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Journal articles on the topic 'Private limited company'
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Wooldridge, Frank. "The German Private Company Limited Partnership." European Business Law Review 17, Issue 6 (December 1, 2006): 1559–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2006119.
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Vačoková, Lenka. "Limited Liability Companies in the Slovak and European Legal Context." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 11, no. 40 (December 1, 2018): 256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2018-0020.
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Abstract This paper analyses provisions of a Limited Liability Company under the Slovak Commercial Code, mainly conditions governing the process of foundation and incorporation of the company and the structure of company bodies. Legal provisions of the Limited Liability Company are primarily compared with Private Limited Company by Shares established according the Companies Act 2006 and secondarily with proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on single-member Private Limited Liability Companies. The result of the research is a comparison of the Slovak and the British legislation and an effort to predict the future development of Private Limited Liability Companies in the European area.
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Teoh, Kok Ban, Miguel Cordova, Tin Phang Ooi, Maryam Tayyiba, Uma Warrier, Siti Fatini Binti Azahar, Pei Fen Khow, et al. "Factors Affecting the Revenue of MTE Mechanical Private Limited Company." Journal of The Community Development in Asia 4, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/jcda.v4i1.1001.
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MTE Mechanical Private Limited Company is a manufacturing company located at Batu Maung, Malaysia producing fabricated metal products. During 2020, the company’s revenue has significantly decreased compared to the previous year. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the factors which affect the revenue of the company. Online interviews were used to collect information from the company’s owner and three of their customers. The present study found that the delivery service and product’s quality of the company are the major issues having effects upon the company’s revenue. Moreover, the findings of the present study would benefit the company.
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Dunn, Edwina. "Single Member Private Limited Companies: 12th Company Law Directive." European Business Law Review 1, Issue 1 (January 1, 1990): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr1990004.
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Teoh, Kok Ban, Miguel Cordova, Yi Hong Ng, Gim Seng Lee, Jin Feng Choy, Daisy Mui Hung Kee, Ruen Chye Ng, et al. "Factors Affecting Job Stress Among Employees in Bin Chen Parts Private Limited Company." Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Education 4, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/apjme.v4i1.1051.
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There is a high level of stress faced by employees of Bin Chen Parts Private Limited Company. The research was conducted to examine the factors causing job stress in workplace. There are 36 respondents from Bin Chen Parts Private Limited Company collected in the present research by using quantitative measurements. Google form was selected to use in this research. The collected data from the research were adopted to verify the hypotheses of the research. The results show that there is a significant positive relationship between job demands and job stress. Conversely, the relationship between job resources and job stress is relatively negative. The results of the research will be finalized precisely and sent to Bin Chen Parts Private Limited Company to enhance the work-life in the company. The employers of the company are able to aware of the factors affecting job stress among employees in their company.
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Schmidt, Jessica. "The New Unternehmergesellschaft (Entrepreneurial Company) and the Limited – A Comparison." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1093–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220000033x.
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One of the probably most groundbreaking – and at the same time also most contentious – issues of the German reform of private limited companies by the Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG – Law for the Modernization of the Private Limited Companies Act and to Combat its Abuse) is the introduction of the Unternehmergesellschaft (UG – Entrepreneurial Company). This new sub-type of the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH – Private Limited Company) is specifically designed for entrepreneurs and has already unofficially been dubbed the “Mini-GmbH” and “GmbH light”. It can be seen as the centerpiece of the legislator's overall aim to facilitate and accelerate the formation of companies and the underlying motive of increasing the international competitiveness of the German GmbH.
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Srinuan, Chalita. "Private costs of delayed privatization of TOT Public Company Limited." info 13, no. 1 (January 25, 2011): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636691111101892.
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Díaz Gómez, María Angustias. "La empresa familiar y su organización en forma de sociedad mercantil, con especial referencia a la sociedad de responsabilidad limitada." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 12 (June 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i12.615.
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En este trabajo, tras unas consideraciones generales sobre la Empresa Familiar, analizamos, en primer lugar, los tipos sociales mercantiles que puede adoptar en España la Sociedad Familiar, haciendo un repaso de las formas sociales típicas reconocidas por el legislador, reflexionando sobre sus ventajas e inconvenientes. En segundo lugar, nos centramos en el estudio del régimen jurídico de las dos Sociedades Capitalistas más representativas, la Sociedad Anónima y la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada, analizando sus rasgos comunes, todo ello con el fin de dilucidar cuál se adapta mejor a las particularidades de la Sociedad Familiar. En tercer lugar, considerando que la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada es la forma jurídica de creación de Sociedades Familiares más utilizada, se le dedica especial atención, destacando las divergencias fundamentales de regulación entre esta sociedad y la Sociedad Anónima. Asimismo se estudia la Sociedad Limitada Nueva Empresa, como subtipo de la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada. Como conclusión, se trata de arrojar luz sobre la elección preferente de la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada como forma jurídica de constitución de la Sociedad Familiar y, al mismo tiempo, de examinar, desde una perspectiva crítica, la normativa que le resulta aplicable.<br /><br />In this work, after a few general considerations on the Family enterprise, we analyze, first, the types of mercantile companies that the Familiar Company can adopt in Spain, doing a revision of the social typical forms recognized by the legislator, thinking about his advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, we centre on the study of the juridical regime of both most representative Capitalist Companies, the public limited liability company and the Private limited company, analyzing his common features, all this in order to explain which one adapts better to the particularities of the Familiar Company. Thirdly, considering that the Private limited company is the juridical form of creation of Familiar Companies most used, one dedicates special attention, emphasizing the fundamental differences of regulation between this company and the public limited liability company. Likewise we study the Limited Company New Company, as subtype of the Private limited company. As conclusion, it is a question of clarifying the preferential choice of the Private limited company as juridical form of constitution of the Familiar Company and, at the same time, to examine, from a critical perspective, the regulation that him is applicable.<br />
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Rasyidi, Achmad Fikri. "Private Limited Company in Indonesian Positive Law: Elaborating The Basic Concept of Corporate Law, Comparison to Other Countries and Its Development." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 22, no. 4 (December 16, 2022): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2022.v22.465-482.
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The concept of a private limited company was first introduced in the Job Creation Law which is different from the concept of a company in the previous regulation. It is important to dig deeper into the concept of a private limited company: is it possible for a company legal entity to only have a single shareholder or it must be established by a minimum of 2 (two) persons as shareholders? Therefore, this paper applied the normative juridical method, which is believed to be able to answer the aforementioned problem. This paper reviewed the concept of a private limited company juxtaposed with the concept of a company that was in effect before the Job Creation Act and elaborated on the development of company regulations in Indonesian Law. In conclusion, it is found that the basic concept of a private limited company (as a legal entity) can be established by 1 (one) person, as the founder and sole shareholder, that is, as long as the establishment of the company is authorized by the state. Furthermore, the development of company legal arrangements in Indonesian law shows that the law must be responsive to the development of society. This is evident from several changes in the regulation of company law in Indonesia to accommodate the needs of economic development in society.
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Lukashov, Rostyslav. "Limited liability company as a private legal entity: selected legal issues." Aktual’ni problemi pravoznavstva 1, no. 4 (2019): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/app2019.04.187.
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Ahmed, Jashim Uddin, Hafiza Sultana, and Anisur R. Faroque. "Eastern Housing Limited: Marketing Strategies of a Real Estate Company in Bangladesh." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 21, no. 1 (March 2017): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262916686630.
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The case study investigates the key competitive advantages, marketing strategies, opportunities and challenges of Eastern Housing Limited (EHL), the oldest and largest company in the real estate industry of Bangladesh. EHL was created in 1964 as a private limited company to reduce the housing problems of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Over the last 50 years, EHL has successfully completed many large land and flat projects and gradually became the pioneer in the private housing industry of the country. The company strives for continuous improvement by focusing on marketing strategies, such as shifting its product line and target market, offering flexible pricing and becoming more customer oriented by building long-term customer relationship. However, in recent years, the company has encountered fierce competition from other players in the market and lost monopoly leadership. The study highlights how EHL is focusing on its marketing strategies to increase its market share and carefully planning to be more aggressive in addressing the challenges lying ahead.
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Ramdas, Rajani, and Nisha Shankar. "Hycons Renewable Private Limited: decision to accept or reject an equity investment." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2021-0161.
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Learning outcomes This study will help students determine the economic value of a firm particularly in case of a small business. The crux of the case is to help students estimate an enterprise value for a company and figure the actual worth of the company to aid in decision-making. Case overview/Synopsis This case is about a decision dilemma faced by Shashi Hegde, Director, Hycons Renewable Private Ltd, a company ventured into the production of Bio-CNG. It is about a recent proposal received by the firm from APL Ltd for equity investment with 40% stake in the firm. The case reflects the dilemma faced by small businesses to choose between investment or loss of control. Accepting the proposal will bring in additional funds, whereas the Board loss control on the firm. The case revolves around this dilemma. To help Hegde in this task, he seeks advice from his CFO and his confidant Kumar. Complexity academic level This case is most appropriate for a core finance class for both under-graduate and graduate programs. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.
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Ladiges, Manuel. "Criminal Liability of Directors of a Private Limited Company Seated in Germany." Criminal Law Forum 24, no. 1 (March 2013): 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10609-012-9189-x.
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Parmar, Jitesh. "Marketing of Food Brand Globally: A Case of Vimal Agro Private Limited." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 5, no. 1 (May 4, 2016): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977916636275.
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Companies that wish to operate internationally need to understand different cultures. Successful brands, like McDonalds, are easily recognized all over the world. While many products of successful global brands are marketed in a consistent manner, there is a need for these companies to understand regional differences. Organizations must accept these differences to succeed in different parts of the world. The present case concerns Vimal Agro Private Limited, Bardoli (India), a food processing company, with a special focus on brand Swad. Promotional activities conducted by the company at local and international levels have been studied. The secondary as well as primary data has been used for the purpose. The case poses questions on the company’s survival in different countries.
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Maria, Felicia, and Ulya Yasmine Prisandani. "Establishing A Limited Liability Company: A Comparative Analysis on Singaporean and Indonesian Law." Lawpreneurship Journal 1, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21632/tlj.1.1.43-57.
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The government in each country sets different requirements in order to establish a limited liability company in their country. This paper aims to do a comparative analysis on the requirements needed in order to establish a limited liability company in Indonesia and Singapore, both private company and public company, and further analyze which countries’ requirements are easier. The legal research method used in this paper is doctrinal legal research that focuses on elaborating the laws and regulations applicable. The requirement to establish a company is easier in Singapore in terms of shareholders and capital requirements, and easier in Indonesia in terms of directors and company secretary.
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Werlauff, Erik. "Relocating a Company within the EU." European Company Law 5, Issue 3 (June 1, 2008): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2008026.
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Cross–border relocation of a private or public limited company within the borders of the EU can be realized by way of a reverse vertical merger. Various elements of this ‘suction cup method’ are described and evaluated.
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Jung, Stefanie. "Societas Unius Personae (SUP) The New Corporate Element in Company Groups." European Business Law Review 26, Issue 5 (October 1, 2015): 645–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2015033.
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Due to a preliminary failure of the European Private Company (Societas Privata Europaea – SPE), the European Commission presented its proposal for a “Societas Unius Personae” (SUP) on 9 April 2014. The Commission aims at introducing and regulating harmonised single-member private limited liability companies (SUP). This shall allow medium and large-sized enterprises especially to organise their subsidiaries (abroad) with the help of this legal form. The proposal of the European Commission has been discussed controversially in the Council. On 28 May 2015 Member States agreed on a general approach that significantly amended the provisions put forward by the Commission. This contribution focuses on the substance of the SUP’s rules and in this regard compares the Commission’s proposal and the Council’s general approach.
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Raza, Shahid, and Jalil Ahmad. "SOPs of MSW Composting process by Lahore compost Private Limited." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 3, no. 6 (June 5, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v3i6.4190.
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LCL is operating an aerobic composting plant at Lahore that has been purchased from and installed by the Menart Composting Company, Belgium. Since municipal solid waste (MSW) in Lahore is heterogeneous a screening drum (MTR 1850) installed to screen the waste before composting with additional possibility for hand-sorting of recyclables in a sorting belt. This Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) has been prepared for and adopted by the composting plant of the Lahore Compost Ltd (LCL). The SOP intends to ensure that LCL adopts the identified best practices in the plant, operates it through standard recommended procedures; and takes necessary corrective actions when required
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Humphreys, Edward, Jan Andersson, and Lars-Göran Sund. "A European Private Company and Share Transfer Restrictions." European Business Law Review 23, Issue 4 (July 1, 2012): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2012027.
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Restrictions on the transfer of shares, in the articles of association and shareholders' agreement are of crucial importance for SMEs. Associates running a business together are dependent on a fragile balance in ownership positions, as well as the expertise of each shareholder and manager of the business. We criticize the EU approach to transfer restrictions, as presented in the Commission's proposal for a "Statute for a European private company" (2008). Not all of the suggested restrictions are suitable under all circumstances in the articles of association. One example is a prohibitive clause, which must be limited both in time and to transfers (not transmission) of shares. Further, other options, such as a mandatory buy-sell agreement, are not considered. Such a clause can be of the utmost importance in the case of some transmissions, e.g. upon intestate succession.
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Šlefendorfas, Gediminas. "Bankruptcy prediction model for private limited companies of Lithuania." Ekonomika 95, no. 1 (April 12, 2016): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2016.1.9910.
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The paper is mainly devoted to the bankruptcy prediction models and their ability to assess a bankruptcy probability for Lithuanian companies. The study showed that the most common type of companies in Lithuania is a private limited company, therefore, the main objective was to analyse such companies’ financial information and by using these results, create a new bankruptcy prediction model, which would allow to predict the bankruptcy probability as accurately as possible. 145 companies (73 already bankrupt and 72 still operating) were chosen as a primary sample and by using multivariate discriminant analysis stepwise method a linear function ZGS has been created. To achieve that, 156 different financial ratios were selected as a primary input data by using correlation calculation between bankruptcy and still operating companies and Mann – Whitney U test techniques. The results showed that 89% of companies were classified correctly, which states that the model is strong enough to predict bankruptcy probability for private limited companies operating in Lithuania in a sufficient accuracy.
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Růžičková, Eva Daniela. "Limited liability company according to the new Act on commercial corporations." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 7 (2013): 2685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072685.
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Act No. 90/2012 Coll., on commercial corporations, is one of the legal norms which arose in connection to the re-codification of the Private law. Along with the new Civil Code and Act on International private law, it brings about fundamental changes in the field of the regulation of commercial companies. It is an act which partially replaced the current Act No. 513/1991 Coll., Commercial Code. Its content predominantly consists of the regulation of commercial companies and cooperatives, while other relations regarding commercial relations will be covered by the new Civil code. The Chamber of Deputies approved the bill on 16th December and the Act should take effect on 1st January 2014.Since the new legislative norm brings as well many changes in the field of regulations of the limited liability company, which is currently the most used company form, the purpose of this article is to provide complete information about prepared changes in this field, while focusing on risks related to these changes for the limited liability company. According to a hypothesis determined by Pearson chi-quadrate, it should prove to the readers whether or not the changes in the field of the limited liability company will have, as a consequence, the transformation of the legal form used by persons conducting business based on the Trade Act. Further, it will be researched whether these changes will have an impact on the current form for business conduct.
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de Jong, Bas. "The Distinction between Public and Private Companies and its Relevance for Company Law: Observations from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands." European Business Law Review 27, Issue 1 (February 1, 2016): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2016001.
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This article analyses the distinction between public and private (limited) companies and its relevance for company law. Usually, the distinction refers to the fact that the tradability of shares in private companies is more restricted than in public companies. In this paper the differences between the two company forms are studied from the perspective of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In both jurisdictions, the private company is of a more recent origin than the public company and currently the most popular company form in numbers. The paper discusses the motives to choose the public company form over the more lightly regulated private company form, and the justifications for the more extensive regulation of the public company. It is submitted that both British and Dutch law could relax certain mandatory provisions for non-listed public companies and thus offer more flexibility to shareholders. Curiously and in contrast with British law, a Dutch private company can make public offers of its securities and become listed, although there is no appropriate legislative regime as in case of a public company. The article concludes with a discussion of several topics where the British and/or Dutch company legislation make distinctions between public and private companies, including capital protection, resolutions and meetings, rights attached to shares, the board, accounting law and dispute resolution. Improvements in these areas are suggested for both British and Dutch company law.
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Hofert, Sebastian, and Christian Möller. "Reform of the Private Limited Company Act and codification of the private international law of companies in Germany." Law and Financial Markets Review 2, no. 5 (September 2008): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17521440.2008.11427991.
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Gurtoo, Anjula. "Mindset Challenges at Aluminum India Limited: Privatization of a State-Owned Enterprise." Asian Case Research Journal 10, no. 02 (December 2006): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927506000806.
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The Central Government of India sold 49% equity and gave management control of Aluminum India Limited (AIL), an aluminum manufacturing state-owned enterprise (SOE), to the AlBright Group in 2002, as a move to attract capital investments for AIL and to make its operations financially viable. When Noorani, Chairperson of AlBright — a private company — took over AIL, she had to deal with a 30-year old manufacturing plant, an aged workforce, decreasing market share, and a 57-day employee strike against the sale of AIL shares to a private company. Together with a new management team, Noorani undertook some measures and was contemplating on others to transform AIL into a market-driven organization. She was facing high employee resistance. At this juncture Noorani was pondering on what to do next. She was concerned about the possibility of transforming AIL and proceeding with the expansion plans on schedule.
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Vetter, Jochen, and Christian Schwandtner. "Cash Pooling Under the Revised German Private Limited Companies Act (GmbHG)." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000377.
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Following the 24 November 2003 decision of the Bundesgerichtshof (BGH - Federal Court of Justice) the legal framework for upstream loans granted by companies in the legal form of a Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH - Private Limited Company), i.e., loans by the GmbH to its direct and indirect shareholders or to an affiliate of such shareholder, has remained uncertain. The ruling of the BGH led to a broad spectrum of interpretations by legal scholars and practitioners – some even predicted the end of cash pooling arrangements for German corporations – which made it difficult for managers of a GmbH to continue existing cash pooling arrangements without changes to their original scope and conditions.
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Dubblish, Puneet, and Shikha Bhatia. "Bright Soluble Private Limited: a case study on accounting process." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2019-0087.
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Learning outcomes Learning outcomes of this paper are to analyse, record and classify financial transactions; prepare unadjusted trial balance; record the adjustment and closing entries and prepare post-closing trial balance; and prepare financial statements. Case overview/synopsis The case aims to induce users to draw up financial statements from the details provided. The complete accounting process is covered through solving the case. The case follows a start-up company from its first set of financial transactions to preparing the first set of financial statements. The case will help in application of accounting concepts, principles and the processes for recording transactions and preparation of financial statements. Complexity academic level The case is best suited for senior undergraduate- and graduate-level students of management/business schools in the courses of introductory financial accounting, intermediate accounting and financial reporting. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 1: accounting and finance.
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Wariah, Yayah, and Amin Purnawan. "Improved Mechanisms Commanditaire Vennootschap (CV) Become A Legal Entity Limited Liability Company (PT)." Jurnal Akta 5, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v5i4.3714.
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Principal difference between a limited partnership or known as CV (Commanditaire Vennootschap) with limited liability company (PT) contained in the legal status, because the CV is a partnership that is not incorporated and responsibilities of the board ally itself to a private property. While the Limited Liability Company (PT) is a legal entity liability company and limited responsibilities.The purpose of this study is to investigate and find out the mechanism of change Guild (CV) Become a Legal Entity Limited Liability Company (PT). To investigate and determine Responsibilities of complementary Allies Against Limited Liability Company (PT) established. The method used is normative, descriptive analysis, data collection is done by using primary data and secondary data in the form of primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary as the main data. After the secondary and primary data collected, then conducted a qualitative analysis. Based on the analysis concluded that the mechanism of the change in form of a CV to PT generally refers to the provisions regulating the CV and the provisions governing PT. Responsibility in complementary ally if the legal actions referred to in Article 12 and Article 13 of the Company Law, then the shift right and duty of the complementary allies into the company and legal actions undertaken by the complementary binding partner company.Keywords: Business Entity; Limited Partnership; Limited Liability Company
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Roth, Wulf-Henning. "From Centros to Ueberseering: Free Movement of Companies, Private, International Law, and Community." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 52, no. 1 (January 2003): 177–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/52.1.177.
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Not many decisions of the Court of Justice have stirred such an intensive academic debate in Germany1 as the Court's well-known Centros judgment,2 dealing with a Danish couple that had registered a private limited company in England and had then applied to register a branch in Denmark. The Danish authorities refused a registration for the reason that under Danish law a ‘foreign limited company’ which does not transact business in its state of incorporation has to fulfil certain requirements of Danish company law, in particular the paying-up of the minimum capital fixed at DKK 200.000. The competent Danish Court referred the question to the Court of Justice whether the Danish regulation was compatible with Article 52 (now Article 43) ECT in conjunction with Article 58 (now Article 48) ECT.
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Shenbagam, R., and Dr S. Sekar. "An Empirical Study on Employees Job Satisfaction towards a Private Limited Company at Salem." IOSR Journal of Business and Management 16, no. 9 (2014): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-16954952.
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Kasih, Desak. "PERSEROAN PERORANGAN PASCA UU CIPTA KERJA:PERUBAHAN PARADIGMA PERSEROAN TERBATAS SEBAGAI ASOSIASI MODAL." Arena Hukum 15, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01501.2.
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The study aimed to analyze the concept of a Limited Liability Company after the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, especially concerning the concept of capital association paradigm. This normative legal research uses a statutory, conceptual and comparative approach. The results shows that after the enactment of the Job Creation Law, there is a new form of legal entity, namely an Private Company which is specifically for MSE actors with the aim of facilitating business development for MSE actors by being able to form a legal entity with only one person as the founder/shareholder. This has indicated a change in the paradigm of Limited Liability Companies as a capital association. It is in the form of expansion of the concept of a Limited Liability Company where the establishment of a Private Company for MSEs was founded by 1 (one) person. This is nothing new considering Article 7 paragraph 5 and paragraph (7) of the Company Law that a company can be established only by one shareholder as in the establishment of BUMN and BUMD which is also regulated in the BUMN Law and PP. 45 of 2005 which allows the shares of Persero to be wholly owned by the state.
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Kessey, Kwaku D., and Irene Ampaabeng. "Management in Public Utility Companies in Ghana: An Appraisal of Ghana Water Company Limited." International Journal of Management and Sustainability 3, no. 8 (July 15, 2014): 500–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.11/2014.3.8/11.8.500.516.
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Urban water provision system in Ghana covers 70 percent of the resident population but it is estimated that only 40 per cent of residents connected to the supply system have regular supplies. The Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) which is responsible for production, distribution of potable water, billing and revenue collection from consumers is beset with many challenges. It faces several management challenges manifested in poor service delivery in terms of quantity and quality, poor cost recovery, weak capacity for operation and maintenance and poor financial management. This state of affairs has compelled the Government of Ghana to initiate reforms of the water sector including reengineering of the systems and possible Private Sector Participation in urban water provision. Presently, government has started physical expansion works in the water sector of many cities in Ghana. But not much has been done on the management system and its effect on water provision. The contention is that without effective management the expansion and reengineering works will not have sustainable effect on urban water provision. Given this scenario, Cape Coast, capital of Central region was chosen as case study on the management dimension of urban water provision. The institutional management assessment revealed that the GWCL as a quasi-state institution has limited autonomy for effective operation. This has culminated in poor performance and negative public image. The staff of the company admitted its poor service delivery and financial management. They are of the opinion that public-private partnership investment would improve the situation. However, consumers are unwilling to accept private investors’ participation in water provision due to the general perception that partnership will increase water tariffs.
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Casper, Matthias. "Liability of the Managing Director and the Shareholder in the GmbH (Private Limited Company) in Crisis." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000353.
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The insolvency of a company does not arrive suddenly. Normally, insolvency precedes a crisis. At present, the term “crisis” is defined in § 32 a sec. 1 of the Gesetz betreffend die Gesellschaften mit Beschränkter Haftung (GmbHG – Private Limited Companies Act) as the point when the company does not receive any credits according to the usual conditions in the particular market and when the shareholders provide the company with further shareholder capital instead of debt capital. Besides the rules governing shareholder capital substitution, which will be omitted due to the upcoming reform of private limited companies, there are few legal guidelines that regulate the standards of conduct for managing directors and shareholders in the case of a crisis. In particular, § 49 sec. 3 GmbHG needs to be singled out. This paragraph establishes an obligation to call a shareholder meeting if more than half of the capital stock is lost. If an adverse balance arises because of the payouts to the shareholders, the protections of §§ 30, 31 GmbHG will intervene. An adverse balance results when there is insufficient capital to cover the liabilities, ownership's equity, and guaranteed capital. However these protections often do not suffice.
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Vutt, Andres, and Margit Vutt. "Shareholder Exit in Estonian Private Limited Companies: Proposals of the Company Law Revision Working Group." Juridica International 30 (October 13, 2021): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/ji.2021.30.16.
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Private limited companies are small, closed companies in which, as a rule, there are few shareholders. Regrettably, conflicts arise between shareholders that cannot be resolved in such a way that the persons in dispute remain shareholders, since protracted litigation reduces the value of the company and may lead to the closing of the business. For resolving such situations, several countries have made provisions in their laws for the possibility of shareholder exit. Current Estonian law does not provide for shareholder exit. The law regulates only a shareholder’s expulsion, but this remedy is not widely used in practice, since its scope is so limited. This mechanism cannot be used for solving the problems in most cases. There are some other possibilities for shareholder exit, but they are merely theoretical and have not been proved in case law. A review of Estonia’s company law commenced in 2016, and the working group presented its proposals for amending the relevant laws in 2019. One proposal made by the revision working group was to bring into the law provisions governing shareholder exit. Under the proposals made, shareholder exit would be possible only for a valid reason and as ultima ratio. The right to claim for exclusion of a shareholder is held by any shareholder(s) having at least 50% of the votes. If a shareholder is excluded from the company, the court has to determine the compensation to be paid to the departing shareholder, taking into account the rules on capital maintenance.
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Galanov, Vladimir, and A. Galanova. "Joint-Stock Company As a Focus of Trends in the Formation of Private Wealth." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2021-10-1-48-55.
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Joint-stock company is the most developed form of private capital association historically and logically growing out of the previous organizational forms of the existence of market organizations. A joint stock company is the result of the development of two interrelated processes. From the standpoint of economic content, a joint-stock company is the result of the development of the relations of production themselves from its natural forms to the commodity form and then to the form of the capitalist economy. From the point of view of the forms in which this content develops, in the form of a joint-stock company, the process of improving organizational forms that allow uniting private capital to achieve a single goal – making a profit – finds its "logical conclusion". Unlike the legal forms of a general partnership and a limited liability company, the form of a joint-stock company allows to combine a potentially unlimited number of investors and their capital on terms that most contribute to the maximization and preservation of private wealth, potentially for all members of modern society.
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Alvianda, Arvi. "Rencana Aksi Korporasi private placement yang Dilakukan oleh PT. SLJ GLOBAL, Tbk. terhadap CARRIEDO Limited." Jurnal Suara Hukum 2, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v2n2.p215-233.
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One of the most important elements in the framework of the business development strategy of public companies (issuers) is the addition of capital. The addition of capital can be done in two ways, namely Capital Increase by providing Pre-emptive Rights and Capital Additions without Giving Pre-emptive Rights. Providing Rights is the same as Rights Issue, while without giving Rights can be equated with Private Placement. However, generally people are more familiar with calling private placement with the term Right Issue without Preemptive Rights. Arrangements regarding Preemptive Rights are regulated in POJK No.32/POJK.04/2015 concerning Addition of Company Capital By Providing Pre-emptive Rights, while without providing Preemptive Rights is regulated in POJK No.38/POJK.04/2014 concerning Capital Increase of Public Companies without Giving Pre-emptive Rights. The research method is used a normative juridical method. The research specifications are used descriptive-analytical. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the Capital Increase without Giving Preemptive Rights is carried out by PT. SLJ GLOBAL Tbk, by issuing new shares to creditors as a form of debt payment is one of the best ways for the Company. This method proved to be able to reduce debt and increase the paid up capital of the Company, as well as making the Creditor as a new shareholder. However, corporate action through the issuance of new shares without giving HMETD, so that there are additional new investors, resulting in a percentage share ownership of each of the existing shareholders has decreased. (Dilution).
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Santosa, A. A. Gede D. H. "PERBEDAAN BADAN HUKUM PUBLIK DAN BADAN HUKUM PRIVAT." Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v5i2.18468.
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Berdasarkan Pasal 1ayat (1) danPasal2 NBW yang dimaksudkan dengan badan hukum publik itu adalah Negara, provinsi, kotapraja-kotapraja (kabupaten/kota), The Waterboardsdan lembaga lembaga lainnya yang diberi wewenang dalam bidang legislatif (membuat dan mengeluarkan Peraturan Perundang-undangan) berdasarkanUndang-UndangDasar Belanda. Badan-badan yang juga dapatdisebut badan hukum publik adalah badan-badanselain yang disebutkan dalam Pasal 1 yang diberi wewenang dalam rangka tugas-tugas Pemerintah dan hasil yang menjadi tujuan pemberian wewenang tersebut secara spesifik ditentukan atau sesuai dengan hukum. Dengandemikian kriteria yang digunakan untuk menentukan suatu badan sebagai badan hukum publik adalah adanya kewenangan legislatifyang dimiliki badan itu berdasarkan Undang-Undang Dasar Belanda atau badan yang badan tertentu lainnya yang mempunyai atau diberi wewenang dalam rangka melaksanakan tugas-tugas Pemerintahan. Sementara itu badan hukum privat dalam NBW di atur dalam Pasal 3 Private Legal Personsdisebutkan“Associations, Cooperatives, Mutual Insurance Societes, Open Corporations, Cloesed Corporation and Foundations have legal personality”, badan-badan yang termasuk yang termasuk sebagai badan hukum privat adalah Perkumpulan/Perhimpunan, Perseroan Terbatas, Perusahan Asuransi Swasta, PT. Terbuka/Public Limited Company, PT. Tertutup/Private Limited Company dan Yayasan. Dengan demikian maka kriteria yang digunakan untuk menentukan suatu badan hukum merupakan badan hukum privat berdasarkan bentuk badan hukum itu, bentuk-bentuk badan hukum ini adalah badan hukumyang lazimnya mempunyai tujuan tertentu seperti mencari keuntungan atau tujuan sosial berkedudukan sama seperti orang perorangan yang tidak mempunyai kewenangan seperti badan hukum publik.
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Beurskens, Michael, and Ulrich Noack. "The Reform of German Private Limited Company: Is the GmbH Ready for the 21st Century?" German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1069–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000328.
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The Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH - Private Limited Company) is the most popular organizational form for businesses in Germany – numbering almost one million entities in 2007. The GmbH is not only popular for entrepreneurs, but also serves a role in corporate groups and can be more or less easily upgraded to an Aktiengesellschaft (AG - public corporation). Nevertheless, few changes have been made since its inception in the late 19th century, leading to complex case law that would most certainly put a smile on the face of any corporate lawyer. The Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG - Law for the Modernization of the GmbH and to Combat its Abuse), the most fundamental reform of the German GmbH, tries to replace much of that case law with statutory rules, while also eliminating certain formalities.
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Sokolov, Roman, Evgeniya Mikhailovna Rogozhina, and Igor Ryzhov. "Technologies of functioning of the private military services market and features of Customer-Private Military Company interaction." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 1 (January 2022): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2022.1.37617.
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The authors consider in detail the topic of the private military services market as a special system with a limited number of participants and extremely limited effect of market laws. Special attention is paid to the topic of the relationship between the customer and the contractor, as containing a counterintuitive problem - the desire of the contractor to maximize the customer's expenses and delay the implementation of the tasks set. Another contradiction is connected with this problem - the balance of control and efficiency, the study of which is also given in this paper. The authors consider the key features of the private military services market, the actors that operate on it, the mechanisms for regulating the activities of customers and performers, which, in essence, determine the contradictions that arise between them. A special contribution to the study of this problem by the authors is the consideration of Private military companies as an element of the private military services market. The market itself seems to the authors to be a source of key contradictions in the relationship between the principal and the agent in the implementation of military tasks. The authors reveal the system of interaction in the military services market by establishing the main influencing factors of both the external environment and the market's influence on the environment. For the first time, the interaction of the customer-PMCs within the framework of existing contracts is considered in detail, the interests of the parties and the mechanisms for their implementation are systematized. The authors consider two methods of solving already existing contradictions: the method of "strategic privatization" and the method of "deal with Faust". The authors have developed an original method of "controlled competition", which potentially solves a greater number of contractual contradictions.
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Somadiyono, Sigit. "Kedudukan Hukum Anak Perusahaan Badan Usaha Milik Daerah." Wajah Hukum 5, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v5i1.428.
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Subsidiary is a company that was born due to the transfer or participation of majority shares by another company or it is called the parent company. There are no regulations related to subsidiaries in the laws and regulations related to companies or regarding Regional Owned Enterprises. This has resulted in confusion regarding the position of the regional-owned company subsidiaries, especially the unclear position of state finances in the subsidiary companies. The problem in this research is what is the legal status of ownership of a regional-owned company subsidiary? And what is the responsibility of the holding company of a Regionally Owned Company to its subsidiaries? The purpose of this study was to determine the legal status of the subsidiary and the responsibilities of the Regional Owned Company as the holding company. The research method used is normative juridical analysis of the laws and regulations and the theory of the jurists. From the results of the research, it is found that even though the status is a subsidiary of a Regional Owned Enterprise, the subsidiary is not owned by the Regional Government but has a private or private status, so that there is no special binding legal relationship between the Regional Government as a shareholder of a Regional Owned Enterprise and its owned subsidiary Regional owned enterprises. The responsibility of a Regional Owned Company as the holding company with its subsidiary is limited to the relationship between the shareholders and the company as stipulated in Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies.
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Prashar, Anupama. "The Expansion Dilemma for Fourth-Party Logistics Services: Kodan Solutions Private Limited." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 24, no. 4 (October 11, 2020): 506–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262920953430.
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The purpose of the case is to introduce the students to an emerging business trend of outsourcing the logistics function. The case enables the students to analyse the benefits of outsourcing logistics function and understand the concept of third-party logistics (3PL) and fourth-party logistics (4PL). The case is developed based on the primary data collected through interviews with the protagonist. Also, secondary data from published reports and archives of the company were used for the development of the case. After the case discussion the students will be able to understand the role of project logistics services in the supply chain. They will also understand the role of value-added logistics services such as cross-docking, reverse logistics and customs clearance, and the documentation involved in cross-border logistics. This case is among the first few cases on the concept of project logistics services and their role in the supply chain management.
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Amalia, Yeni, Amin Purnawan, and Djunaedi Djunaedi. "Position & Responsibilities of Notaries in Implementing Circular Resolutions of Foreign-Owned Branch Companies." Sultan Agung Notary Law Review 3, no. 3 (August 21, 2021): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/sanlar.3.3.1099-1107.
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This study aims to determine the position and responsibilities of a notary in the organs of a Limited Liability Company. There are two types of Limited Liability Company, namely Public Company and Private Company. In a closed company, it is very possible to make circular decisions because the number of shareholders is not as many as a public company. The approach method used in this study is an empirical juridical approach, which is an approach that examines secondary data first and then proceeds with conducting primary data research in the field. Circular decisions are made when it is not possible for a Limited Liability Company to hold a General Meeting of Shareholders or an Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders whose provisions can be seen in Article 91 of the UUUP. In Indonesia and even around the world, we are facing a pandemic due to Corona Virus Disease or COVID-19. For a Limited Liability Company whose shareholders are foreigners, a Foreign Investment Limited Company (PMA), of course, cannot come to the position of a Limited Liability Company in Indonesia. So that it is done through video conference whose provisions can be found in Article 77 of the Company Law. Notaries are responsible for making Circular Deeds that do not violate the provisions of the Company Law. The position of the Notary appointed to make the deed of the Circular Decree of the Company can be selected from all over Indonesia. As long as the parties are facing the Notary. However, if a Notary is appointed to follow the process of implementing the Circular Decision, it must be a Notary who has the same position as the Limited Liability Company or may also have a different position but is still in the same province from the position of the Notary appointed to follow the Circular Decision of the Shareholders.
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Paulina, Nadya Septia, and Dyah Hapsari Prananingrum. "KARAKTERISTIK BADAN HUKUM RUMAH SAKIT SWASTA DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmu Hukum: ALETHEA 1, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/alethea.vol1.no2.p185-200.
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Seiring dengan perkembangan jaman, Rumah Sakit tidak hanya dapat dikelola oleh suatu yayasan yang hanya bertujuan sosial namun dikelola oleh suatu perusahaan yang berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas dalam menjalankan kegiatan perumahsakitan. Berdasarkan Pasal 7 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2009 tentang Rumah Sakit bahwa Rumah Sakit dapat dikelola oleh suatu badan hukum yang kegiatan usahanya hanya bergerak di bidang perumahsakitan. Rumah Sakit dapat didirikan oleh Pemerintah, Pemerintah Daerah, atau swasta. Pendirian oleh swasta dapat berbentuk yayasan atau Perseroan Terbatas dalam mengelola Rumah Sakit. Penyelenggaraan Rumah Sakit yang dikelola yayasan berbeda dengan Perseroan Terbatas. Perbedaan tersebut dapat dilihat dari filosofi yayasan yang kegiatan usahanya mengedepankan charity dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan kepada masyarakat. Dalam Perseroan Terbatas keuntungan suatu perusahaan menjadi tujuan utama dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Artikel ini hendak menguraikan karekteristik badan hukum rumah sakit swasta di Indonesia.
Along with the changing times, hospitals can not only be managed by a foundation that only has a social purpose but is managed by a company in the form of a limited liability company in carrying out hospital activities. Based on Article 7 paragraph (4) of Law Number 44 the Year 2009 concerning Hospitals that a Hospital can be managed by a legal entity whose business activities are only engaged in the field of hospitals. Hospitals can be established by the Government, Local Government, or the private sector. Establishment by the private sector can be in the form of a foundation or limited company in managing hospitals. The organization of hospitals managed by the Foundation is different from limited companies. This difference can be seen from the philosophy of the Foundation whose business activities prioritize charity in providing health services to the community. In a Limited Liability Company, the profit of a company becomes the main goal in health services. This article intends to describe the characteristics of legal entities in private hospitals in Indonesia.
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Maliková, Zuzana, Matúš Kubák, Radovan Bačík, and Miloš Fišar. "Governmental Research Support Programs and Private Entities in Slovakia." Review of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 4 (January 29, 2015): 345–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2015-0004.
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Abstract The paper analyses public subsidies aimed to enhance development and innovation in the Slovakian private sector. The paper reviews theoretical approaches of the necessity of public support to research and development activities in order to increase private investment in research and development. An overview of research and development support tools in Slovakia is presented. The analytical part of the work is oriented on a comparative analysis of two granting agencies in Slovakia [Agency for Research and Development (ARD) and Agency of Operational Program Research and Development (OPRD)]. Special attention is given to direct public financial support. Logit analysis showed a relationship between success of grant applicants and their characteristics. We find that the following have impact on success of the application: Age of the company, amount of the grant required, legal form of the company, and the agency to which the application for grant was submitted. Applicants with legal form Ltd. (limited liability company) have a higher chance of receiving grant than other legal forms. The highest chance of success has a request for a grant of up to 500.000 €. According to the results of our analysis, the chance to obtain a grant decreases with each passing year.
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Gawrysiak-Zabłocka, Aleksandra. "NIEMIECKA USTAWA O SPÓŁCE Z OGRANICZONĄ ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚCIĄ – NAJNOWSZE ZMIANY." Zeszyty Prawnicze 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2008.8.2.08.
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The German Private Limited Liability Act – Recent ChangesSummaryThe Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH – Private Limited Company) is the most popular organizational form for businesses in Germany – numbering almost one million entities. Nevertheless, few changes had been made since its inception in the late 19th century, leading to complex case law. Moreover, in the famous Centros case the ECJ decided that a businessperson may legally incorporate his or her business anywhere in the European Union, even if this happens for the sole reason of avoiding a stricter national corporate regime. As a result many Germans decided to establish company in U.K. because Ltd. legal regime was by no means more transparent and accessible than the GmbH legal regime (no requirement of minimum share capital). In such a situation, after long discussions, German parliament adopted Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG – Law for the Modernisation of the German Limited Liability Company Law and the Prevention of Misuse) which came into force on the 1 November 2008. In the article some of the most important features of the new GmbH-Recht are analyzed. Changes in German law could be an important inspiration for Polish legislator since the discussion on how to make Polish spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością more competitive and how to prevent abuse of company law is currently underway in our country.
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Bachmann, Gregor. "Introductory Editorial: Renovating the German Private Limited Company - Special Issue on the Reform of the GmbH." German Law Journal 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000316.
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On 28 June 2008, the German Bundestag (Federal Parliament) passed a bill on the reform of German corporate law. Known as the Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG – Law for the Modernization of the GmbH and to Stop its Misuse) the bill is a milestone, the single most important reform of the most commonly used German corporate form. The reform will bring about major changes. Among other things the reform will make it possible to establish a GmbH with a share capital of nothing more than € 1 EURO (previously, € 25,000 had been required) and to establish a GmbH that has no active business in Germany but solely operates abroad. Although the bill still has to be approved by the Bundesrat (Federal Council of the States), which will probably vote on this matter on 19 September, experts have little doubt that the reform easily will pass this last hurdle and enter into force as soon as 1 November.
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Hussain, Umer. "Pakistan Accumulators (PVT) Limited (PAL) – a third world perspective." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 4, no. 6 (November 26, 2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-04-2013-0036.
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Subject area Operational Management, Strategic Management and Marketing Management. Study level/applicability The case can be taught in introductory marketing courses and management and organizational policy course and in advanced level in promotion, distribution channels, marketing research, consumer behavior and brand management courses at graduate level. Importance of market and technological research; first mover advantage and disadvantages in new market segment; importance of competition in a market; use of PESTL analysis before pursuing for any segment; types of growth strategies which could be used that is Broad base or Narrow base; how company uses marketing mix strategy; and how managers make decision in dynamic environment (contingency theory approach). Case overview This case study relates to a real-life situation the data was collected from primary and secondary sources between 2012 and 2013. The case is of a company Pakistan Accumulators (PAL), having less than 18 years of experience, has been able to grow successfully in the dynamic environment of Pakistan. The decline of the private businesses in Pakistan due to the energy crisis has popped up a new need of power generation alternative equipment in the country. PAL, which is a privately owned company, suppliers of automotive batteries, Uninterruptable Power System (UPS) batteries, lead acid batteries and rechargeable batteries has been able to manage the growth of 20 per cent per year. In this case study, we have highlighted only one market segment of the company that is of UPS batteries, we have focused on what is the future prospect of this particular segment, its attractiveness. Also, the area of focus was the new market segments which can be targeted by the company. Basic issues of the case study: calculation of the market segment value of UPS industry; identification and solution of different challenges faced by PAL in the dynamic Pakistani market (contingency theory); recognition of different future growth prospects for PAL. Expected learning outcomes The basic objective of this case is to enhance the analytical and qualitative skills of the students by giving them the real-life perspective of a company working successfully in country like Pakistan which is facing economic and political crises. This case can also be used for understanding the problems of third-world markets and how company can pursue successfully in the long–term. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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Nardelli, Giulia, Jesper Ole Jensen, and Susanne Balslev Nielsen. "Facilities management innovation in public-private collaborations." Journal of Facilities Management 13, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-04-2014-0012.
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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to investigate how facilities management (FM) units navigate Energy Service Company (ESCO) collaborations, here defined as examples of public collaborative innovation within the context of FM. The driving motivation is to inform and inspire internal FM units of local institutions on how to navigate and manage collaboration of different, intra- and inter-organisational actors throughout ESCO projects. Design/methodology/approach – A deductive research methodology was applied based on the first ten ESCO projects in Danish municipalities between 2008 and 2012. Findings – A model of FM roles in FM public innovation is proposed. The internal FM unit coordinates between clients and end users by acting as translator and demonstrator and collaborates with the ESCO company to implement the energy renovation (FM processor). Research limitations/implications – The data were collected from a limited sample of ESCO collaborations in Denmark. Future research should thus investigate collaborative innovation in ESCO (and other forms of private–public) collaborations outside of Denmark. Practical implications – Not only should FM units clarify what different stakeholders expect from an ESCO collaboration, but also they should translate stakeholders’ expectations into actual goals and objectives; process them together with the ESCO company; demonstrate their execution to all stakeholders throughout the process, not just when closing the collaboration. Originality/value – This paper contributes to FM innovation research by exploring FM innovation in the public sector and by depicting the coordinating role of local governments’ internal FM units engaging in public–private collaborative innovation.
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Singhvi, Sajjan, Gaurav Sharma, and Rajat Gera. "Candy Confectioneries Pvt Limited (CCL)." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-07-2016-0155.
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Subject area Rural Marketing, Sales and Distribution Management, Salesperson Motivation, Channel Management. Study level/applicability The case can be used in sales management, channel management and rural marketing courses offered to graduate students of MBA degrees. In the sales management courses, the emphasis is on understanding the typical tasks that the rural salesperson is required to conduct. The case can be used to design a suitable motivation-mix for a rural salesperson after analysing their approach towards work. In a rural marketing course, the case can be used to understand the sales and distribution management of fast-moving consumer good products in rural India. The case can be used in channel management courses to design an appropriate channel structure in the rural market in India and utilized for managing the distributors’ salesforce for effective and improved market coverage in rural areas. Case overview Candy Confectioneries Private Limited started its operations in 1995, and was one of the largest confectionery players in India with a market share of 20 per cent. The company had achieved sales of Rs 20bn in 2014 and had 15 confectionery brands in the market. The company was also trying hard to establish itself in the snacks category. The company had nationwide operations, and it was important for the company to expand into the rural market. It served its markets through a comprehensive urban and rural distribution setup. In the rural distribution network, the rural sales representatives (RSRs) played a key role and perhaps were one of the most critical factors in covering the rural market. The RSR system was typical to suit the requirement of product-market coverage with its limitations. The case broadly profiles eight RSRs who were engaged to cover a specific territory in the State of Bihar in India. It also describes their approaches to work and complexities emerging thereof in achieving the best results for the organization. Expected learning outcomes The case has the following learning objectives: Understanding the design of sales and distribution channel structure followed for distribution and selling of confectionery products in rural India. Examining whether the existing system is adequate to achieve the goals of the firm. Evaluating the performance of each salesperson and identifying common factors to formulate the salesforce policies. Arriving at a suitable motivation-mix for the rural salesperson. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.
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Stern, Simon. "The Third-Party Doctrine and the Third Person." New Criminal Law Review 16, no. 3 (2013): 364–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2013.16.3.364.
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According to the third-party doctrine, a person has no reasonable expectation of privacy in information that has been shared with others—including a bank, phone company, or credit card company. The doctrine got its start through an appeal to a locatable observer who corresponds, in literary terms, to a narrator with a limited perspective. This is the kind of perspective that courts have traditionally emphasized when explaining how to assess probable cause. The third-party doctrine turns the limited perspective into an omniscient one. The doctrine takes apparently private conduct and classifies it as public, effectively treating the perspective of the “arresting officer” as if it could encompass large quantities of information, widely distributed in space and time. The discussion here examines a recent defense of the third-party doctrine that similarly collapses the limited and omniscient viewpoints. Then, after exploring the narrative analogy by reference to literary analyses of the omniscient narrator in Victorian fiction, the discussion ends by considering the analogy in relation to contemporary modes of omniscient narration.
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Kagwi, Stella Wangari. "Growth Strategies and Sales Performance of Private Security Companies: The Case of WS Insight Limited." Journal of Strategic Management 6, no. 4 (July 27, 2022): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t5090.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of growth strategies on sales performance of private security companies, namely WS Insight Limited. The specific objective of the study was to find out how market penetration strategy implementation affects the sales success at WS Insight Limited. The resource-based theory, core competency theory, goal attainment theory and contingency theory were used to guide the research. Descriptive survey design was adopted. The target group included 71 management workers from the executive, senior, middle and junior management levels who were in charge of strategy execution. The study discovered that majority of respondents agreed that in the last eight years, WS Insight Limited had boosted its advertising and marketing activities to raise brand awareness and had used new distribution channels to grow market sales. Between 2013 and 2020, there was the implementation of tactics such as price discounts and fair pricing, as well as the formation of strategic alliances, as evidenced by a composite mean of 3.98 and standard deviation of 0.851. The study also discovered that the current economic climate and political considerations influence strategic decision-making. The study concluded there is a link between growth strategies and sales performance, with market penetration strategy execution being the most important independent variable. The study recommended that the company should increase its advertising and marketing operations in order to expand into new markets. It is also suggested that management should encourage the best use of distribution networks and price discounting tactics, as this would help the company penetrate the market and increase sales. Keywords: Growth Strategies, Market Penetration Strategy Implementation, Sales Performance, WS Insight Limited, Kenya