specific protection to whistle-blowers from retaliation in the private sector, though many German corporations have already set up highly sophisticated whistle-blower systems. This chapter provides an overview on the most important statutory provisions and draft bills with regard to anti-corruption in Germany. Further, the chapter discusses how companies in Germany can take appropriate measures in order to navigate safely through the challenges of corruption-related liability in today’s competitive business environment.
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SILVA, FILIPA RIBEIRO DA. "Dutch Trade with Senegambia, Guinea, and Cape Verde, c.1590–1674." In Brokers of Change. British Academy, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265208.003.0006.

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Little attention has been given to the economic activities of European private investors in the Western African trade. To partly fill this void in the literature, this chapter examines the private investment of the entrepreneurs and businessmen of the Dutch Republic in the ‘Guinea of Cape Verde’ between c.1590 and 1674. It analyses the entrepreneurs financing the insurances of ships and cargos for the Guinea of Cape Verde. The chapter also studies the Republic's businessmen operating in the long-distance circuits between the ‘Guinea of Cape Verde’, Europe and the Americas. In addition, it determines the commercial agents of the Republic's merchants and looks at their agency in the Guinea of Cape Verde's trade. This study is based on the collection of Notarial contracts of Amsterdam's Municipal Archive, the Dutch West India Company's archives and on German and Dutch travelling accounts.
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Bazyler, Michael J., Kathryn Lee Boyd, Kristen L. Nelson, and Rajika L. Shah. "Germany." In Searching for Justice After the Holocaust. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923068.003.0018.

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Within months of becoming Chancellor in 1933, Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party began to implement legal and extralegal measures to dispossess German Jews of their civil rights and their property. During the following 12 years, the regime systematically dispossessed Jews, Roma, and other targeted groups (in Germany and in other territories occupied by the Nazis and other Axis powers) of their dignity, jobs, homes, and businesses. By 1943, the German Reich was declared “free of Jews.” In the years since the end of World War II (under Allied occupation beginning in 1945, during the division of the country into East and West Germany, and finally after unification in 1990) various laws and other measures have been enacted to address restitution of confiscated immovable private, communal, and heirless property. This includes settlement agreements with foreign countries, national legislation, as well as the establishment of so-called Jewish “successor organizations” to claim heirless property and communal property. Germany’s restitution laws for Jewish stolen property have been the most comprehensive in Europe. Germany endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
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Kohlert, Helmut. "Strategic Management in German Mittelstand Companies." In Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5962-9.ch016.

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The objective of this chapter is to analyze the special aspects of strategic management in Mittelstand companies. It is a German phenomenon, which comes primarily from the State of Baden-Württemberg, in the south-west of Germany. Although the south-west of Germany was one of the poorest areas in Europe at the end of the 19th century, it developed to the most prosperous region in Europe over the next 100 years despite two wars which threw the region back for decades. The Mittelstand companies especially, sometimes called “the mighty middle,” are strongly connected with the German “Wirtschaftswunder,” the rise of the German economy after 1945. The strategic approach of Mittelstand companies is the content of this chapter. The formal approach of big corporations in strategic management does not really work in the very owner-centric environment of a Mittelstand company. The owners of Mittelstand companies seem to act more intuitively and are more intrinsically motivated than their counterparts in big corporations. The question now is what do Mittelstand companies have in common in their strategic management which can be generalized? This is the basic question of this chapter, which is looking for plausible answers.
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Krause, Henrike. "Three Guineas and the Cassandra Project – Christa Wolf’s Reading of Virginia Woolf during the Cold War." In The Edinburgh Companion to Virginia Woolf and Contemporary Global Literature. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474448475.003.0007.

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Against the background of the Cold War and a period of elevated tension between the East and West Bloc states at the end of the 1970s, this chapter explores the fascination of the East German writer Christa Wolf for Virginia Woolf’s Three Guineas. By introducing findings from Christa Wolf’s private library, the chapter offers evidence that Wolf turned her attention to Woolf’s book-length essay while she started to write her novel Cassandra and pre-pared her Lectures on Poetics, also known as the Cassandra Project. I argue that Woolf and Wolf were strongly influenced by their reflections on politics under the threat of war. In order to promote new ideas both writers searched for innovative literary forms that involved their audiences and readers with their arguments. The essay and autobiographical forms become crucial parts of their writing. Both writers drew their attention to female protagonists from ancient mythology like Cassandra and Antigone and brought these stories into communication with their own questions during intense political contexts. I show how both writers put feminist community-building at the centre of anti-militarism and were both convinced that writers have a social responsibility, and how literature can bring about a change in thinking.
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"Water Supply of London (continued): Bills and Projects in The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Extension of London Bridge Water-works: York Buildings, Chelsea, and Lambeth Companies: Drinking Water from Canals: The Grand Junction, South London, Kent, West Middlesex, and East London Companies: Competition Between New and Old Undertakings: 1810-17: Partition of Districts: Increase in Water Rates: Unlimited Powers of Companies: Marylebone Parochial Waterworks Bill, 1810-19." In A History of Private Bill Legislation. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203770399-6.

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Caldwell, Peter C. "Conceptualizing the New West German Sozialstaat." In Democracy, Capitalism, and the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833819.003.0004.

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By the late 1950s, three distinction conceptions of the welfare state had formed in West Germany, each with strong connections to a particular world view. Father Oswald von Nell-Breuning, in the tradition of Catholic social thinking, defended social policies as a dialectical combination of solidarity and subsidiarity, which could counter the inequities of capitalism to help integrate workers into society and ensure human dignity. Hans Achinger, with his roots in private charity and social work, by contrast, was skeptical of the institutions of the welfare state and described how programs created a permanent bureaucracy with a popular clientele, manipulated information, and had a series of unintended consequences on state, family, and individual alike. Ludwig Preller, finally, the leading Social Democratic expert on social policy, justified extensive social policies as a way to empower individuals, to give them the tools they needed to shape their own lives.
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Conference papers on the topic "Private companies – Germany, West"

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İrmiş, Ayşe, Mehtap Sarıkaya, and Hatice Çoban. "People's Sector as an Alternative Economic Model and the Example of Denizli." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00662.

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People’s sector is an establishment of an enterprise result of bringing together production tools take decisions related to the management of this property and create self-employment opportunities with people’s own savings. This is the most distinctive feature from the private sector and the public sector. As well as the public sector and the private sector, labor is a part of the production, but in people’s sector, employees participate in management, capital and profit. In private sector and public sector there is an up to down organization but in People’s Sector, organization settles from down to top. People’s Sector resemble to publicly held companies and worker companies in Western Europe and United States but differ from them in the form of establishment and statue of partnership. Because in these companies in the West, government or private sector open shares to public or make workers partner to the shares. In these companies, managerial decisions belong to the person or group that holds most of the shares. Whereas in public sector enterprises, people come together and have equal rights in establishment and management of the enterprise, without any person or group keeping the majority of shares in the hand. Without a precedent in the world, this sector is formed in 1970’s with the savings of the workers went from Turkey to Germany and other European countries. In this study, a literature rewiev in the people’s sector has been made, then exemplary research was carried out by the founders of the two People’s sector companies.
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Blinn, Nadine, Mirko Kuhne, and Markus Nuttgens. "Are Public and Private Health Insurance Companies Going Web 2.0? - A Complete Inventory Count in Germany." In 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2010.69.

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Dovico, Ricardo, and Eduardo Montero. "The Evaluation and Restoration of a Deteriorated Buried Gas Pipeline." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1848.

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Historically, the Argentine gas transmission and distribution industry was owned and operated by the State. In 1992, by government decree, this entire industry was transferred to private owners and operators, and divided into two Gas Transmission Companies (TGN and TGS) and eight Gas Distribution Companies. The pipelines and related facilities had been left in an operating condition, however major capital investments were required to assure that the integrity, reliability and operability of the facilities were intact. These capital expenditures were mandatory in many areas as part of the privatization. Maintenance and rehabilitation tasks were developed for the entire transmission system, with the intent to reduce the number of unscheduled outages, optimize system maintenance costs, increase operation safety, and upgrade the pipeline to ensure compliance with the international code. Transportadora de Gas del Norte (TGN), operated by Nova Gas International of Calgary, Canada, consists of two major pipeline transmission systems. The North Line, which transports gas from Northern Argentina and Bolivia to markets south to Buenos Aires is a 24 inch, 3,000 Km system constructed in 1960. It was constructed using a field applied asphalt coating system. The Center West Line, which transports gas from central Argentina (Neuquen) to markets in the western part of the country and also to the Buenos Aires area, is a 30 inch, 1,400 Km system constructed in 1981. It was constructed using a field applied polyethylene tape coating system.
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4

Aro, Dustin, and Steven Fowler. "Turning Produced Water into an Asset: A Delaware Basin Case History." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204166-ms.

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Abstract The Delaware Basin encompasses 6.4 million acres throughout Southeastern New Mexico and West Texas. With large players such as ExxonMobil, Shell or Oxy typically grabbing headlines, it's easy to forget the multitude of smaller public and private E&P operators who exist in and around the acreage positions of the aforementioned companies. Regardless of the size of the acreage holding, a consistent theme is that a typical horizontal well drilled and completed (D&C) will yield water cuts of 60-90% at any given period in its productive lifespan. Saltwater production, handling and disposal (SWD) is a drag on lease operating expenses (LOE). SWD costs via trucking, pipeline, or on-lease SWD wells can range between $0.50-$3.00/bbl. As existing infrastructure is exhausted, water handling costs have been projected to rise to over $5.00/bbl. Additionally, restricted access to SWD could cause production curtailments and thus impacting operators beyond direct LOE.1 Well completion operations are impacted by freshwater procurement costs starting around $0.75/bbl. Regardless of final frac design, water consumption during fracturing operations typically exceeds 500,000 bbls or $375,000 per well. Significant value exists for recycling produced water via an on-lease pit and utilizing it for future frac operations. The produced water turns into an asset if the operator can efficiently manage to substitute higher and higher percentages of freshwater with produced water. Many smaller operators (defined as less than 50,000 acres) may view produced water recycling as an operation best left to large E&P's with their massive capital budgets and contiguous acreage. Fortunately, even a 5 well, section development plan can yield returns from an on-lease produced water recycling program.
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