To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Private Limited Company in Germany.
Journal articles on the topic 'Private Limited Company in Germany'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Private Limited Company in Germany.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Gawrysiak-Zabłocka, Aleksandra. "NIEMIECKA USTAWA O SPÓŁCE Z OGRANICZONĄ ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚCIĄ – NAJNOWSZE ZMIANY." Zeszyty Prawnicze 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2008.8.2.08.
Full textAbstract:
The German Private Limited Liability Act – Recent ChangesSummaryThe Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH – Private Limited Company) is the most popular organizational form for businesses in Germany – numbering almost one million entities. Nevertheless, few changes had been made since its inception in the late 19th century, leading to complex case law. Moreover, in the famous Centros case the ECJ decided that a businessperson may legally incorporate his or her business anywhere in the European Union, even if this happens for the sole reason of avoiding a stricter national corporate regime. As a result many Germans decided to establish company in U.K. because Ltd. legal regime was by no means more transparent and accessible than the GmbH legal regime (no requirement of minimum share capital). In such a situation, after long discussions, German parliament adopted Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG – Law for the Modernisation of the German Limited Liability Company Law and the Prevention of Misuse) which came into force on the 1 November 2008. In the article some of the most important features of the new GmbH-Recht are analyzed. Changes in German law could be an important inspiration for Polish legislator since the discussion on how to make Polish spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością more competitive and how to prevent abuse of company law is currently underway in our country.
2
Ladiges, Manuel. "Criminal Liability of Directors of a Private Limited Company Seated in Germany." Criminal Law Forum 24, no. 1 (March 2013): 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10609-012-9189-x.
Full text
3
Bachmann, Gregor. "Introductory Editorial: Renovating the German Private Limited Company - Special Issue on the Reform of the GmbH." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000316.
Full textAbstract:
On 28 June 2008, the German Bundestag (Federal Parliament) passed a bill on the reform of German corporate law. Known as the Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG – Law for the Modernization of the GmbH and to Stop its Misuse) the bill is a milestone, the single most important reform of the most commonly used German corporate form. The reform will bring about major changes. Among other things the reform will make it possible to establish a GmbH with a share capital of nothing more than € 1 EURO (previously, € 25,000 had been required) and to establish a GmbH that has no active business in Germany but solely operates abroad. Although the bill still has to be approved by the Bundesrat (Federal Council of the States), which will probably vote on this matter on 19 September, experts have little doubt that the reform easily will pass this last hurdle and enter into force as soon as 1 November.
4
Guinnane, Timothy W. "Creating a New Legal Form: The GmbH." Business History Review 95, no. 1 (2021): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680520000707.
Full textAbstract:
The most common business enterprise form in Germany today is the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH). The GmbH offers entrepreneurs the flexibility of a partnership combined with limited liability, capital lock-in, and other traits associated with corporations. Authorized in 1892, the GmbH appeared during a period of ferment in German enterprise law and was an early example of the private limited-liability company prevalent in many economies today. The new form reflected challenges created by the corporation reform of 1884, problems in German colonial companies, and the view that British company law had put German firms at a competitive disadvantage. Significant sections of the financial and legal community harbored strong reservations about this legal innovation.
5
Beurskens, Michael, and Ulrich Noack. "The Reform of German Private Limited Company: Is the GmbH Ready for the 21st Century?" German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1069–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000328.
Full textAbstract:
The Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH - Private Limited Company) is the most popular organizational form for businesses in Germany – numbering almost one million entities in 2007. The GmbH is not only popular for entrepreneurs, but also serves a role in corporate groups and can be more or less easily upgraded to an Aktiengesellschaft (AG - public corporation). Nevertheless, few changes have been made since its inception in the late 19th century, leading to complex case law that would most certainly put a smile on the face of any corporate lawyer. The Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG - Law for the Modernization of the GmbH and to Combat its Abuse), the most fundamental reform of the German GmbH, tries to replace much of that case law with statutory rules, while also eliminating certain formalities.
6
Hofert, Sebastian, and Christian Möller. "Reform of the Private Limited Company Act and codification of the private international law of companies in Germany." Law and Financial Markets Review 2, no. 5 (September 2008): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17521440.2008.11427991.
Full text
7
Schmidt, Jessica. "The New Unternehmergesellschaft (Entrepreneurial Company) and the Limited – A Comparison." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1093–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220000033x.
Full textAbstract:
One of the probably most groundbreaking – and at the same time also most contentious – issues of the German reform of private limited companies by the Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG – Law for the Modernization of the Private Limited Companies Act and to Combat its Abuse) is the introduction of the Unternehmergesellschaft (UG – Entrepreneurial Company). This new sub-type of the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH – Private Limited Company) is specifically designed for entrepreneurs and has already unofficially been dubbed the “Mini-GmbH” and “GmbH light”. It can be seen as the centerpiece of the legislator's overall aim to facilitate and accelerate the formation of companies and the underlying motive of increasing the international competitiveness of the German GmbH.
8
Vetter, Jochen, and Christian Schwandtner. "Cash Pooling Under the Revised German Private Limited Companies Act (GmbHG)." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000377.
Full textAbstract:
Following the 24 November 2003 decision of the Bundesgerichtshof (BGH - Federal Court of Justice) the legal framework for upstream loans granted by companies in the legal form of a Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH - Private Limited Company), i.e., loans by the GmbH to its direct and indirect shareholders or to an affiliate of such shareholder, has remained uncertain. The ruling of the BGH led to a broad spectrum of interpretations by legal scholars and practitioners – some even predicted the end of cash pooling arrangements for German corporations – which made it difficult for managers of a GmbH to continue existing cash pooling arrangements without changes to their original scope and conditions.
9
Roth, Wulf-Henning. "From Centros to Ueberseering: Free Movement of Companies, Private, International Law, and Community." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 52, no. 1 (January 2003): 177–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/52.1.177.
Full textAbstract:
Not many decisions of the Court of Justice have stirred such an intensive academic debate in Germany1 as the Court's well-known Centros judgment,2 dealing with a Danish couple that had registered a private limited company in England and had then applied to register a branch in Denmark. The Danish authorities refused a registration for the reason that under Danish law a ‘foreign limited company’ which does not transact business in its state of incorporation has to fulfil certain requirements of Danish company law, in particular the paying-up of the minimum capital fixed at DKK 200.000. The competent Danish Court referred the question to the Court of Justice whether the Danish regulation was compatible with Article 52 (now Article 43) ECT in conjunction with Article 58 (now Article 48) ECT.
10
Leyens, Patrick C. "German Company Law: Recent Developments and Future Challenges." German Law Journal 6, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200014395.
Full textAbstract:
The last decade has been a time of changes in all branches of German company law. Whilst the changes in the law of civil partnerships go to the very fundaments of what was a firm belief for a hundred years in national law, the future of the private limited company is increasingly determined by the competition of regulators in the European common market. The European dimension of modern company law making is even more pervasive in the law of stock corporations where growing convergence can be noted in regard to the national approaches of the European Member States towards internal controls. A common denominator for most of the changes in German company law is the partly court driven, partly legislature driven attempt of a better adjustment of investor and creditor protection to evolving business needs. Looking on the changes from a wider angle that includes capital markets, however, there are signals for a shifting in the traditional approach of German corporate governance towards an increasingly market driven system.
11
Guinnane, Timothy, Ron Harris, Naomi R. Lamoreaux, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal. "Putting the Corporation in its Place." Enterprise & Society 8, no. 3 (September 2007): 687–729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700006224.
Full textAbstract:
This article challenges the idea that the corporation is a globally superior form of business organization and that the Anglo-American common-law is more conducive to economic development than the code-based legal systems characteristic of continental Europe. Although the corporation had important advantages over the main alternative form of organization (partnerships), it also had disadvantages that limited its appeal to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). As a result, when businesses were provided with an intermediate choice, the private limited liability company (PLLC) that combined the advantages of legal personhood and joint stock with a flexible internal organizational structure, most chose not to organize as corporations. This article tracks the changes that occurred in the menu of business organizational forms in two common-law countries (the United Kingdom and the United States) and two countries governed by legal codes (France and Germany) and presents data showing the rapidity with which firms in each country responded to enabling legislation for PLLCs. We show that the PLLC was introduced first and most easily in a code country (Germany) and last and with the most difficulty in a commonlaw country (the United States). Late introduction was associated with prolonged use of the partnership form, suggesting that the disadvantages of corporations did indeed weigh heavily on SMEs.
12
Zal, Tomasz, Rafal Zielinski, Krzysztof Grela, Roberto Cardenas-Zuniga, Stanislaw Skora, Izabela Fokt, Malgorzata Anna Zal, et al. "High Efficacy of Liposomal Annamycin (L-ANN) in Combination with Cytarabine in Syngeneic p53-Null AML Mouse Model." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-143344.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterologous hematological malignancy in which the p53-mutated subset is associated with the most guarded prognosis. Induction therapy for AML with cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside, ARA-C) is routinely used in combinations with anthracyclines. Annamycin (ANN) is an antitumoral anthracycline whose anti-leukemia activity, in contrast to doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin, is unaffected by P-glycoprotein (ABCB1)-related multidrug resistance (MDR1). Unlike conventional anthracyclines, ANN accumulates in multidrug resistant cell lines, inducing DNA damage and apoptosis. Additionally, in preclinical toxicology studies, ANN displayed a greatly reduced cardiotoxicity profile compared to DOX. A liposomal formulation of ANN, termed L-Annamycin (L-ANN), is being evaluated in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in two phase Ib/IIa clinical trials in both the US and Europe. The patients are stringently followed for cardiotoxicity (Shephard et al., ASH 2020, submitted). There was no decrease in ejection fractions observed in any of the 20 patients treated to date and all cardiotoxicity biomarkers including troponin remained normal. In addition, echocardiogram analyses by the Duke cardio-oncology lab, and independently by a cardio-oncologist at Cleveland Clinic, were all normal. Considering that cardiotoxicity and MDR1-limited anthracyclines like daunorubicin are routinely used in a combination with ARA-C as induction therapy in AML, we here evaluated the combination of Ara-C with L-ANN pre-clinically. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess in vivo efficacy of the combination of L-ANN with ARA-C in a pre-clinical model of AML. Methods: The efficacy of L-ANN alone or in combination with ARA-C was investigated in a highly aggressive AML mouse model characterized by the p53-/-, MLL, ENL-FLT3, ITD mutations and genetically tagged with the cyan fluorescent protein mTurquoise2 for flow cytometry and microscopic visualization. L-ANN was intravenously administered at different dosing regimens (days 1, 2, 3 or 1, 3, 5 weekly, or 1 dose of 4 mg/kg once a week). ARA-C was administered by 5 daily intraperitoneal injections at 50 mg/kg, which was repeated every other week up to 3 times. The level of leukemia cells in peripheral circulation was analyzed by flow cytometry and AML cell presence in organ tissues was imaged by thick-mount fresh tissue confocal microscopy, in various disease stages. Results: In all tested L-ANN administration regimens (days 1, 2, 3 or 1, 3, 5 weekly, or 1 dose of 4 mg/kg once a week), we observed a significant increase in the survival of ANNARAC cohorts (combination of L-ANN with ARA-C), when compared with the respective single agents. Specifically, upon intravenous infusion of 1x105 AML1-mTurq2 cells into syngeneic immunocompetent C57BL6 mice, lethal AML disease developed with median survival of 14 days. Administration of L-ANN on a weekly basis significantly delayed leukemia progression, as evaluated by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, resulting in survival increase to 34 to 40 days, in multiple experiments. The mice treated with 50 mg/kg of ARA-C daily for 5 days a week every other week using intraperitoneal injections showed moderate to limited response to the therapy with median survival ranging from 17 to 30 days. In contrast, the median survival of animals treated with the L-ANN/ARA-C combination using different schedules ranged from 44 to 76 days, with a fraction of animals living more than 180 days after implantation of AML cells. Remarkably, imaged on day 36, the bone marrow, spleen and lungs of mice receiving combination of L-ANN (4 mg/kg once a week) with ARA-C (50 mg/kg five times per week) showed no residual disease. These results are consistent with the increased survival observed for this combination. Conclusion: This study demonstrated vastly higher efficacy of the L-ANN/ARA-C combination (ANNARAC) over that of the single agents in an immune-competent setting of an aggressive, p53-null AML model. Overall, these experiments indicate that L-ANN has the capacity to sensitize AML cells to the ARA-C induction regimen and support initiation of clinical development of L-ANN in combination with ARA-C in AML patients. Disclosures Zal: Daiichi-Sankyo: Research Funding; Moleculin Biotech, Inc.: Research Funding. Zielinski:CNS Pharmaceuticals: Current equity holder in private company, Patents & Royalties; Moleculin Biotech, Inc.: Consultancy, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding. Grela:Moleculin Biotech, Inc.: Current Employment, Current equity holder in private company, Patents & Royalties. Skora:Moleculin Biotech, Inc.: Current equity holder in private company, Patents & Royalties; CNS Pharmaceuticals: Current equity holder in private company, Patents & Royalties. Fokt:CNS Pharmaceuticals: Current equity holder in private company, Patents & Royalties; Moleculin Biotech, Inc.: Consultancy, Current equity holder in private company, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding. Andreeff:Centre for Drug Research & Development; Cancer UK; NCI-CTEP; German Research Council; Leukemia Lymphoma Foundation (LLS); NCI-RDCRN (Rare Disease Clin Network); CLL Founcdation; BioLineRx; SentiBio; Aptose Biosciences, Inc: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Daiichi-Sankyo; Jazz Pharmaceuticals; Celgene; Amgen; AstraZeneca; 6 Dimensions Capital: Consultancy; Amgen: Research Funding; Daiichi-Sankyo; Breast Cancer Research Foundation; CPRIT; NIH/NCI; Amgen; AstraZeneca: Research Funding. Shephard:Moleculin Biotech, Inc.: Current Employment, Current equity holder in private company, Patents & Royalties. Priebe:Animal Life Sciences: Current equity holder in private company, Other: Scientific Advisor; WPD Pharmaceuticals: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Other: Chairman of Scientific Advisory Board, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; CNS Pharmaceuticals: Current equity holder in private company, Other: Chairman of Scientific Advisory Board, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Moleculin Biotech: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Other: Membership of Scientific Advisory Board, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Reata Pharmaceuticals: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Houston Pharmaceuticals: Current equity holder in private company.
13
Fujimoto, Hiro. "Circulation of Medical Knowledge and Techniques through Film in Japan, 1929–1941." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 14, no. 3 (July 21, 2020): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-8697737.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Several historians have analyzed the various uses of medical films and have examined how cinematography changed the epistemology of medical doctors, or how governments and private companies utilized moving pictures for promoting ideas of hygiene among the general public. But historians have paid little attention to those medical films that were circulated in Japan. Some Japanese surgeons recorded their operations and screened surgical films in academic meetings to convey their techniques effectively. Others used moving pictures to educate medical students, who had limited opportunities to observe professors’ skills in schools. In 1929, this type of medical film began to circulate in Japan: a pharmaceutical company imported German medical films while one film company collaborated with a medical professor to record the first surgical film in the country. The 1930s witnessed the wide dissemination of medical films that followed the introduction of small-gauge film to Japan, and a flourishing medical film production continued until the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941. This article examines why and how these medical films were domestically circulated in Japan and internationally screened outside Japan by looking at not only how medical practitioners used films but also how they successfully cooperated with a pharmaceutical company, filmmakers, technicians, and government.
14
Rizzo, Lorenzo, Giorgio Valentinuz, Dario Obratil, and Valentino Pediroda. "Bankruptcy Prediction: A Model Based on Cash Flow Ratios: Evidence From Selected European Countries." International Journal of Business Administration 11, no. 6 (November 29, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v11n6p89.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of assessing the financial distress risk of a company is a topic that has been of central value in many different economic fields and since a long time. Until the twenty-first century, most of the studies were concentrated primarily on using mathematical and statistical methods to assess the health of businesses. Many of these studies employed either accounting-based ratios or cash flow-based ratios; even if there is not a unique conclusion, the use of cash flows seems to improve the predictive capacity of the models significantly. Especially in the last twenty-five years, methods derived from different fields started to be applied in forecasting corporate failures, such as artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, and fuzzy logic.The objective of this study was to test the goodness of the discriminatory power of ratios based only on cash flows using a model that employs genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic. Five countries (Germany, Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy) and five Nace macro sectors (Agriculture, Industry, Services, Construction, Commerce and Food) have been considered in the analysis for a total of around 719-thousand companies. The model has proven to be well-performing on most of the countries and sectors that have been tested. The results obtained are almost all adequate; in particular, in Germany and Spain, results have been particularly good.The main weaknesses of this work are the limited availability of financial data in some countries and the time delay from the reporting of financial statement to the availability of the data through web services. It means that a large-scale risk assessment requires – being useful for the public and the private sectors – greater and faster disclosure of information at European level, and standardization of financial information transparency among countries.
15
Vačoková, Lenka. "Limited Liability Companies in the Slovak and European Legal Context." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 11, no. 40 (December 1, 2018): 256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2018-0020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper analyses provisions of a Limited Liability Company under the Slovak Commercial Code, mainly conditions governing the process of foundation and incorporation of the company and the structure of company bodies. Legal provisions of the Limited Liability Company are primarily compared with Private Limited Company by Shares established according the Companies Act 2006 and secondarily with proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on single-member Private Limited Liability Companies. The result of the research is a comparison of the Slovak and the British legislation and an effort to predict the future development of Private Limited Liability Companies in the European area.
16
Teoh, Kok Ban, Miguel Cordova, Tin Phang Ooi, Maryam Tayyiba, Uma Warrier, Siti Fatini Binti Azahar, Pei Fen Khow, et al. "Factors Affecting the Revenue of MTE Mechanical Private Limited Company." Journal of The Community Development in Asia 4, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/jcda.v4i1.1001.
Full textAbstract:
MTE Mechanical Private Limited Company is a manufacturing company located at Batu Maung, Malaysia producing fabricated metal products. During 2020, the company’s revenue has significantly decreased compared to the previous year. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the factors which affect the revenue of the company. Online interviews were used to collect information from the company’s owner and three of their customers. The present study found that the delivery service and product’s quality of the company are the major issues having effects upon the company’s revenue. Moreover, the findings of the present study would benefit the company.
17
Honhart, Michael. "Company Housing As Urban Planning in Germany, 1870–1940." Central European History 23, no. 1 (March 1990): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900021051.
Full textAbstract:
Animportant element of urban planning as it has developed in Europe and North America is the provision of housing for classes of people who are poorly served by private housing markets. In the case of Germany one can trace this activity back to the 1920s, during the middle years of the Weimar Republic, when public authorities began to plan and build housing on a large scale. However, one can also see in the activity of German employers, dating back another half century or more, earlier efforts at urban residential planning for people with modest incomes.
18
Srinuan, Chalita. "Private costs of delayed privatization of TOT Public Company Limited." info 13, no. 1 (January 25, 2011): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636691111101892.
Full text
19
Teoh, Kok Ban, Miguel Cordova, Yi Hong Ng, Gim Seng Lee, Jin Feng Choy, Daisy Mui Hung Kee, Ruen Chye Ng, et al. "Factors Affecting Job Stress Among Employees in Bin Chen Parts Private Limited Company." Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Education 4, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/apjme.v4i1.1051.
Full textAbstract:
There is a high level of stress faced by employees of Bin Chen Parts Private Limited Company. The research was conducted to examine the factors causing job stress in workplace. There are 36 respondents from Bin Chen Parts Private Limited Company collected in the present research by using quantitative measurements. Google form was selected to use in this research. The collected data from the research were adopted to verify the hypotheses of the research. The results show that there is a significant positive relationship between job demands and job stress. Conversely, the relationship between job resources and job stress is relatively negative. The results of the research will be finalized precisely and sent to Bin Chen Parts Private Limited Company to enhance the work-life in the company. The employers of the company are able to aware of the factors affecting job stress among employees in their company.
20
Lukashov, Rostyslav. "Limited liability company as a private legal entity: selected legal issues." Aktual’ni problemi pravoznavstva 1, no. 4 (2019): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/app2019.04.187.
Full text
21
Díaz Gómez, María Angustias. "La empresa familiar y su organización en forma de sociedad mercantil, con especial referencia a la sociedad de responsabilidad limitada." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 12 (June 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i12.615.
Full textAbstract:
En este trabajo, tras unas consideraciones generales sobre la Empresa Familiar, analizamos, en primer lugar, los tipos sociales mercantiles que puede adoptar en España la Sociedad Familiar, haciendo un repaso de las formas sociales típicas reconocidas por el legislador, reflexionando sobre sus ventajas e inconvenientes. En segundo lugar, nos centramos en el estudio del régimen jurídico de las dos Sociedades Capitalistas más representativas, la Sociedad Anónima y la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada, analizando sus rasgos comunes, todo ello con el fin de dilucidar cuál se adapta mejor a las particularidades de la Sociedad Familiar. En tercer lugar, considerando que la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada es la forma jurídica de creación de Sociedades Familiares más utilizada, se le dedica especial atención, destacando las divergencias fundamentales de regulación entre esta sociedad y la Sociedad Anónima. Asimismo se estudia la Sociedad Limitada Nueva Empresa, como subtipo de la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada. Como conclusión, se trata de arrojar luz sobre la elección preferente de la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada como forma jurídica de constitución de la Sociedad Familiar y, al mismo tiempo, de examinar, desde una perspectiva crítica, la normativa que le resulta aplicable.<br /><br />In this work, after a few general considerations on the Family enterprise, we analyze, first, the types of mercantile companies that the Familiar Company can adopt in Spain, doing a revision of the social typical forms recognized by the legislator, thinking about his advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, we centre on the study of the juridical regime of both most representative Capitalist Companies, the public limited liability company and the Private limited company, analyzing his common features, all this in order to explain which one adapts better to the particularities of the Familiar Company. Thirdly, considering that the Private limited company is the juridical form of creation of Familiar Companies most used, one dedicates special attention, emphasizing the fundamental differences of regulation between this company and the public limited liability company. Likewise we study the Limited Company New Company, as subtype of the Private limited company. As conclusion, it is a question of clarifying the preferential choice of the Private limited company as juridical form of constitution of the Familiar Company and, at the same time, to examine, from a critical perspective, the regulation that him is applicable.<br />
22
Ahmed, Jashim Uddin, Hafiza Sultana, and Anisur R. Faroque. "Eastern Housing Limited: Marketing Strategies of a Real Estate Company in Bangladesh." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 21, no. 1 (March 2017): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262916686630.
Full textAbstract:
The case study investigates the key competitive advantages, marketing strategies, opportunities and challenges of Eastern Housing Limited (EHL), the oldest and largest company in the real estate industry of Bangladesh. EHL was created in 1964 as a private limited company to reduce the housing problems of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Over the last 50 years, EHL has successfully completed many large land and flat projects and gradually became the pioneer in the private housing industry of the country. The company strives for continuous improvement by focusing on marketing strategies, such as shifting its product line and target market, offering flexible pricing and becoming more customer oriented by building long-term customer relationship. However, in recent years, the company has encountered fierce competition from other players in the market and lost monopoly leadership. The study highlights how EHL is focusing on its marketing strategies to increase its market share and carefully planning to be more aggressive in addressing the challenges lying ahead.
23
Parmar, Jitesh. "Marketing of Food Brand Globally: A Case of Vimal Agro Private Limited." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 5, no. 1 (May 4, 2016): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977916636275.
Full textAbstract:
Companies that wish to operate internationally need to understand different cultures. Successful brands, like McDonalds, are easily recognized all over the world. While many products of successful global brands are marketed in a consistent manner, there is a need for these companies to understand regional differences. Organizations must accept these differences to succeed in different parts of the world. The present case concerns Vimal Agro Private Limited, Bardoli (India), a food processing company, with a special focus on brand Swad. Promotional activities conducted by the company at local and international levels have been studied. The secondary as well as primary data has been used for the purpose. The case poses questions on the company’s survival in different countries.
24
Brauzman, O. A. "COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROCEDURE FOR ESTABLISHING A COMPANY WITH A LIMITED LIABILITY UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY." EurasianUnionScientists 5, no. 3(72) (April 15, 2020): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.5.72.648.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the possibility of borrowing the provisions of the legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany in relation to the institution of a limited liability company in the legislation of the Russian Federation. The author has considered all the legislatively established stages of the establishment of a company in comparison with domestic legislation and concluded that it is advisable to improve Russian legislation by borrowing the considered provisions on the establishment of a company under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany.
25
Raza, Shahid, and Jalil Ahmad. "SOPs of MSW Composting process by Lahore compost Private Limited." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 3, no. 6 (June 5, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v3i6.4190.
Full textAbstract:
LCL is operating an aerobic composting plant at Lahore that has been purchased from and installed by the Menart Composting Company, Belgium. Since municipal solid waste (MSW) in Lahore is heterogeneous a screening drum (MTR 1850) installed to screen the waste before composting with additional possibility for hand-sorting of recyclables in a sorting belt. This Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) has been prepared for and adopted by the composting plant of the Lahore Compost Ltd (LCL). The SOP intends to ensure that LCL adopts the identified best practices in the plant, operates it through standard recommended procedures; and takes necessary corrective actions when required
26
Šlefendorfas, Gediminas. "Bankruptcy prediction model for private limited companies of Lithuania." Ekonomika 95, no. 1 (April 12, 2016): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2016.1.9910.
Full textAbstract:
The paper is mainly devoted to the bankruptcy prediction models and their ability to assess a bankruptcy probability for Lithuanian companies. The study showed that the most common type of companies in Lithuania is a private limited company, therefore, the main objective was to analyse such companies’ financial information and by using these results, create a new bankruptcy prediction model, which would allow to predict the bankruptcy probability as accurately as possible. 145 companies (73 already bankrupt and 72 still operating) were chosen as a primary sample and by using multivariate discriminant analysis stepwise method a linear function ZGS has been created. To achieve that, 156 different financial ratios were selected as a primary input data by using correlation calculation between bankruptcy and still operating companies and Mann – Whitney U test techniques. The results showed that 89% of companies were classified correctly, which states that the model is strong enough to predict bankruptcy probability for private limited companies operating in Lithuania in a sufficient accuracy.
27
Johnston, Rhona, Olalekan Uthman, Ewen Cummins, Christine Clar, Pamela Royle, Jill Colquitt, Bee Kang Tan, et al. "Corrigendum: Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin monotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes: systematic review and economic evaluation." Health Technology Assessment 21, no. 2 (February 2018): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta21020-c201802.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Empagliflozin (Jardiance, Merck & Co., Darmstadt, Germany) has been replaced with empagliflozin (Jardiance, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany/Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA). Sitagliptin (Januvia, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bracknell, UK) has been replaced with sitagliptin (Januvia, Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited, Kenilworth, NJ, USA).
28
Wolf, Sebastian. "Political Corruption as a Regulatory Problem in Germany." German Law Journal 14, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 1627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002443.
Full textAbstract:
The shortcomings identified in German bribery law—such as the limited criminalization of bribery of parliamentarians and other members of domestic assemblies, coupled with the absence of trading in influence offenses, and furthermore, certain limits in the criminalization of bribery of foreign and international officials and of private sector bribery—represent significant lacunae in the law.
29
Růžičková, Eva Daniela. "Limited liability company according to the new Act on commercial corporations." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072685.
Full textAbstract:
Act No. 90/2012 Coll., on commercial corporations, is one of the legal norms which arose in connection to the re-codification of the Private law. Along with the new Civil Code and Act on International private law, it brings about fundamental changes in the field of the regulation of commercial companies. It is an act which partially replaced the current Act No. 513/1991 Coll., Commercial Code. Its content predominantly consists of the regulation of commercial companies and cooperatives, while other relations regarding commercial relations will be covered by the new Civil code. The Chamber of Deputies approved the bill on 16th December and the Act should take effect on 1st January 2014.Since the new legislative norm brings as well many changes in the field of regulations of the limited liability company, which is currently the most used company form, the purpose of this article is to provide complete information about prepared changes in this field, while focusing on risks related to these changes for the limited liability company. According to a hypothesis determined by Pearson chi-quadrate, it should prove to the readers whether or not the changes in the field of the limited liability company will have, as a consequence, the transformation of the legal form used by persons conducting business based on the Trade Act. Further, it will be researched whether these changes will have an impact on the current form for business conduct.
30
Rettberg, Fritz, and Peter Witt. "Access to Government Support for Innovation — Empirical Evidence From the Ruhr Area in Germany." Journal of Enterprising Culture 29, no. 02 (June 2021): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495821500084.
Full textAbstract:
Governments all over the world support innovation activities in private companies with several different programs. Typical measures are R&D subsidies, consulting services, incubator facilities, opportunities for networking, and subsidized loans. From an economic perspective, public support for innovations may help to compensate for market failure. But government support encounters the risk of being neither effective nor efficient. Furthermore, the ability of a company to successfully apply for public innovation support programs depends on the amount of administrative resources it already is equipped with, i.e. its size and its existing relationships with research institutions. In this paper, we look at public support for private companies in one specific German region, the Ruhr area. We use a sample of 74 companies, all of which engage in R&D activities and have already filed patents. Our findings show that firms need a minimum company size to be able to successfully apply for public innovation support. Furthermore, we show that an existing cooperation with research institutions makes access to public support measures easier. We also find that public innovation support indeed improves the patent position of companies.
31
Gurtoo, Anjula. "Mindset Challenges at Aluminum India Limited: Privatization of a State-Owned Enterprise." Asian Case Research Journal 10, no. 02 (December 2006): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927506000806.
Full textAbstract:
The Central Government of India sold 49% equity and gave management control of Aluminum India Limited (AIL), an aluminum manufacturing state-owned enterprise (SOE), to the AlBright Group in 2002, as a move to attract capital investments for AIL and to make its operations financially viable. When Noorani, Chairperson of AlBright — a private company — took over AIL, she had to deal with a 30-year old manufacturing plant, an aged workforce, decreasing market share, and a 57-day employee strike against the sale of AIL shares to a private company. Together with a new management team, Noorani undertook some measures and was contemplating on others to transform AIL into a market-driven organization. She was facing high employee resistance. At this juncture Noorani was pondering on what to do next. She was concerned about the possibility of transforming AIL and proceeding with the expansion plans on schedule.
32
Galanov, Vladimir, and A. Galanova. "Joint-Stock Company As a Focus of Trends in the Formation of Private Wealth." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2021-10-1-48-55.
Full textAbstract:
Joint-stock company is the most developed form of private capital association historically and logically growing out of the previous organizational forms of the existence of market organizations. A joint stock company is the result of the development of two interrelated processes. From the standpoint of economic content, a joint-stock company is the result of the development of the relations of production themselves from its natural forms to the commodity form and then to the form of the capitalist economy. From the point of view of the forms in which this content develops, in the form of a joint-stock company, the process of improving organizational forms that allow uniting private capital to achieve a single goal – making a profit – finds its "logical conclusion". Unlike the legal forms of a general partnership and a limited liability company, the form of a joint-stock company allows to combine a potentially unlimited number of investors and their capital on terms that most contribute to the maximization and preservation of private wealth, potentially for all members of modern society.
33
Wariah, Yayah, and Amin Purnawan. "Improved Mechanisms Commanditaire Vennootschap (CV) Become A Legal Entity Limited Liability Company (PT)." Jurnal Akta 5, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v5i4.3714.
Full textAbstract:
Principal difference between a limited partnership or known as CV (Commanditaire Vennootschap) with limited liability company (PT) contained in the legal status, because the CV is a partnership that is not incorporated and responsibilities of the board ally itself to a private property. While the Limited Liability Company (PT) is a legal entity liability company and limited responsibilities.The purpose of this study is to investigate and find out the mechanism of change Guild (CV) Become a Legal Entity Limited Liability Company (PT). To investigate and determine Responsibilities of complementary Allies Against Limited Liability Company (PT) established. The method used is normative, descriptive analysis, data collection is done by using primary data and secondary data in the form of primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary as the main data. After the secondary and primary data collected, then conducted a qualitative analysis. Based on the analysis concluded that the mechanism of the change in form of a CV to PT generally refers to the provisions regulating the CV and the provisions governing PT. Responsibility in complementary ally if the legal actions referred to in Article 12 and Article 13 of the Company Law, then the shift right and duty of the complementary allies into the company and legal actions undertaken by the complementary binding partner company.Keywords: Business Entity; Limited Partnership; Limited Liability Company
34
Shenbagam, R., and Dr S. Sekar. "An Empirical Study on Employees Job Satisfaction towards a Private Limited Company at Salem." IOSR Journal of Business and Management 16, no. 9 (2014): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-16954952.
Full text
35
Dubblish, Puneet, and Shikha Bhatia. "Bright Soluble Private Limited: a case study on accounting process." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2019-0087.
Full textAbstract:
Learning outcomes Learning outcomes of this paper are to analyse, record and classify financial transactions; prepare unadjusted trial balance; record the adjustment and closing entries and prepare post-closing trial balance; and prepare financial statements. Case overview/synopsis The case aims to induce users to draw up financial statements from the details provided. The complete accounting process is covered through solving the case. The case follows a start-up company from its first set of financial transactions to preparing the first set of financial statements. The case will help in application of accounting concepts, principles and the processes for recording transactions and preparation of financial statements. Complexity academic level The case is best suited for senior undergraduate- and graduate-level students of management/business schools in the courses of introductory financial accounting, intermediate accounting and financial reporting. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 1: accounting and finance.
36
Kolleck, Aaron. "Does Car-Sharing Reduce Car Ownership? Empirical Evidence from Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 7384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137384.
Full textAbstract:
The sharing economy is making its way into our everyday lives. One of its business models, car-sharing, has become highly popular. Can it help us increase our sustainability? Besides emissions and vehicle miles traveled, one key aspect in the assessment regards the effect of car-sharing on car ownership. Previous studies investigating this effect have relied almost exclusively on surveys and come to very heterogeneous results, partly suggesting spectacular substitution rates between shared and private cars. This study empirically explores the impact of car-sharing on noncorporate car ownership and car markets in 35 large German cities. The analysis draws on publicly available data for the years 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2017, including, among others, the number of shared cars per operating mode (free-floating and station-based) and the number of cars owned and registered by private individuals (i.e., excluding company cars). We find that one additional station-based car is associated with a reduction of about nine private cars. We do not find a statistically significant relation between car ownership and free-floating car-sharing. Neither type of car-sharing appears to impact the markets for used and new cars significantly. Given the measurable impacts on car ownership levels, this result is surprising and invites future research to study car-sharing’s impact on the dynamics of car markets.
37
Bartels, Andreas, and Pablo Weiss. "Performance effects of privatisation: an empirical analysis of telecommunication companies in Germany and Romania." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 10, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2019-0012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The privatisation of state-owned companies is still on the agenda of many governments worldwide. One often stated goal in the privatisation process is the increase of efficiency of the company. The question is which factors do lead to an increase in efficiency and performance of a privatised company. Where are the fundamental differences between public and private companies in this respect? One goal of this paper is also to determine if other or additional variables influence the efficiency of privatised companies in transitional countries - in contrast to developed economies. Based on the research literature, a model was developed that displays all major forces and effects in the privatisation process. Two case studies of telecommunications companies in Germany and Romania are utilised to verify the model. It is expected that privatisation will lead to an increase of efficiency, but that the main thrust derives from competition. Regulation and organisational change will typically also increase the efficiency of the company. The variables “laws and policies” and “economic condition” are of special importance for privatisations in transition economies.
38
Khair, Kate, Francis Nissen, Mariabeth Silkey, Tom Burke, Aijing Shang, Martynas Aizenas, Oliver Meier, Jamie O'Hara, and Declan Noone. "Effect of Moderate and Severe Hemophilia a on Daily Life in Children and Their Caregivers: A CHESS Paediatrics Study Analysis." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-134658.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Hemophilia A (HA) is a congenital bleeding disorder, caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (FVIII) and characterized by uncontrolled bleeding and progressive joint damage. This analysis assesses the impact of disease burden on the daily life of children with hemophilia A (CwHA) and their caregivers, addressing a deficit of current research on this topic. Methods: The Cost of Haemophilia in Europe: a Socioeconomic Survey in a Paediatric Population (CHESS Paediatrics) is a retrospective, burden-of-illness study in children with moderate and severe HA (defined by endogenous FVIII [IU/dL] relative to normal; moderate, 1-5%; severe, <1%) across France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. CwHA were recruited and stratified by both age group (0-5 years:6-11 years:12-17 years=1:1:1) and disease severity (severe:moderate=approximately 2:1, prioritizing children with severe HA [CwSHA]). Data for this analysis were captured from physicians, children, and their caregivers. Physicians completed online case report forms for treated children, and the child and/or their caregivers completed a paper-based questionnaire utilizing 5-point Likert scales. For CwHA aged 0-7, the questionnaire was completed by the caregiver, while for CwHA aged 8-17, children and caregivers completed different sections. Hours of care provided by the caregiver and work lost by the caregiver were reported as median values due to non-normal data distribution. Informed consent was obtained for all participants. Upon review, the study was approved by the University of Chester ethical committee. Results: Data from child/caregiver questionnaires were available for 196 CwHA (moderate, 25.5%; severe, 74.5%); the majority of these children, as expected, were receiving prophylaxis (72.4%), and did not have FVIII inhibitors (89.8%; Table 1). There was a direct impact of disease burden on CwHA, particularly with regard to physical and social activities (Figure 1). Overall, it was agreed or strongly agreed by the child or caregiver that 48.0% and 57.5% of children with moderate HA (CwMHA) and CwSHA respectively, have reduced physical activity due to HA, and 46.0% and 57.5%, respectively, have reduced social activity due to HA. A total of 36.0% and 61.0% of CwMHA and CwSHA, respectively, had adapted their treatment in anticipation of physical or social activity (Table 1). Furthermore, 34.0% of CwMHA and 55.4% of CwSHA were frustrated due to their disease, and many (CwMHA, 36.0%; CwSHA, 50.7%) felt that they had missed opportunities (Figure 1). For 66.0% of CwMHA and 76.0% of CwSHA, it was reported that their daily life was compromised due to their HA. Caregivers provided a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 19.0 (10.0-59.5) and 12.0 (5.0-20.0) hours a week of care for the hemophilia-related needs of their CwMHA (n=30) or CwSHA (n=105), respectively. Of those who responded, 17.4% (n=4/23) and 25.0% (n=20/80) of caregivers to CwMHA or CwSHA, respectively, stated they have lost work due to their caregiving duty. This was more than twice as common for caregivers in families with multiple CwHA (42.9%, n=9/21 responses) compared with those in families with one CwHA (18.5%, n=15/81 responses). Median (IQR) hours of work per week estimated to be lost were 20.0 (17.0-22.0) for caregivers of CwMHA (n=4) and 12.5 (4.50-20.0) for caregivers of CwSHA (n=20). Conclusions: In conclusion, both children and caregivers make sacrifices in their daily lives due to HA; many CwHA reported reduced physical and social activities, fewer opportunities and feelings of frustration due to their HA. Caregivers reported spending a significant number of hours caring for their child and some reported losing work due to their caring responsibilities. However, some outcomes may be limited by the small number of respondents and narrow response options, particularly those regarding the caregiver burden. Responses on the hours of work lost may be subject to selection bias, as caregivers who have lost work may be more likely to respond to this question. Additionally, as this question is targeted at caregivers in employment, it is unknown if some caregivers have left employment due to their caregiving responsibilities. According to this analysis, children/caregivers are frequently required to adapt the child's treatment before the child engages in activities. Overall, the burden of disease was similar in children with moderate and severe HA. Disclosures Khair: Takeda: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Bayer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Biomarin: Consultancy; HCD Economics: Consultancy; Novo Nordisk: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Medikhair: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sobi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; CSL Behring: Honoraria, Research Funding; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Honoraria, Research Funding; Haemnet: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Nissen:GSK: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Actelion: Consultancy; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Current Employment. Silkey:Aerotek AG: Current Employment; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy. Burke:HCD Economics: Current Employment; University of Chester: Current Employment; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy. Shang:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Other: All authors received support for third party writing assistance, furnished by Scott Battle, PhD, provided by F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland.. Aizenas:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Meier:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. O'Hara:HCD Economics: Current Employment, Current equity holder in private company; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy. Noone:Research Investigator PROBE: Research Funding; Healthcare Decision Consultants: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; European Haemophilia Consortium: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
39
Somadiyono, Sigit. "Kedudukan Hukum Anak Perusahaan Badan Usaha Milik Daerah." Wajah Hukum 5, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v5i1.428.
Full textAbstract:
Subsidiary is a company that was born due to the transfer or participation of majority shares by another company or it is called the parent company. There are no regulations related to subsidiaries in the laws and regulations related to companies or regarding Regional Owned Enterprises. This has resulted in confusion regarding the position of the regional-owned company subsidiaries, especially the unclear position of state finances in the subsidiary companies. The problem in this research is what is the legal status of ownership of a regional-owned company subsidiary? And what is the responsibility of the holding company of a Regionally Owned Company to its subsidiaries? The purpose of this study was to determine the legal status of the subsidiary and the responsibilities of the Regional Owned Company as the holding company. The research method used is normative juridical analysis of the laws and regulations and the theory of the jurists. From the results of the research, it is found that even though the status is a subsidiary of a Regional Owned Enterprise, the subsidiary is not owned by the Regional Government but has a private or private status, so that there is no special binding legal relationship between the Regional Government as a shareholder of a Regional Owned Enterprise and its owned subsidiary Regional owned enterprises. The responsibility of a Regional Owned Company as the holding company with its subsidiary is limited to the relationship between the shareholders and the company as stipulated in Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies.
40
Casper, Matthias. "Liability of the Managing Director and the Shareholder in the GmbH (Private Limited Company) in Crisis." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000353.
Full textAbstract:
The insolvency of a company does not arrive suddenly. Normally, insolvency precedes a crisis. At present, the term “crisis” is defined in § 32 a sec. 1 of the Gesetz betreffend die Gesellschaften mit Beschränkter Haftung (GmbHG – Private Limited Companies Act) as the point when the company does not receive any credits according to the usual conditions in the particular market and when the shareholders provide the company with further shareholder capital instead of debt capital. Besides the rules governing shareholder capital substitution, which will be omitted due to the upcoming reform of private limited companies, there are few legal guidelines that regulate the standards of conduct for managing directors and shareholders in the case of a crisis. In particular, § 49 sec. 3 GmbHG needs to be singled out. This paragraph establishes an obligation to call a shareholder meeting if more than half of the capital stock is lost. If an adverse balance arises because of the payouts to the shareholders, the protections of §§ 30, 31 GmbHG will intervene. An adverse balance results when there is insufficient capital to cover the liabilities, ownership's equity, and guaranteed capital. However these protections often do not suffice.
41
Maliková, Zuzana, Matúš Kubák, Radovan Bačík, and Miloš Fišar. "Governmental Research Support Programs and Private Entities in Slovakia." Review of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 4 (January 29, 2015): 345–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2015-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The paper analyses public subsidies aimed to enhance development and innovation in the Slovakian private sector. The paper reviews theoretical approaches of the necessity of public support to research and development activities in order to increase private investment in research and development. An overview of research and development support tools in Slovakia is presented. The analytical part of the work is oriented on a comparative analysis of two granting agencies in Slovakia [Agency for Research and Development (ARD) and Agency of Operational Program Research and Development (OPRD)]. Special attention is given to direct public financial support. Logit analysis showed a relationship between success of grant applicants and their characteristics. We find that the following have impact on success of the application: Age of the company, amount of the grant required, legal form of the company, and the agency to which the application for grant was submitted. Applicants with legal form Ltd. (limited liability company) have a higher chance of receiving grant than other legal forms. The highest chance of success has a request for a grant of up to 500.000 €. According to the results of our analysis, the chance to obtain a grant decreases with each passing year.
42
Tsutsumi, Ichiro, and Hiroshi Ikemori. "K23 German Railway Engineers and Technology Transfer from Germany on the Construction of Kyushu Private Railway Company." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2007.60 (2007): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2007.60.395.
Full text
43
Alvianda, Arvi. "Rencana Aksi Korporasi private placement yang Dilakukan oleh PT. SLJ GLOBAL, Tbk. terhadap CARRIEDO Limited." Jurnal Suara Hukum 2, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v2n2.p215-233.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most important elements in the framework of the business development strategy of public companies (issuers) is the addition of capital. The addition of capital can be done in two ways, namely Capital Increase by providing Pre-emptive Rights and Capital Additions without Giving Pre-emptive Rights. Providing Rights is the same as Rights Issue, while without giving Rights can be equated with Private Placement. However, generally people are more familiar with calling private placement with the term Right Issue without Preemptive Rights. Arrangements regarding Preemptive Rights are regulated in POJK No.32/POJK.04/2015 concerning Addition of Company Capital By Providing Pre-emptive Rights, while without providing Preemptive Rights is regulated in POJK No.38/POJK.04/2014 concerning Capital Increase of Public Companies without Giving Pre-emptive Rights. The research method is used a normative juridical method. The research specifications are used descriptive-analytical. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the Capital Increase without Giving Preemptive Rights is carried out by PT. SLJ GLOBAL Tbk, by issuing new shares to creditors as a form of debt payment is one of the best ways for the Company. This method proved to be able to reduce debt and increase the paid up capital of the Company, as well as making the Creditor as a new shareholder. However, corporate action through the issuance of new shares without giving HMETD, so that there are additional new investors, resulting in a percentage share ownership of each of the existing shareholders has decreased. (Dilution).
44
Thiele, Felix, Sven Busse, and Stefan Prigge. "Private equity investors and family firms: The role of exit intentions and conflicts." Corporate Ownership and Control 15 (2018): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i2art4.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines private equity minority investors’ exit from family firms and its consequences for owner families. The authors theoretically discuss potential conflicts that might influence the exit decision, alternative exit routes, and the intentions of the family owners to exit the business along with the private equity investors. Subsequently, the theoretical insights were tested empirically using a case-based research approach. Four private equity firms provided data on 14 cases of completed minority private equity investments from Germany. Semi-structured interviews with investment managers offered further information regarding the analysed cases. Empirical findings reveal that conflicts of interest over the exit of private equity minority investors only rarely arise. Moreover, differences between planned and applied exit routes are mainly caused by changes in the economic situation of the company and/or in the conditions of financial markets and are related to changes in family owners’ exit intentions.
45
Nardelli, Giulia, Jesper Ole Jensen, and Susanne Balslev Nielsen. "Facilities management innovation in public-private collaborations." Journal of Facilities Management 13, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-04-2014-0012.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this article is to investigate how facilities management (FM) units navigate Energy Service Company (ESCO) collaborations, here defined as examples of public collaborative innovation within the context of FM. The driving motivation is to inform and inspire internal FM units of local institutions on how to navigate and manage collaboration of different, intra- and inter-organisational actors throughout ESCO projects. Design/methodology/approach – A deductive research methodology was applied based on the first ten ESCO projects in Danish municipalities between 2008 and 2012. Findings – A model of FM roles in FM public innovation is proposed. The internal FM unit coordinates between clients and end users by acting as translator and demonstrator and collaborates with the ESCO company to implement the energy renovation (FM processor). Research limitations/implications – The data were collected from a limited sample of ESCO collaborations in Denmark. Future research should thus investigate collaborative innovation in ESCO (and other forms of private–public) collaborations outside of Denmark. Practical implications – Not only should FM units clarify what different stakeholders expect from an ESCO collaboration, but also they should translate stakeholders’ expectations into actual goals and objectives; process them together with the ESCO company; demonstrate their execution to all stakeholders throughout the process, not just when closing the collaboration. Originality/value – This paper contributes to FM innovation research by exploring FM innovation in the public sector and by depicting the coordinating role of local governments’ internal FM units engaging in public–private collaborative innovation.
46
Noone, Declan, Francis Nissen, Tao Xu, Tom Burke, Sohaib Asghar, Harpal Dhillon, Martynas Aizenas, Oliver Meier, Jamie O'Hara, and Kate Khair. "An Insight into the Impact of Hemophilia a on Daily Life According to Disease Severity: A Preliminary Analysis of the CHESS II Study." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-136952.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Hemophilia A (HA) is a congenital bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (FVIII). There are currently limited data on the impact of HA on daily life. Here we examine the impact of HA on the daily life of adult persons with HA (PwHA) without current FVIII inhibitors according to disease severity. Methods: The Cost of Haemophilia in Europe: a Socioeconomic Survey II (CHESS II) is a retrospective, burden-of-illness study in adults with mild, moderate, and severe HA or hemophilia B (defined by endogenous FVIII/IX [IU/dL] relative to normal; mild, 5-<40%; moderate, 1-5%; severe, <1%); this analysis includes only PwHA. Male participants (aged ≥18 years) diagnosed with HA (without FVIII inhibitors) at least 12 months prior to clinical consultation were enrolled from Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Spain, and the UK. Data on clinical outcomes and healthcare resource utilization were captured via electronic case report forms disseminated to hemophilia specialists. PwHA completed a paper-based questionnaire utilizing 5-point Likert scales to assess the disease burden on their daily life. Overall, 12 months' retrospective data were examined. Informed consent was obtained and the study was approved by the University of Chester ethical committee. Results: Of 258 PwHA completing questionnaires, 15.9% (n=41), 27.9% (n=72), and 56.2% (n=145) had mild, moderate, and severe HA, respectively. Of those with severe HA, 60.0% were currently receiving FVIII prophylaxis (standard of care for severe HA); in comparison, 4.9% and 6.9% of those with mild and moderate HA were receiving prophylaxis (Table 1). Treatment adaptation in anticipation of physical or social activity was reported by 19.5%, 23.6%, and 38.6% of those with mild, moderate, and severe HA, respectively. Over a third of participants with mild (36.6%) and moderate (44.4%) HA, and 64.8% of those with severe HA (58.6% with severe HA receiving on-demand treatment and 69.0% receiving prophylaxis) agreed or strongly agreed that HA had reduced their physical activity (Figure 1). Overall, 38.9% of those with moderate HA and 58.6% of those with severe HA (63.8% with severe HA receiving on-demand treatment and 55.2% receiving prophylaxis) agreed or strongly agreed that their HA had reduced their social activity; this was less pronounced in mild HA (9.8%). Additionally, 31.7%, 36.1%, and 64.1% of those with mild, moderate, and severe HA (62.1% with severe HA receiving on-demand treatment and 65.5% receiving prophylaxis) agreed or strongly agreed that their HA had caused them to miss opportunities. Correspondingly, frustration due to HA was felt by 19.5%, 34.7% and 57.9% (56.9% with severe HA receiving on-demand treatment and 58.6% receiving prophylaxis) of people, respectively. When asked whether they believed their daily life was compromised due to their hemophilia, 24.4%, 37.5%, and 63.4% of those with mild, moderate, and severe HA, respectively, agreed. Pain, as reported by the physician, was noted in 36.6% of people with mild HA (100% was reported as 'mild'); in people with moderate HA, pain was reported as 'mild', 'moderate', and 'severe' in 44.4%, 20.8%, and 1.4% of PwHA, respectively. In people with severe HA, pain was reported as 'mild', 'moderate', and 'severe' in 39.7%, 27.6%, and 8.6% for those receiving on-demand treatment, and 37.9%, 32.2%, and 8.0% for those receiving prophylaxis, respectively. Conclusions: In all disease severity groups, there was a notable group of PwHA that felt that they have had to reduce their physical and social activity, have had fewer opportunities and are frustrated due to their disease. While the impact on daily life is most pronounced in people with severe HA (including those receiving on-demand treatment and those receiving prophylaxis), it is also apparent in mild and moderate HA, indicating that there may be an unmet medical need in these groups. Disclosures Noone: Healthcare Decision Consultants: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Research Investigator PROBE: Research Funding; European Haemophilia Consortium: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Nissen:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Current Employment; Actelion: Consultancy; Novartis: Research Funding; GSK: Research Funding. Xu:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Current Employment, Other: All authors received support for third party writing assistance, furnished by Scott Battle, PhD, provided by F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland.. Burke:University of Chester: Current Employment; HCD Economics: Current Employment; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy. Asghar:HCD Economics: Current Employment. Dhillon:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Other: All authors received editorial support for this abstract, furnished by Scott Battle, funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland. ; HCD Economics: Current Employment. Aizenas:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Meier:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. O'Hara:HCD Economics: Current Employment, Current equity holder in private company; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy. Khair:Biomarin: Consultancy; HCD Economics: Consultancy; Novo Nordisk: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Medikhair: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sobi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; CSL Behring: Honoraria, Research Funding; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Bayer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Haemnet: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
47
Mojžiš, Miroslav, Marek Ivan, and František Varga. "Analysis of Material Flows in a Selected Company." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2013-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The issue of material flows requires resolving a wide range of answers to questions that are part of material handling. It is important to know what the subject of handling is, what means a given material will be handled with, in what amount and time, by what route, and how this handling will be performed. We must not forget the costs involved, either in handling or storage. The answer to these questions is given by the analysis of material flows, which is dealt with during the optimisation of material handling in Bang Joo Electronics Slovakia spol. s r. o. (private limited company).
48
Stockhammer, Englebert, Joel Rabinovich, and Niall Reddy. "Distribution, wealth and demand regimes in historical perspective: the USA, the UK, France and Germany, 1855–2010." Review of Keynesian Economics 9, no. 3 (July 19, 2021): 337–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2021.03.03.
Full textAbstract:
Most empirical macroeconomic research is limited to the period since World War II. This paper analyses the effects of changes in income distribution and in private wealth on consumption and investment covering a period from as early as 1855 through to 2010 for the UK, France, Germany and the USA, based on the data set of Piketty and Zucman (2014). We contribute to the study of wealth effects, of financialization, and of the nature of demand regimes. We find that overall domestic demand has been wage-led in the USA, the UK and Germany. Total investment responds positively to higher wage shares, which is driven by residential investment. For corporate investment alone, we find a negative relation. Wealth effects are found to be positive and significant for consumption in the USA and the UK, but weaker in France and Germany. Investment is negatively affected by private wealth in the USA and the UK, but positively in France and Germany.
49
van Capelleveen, Paul. "A Number of Books." Quaerendo 50, no. 1-2 (June 4, 2020): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700690-12341460.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract During the twentieth century, a limited edition is usually numbered, in contrast to limited editions of around 1800. This article examines a number of turning points in the history of limitation statements and copy numbering: the disappearance of copyright related numbering versus unnumbered editions of private presses (around 1800), the advent of numbered prints (1850-1900), and numbering of luxury editions and private press editions (1880-1910). The stabilization of a new tradition of numbering occurs around 1930. The development of private press publications is examined in a broad context of copyright and the production of prints, while practices in the English-speaking world are shown to differ from those in other cultures, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Germany.
50
Marjanski, Vladimir, and Attila Dudás. "Some Current Problems with the Regulation of Limited Liability Companies in Serbia." Central European Journal of Comparative Law 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47078/2020.1.131-145.
Full textAbstract:
In Serbia, the legal status of limited liability companies (LLCs; društvo sa ograničenom odgovornošću, d.o.o.) is for the most part regulated by the Companies Act (Zakon o privrednim društvima). All four basic legal forms of company are regulated by this Act. Unlike in Austria and Germany, there are no special laws on LLCs and joint stock companies (JSCs). Regulating all legal forms of a company with the same act, including procedures for their liquidation, status changes (acquisition, merger, division, and spin-off), and changes of legal form, may be considered a conceptual shortcoming of the regulation relating to LLCs and of company law in Serbia in general. A specific law would enable legislators to tailor detailed rules pertaining only to LLCs, in which all peculiarities of this legal form of companies might be better addressed. Furthermore, there are relatively numerous legal norms applicable to JSCs, the appropriate application of which is can be legally extended to LLCs. However, most of them are not conceptually applicable due to the different nature of JSCs and LLCs. In addition, company law will have to undergo significant changes in upcoming years due to the process of accession of Serbia to the European Union and the fulfilment of the conditions contained in chapter 6 of the accession negotiations pertaining to company law.