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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Private Enterprise

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Academic literature on the topic 'Private Enterprise'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 23 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Private Enterprise"

1

Lee, Dwight R. "Private-enterprise communism." Society 32, no. 2 (January 1995): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02693295.

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Hu, Chun. "Analysis and Countermeasures On the Reasons of Employee Departure in Small and Medium-sized Private Enterprises." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 7, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v7i1.3757.

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In recent years, China's small and medium-sized private enterprises have developed rapidly, providing more employment opportunities for people, but the phenomenon of personnel leaving small and medium-sized private enterprises in China is becoming more and more serious, and personnel leaving will increase the replacement cost of enterprise human resources, destroy the cohesion of the enterprise, and affect the development strategy of the enterprise, the problem of personnel leaving has become a big problem for small and medium-sized private enterprises in China. Excessive staff departures reflect the poor human resource management of small and medium-sized private enterprises in China, which can make enterprises pay high human costs. In this paper, we analyze the reasons for the separation of small and medium-sized private enterprises in China, and propose corresponding measures to solve the problem, hoping that small and medium-sized private enterprises in China will pay attention to the problem of personnel separation, and the phenomenon of excessive personnel separation can be improved.

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Fan, Zhi Guo, and Jing Li Guo. "Study on the Sustainable Development of Private Enterprises." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 3988–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.3988.

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This article firstly describes background, purpose and the significance of papers and theory summary at home and abroad; Secondly this article describes in private enterprises related concepts and the origin, development, present situation and characteristics, explains status and role of private enterprise in China national economy and points out that current private enterprise in sustainable development encountered various of problem; Then mainly on these problems encountered this paper deeply analyzes the influence of sustainable development of China's private enterprise, and external and internal factors, pointing out private enterprise should take some measures for sustainable development. As long as in China private enterprise can as soon as possible break by itself defects brings of hinder Enterprise survival and development of shackles, on backward of enterprise operating management mode for thoroughly change, update concept, courage to innovation, in knowledge economy rapid development, competition increasingly fierce of new market pattern, followed pulse of era development, in future, China private enterprise of scale and economic strength must will gradually expanded and enhanced, Enterprise core competitiveness also will further improve.

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Wen, Yang. "Impacts of Political Connections on Private Enterprise Performance in China and the Analysis of Mediating Effects." International Journal of Economics and Finance 12, no. 11 (October 10, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v12n11p28.

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Based on data of Chinese Private Enterprises Survey (CPES) from 2006-2014, this paper uses OLS model and other empirical methods to estimate the impacts of political connections on private enterprise performance in China, as well as heterogeneous effects and mediating effects of different types of political connections on tax burden and non-productive activities expense. The results show that, political connections contribute significantly to private enterprises. Compared with previous political connections, like working experiences in state-owned enterprises and government-affiliated institutions, current political connections, like deputies to the NPC or members of CPPCC, have played better and further roles in enterprise performance. Tax burden and non-productive activities expense have a mediation effect in the relationship between political connections and enterprise performance. This study replenishes new evidence to describe how political connections affect private enterprise performance in China, and partly explains why private enterprises are keen on setting up political connections, which may provide valuable tips to foster a new type of cordial and clean relationship between government and business in China.

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Kearns, Gerry. "Private Enterprise Rains, O.K.?" London Journal 12, no. 2 (November 1986): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ldn.1986.12.2.182.

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Meng, Lingyan, and Bingtao Zhang. "Evaluation of Private Enterprises Based on Deep Learning." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (September 27, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8593669.

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In this paper, we conduct an in-depth research on the corresponding enterprises, combined with some problems existing in the process of data processing and use. We establish a deep learning model on the extensive collection and comprehensive investigation of the research results of domestic and foreign enterprises in all aspects of the process of data processing and use, and determine the research directions. Firstly, in view of the increasing complexity and dimension of enterprise data, and the difficulties of enterprise data application, this paper studies the related data preprocessing methods. Secondly, aiming at the problems of enterprise cost control and customer relationship management, this paper studies the prediction based on enterprise data through the analysis of practical problems and the processing of corresponding data. Finally, in order to progress and advance the efficiency and scientific usefulness of enterprise management, we in this paper study the evaluation based on enterprise data. The model is verified through simulations and compared with several models i.e. cross hybrid and sequential hybrid models. Using certain assumptions, the attained outcomes confirm that the accuracy of the deep learning structure of the single model is sophisticated and greater than that of the cross hybrid model, but lower than that of the sequential hybrid model.

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Awofeso, Oluyomi, and A. A. Obemeata. "Loss and Post-founder Business Discontinuity among selected Indigenous Private Enterprises in South-West Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 48–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/njsa/9102/71(0140).

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The survival of indigenous private enterprises is usually threatened by the demise of their founders. While previous studies on enterprise (dis)continuity have focused largely on business failure before founders’ death, little attention is paid to why indigenous private businesses do not outlive their founders in Nigeria. This study, therefore, examined the factors accounting for post-founder business discontinuity among selected indigenous private enterprises in the South-West, Nigeria. Theory of Loss and continuity in the family firm provided the framework. The research design was exploratory, using qualitative methods of data collection. Three states (Lagos, Ogun and Oyo) were purposively selected on the basis of being home to many defunct indigenous enterprises. Case studies were done on 16 purposively selected indigenous private enterprises (eight discontinued and eight surviving) whose founders had died. The qualitative data were analysed with Nvivo 8. Findings show that disharmony in the deceased founders’ family, ineffective implementation of succession plans as well as inheritance crises emerged as the most prevalent factors that accounted for postfounder enterprise discontinuity. The study recommended that indigenous enterprise founders should make efforts to foster harmonious relationships among members of their families in order to increase enterprise survival after their death.

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Müller, A. L. "Private Enterprise in Soviet Agriculture." Studies in Economics and Econometrics 9, no. 3 (November 30, 1985): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03796205.1985.12129253.

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Kenny, Ivor. "Public Policy and Private Enterprise." Management Decision 23, no. 2 (February 1985): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb001370.

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Massey, Joanne. "Public consumption: a private enterprise?" Belgeo, no. 1 (March 31, 2003): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.15305.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Private Enterprise"

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McGill, David. "Examining african private enterprise performance." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/3759.

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Yuen, Chee-kit Peter. "Private enterprises in Peoples Republic of China /." Hong Kong : [University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13302619.

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Bergling, Per. "Legal reform and private enterprise : the Vietnamese experience." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ., Dep. of Law, 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/321764609.pdf.

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袁智傑 and Chee-kit Peter Yuen. "Private enterprises in Peoples Republic of China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31265558.

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Ming, Kay-chuen, and 明基全. "The development and decline of modern Chinese private enterprise." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31948650.

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Suo-Saunders, Yanli. "Intention legitimising : strategy formation in a Chinese private enterprise." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412277.

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Valler, David Charles. "Private sector involvement in local economic strategy." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360302.

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Chen, Liang Lo Ka Ho. "How is an enterprise made in China? /." Västerås : Mälardalen University. School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:121495/FULLTEXT01.

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Shen, Xuehong. "Managing under private ownership : an ethnography of managerial work in private enterprises in China." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/managing-under-private-ownership-an-ethnography-of-managerial-work-in-private-enterprises-in-china(9756c54e-019d-4015-b546-f81eb2800cd3).html.

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Since the inception of economic reform, China has undergone comprehensive changes which have stimulated substantial research on various aspects of Chinese society. In recent years, research on management and organisation in China has grown rapidly, but with relatively little attention being devoted to the ethnographic analysis of private enterprises, despite the fact that such enterprises play a crucial role in China’s economy and make a significant contribution to labour employment. A lack of close, personal and meaningful access to everyday organisational activities is often cited as one of the main reasons preventing such research. This thesis attempts to fill the gap through investigating the everyday nature of management and managerial work in seven large private shipbuilding enterprises in China. In so doing it seeks to provide ethnographic answers to one main question – what are the characteristic features of the emerging management systems employed in private enterprises in contemporary China? In so doing the research investigates how such systems have evolved and the ways in which they impact on the nature of everyday managerial work.Research that seeks to understand the reality of management and managerial work however is not research that deals exclusively with static or structural organisational phenomena. Instead it is also research that requires sensitivity to changing events and processes – ones that interact constantly with elements of a complex and dynamic environment. It is argued here that such research demands a theoretical framework capable not only of appreciating the diversity of formal management systems in contemporary China, but which can also incorporate informal social and cultural factors into its analysis. To establish sensitivity both to structural and cultural phenomena the research approach developed here is one that combines two, very different, sociological theories - labour process theory (LPT, derived from Braverman, 1974) and Chaxugeju theory (derived from Fei, 1947). On the one hand, LPT offers a framework for appreciating structural forces stimulating changes to management systems and managerial work. On the other hand, Chaxugeju theory facilitates appreciation of how cultural, historical and social factors are synthesized in rules and principles that characterise the operation of society and the values and logics that guide human action, Taken together, the combination of LPT and Chaxugeju facilitates the analytical connection of micro and macro forms of analysis, and thus the appreciation of a range of interacting systems (economic, ideological, social etc.) of relevance to understanding the nature of management and work organization in contemporary China.Given the nature and form of both the research questions and theoretical framework, a research design based on ethnography is chosen as the primary methodological approach. As the research not only studies the systems of management in China’s private enterprises, but also managerial experiences, behaviour and subjectivity in relation to changing circumstances, an ethnographic approach that commits extensive time to the field, interacts extensively with actors, generates rich data, and detailed and ‘thick’ description of the observed works well for this research. As to the case study organisations, shipbuilding companies were chosen for three main reasons: (i) the importance of shipbuilding industry to the Chinese economy, (ii) the rapid growth and significance of private enterprises in the industry, and (iii) (at a more personal level) the extensive connections and previous work experience of the researcher in the shipbuilding sector. At a general level, the findings reported in the thesis reflect that the evolution of management systems in China’s private enterprises is the product of the interaction of a range of internal factors specific to the firm and many external forces related to China’s transitional economy. As such, issues of cultural, social and historical inheritance are assessed together with those of economic interaction/processes of globalisation to document how these forces influence events at the organisational level. On the one hand, the research describes trends towards convergence with the status and nature of ‘global’ managerial work, despite a Chinese firm’s specific ownership origins, current ownership status, and (re)structuring strategies. In so doing the data demonstrate how managerial work in China’s private enterprises is experiencing fundamental changes; for example, the on-set of greater job scope, knowledge/skill levels, organizational control, responsibilities, incentive mechanisms, and relationship-based managerial ethics. On the other hand, the findings also suggest that within China’s transitional economy, private firms still incorporate aspects of traditional Chinese management. Such methods are often reminiscent of erstwhile state-owned practices and can function as a strategy for minimizing internal resistance to change. Findings suggest that the current ‘hybrid’ character of management in private enterprises in China will endure for a considerable period of time. China’s traditional management and its values still have a strong influence on firm practices, especially in terms of people management. In many respects the social character of the workplace functions in the spirit of Chaxugeju, with the fundamental organisational rules and behavioural patterns remaining largely unchanged, as individual-based social relationships substitute for formal institutions in the firm. These findings are all explained through detailed ethnographic description and analysis. Finally, perhaps the major contribution of the research which underpins this thesis is to reduce the gap between the perception and reality of management and managerial work in China’s private firms. Insights into the daily working lives of managers are provided which reveal the deep philosophies underlying apparently rationalized practices and behaviours. Research on such intimate management phenomena is of benefit to organizational research in that it supplements the more ‘global’ style of analysis common in appreciations of Chinese corporate behaviour. The study thus adds a deeper, qualitative level of analysis to the mainstream managerial research landscape on China. Theoretically it shows the practicability and value of combining an indigenous Chinese theory (Chaxugeju) with an established western paradigm (LPT) to analyze and interpret ethnographic organisational phenomena. It thus reminds us of the importance of looking beyond the boundary of specific academic theories when developing and applying our ideas, especially when exploring international and transitional economies.

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Stuyt, Michel L. J. M. "Legal aspects of commercial activities of private enterprise in outer space." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65363.

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Books on the topic "Private Enterprise"

1

Ironside, Elizabeth. A very private enterprise. London: New English Library, 1995.

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Private enterprise: A novel. Wakefield, R.I: Moyer Bell, 1997.

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A very private enterprise. (London): Fontana, 1986.

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Åslund, Anders. Private Enterprise in Eastern Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07466-2.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Promoting private enterprise in developing countries. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1990.

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6

Georges Darien: Robbery and private enterprise. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1985.

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Todd, Graham. Investing in Scotland: Public policy & private enterprise. London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1985.

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C, Ledebur Larry, and Matz Deborah Norelli, eds. Industrial incentives: Public promotion of private enterprise. Washington, D.C: Aslan Press, 1985.

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Bagwell, Kyle. Private cost information and the multinational enterprise. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1988.

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Forrest, Tom. The makers and making of Nigerian private enterprise. Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Private Enterprise"

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Ames, Edward. "Structured Private Enterprise." In The Economics of Informational Decentralization: Complexity, Efficiency, and Stability, 131–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2261-4_7.

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Baumers, Martin, and John Dominy. "The Private Enterprise." In Practical Management for the Digital Age, 21–44. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003222903-3.

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Gaburro, Giuseppe. "Enterprise and Private Initiative." In Contributions to Economics, 123–27. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46998-5_12.

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Xiao-qiang, Wang. "Transcending Private Ownership." In China’s Price and Enterprise Reform, 75–108. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14531-7_6.

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Hanna, Nagy K. "Strategic Options for Private Sector Development." In Enabling Enterprise Transformation, 59–72. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1508-5_3.

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Chen, Zongshi. "Conceptualizing and Legalizing Private Enterprise." In The Revival, Legitimization, and Development of Private Enterprise in China, 57–84. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137516411_3.

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Knox, Jeremy. "Innovation, entrepreneurialism, and private enterprise." In AI and Education in China, 37–58. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003375135-3.

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Smith, Leonard. "Conclusion: Insanity and Enterprise." In Private Madhouses in England, 1640–1815, 275–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41640-9_9.

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Bouallouche, Yacine, Raphaël Chenouard, Catherine Da Cunha, and Alain Bernard. "Organizational Interoperability Between Public and Private Actors in an Extended Administration." In Enterprise Interoperability, 151–65. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119407928.ch8.

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Harper, Malcolm. "Prelims - Public Services Through Private Enterprise." In Public Services Through Private Enterprise, 1–12. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440927.000.

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Conference papers on the topic "Private Enterprise"

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Wang, Ying. "Financial transition of private enterprise." In 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecc.2011.6068098.

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Qi, Honghua, and Dongming Yu. "Study on the Private Enterprises Establishment of Modern Enterprise System." In 2017 7th International Conference on Education and Management (ICEM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icem-17.2018.129.

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Yu, Yuan-ming. "Modern enterprise system and the sustainable development of Chinese private enterprises." In 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecc.2011.6068103.

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Haiyan, Wang. "The motivation of private enterprise overseas listing." In 2011 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cecnet.2011.5768800.

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Haiyan Wang. "Comparison of overseas listing motivation between state-owned enterprise and private enterprise." In 2011 International Conference on Computer Science and Service System (CSSS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csss.2011.5974522.

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Liu, Yaxiao, Weidong Liu, Lining Liu, and Feng Wang. "An Infrastructure Framework for Deploying Enterprise Private Cloud." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scc.2013.99.

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Koschel, Arne, Felix Heine, Irina Astrova, and Igor Astrov. "A Private Cloud for Data Mining Education." In 2018 Sixth International Conference on Enterprise Systems (ES). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/es.2018.00027.

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Xiaoxu, Kong, Zhu He, Yu Yang, and Guo Yi. "Research on the Impact of Private Enterprises' Performance of Social Responsibility on Enterprise Competitiveness." In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Economy, Management and Entrepreneurship (ICOEME 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icoeme-18.2018.7.

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"THE “RIGHT TO BE LET ALONE” AND PRIVATE INFORMATION." In 7th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0002515700980107.

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Chun-hua Zeng. "Building evaluation indicator system for competitiveness of private enterprise." In 2011 International Conference on Computer Science and Service System (CSSS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csss.2011.5974544.

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Reports on the topic "Private Enterprise"

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Ljungqvist, Alexander, Donghua Chen, Dequan Jiang, Haitian Lu, and Mingming Zhou. State Capitalism vs. Private Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20930.

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Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert Staiger. Private Cost Information and the Multinational Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2657.

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Quinn, Tom. Public lands and private recreation enterprise: policy issues from a historical perspective. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-556.

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Lynch, Clifford, and Diane Goldenberg-Hart. Beyond the Pandemic: The Future of the Research Enterprise in Academic Year 2021-22 and Beyond. Coalition for Networked Information, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.56561/mwrp9673.

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In early June 2021, representatives from a number of CNI member institutions gathered for the third in a series of Executive Roundtable discussions that began in spring 2020, during the early days of the COVID-19 emergency. The conversations were intended to inform our understanding of how the pandemic had impacted the research enterprise and to share information about how institutions were planning to shape investments and strategies surrounding the research enterprise going forward. Previous Roundtables were held in April and September 2020 and reports from those conversations are available from http://www.cni.org/tag/executive-roundtable-report. As with the earlier Roundtables on this topic, June participants primarily included senior library administrators, directors of research computing and information technology, and chief research officers from a variety of higher education institutions across the US and Canada; most participating member institutions were public universities with high research activity, though some mid-sized and private institutions participated as well. The June Roundtable took place in a single convening, supplemented by an additional conversation with a key institution unable to join the group meeting due to last-minute scheduling conflicts. As before, we urged participants to think about research broadly, encompassing the humanities, social sciences, and fieldwork activities, as well as the work that takes place in campus laboratories or facilities shared by broader research communities; indeed, the discussions occasionally considered adjacent areas such as the performing arts. The discussion was wide-ranging, including, but not limited to: the challenges involving undergraduate, graduate and international students; labs and core instrumentation; access to physical collections (libraries, museums, herbaria, etc.) and digital materials; patterns of impact on various disciplines and mitigation strategies; and institutional approaches to improving research resilience. We sensed a growing understanding and sensitivity to the human toll the pandemic has taken on the research community. There were several consistent themes throughout the Roundtable series, but shifts in assumptions, planning, and preparation have been evident as vaccination rates have increased and as organizations have grown somewhat more confident in their ability to sustain largely in-person operations by fall 2021. Still, uncertainties abound and considerable notes of tentativeness remain, and indeed, events subsequent to the Roundtable, such as the large-scale spread of the Delta variant of COVID-19 in the US, have eroded much of the confidence we heard in June 2021, though probably more around instructional strategies than the continuity of the research enterprise. The events of the past 18 months, combined with a growing series of climate change-driven disruptions, have infused a certain level of humility into institutional planning, and they continue to underscore the importance of approaches that emphasize resilience and flexibility.

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Morgan, Miranda, and Alastair Stewart. Making Market Systems Work for Women Farmers in Tajikistan: A final evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets programme in Tajikistan. Oxfam GB, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5372.

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Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) is Oxfam GB’s approach to market systems development. The GEM approach facilitates change in market systems and social norms, with the aim of ensuring more sustainable livelihood opportunities for marginalized women and men. The GEM DFID AidMatch Programme (June 2014–February 2018) worked within the soya, milk and vegetable value chains targeting women smallholder farmers in areas of poverty. The programme aimed to benefit 63,600 people (10,600 smallholder households) living in Zambia, Tajikistan and Bangladesh through increases in household income, women having greater influence over key livelihood decisions within their households and communities, and engaging in livelihoods more resilient to shocks, such as natural disasters and market volatility. In Tajikistan, the Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) programme has been implemented in five districts of Khatlon Province by Oxfam in partnership with local public organizations, League of Women Lawyers of Tajikistan (LWL) and Neksigol Mushovir. The GEM programme in Tajikistan sought to directly improve the livelihoods of an estimated 3,000 smallholder farmers (60 percent women) in fruit and vegetable value chains through improved production skills, resilience to climate risks, access to market opportunities and greater engagement with market players, and strengthened ability to influence private sector and government actors. The evaluation was designed to investigate if and how the GEM programme might have contributed to its intended outcomes – not only in the lives of individual women smallholder farmers targeted by the programme but also to changes in their communities and the larger market system. It also sought to capture any potential unintended outcomes of the programme.

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MacLean, Nancy. How Milton Friedman Exploited White Supremacy to Privatize Education. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp161.

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This paper traces the origins of today’s campaigns for school vouchers and other modes of public funding for private education to efforts by Milton Friedman beginning in 1955. It reveals that the endgame of the “school choice” enterprise for libertarians was not then—and is not now--to enhance education for all children; it was a strategy, ultimately, to offload the full cost of schooling onto parents as part of a larger quest to privatize public services and resources. Based on extensive original archival research, this paper shows how Friedman’s case for vouchers to promote “educational freedom” buttressed the case of Southern advocates of the policy of massive resistance to Brown v. Board of Education. His approach—supported by many other Mont Pelerin Society members and leading libertarians of the day --taught white supremacists a more sophisticated, and for more than a decade, court-proof way to preserve Jim Crow. All they had to do was cease overt focus on race and instead deploy a neoliberal language of personal liberty, government failure and the need for market competition in the provision of public education.

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Morgan, Miranda, Alastair Stewart, and Simone Lombardini. Making Market Systems Work for Women Farmers in Zambia: A final evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets programme in the Copperbelt region of Zambia. Oxfam GB, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5389.

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Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) is Oxfam GB’s approach to market systems development. The GEM approach facilitates change in market systems and social norms, with the aim of ensuring more sustainable livelihood opportunities for marginalized women and men. The GEM DFID AidMatch Programme (June 2014–February 2018) worked within the soya, milk and vegetable value chains targeting women smallholder farmers in areas of poverty. The programme aimed to benefit 63,600 people (10,600 smallholder households) living in Zambia, Tajikistan and Bangladesh through increases in household income, women having greater influence over key livelihood decisions within their households and communities, and engaging in livelihoods more resilient to shocks, such as natural disasters and market volatility. In Zambia, the GEM programme has been implemented in four districts of the Copperbelt Province in coordination with implementing partners Heifer Programmes International and the Sustainable Agricultural Programme (SAP). The GEM programme in the Copperbelt seeks to directly improve the livelihoods of an estimated 4,000 smallholder farmers (75 percent women) in the dairy and soya value chains through improved production skills, resilience to climate risks, access to market opportunities, greater engagement with market players and strengthened ability to influence private sector and government actors. The evaluation was designed to investigate if and how the GEM programme might have contributed to its intended outcomes – not only in the lives of individual women smallholder farmers targeted by the programme but also to changes in their communities and the larger market system. It also sought to capture any potential unintended outcomes of the programme.

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Melati, Kuntum, Jaee Nikam, and Phuong Nguyen. Barriers and drivers for enterprises to transition to circular economy. Stockholm Environment Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.029.

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This brief provides an overview and discussion of barriers and drivers for enterprises to adopt circular economy practices. The research involved a literature review, an online survey with enterprises in the Southeast Asian region, and an in-person workshop discussing circular practices with private companies and other circular economy stakeholders. Business leaders and enterprises often understand the benefits of circular economy approaches but lack appropriate support from policy and financial institutions to make the necessary investments towards change.

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Lefkovitz, Naomi, and Katie Boeckl. NIST Privacy Framework: A Tool for Improving Privacy Through Enterprise Risk Management, Version 1.0 (Arabic translation). National Institute of Standards and Technology, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.cswp.10.ara.

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Lenhardt, Amanda. Private Sector Development Finance to Support the ‘Missing Middle’. Institute of Development Studies, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.106.

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Evidence indicates that business support to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in lower middle-income countries (LMICs) can improve firms’ performance, create jobs, and have a positive effect on labour productivity (Piza et al., 2016). The impacts of some approaches to private sector finance such as traditional loans, grants and technical assistance have been studied empirically, but there is limited evidence of the impacts of non-traditional and innovative financing instruments (Mallen & Bungey, 2019; Piza et al., 2016). Studies of financial instruments to support SMEs in LICs and LMICs tend to focus on particular markets or adaptations to traditional funding models rather than targeted outcomes such as sustainable employment creation (Mallen & Bungey, 2019). This report explores evidence on the effectiveness of financing options available to bilateral donors to promote private sector development (PSD) in LIMCs, however the evidence base for most financing instruments is extremely limited and much of the evidence is more than 5 years old. The report seeks to provide a (non-comprehensive) list of available Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) eligible options and a more detailed examination of those options for which evidence was identified for this review. An open search for evidence on PSD interventions to support SMEs in LMICs and LICs was carried out, followed by a targeted search of interventions seeking to support medium-sized enterprises (the ‘missing middle’) in Zambia specifically. The report begins with a brief overview of the ‘missing middle’ challenge in Zambia. Section 3 explores recent trends in bilateral finance for PSD. The remaining sections of the report explore available evidence on the effectiveness of specific interventions: credit guarantees, matching grants, equity investment and permanent capital vehicles, mezzanine finance, and funds of funds.

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