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1

Gawrysiak-Zabłocka, Aleksandra. "NIEMIECKA USTAWA O SPÓŁCE Z OGRANICZONĄ ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚCIĄ – NAJNOWSZE ZMIANY." Zeszyty Prawnicze 8, no. 2 (2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2008.8.2.08.

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The German Private Limited Liability Act – Recent ChangesSummaryThe Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH – Private Limited Company) is the most popular organizational form for businesses in Germany – numbering almost one million entities. Nevertheless, few changes had been made since its inception in the late 19th century, leading to complex case law. Moreover, in the famous Centros case the ECJ decided that a businessperson may legally incorporate his or her business anywhere in the European Union, even if this happens for the sole reason of avoiding a stricter national corporate regim
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2

Ladiges, Manuel. "Criminal Liability of Directors of a Private Limited Company Seated in Germany." Criminal Law Forum 24, no. 1 (2013): 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10609-012-9189-x.

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3

Bachmann, Gregor. "Introductory Editorial: Renovating the German Private Limited Company - Special Issue on the Reform of the GmbH." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (2008): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000316.

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On 28 June 2008, the German Bundestag (Federal Parliament) passed a bill on the reform of German corporate law. Known as the Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG – Law for the Modernization of the GmbH and to Stop its Misuse) the bill is a milestone, the single most important reform of the most commonly used German corporate form. The reform will bring about major changes. Among other things the reform will make it possible to establish a GmbH with a share capital of nothing more than € 1 EURO (previously, € 25,000 had been required) and to estab
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Guinnane, Timothy W. "Creating a New Legal Form: The GmbH." Business History Review 95, no. 1 (2021): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680520000707.

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The most common business enterprise form in Germany today is the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH). The GmbH offers entrepreneurs the flexibility of a partnership combined with limited liability, capital lock-in, and other traits associated with corporations. Authorized in 1892, the GmbH appeared during a period of ferment in German enterprise law and was an early example of the private limited-liability company prevalent in many economies today. The new form reflected challenges created by the corporation reform of 1884, problems in German colonial companies, and the view that Brit
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Beurskens, Michael, and Ulrich Noack. "The Reform of German Private Limited Company: Is the GmbH Ready for the 21st Century?" German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (2008): 1069–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000328.

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The Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH - Private Limited Company) is the most popular organizational form for businesses in Germany – numbering almost one million entities in 2007. The GmbH is not only popular for entrepreneurs, but also serves a role in corporate groups and can be more or less easily upgraded to an Aktiengesellschaft (AG - public corporation). Nevertheless, few changes have been made since its inception in the late 19th century, leading to complex case law that would most certainly put a smile on the face of any corporate lawyer. The Gesetz zur Modernisierung des Gmb
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Hofert, Sebastian, and Christian Möller. "Reform of the Private Limited Company Act and codification of the private international law of companies in Germany." Law and Financial Markets Review 2, no. 5 (2008): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17521440.2008.11427991.

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7

Schmidt, Jessica. "The New Unternehmergesellschaft (Entrepreneurial Company) and the Limited – A Comparison." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (2008): 1093–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220000033x.

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One of the probably most groundbreaking – and at the same time also most contentious – issues of the German reform of private limited companies by the Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG – Law for the Modernization of the Private Limited Companies Act and to Combat its Abuse) is the introduction of the Unternehmergesellschaft (UG – Entrepreneurial Company). This new sub-type of the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH – Private Limited Company) is specifically designed for entrepreneurs and has already unofficially been dubbed the “Mini-G
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Vetter, Jochen, and Christian Schwandtner. "Cash Pooling Under the Revised German Private Limited Companies Act (GmbHG)." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (2008): 1155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000377.

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Following the 24 November 2003 decision of the Bundesgerichtshof (BGH - Federal Court of Justice) the legal framework for upstream loans granted by companies in the legal form of a Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH - Private Limited Company), i.e., loans by the GmbH to its direct and indirect shareholders or to an affiliate of such shareholder, has remained uncertain. The ruling of the BGH led to a broad spectrum of interpretations by legal scholars and practitioners – some even predicted the end of cash pooling arrangements for German corporations – which made it difficult for manag
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Roth, Wulf-Henning. "From Centros to Ueberseering: Free Movement of Companies, Private, International Law, and Community." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 52, no. 1 (2003): 177–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/52.1.177.

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Not many decisions of the Court of Justice have stirred such an intensive academic debate in Germany1 as the Court's well-known Centros judgment,2 dealing with a Danish couple that had registered a private limited company in England and had then applied to register a branch in Denmark. The Danish authorities refused a registration for the reason that under Danish law a ‘foreign limited company’ which does not transact business in its state of incorporation has to fulfil certain requirements of Danish company law, in particular the paying-up of the minimum capital fixed at DKK 200.000. The comp
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Leyens, Patrick C. "German Company Law: Recent Developments and Future Challenges." German Law Journal 6, no. 10 (2005): 1407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200014395.

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The last decade has been a time of changes in all branches of German company law. Whilst the changes in the law of civil partnerships go to the very fundaments of what was a firm belief for a hundred years in national law, the future of the private limited company is increasingly determined by the competition of regulators in the European common market. The European dimension of modern company law making is even more pervasive in the law of stock corporations where growing convergence can be noted in regard to the national approaches of the European Member States towards internal controls. A c
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Guinnane, Timothy, Ron Harris, Naomi R. Lamoreaux, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal. "Putting the Corporation in its Place." Enterprise & Society 8, no. 3 (2007): 687–729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700006224.

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This article challenges the idea that the corporation is a globally superior form of business organization and that the Anglo-American common-law is more conducive to economic development than the code-based legal systems characteristic of continental Europe. Although the corporation had important advantages over the main alternative form of organization (partnerships), it also had disadvantages that limited its appeal to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). As a result, when businesses were provided with an intermediate choice, the private limited liability company (PLLC) that combined
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Zal, Tomasz, Rafal Zielinski, Krzysztof Grela, et al. "High Efficacy of Liposomal Annamycin (L-ANN) in Combination with Cytarabine in Syngeneic p53-Null AML Mouse Model." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (2020): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-143344.

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Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterologous hematological malignancy in which the p53-mutated subset is associated with the most guarded prognosis. Induction therapy for AML with cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside, ARA-C) is routinely used in combinations with anthracyclines. Annamycin (ANN) is an antitumoral anthracycline whose anti-leukemia activity, in contrast to doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin, is unaffected by P-glycoprotein (ABCB1)-related multidrug resistance (MDR1). Unlike conventional anthracyclines, ANN accumulates in multidrug resistant cell lines, inducing DNA dama
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Fujimoto, Hiro. "Circulation of Medical Knowledge and Techniques through Film in Japan, 1929–1941." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 14, no. 3 (2020): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-8697737.

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Abstract Several historians have analyzed the various uses of medical films and have examined how cinematography changed the epistemology of medical doctors, or how governments and private companies utilized moving pictures for promoting ideas of hygiene among the general public. But historians have paid little attention to those medical films that were circulated in Japan. Some Japanese surgeons recorded their operations and screened surgical films in academic meetings to convey their techniques effectively. Others used moving pictures to educate medical students, who had limited opportunitie
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Rizzo, Lorenzo, Giorgio Valentinuz, Dario Obratil, and Valentino Pediroda. "Bankruptcy Prediction: A Model Based on Cash Flow Ratios: Evidence From Selected European Countries." International Journal of Business Administration 11, no. 6 (2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v11n6p89.

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The importance of assessing the financial distress risk of a company is a topic that has been of central value in many different economic fields and since a long time. Until the twenty-first century, most of the studies were concentrated primarily on using mathematical and statistical methods to assess the health of businesses. Many of these studies employed either accounting-based ratios or cash flow-based ratios; even if there is not a unique conclusion, the use of cash flows seems to improve the predictive capacity of the models significantly. Especially in the last twenty-five years, metho
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Vačoková, Lenka. "Limited Liability Companies in the Slovak and European Legal Context." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 11, no. 40 (2018): 256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2018-0020.

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Abstract This paper analyses provisions of a Limited Liability Company under the Slovak Commercial Code, mainly conditions governing the process of foundation and incorporation of the company and the structure of company bodies. Legal provisions of the Limited Liability Company are primarily compared with Private Limited Company by Shares established according the Companies Act 2006 and secondarily with proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on single-member Private Limited Liability Companies. The result of the research is a comparison of the Slovak and the Bri
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Teoh, Kok Ban, Miguel Cordova, Tin Phang Ooi, et al. "Factors Affecting the Revenue of MTE Mechanical Private Limited Company." Journal of The Community Development in Asia 4, no. 1 (2021): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/jcda.v4i1.1001.

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MTE Mechanical Private Limited Company is a manufacturing company located at Batu Maung, Malaysia producing fabricated metal products. During 2020, the company’s revenue has significantly decreased compared to the previous year. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the factors which affect the revenue of the company. Online interviews were used to collect information from the company’s owner and three of their customers. The present study found that the delivery service and product’s quality of the company are the major issues having effects upon the company’s revenue. Moreov
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Honhart, Michael. "Company Housing As Urban Planning in Germany, 1870–1940." Central European History 23, no. 1 (1990): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900021051.

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Animportant element of urban planning as it has developed in Europe and North America is the provision of housing for classes of people who are poorly served by private housing markets. In the case of Germany one can trace this activity back to the 1920s, during the middle years of the Weimar Republic, when public authorities began to plan and build housing on a large scale. However, one can also see in the activity of German employers, dating back another half century or more, earlier efforts at urban residential planning for people with modest incomes.
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18

Srinuan, Chalita. "Private costs of delayed privatization of TOT Public Company Limited." info 13, no. 1 (2011): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636691111101892.

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19

Teoh, Kok Ban, Miguel Cordova, Yi Hong Ng, et al. "Factors Affecting Job Stress Among Employees in Bin Chen Parts Private Limited Company." Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Education 4, no. 1 (2021): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/apjme.v4i1.1051.

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There is a high level of stress faced by employees of Bin Chen Parts Private Limited Company. The research was conducted to examine the factors causing job stress in workplace. There are 36 respondents from Bin Chen Parts Private Limited Company collected in the present research by using quantitative measurements. Google form was selected to use in this research. The collected data from the research were adopted to verify the hypotheses of the research. The results show that there is a significant positive relationship between job demands and job stress. Conversely, the relationship between jo
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20

Lukashov, Rostyslav. "Limited liability company as a private legal entity: selected legal issues." Aktual’ni problemi pravoznavstva 1, no. 4 (2019): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/app2019.04.187.

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21

Díaz Gómez, María Angustias. "La empresa familiar y su organización en forma de sociedad mercantil, con especial referencia a la sociedad de responsabilidad limitada." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 12 (June 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i12.615.

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En este trabajo, tras unas consideraciones generales sobre la Empresa Familiar, analizamos, en primer lugar, los tipos sociales mercantiles que puede adoptar en España la Sociedad Familiar, haciendo un repaso de las formas sociales típicas reconocidas por el legislador, reflexionando sobre sus ventajas e inconvenientes. En segundo lugar, nos centramos en el estudio del régimen jurídico de las dos Sociedades Capitalistas más representativas, la Sociedad Anónima y la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada, analizando sus rasgos comunes, todo ello con el fin de dilucidar cuál se adapta mejor a las
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22

Ahmed, Jashim Uddin, Hafiza Sultana, and Anisur R. Faroque. "Eastern Housing Limited: Marketing Strategies of a Real Estate Company in Bangladesh." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 21, no. 1 (2017): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262916686630.

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The case study investigates the key competitive advantages, marketing strategies, opportunities and challenges of Eastern Housing Limited (EHL), the oldest and largest company in the real estate industry of Bangladesh. EHL was created in 1964 as a private limited company to reduce the housing problems of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Over the last 50 years, EHL has successfully completed many large land and flat projects and gradually became the pioneer in the private housing industry of the country. The company strives for continuous improvement by focusing on marketing strategies, such as shifting its
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Parmar, Jitesh. "Marketing of Food Brand Globally: A Case of Vimal Agro Private Limited." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 5, no. 1 (2016): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977916636275.

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Companies that wish to operate internationally need to understand different cultures. Successful brands, like McDonalds, are easily recognized all over the world. While many products of successful global brands are marketed in a consistent manner, there is a need for these companies to understand regional differences. Organizations must accept these differences to succeed in different parts of the world. The present case concerns Vimal Agro Private Limited, Bardoli (India), a food processing company, with a special focus on brand Swad. Promotional activities conducted by the company at local a
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Brauzman, O. A. "COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROCEDURE FOR ESTABLISHING A COMPANY WITH A LIMITED LIABILITY UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY." EurasianUnionScientists 5, no. 3(72) (2020): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.5.72.648.

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The article considers the possibility of borrowing the provisions of the legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany in relation to the institution of a limited liability company in the legislation of the Russian Federation. The author has considered all the legislatively established stages of the establishment of a company in comparison with domestic legislation and concluded that it is advisable to improve Russian legislation by borrowing the considered provisions on the establishment of a company under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany.
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Raza, Shahid, and Jalil Ahmad. "SOPs of MSW Composting process by Lahore compost Private Limited." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 3, no. 6 (2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v3i6.4190.

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LCL is operating an aerobic composting plant at Lahore that has been purchased from and installed by the Menart Composting Company, Belgium. Since municipal solid waste (MSW) in Lahore is heterogeneous a screening drum (MTR 1850) installed to screen the waste before composting with additional possibility for hand-sorting of recyclables in a sorting belt. This Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) has been prepared for and adopted by the composting plant of the Lahore Compost Ltd (LCL). The SOP intends to ensure that LCL adopts the identified best practices in the plant, operates it through standa
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Šlefendorfas, Gediminas. "Bankruptcy prediction model for private limited companies of Lithuania." Ekonomika 95, no. 1 (2016): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2016.1.9910.

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The paper is mainly devoted to the bankruptcy prediction models and their ability to assess a bankruptcy probability for Lithuanian companies. The study showed that the most common type of companies in Lithuania is a private limited company, therefore, the main objective was to analyse such companies’ financial information and by using these results, create a new bankruptcy prediction model, which would allow to predict the bankruptcy probability as accurately as possible. 145 companies (73 already bankrupt and 72 still operating) were chosen as a primary sample and by using multivariate discr
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Johnston, Rhona, Olalekan Uthman, Ewen Cummins, et al. "Corrigendum: Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin monotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes: systematic review and economic evaluation." Health Technology Assessment 21, no. 2 (2018): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta21020-c201802.

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Abstract Empagliflozin (Jardiance, Merck & Co., Darmstadt, Germany) has been replaced with empagliflozin (Jardiance, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany/Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA). Sitagliptin (Januvia, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bracknell, UK) has been replaced with sitagliptin (Januvia, Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited, Kenilworth, NJ, USA).
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28

Wolf, Sebastian. "Political Corruption as a Regulatory Problem in Germany." German Law Journal 14, no. 9 (2013): 1627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002443.

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The shortcomings identified in German bribery law—such as the limited criminalization of bribery of parliamentarians and other members of domestic assemblies, coupled with the absence of trading in influence offenses, and furthermore, certain limits in the criminalization of bribery of foreign and international officials and of private sector bribery—represent significant lacunae in the law.
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Růžičková, Eva Daniela. "Limited liability company according to the new Act on commercial corporations." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072685.

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Act No. 90/2012 Coll., on commercial corporations, is one of the legal norms which arose in connection to the re-codification of the Private law. Along with the new Civil Code and Act on International private law, it brings about fundamental changes in the field of the regulation of commercial companies. It is an act which partially replaced the current Act No. 513/1991 Coll., Commercial Code. Its content predominantly consists of the regulation of commercial companies and cooperatives, while other relations regarding commercial relations will be covered by the new Civil code. The Chamber of D
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Rettberg, Fritz, and Peter Witt. "Access to Government Support for Innovation — Empirical Evidence From the Ruhr Area in Germany." Journal of Enterprising Culture 29, no. 02 (2021): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495821500084.

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Governments all over the world support innovation activities in private companies with several different programs. Typical measures are R&D subsidies, consulting services, incubator facilities, opportunities for networking, and subsidized loans. From an economic perspective, public support for innovations may help to compensate for market failure. But government support encounters the risk of being neither effective nor efficient. Furthermore, the ability of a company to successfully apply for public innovation support programs depends on the amount of administrative resources it already i
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Gurtoo, Anjula. "Mindset Challenges at Aluminum India Limited: Privatization of a State-Owned Enterprise." Asian Case Research Journal 10, no. 02 (2006): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927506000806.

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The Central Government of India sold 49% equity and gave management control of Aluminum India Limited (AIL), an aluminum manufacturing state-owned enterprise (SOE), to the AlBright Group in 2002, as a move to attract capital investments for AIL and to make its operations financially viable. When Noorani, Chairperson of AlBright — a private company — took over AIL, she had to deal with a 30-year old manufacturing plant, an aged workforce, decreasing market share, and a 57-day employee strike against the sale of AIL shares to a private company. Together with a new management team, Noorani undert
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Galanov, Vladimir, and A. Galanova. "Joint-Stock Company As a Focus of Trends in the Formation of Private Wealth." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 10, no. 1 (2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2021-10-1-48-55.

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Joint-stock company is the most developed form of private capital association historically and logically growing out of the previous organizational forms of the existence of market organizations. A joint stock company is the result of the development of two interrelated processes. From the standpoint of economic content, a joint-stock company is the result of the development of the relations of production themselves from its natural forms to the commodity form and then to the form of the capitalist economy. From the point of view of the forms in which this content develops, in the form of a jo
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Wariah, Yayah, and Amin Purnawan. "Improved Mechanisms Commanditaire Vennootschap (CV) Become A Legal Entity Limited Liability Company (PT)." Jurnal Akta 5, no. 4 (2018): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v5i4.3714.

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Principal difference between a limited partnership or known as CV (Commanditaire Vennootschap) with limited liability company (PT) contained in the legal status, because the CV is a partnership that is not incorporated and responsibilities of the board ally itself to a private property. While the Limited Liability Company (PT) is a legal entity liability company and limited responsibilities.The purpose of this study is to investigate and find out the mechanism of change Guild (CV) Become a Legal Entity Limited Liability Company (PT). To investigate and determine Responsibilities of complementa
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Shenbagam, R., and Dr S. Sekar. "An Empirical Study on Employees Job Satisfaction towards a Private Limited Company at Salem." IOSR Journal of Business and Management 16, no. 9 (2014): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-16954952.

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Dubblish, Puneet, and Shikha Bhatia. "Bright Soluble Private Limited: a case study on accounting process." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 2 (2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2019-0087.

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Learning outcomes Learning outcomes of this paper are to analyse, record and classify financial transactions; prepare unadjusted trial balance; record the adjustment and closing entries and prepare post-closing trial balance; and prepare financial statements. Case overview/synopsis The case aims to induce users to draw up financial statements from the details provided. The complete accounting process is covered through solving the case. The case follows a start-up company from its first set of financial transactions to preparing the first set of financial statements. The case will help in appl
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36

Kolleck, Aaron. "Does Car-Sharing Reduce Car Ownership? Empirical Evidence from Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137384.

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The sharing economy is making its way into our everyday lives. One of its business models, car-sharing, has become highly popular. Can it help us increase our sustainability? Besides emissions and vehicle miles traveled, one key aspect in the assessment regards the effect of car-sharing on car ownership. Previous studies investigating this effect have relied almost exclusively on surveys and come to very heterogeneous results, partly suggesting spectacular substitution rates between shared and private cars. This study empirically explores the impact of car-sharing on noncorporate car ownership
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Bartels, Andreas, and Pablo Weiss. "Performance effects of privatisation: an empirical analysis of telecommunication companies in Germany and Romania." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 10, no. 2 (2019): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2019-0012.

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Abstract The privatisation of state-owned companies is still on the agenda of many governments worldwide. One often stated goal in the privatisation process is the increase of efficiency of the company. The question is which factors do lead to an increase in efficiency and performance of a privatised company. Where are the fundamental differences between public and private companies in this respect? One goal of this paper is also to determine if other or additional variables influence the efficiency of privatised companies in transitional countries - in contrast to developed economies. Based o
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Khair, Kate, Francis Nissen, Mariabeth Silkey, et al. "Effect of Moderate and Severe Hemophilia a on Daily Life in Children and Their Caregivers: A CHESS Paediatrics Study Analysis." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (2020): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-134658.

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Introduction: Hemophilia A (HA) is a congenital bleeding disorder, caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (FVIII) and characterized by uncontrolled bleeding and progressive joint damage. This analysis assesses the impact of disease burden on the daily life of children with hemophilia A (CwHA) and their caregivers, addressing a deficit of current research on this topic. Methods: The Cost of Haemophilia in Europe: a Socioeconomic Survey in a Paediatric Population (CHESS Paediatrics) is a retrospective, burden-of-illness study in children with moderate and severe HA (defined by endogenous
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Somadiyono, Sigit. "Kedudukan Hukum Anak Perusahaan Badan Usaha Milik Daerah." Wajah Hukum 5, no. 1 (2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v5i1.428.

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Subsidiary is a company that was born due to the transfer or participation of majority shares by another company or it is called the parent company. There are no regulations related to subsidiaries in the laws and regulations related to companies or regarding Regional Owned Enterprises. This has resulted in confusion regarding the position of the regional-owned company subsidiaries, especially the unclear position of state finances in the subsidiary companies. The problem in this research is what is the legal status of ownership of a regional-owned company subsidiary? And what is the responsib
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Casper, Matthias. "Liability of the Managing Director and the Shareholder in the GmbH (Private Limited Company) in Crisis." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (2008): 1125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000353.

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The insolvency of a company does not arrive suddenly. Normally, insolvency precedes a crisis. At present, the term “crisis” is defined in § 32 a sec. 1 of the Gesetz betreffend die Gesellschaften mit Beschränkter Haftung (GmbHG – Private Limited Companies Act) as the point when the company does not receive any credits according to the usual conditions in the particular market and when the shareholders provide the company with further shareholder capital instead of debt capital. Besides the rules governing shareholder capital substitution, which will be omitted due to the upcoming reform of pri
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Maliková, Zuzana, Matúš Kubák, Radovan Bačík, and Miloš Fišar. "Governmental Research Support Programs and Private Entities in Slovakia." Review of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 4 (2015): 345–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2015-0004.

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Abstract The paper analyses public subsidies aimed to enhance development and innovation in the Slovakian private sector. The paper reviews theoretical approaches of the necessity of public support to research and development activities in order to increase private investment in research and development. An overview of research and development support tools in Slovakia is presented. The analytical part of the work is oriented on a comparative analysis of two granting agencies in Slovakia [Agency for Research and Development (ARD) and Agency of Operational Program Research and Development (OPRD
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Tsutsumi, Ichiro, and Hiroshi Ikemori. "K23 German Railway Engineers and Technology Transfer from Germany on the Construction of Kyushu Private Railway Company." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2007.60 (2007): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2007.60.395.

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43

Alvianda, Arvi. "Rencana Aksi Korporasi private placement yang Dilakukan oleh PT. SLJ GLOBAL, Tbk. terhadap CARRIEDO Limited." Jurnal Suara Hukum 2, no. 2 (2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v2n2.p215-233.

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One of the most important elements in the framework of the business development strategy of public companies (issuers) is the addition of capital. The addition of capital can be done in two ways, namely Capital Increase by providing Pre-emptive Rights and Capital Additions without Giving Pre-emptive Rights. Providing Rights is the same as Rights Issue, while without giving Rights can be equated with Private Placement. However, generally people are more familiar with calling private placement with the term Right Issue without Preemptive Rights. Arrangements regarding Preemptive Rights are regul
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Thiele, Felix, Sven Busse, and Stefan Prigge. "Private equity investors and family firms: The role of exit intentions and conflicts." Corporate Ownership and Control 15 (2018): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i2art4.

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This study examines private equity minority investors’ exit from family firms and its consequences for owner families. The authors theoretically discuss potential conflicts that might influence the exit decision, alternative exit routes, and the intentions of the family owners to exit the business along with the private equity investors. Subsequently, the theoretical insights were tested empirically using a case-based research approach. Four private equity firms provided data on 14 cases of completed minority private equity investments from Germany. Semi-structured interviews with investment m
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45

Nardelli, Giulia, Jesper Ole Jensen, and Susanne Balslev Nielsen. "Facilities management innovation in public-private collaborations." Journal of Facilities Management 13, no. 2 (2015): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-04-2014-0012.

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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to investigate how facilities management (FM) units navigate Energy Service Company (ESCO) collaborations, here defined as examples of public collaborative innovation within the context of FM. The driving motivation is to inform and inspire internal FM units of local institutions on how to navigate and manage collaboration of different, intra- and inter-organisational actors throughout ESCO projects. Design/methodology/approach – A deductive research methodology was applied based on the first ten ESCO projects in Danish municipalities between 2008 and 2
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Noone, Declan, Francis Nissen, Tao Xu, et al. "An Insight into the Impact of Hemophilia a on Daily Life According to Disease Severity: A Preliminary Analysis of the CHESS II Study." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-136952.

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Introduction: Hemophilia A (HA) is a congenital bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (FVIII). There are currently limited data on the impact of HA on daily life. Here we examine the impact of HA on the daily life of adult persons with HA (PwHA) without current FVIII inhibitors according to disease severity. Methods: The Cost of Haemophilia in Europe: a Socioeconomic Survey II (CHESS II) is a retrospective, burden-of-illness study in adults with mild, moderate, and severe HA or hemophilia B (defined by endogenous FVIII/IX [IU/dL] relative to normal; mild, 5-<4
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Mojžiš, Miroslav, Marek Ivan, and František Varga. "Analysis of Material Flows in a Selected Company." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 16, no. 1 (2013): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2013-0004.

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Abstract The issue of material flows requires resolving a wide range of answers to questions that are part of material handling. It is important to know what the subject of handling is, what means a given material will be handled with, in what amount and time, by what route, and how this handling will be performed. We must not forget the costs involved, either in handling or storage. The answer to these questions is given by the analysis of material flows, which is dealt with during the optimisation of material handling in Bang Joo Electronics Slovakia spol. s r. o. (private limited company).
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Stockhammer, Englebert, Joel Rabinovich, and Niall Reddy. "Distribution, wealth and demand regimes in historical perspective: the USA, the UK, France and Germany, 1855–2010." Review of Keynesian Economics 9, no. 3 (2021): 337–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2021.03.03.

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Most empirical macroeconomic research is limited to the period since World War II. This paper analyses the effects of changes in income distribution and in private wealth on consumption and investment covering a period from as early as 1855 through to 2010 for the UK, France, Germany and the USA, based on the data set of Piketty and Zucman (2014). We contribute to the study of wealth effects, of financialization, and of the nature of demand regimes. We find that overall domestic demand has been wage-led in the USA, the UK and Germany. Total investment responds positively to higher wage shares,
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van Capelleveen, Paul. "A Number of Books." Quaerendo 50, no. 1-2 (2020): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700690-12341460.

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Abstract During the twentieth century, a limited edition is usually numbered, in contrast to limited editions of around 1800. This article examines a number of turning points in the history of limitation statements and copy numbering: the disappearance of copyright related numbering versus unnumbered editions of private presses (around 1800), the advent of numbered prints (1850-1900), and numbering of luxury editions and private press editions (1880-1910). The stabilization of a new tradition of numbering occurs around 1930. The development of private press publications is examined in a broad
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Marjanski, Vladimir, and Attila Dudás. "Some Current Problems with the Regulation of Limited Liability Companies in Serbia." Central European Journal of Comparative Law 1, no. 1 (2020): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47078/2020.1.131-145.

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In Serbia, the legal status of limited liability companies (LLCs; društvo sa ograničenom odgovornošću, d.o.o.) is for the most part regulated by the Companies Act (Zakon o privrednim društvima). All four basic legal forms of company are regulated by this Act. Unlike in Austria and Germany, there are no special laws on LLCs and joint stock companies (JSCs). Regulating all legal forms of a company with the same act, including procedures for their liquidation, status changes (acquisition, merger, division, and spin-off), and changes of legal form, may be considered a conceptual shortcoming of the
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