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Journal articles on the topic 'Private military companies – England'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Hryhorenko, O. "Legal regulation of some types of companies in Great Britain." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 76 (2023): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.76.1.23.

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The article "Legal regulation of some types of companies in Great Britain" is devoted to a retrospective research of commercial law in England, as well as an analysis of some modern types of companies in the United Kingdom. The commercial law background in England has a very deep history. Thus, the author pays attention to the development of trade relations in the British Empire, starting with the peculiarities of the British East India Company, a company so powerful that it once dominated almost the entire Indian subcontinent. Particular emphasis is given to the South Sea Company, essentially

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2

Nefedov, Sergey. "On the formation of the phenomenon of the economic lag of Russia in the first half of the 19th century." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 37, no. 3 (2021): 489–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2021.306.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the reasons for Russia’s economic lagging behind during the Great Divergence. The author tests the well-known hypotheses that industrial development was hampered by the opposition of the nobility and the cheap labor of serfs. Upon closer examination, these assumptions are not confirmed. The economic lag was primarily due to the lag in railway construction, which in the 19th century was the main driver of the development of heavy industry. The article analyzes the policy in the field of railway construction during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I (1825–1

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3

Savka, O. I. "Problems of participation of private military companies in modern international political processes." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 4, no. 88 (2025): 135–40. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2025.88.4.20.

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The article considers the problems and specifics of the participation of private military companies in modern international political processes. The main scientific approaches to the study of the activities of private military companies are highlighted. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the main stages of the evolution of the views of domestic and foreign scientists on the phenomenon of private military companies since the 1960s are formulated. The term «private military companies» is defined and it is proven that private military companies have become an integral part of modern

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4

Nebolsina, Maria A. "Private Military and Security Companies." Russia in Global Affairs 17, no. 2 (2019): 76–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2019-17-2-76-106.

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5

Renou, Xavier. "Private Military Companies Against Development." Oxford Development Studies 33, no. 1 (2005): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600810500099717.

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6

Shishmonin, Sergey Vladimirovich. "EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN THE WORLD." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 9 (2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-9-107-113.

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In a rapidly changing and unstable situation on the world stage, private military companies are present and developing very effectively in the military sphere. Relation to private military companies is a relatively new actors in the military sphere, is not clear. The history of formation and development of these organizations is short, but very bright. Mercenarism and prototypes of private military companies were known in ancient times. We show the evolution of private military companies from mercenaries to modern companies. In the modern sense of the term private military companies began to b

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7

Savka, O. I. "Criminal law regulation of private military and security companies in the USA." TRANSFORMATION LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE IN MODERN CONDITIONS DOCTRINAL APPROACHES AND MEASUREMENTS, no. 14 (September 1, 2023): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2023-14-321-330.

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The article examines the criminal law regulation of private military and security companies in the United States. The genesis of the emergence of private military and security companies, their functions and principles of activity are considered. The author analyzes the legislative framework that defines the status and position of private military and security companies in the United States. The legal relations of US government agencies with private military and security companies are studied. The author analyzes the US regulations on the joint activities of the US Department of Defense, the De

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8

Rogozhina, Evgeniya Mikhailovna, Igor' Valer'evich Ryzhov, and Roman Nikolaevich Sokolov. "Specificity of work of private military companies in the XXI century (on the example of Near East)." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 4 (April 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2020.4.34041.

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&nbsp; This article is dedicated to examination of the phenomenon of private military companies as a regional actor of security. Leaning on the analysis of international normative legal documents, the authors derive the definition of private military companies due to the fact that neither academic nor applied spheres have precise understanding of this phenomenon. The key research method is the structural and functional analysis, which allows authors considering the object of study from the perspective of various systems of actors. With the increased demand for private military services, pr

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9

Kinsey, Christopher. "Private military companies: options for regulation." Conflict, Security & Development 2, no. 03 (2002): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678800200590624.

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10

JONES, CLIVE. "Private Military Companies as ‘Epistemic Communities’." Civil Wars 8, no. 3-4 (2006): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698240601060660.

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11

Vestner, Tobias. "Targeting Private Military and Security Companies." Military Law and the Law of War Review 57, no. 2 (2019): 251–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/mllwr.2019.02.02.

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12

Lazarević, Dajana. "Implications of private military companies on geopolitics and global security." Politika nacionalne bezbednosti 28, no. 1 (2025): 81–99. https://doi.org/10.5937/pnb28-53787.

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Private military companies are part of a moderately developed private security sector, present worldwide and engaged in various jobs. Apart from participation in war conflicts, which are most often associated with them, the services offered by private military companies are different: from the provision of energy sources to the collection of intelligence data, but also the training of military personnel, military logistics, and the supply of armed forces with assets. This paper examines the history of private military companies' existence and the use of mercenaries in war conflicts. The moral

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13

Cameron, Lindsey. "Private military companies: their status under international humanitarian law and its impact on their regulation." International Review of the Red Cross 88, no. 863 (2006): 573–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383106000683.

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AbstractStates are increasingly hiring private military companies to act in zones where armed conflicts are occurring. The predominant feeling in the international community is that it would be best to regulate such companies. Cognizant of much confusion as to the status of the employees of private military companies under international humanitarian law, this article explains the laws on mercenaries, combatants and civilians and explores how private military companies' employees may fall into any of those categories. It demonstrates that the concept of mercenarism is unhelpful for regulating t

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14

Astramowicz-Leyk, Teresa. "Normative-Legal Regulation of the Activities of International Private Military Companies." PRAWO i WIĘŹ, no. 5 (December 18, 2024): 719–46. https://doi.org/10.36128/priw.vi52.960.

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The article addresses the issue of normative-legal regulation concerning the operations of international private military companies (hereafter: PMCs). The specifics of the activities of international private military companies and their significance in the modern world are examined. The main emphasis is placed on analyzing documents that regulate the functioning of private military structures, particularly the Montreux Document, the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers, and the role of the International Association of the Code of Conduct in monitoring the action

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Shishmonin, Sergey Vladimirovich. "Private military companies: problems and prospects of legal regulation in Russian Federation." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 10 (2019): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-10-235-242.

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In today’s world in a market economy condition and a complex geopolitical situation quite actively began to develop private military companies. However, the activity of these companies is a very urgent problem of legislative consolidation. We show European experience of private military companies legislative regulation. Especially great success in this field has reached the country, which is the main consumer of military companies services - the United States. However, this issue is becoming more and more urgent for Russia. On the territory of Russia there is a kind of “de facto”: private mili

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16

Chen, Sining. "A study of the institutional structure of China's overseas establishment of private military companies." International Journal of Global Economics and Management 2, no. 3 (2024): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijgem.v2n3.34.

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Private military companies provide specialized military knowledge, skills and military services of all kinds to the State sector and its governmental agencies (including the military forces to which they belong), international organizations, commercial enterprises and so on. With the development of economic globalization and changes in the international situation, their role in the international arena is becoming increasingly important. For this reason, the gradual development of China's system for the establishment of overseas private military companies on the basis of the experience gained f

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17

Shalak, Alexander, and Dmitry Tretyakov. "The Role of Chinese Private Military Companies in the Implementation of One Belt One Road Initiative." Russian and Chinese Studies 6, no. 2 (2022): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2022.6(2).77-83.

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The study used historical and geopolitical approaches to examine the dialectical relationship of the activities of private military companies and security firms in China in implementing global economic projects of the People’s Republic of China. We identified the features of the formation and evolution of private military companies in China. The study analyzed the role of private military companies in the implementation of the «One Belt, One Road» initiative. It is important to note that the Chinese leadership is well aware of the importance of private military companies in the implementation

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18

Buchyn, M., and R. Remez. "THE MILITARY INDUSTRY PRIVATIZATION AS THE CONTEMPORANEOUS TENDENCY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 2(62) (September 3, 2024): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2024.2(62).310964.

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In the scientific article, the issue of the military industry privatization is discussed. The authors analyze the genesis of private military companies (PMCs) and popular approaches to their understanding. Classification of PMCs is proposed (combat support PMCs; logistics, provision and training PMCs; security services PMCs). Each kind of PMC obtains its immanent functions (spheres of activity). Having the analysis of prominent PMC classifications, the authors propose their comprehensive classification, considering three distinct criteria: PMC's kind of activity (private military consulting co

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19

Khan, Dr Muhammad Asif, Dr Muhammad Fayaz, and Umar Niaz Khan. "Liability of the Private Military Companies for Violations of International Humanitarian Law." Journal of Law & Social Studies 4, no. 2 (2022): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.04.02.247261.

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In the wake of the privatization of war, new international players known as private military companies have been given the opportunity to actively engage in many armed conflicts throughout the world. They provide a variety of services such as combat services, logistical support, operational support, intelligence, border monitoring, and providing security guards in exchange for monetary compensation. During armed conflicts workers of these military companies can violate international law, including provisions of international humanitarian law. Under the international humanitarian law, the indiv

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20

Shadzhe, Azamat M., Eduard M. Afamgotov, and Inna N. Gaidareva. "PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES: LEGAL ASPECTS OF APPLICATION." Russian Studies in Law and Politics 7, no. 2 (2023): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2576-9634-2023-2-16-27.

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Article is devoted to the problems of development of private military companies in Russia. It shows the practice of private military companies in the current political situation in the world. The phenomenon of private military companies (PMCs) is a rather controversial and ambiguous topic. Over the past more than thirty years, PMCs have played an increasingly important role in local wars and regional conflicts. With further globalization of the world economy, the role of PMCs in future wars and armed conflicts will be increasing. The authors study international documents regulating the activit

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21

SAVKA, Oleksandr. "Historical and legal regulation of the activities of private military companies in France." Economics. Finances. Law 4/2025, no. - (2025): 71–77. https://doi.org/10.37634/efp.2025.4.15.

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The paper studies the historical development of the legal activities of private military and security companies in France. The historical development and creation of the French Foreign Legion are considered and compared with the legions of other states, namely Spain and Great Britain, which became prototypes for the creation of private military companies. It is proved that the market for services of private military companies in France is less developed compared to the Anglo-American market. Regulation of the activities of enterprises that provide services in the event of an armed conflict is

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22

Manoilo, A. V., and A. Ya Zaytsev. "International Legal Status of Private Military Companies." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 90, no. 1 (2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331620010098.

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23

Ryngaert, C. "Litigating Abuses Committed by Private Military Companies." European Journal of International Law 19, no. 5 (2008): 1035–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn056.

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24

Hnedyk, Ye S. "The need for a legal mechanism for creating attractive military companies as a component of the reintegration of military personnel into society." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 3, no. 85 (2024): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.85.3.40.

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Based on the analysis of the situation in Ukraine regarding the number of military personnel with combat experience and the need for their reintegration into society during the transition from military to civilian life after the war, as well as the analysis of foreign experience, the need to develop a legal mechanism for creating private military companies in Ukraine is substantiated. The current state of developing a legal mechanism for creating private military companies is analyzed, particularly scientific developments, draft laws submitted to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and conclusions.

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25

Singh Gautam, Vijaya, and Vijay Mishra. "Revisiting the Legal Framework for Private Military and Security Contractors: Maritime Perspective." Groningen Journal of International Law 8, no. 1 (2020): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.8.1.166-182.

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The paper aims to analyse legal lacunas and suggest possible solutions for the acts and wrongdoings of Private Military and Security Companies within the lens of maritime activities. The paper has been divided into three parts. Part I deals with the necessity and role of Private Military and Security Companies in the present times. Part II discusses the legal status of Private Military and Security Companies and ways of ensuring responsibility for their acts. Part III examines the legal framework for the acts of Private Maritime Security Companies. An assessment of the rules of international h

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26

Perrin, Benjamin. "Searching for Accountability: The Draft UN International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight, and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 47 (2010): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800009899.

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SummaryThe proliferation of private military and security companies has attracted significant public and scholarly attention during the last decade. This comment examines the United Nations Draft International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies (Draft Convention). It discusses the significance of the Draft Convention and then describes the approach taken to the regulation of this controversial topic. Several problematic elements of the Draft Convention are identified including the definition of prohibited activities, State responsi

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27

Петров, Владислав, and Vladislav Petrov. "Psychological characteristics of the activities of private military companies." Applied psychology and pedagogy 3, no. 3 (2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b1ee0e6b670a3.92123818.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of psychological characteristics of private military companies. The phenomena "private military company" and "mercenary" are considered. The Genesis of mercenary activity in the military sphere is investigated. Systematized main modern function of hired troops, as well as the psychological characteristics of mercenarism. The limitations of scientific researches in the field of psychology of activity of private military companies are shown. The author substantiates the thesis that the mercenary is permeated with psychological problems. To improve the milit

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28

Trunov, I. L. "Private military companies. Economic and legal aspects of activity." Bulletin of Russian academy of natural sciences 23, no. 4 (2023): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52531/1682-1696-2023-23-4-93-98.

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The article discusses the issues of legal regulation of the activities of private military companies. The author examines the growth of the Private Military Companies (PMC) industry as an instrument of armed conflicts and war. The article provides an analysis of the concept of «mercenarism» contained in various regulatory legal acts, as well as the responsibility provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Examples of individual countries and international organizations have been given to create international legal norms regulating PMCs. The Montreux document is one of them. The

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29

Denisov, R. A., and R. S. Ayriyan. "Private Military Companies. Situation in the World Ocean." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 2 (206) (July 6, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-2-39-44.

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The article analyzes the policy of private military companies, their capabilities and actions in the oceans. Emphasis is given to the compliance of companies with international law of the sea. The article indicates main directions of PMC activities in the oceans and their most popular functionality. An attempt to reveal the main problems of companies in this area, which impede their free activity was made. In conclusion, the most conflictogenic zones were identified and, as well as the areas where functional companies would be useful, were identified.

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30

Vaz-Ferreira, Luciano, and Filipe Bach Rodrigues. "The global market for private military companies and cyber operations: elements for attributing state responsibility." Revista Intellector 19, no. 37 (2022): 34–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7236757.

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The aim of this article is to analyze the expansion of the global market of private military companies in the field of cyber operations and to reflect on the possibility of State responsibility for the actions of these non-state actors. From a methodological point of view, the research has an exploratory character, since it deals with a topic that has been understudied in the literature. The technique used includes a bibliographic review based on academic articles and international documents. The article is divided into two parts. The first part highlights the expansion of the use of communica

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31

Михайлёнок, О. М., and А. А. Цвяк. "The concept of private military companies as a military-political institution." Социально-гуманитарные знания, no. 4 (August 3, 2023): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.34823/sgz.2023.4.52002.

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В статье анализируется понятие частных военных компаний в контексте их функционирования в рамках военно-политической среды. При помощи аналитического метода и метода системного анализа рассмотрены основные аспекты в развитии институциональной составляющей ЧВК. В качестве важнейших причин подобного процесса обозначены и детализированы такие факторы, как вынесение конфликтов на периферию и распространение прокси-конфликтов, а также общемировой политический тренд на аутсорсинг функций вооружённых сил и их перераспределение между другими акторами. Ключевым выводом в этой связи можно считать не про

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32

Olszanecka, Natalia. "Rosyjskie prywatne firmy wojskowe i ich rola w polityce wewnętrznej i zagranicznej." Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 74, no. 2 (2022): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/athena.2022.74.07.

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Russia’s use of private military companies has strengthened in recent years, reflecting lessons learned from past actions, an expansive mindset and a desire for economic, geopolitical and military benefits. Military operations in Ukraine, starting from 2014, were one of the first tests for PMC. Since then, the Russians have perfected their model of operation. Even though the activities of private contractors are illegal under the Russian Constitution, they play an important role in pursuing Russian interests, mainly abroad. They weaken US influence and support Russia’s geopolitical, military a

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33

Tutunarov, Hristo. "Bulgarians’ Motivation for Participation in Private Military Companies." Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics 2, no. 2 (2023): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2022.2.02.

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Private military companies are becoming increasingly popular; their manpower is higher than the manpower of some national armies. Nevertheless, they still exist in the shadows and are often called “shadow armies”. Recently PMC have been participating in various military conflicts including the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine. National armies are losing manpower because soldiers prefer to join private military companies. When such companies recruit staff internationally, they directly weaken the national armies because the PMC contractors are mostly ex-militaries and ex-police staff. PMC

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34

Jakabovič, Lukáš, and Pavel Nečas. "Political and Military Implications of Private Military Contractors in Russia." Politické vedy 26, no. 4 (2023): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2023.26.4.36-54.

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The topic, which is of personal interest, makes an impression that contractors are only a marginal part of the modern security studies, the academic community of international relations and the public interest. The world is in constant evolution, dominated by more urgent topics and the previous ones are pushed into the background, which specifically in this case poses a great threat. Article focuses on the issue of private military contractors as an alternative to modern privatisation of military and overview of their main differences to the known mercenaries, ethics, and their restrictions wi

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35

Skuratova, A. Yu, and E. E. Korolkova. "Private military and security companies in international law." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-4-81-94.

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INTRODUCTION. The article analyses the sources of international law, national legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as that of certain foreign States regulating the operation of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in armed conflict. The article highlights the out-comes of the work of the UN Special Rapporteurs and Working Groups to study the activity of PMSCs and the impact it had on the observance of human rights. The authors further analyze the status of PMSC personnel under international humanitarian law. The article also looks at the positions expressed by the delegati

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Saifullin, E. "Private military and security companies and international law." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2018): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2018-2-51-63.

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Spearin, Christopher. "NATO, Russia and Private Military and Security Companies." RUSI Journal 163, no. 3 (2018): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2018.1494676.

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38

Malamud, Marina. "Private Military and Security Companies in UN Missions." Peace Review 26, no. 4 (2014): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2014.972275.

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39

Zabci, Filiz. "Private military companies: ‘Shadow soldiers’ of neo-colonialism." Capital & Class 31, no. 2 (2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981680709200101.

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40

Bustami, Sirwan, R. M. Haryo Abdul Aziz Al hakim, and Zulkarnain Zulkarnain. "Private Military Companies’ Role in International Armed Conflicts." Journal of International Studies on Energy Affairs 5, no. 2 (2024): 187–209. https://doi.org/10.51413/jisea.vol5.iss2.2024.187-209.

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This research aims to analyze the role of Wagner Group as a private military company in the Russia-Ukraine conflict which is getting deteriorating and has led to a greater conflict escalation. It uses a qualitative approach with an analytical descriptive method. Data was collected through literature review and analyzed through several stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. Data reduction is done by reviewing the collected data to be selected according to research topic. Furthermore, data presentation stage was carried out in form of a narrative. Finally, conclusion i

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41

Bures, Oldrich. "Private military companies: A second best peacekeeping option?" International Peacekeeping 12, no. 4 (2005): 533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533310500201951.

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42

Cilliers, Jakkie. "A role for private military companies in peacekeeping?" Conflict, Security & Development 2, no. 03 (2002): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678800200590626.

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43

Fahn, Matthias, and Tahmina Hadjer. "Optimal contracting with private military and security companies." European Journal of Political Economy 37 (March 2015): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.10.004.

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44

Adams, Thomas K. "Private Military Companies: Mercenaries for the 21st Century." Small Wars & Insurgencies 13, no. 2 (2002): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592310208559181.

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45

Salavatov, Ilyas K. "Political-Semantic Analysis of Private Military Companies Concept." Общество: политика, экономика, право, no. 7 (July 19, 2023): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/pep.2023.7.5.

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The issue of private military companies is a subject of scientific and public debates due to their controversial legal status and the range of moral and ethical dilemmas of PMC use. The research aims to reveal and cover the meanings attributed to the concept through stage-by-stage deconstruction analysis. Besides the traditional text analysis, the research introduces related notions collection method via artificial intelligence language model, which contributes to a more detailed study of the issue and represents experimental AI technologies use in political research. The paper highlights the

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Cauia, Alexandr, and Corina Zacon. "Historical evolution of private military and security companies (part II)." Administrarea Publica, no. 4(116) (July 2023): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52327/1813-8489.2022.4(116).05.

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In the contemporary period, especially after the Cold War, private military and security companies are developing at a fast pace, and international legal regulations are non-existent. The presence of employees of private military and security companies in the grey zones and in military operations is a reality. The legal regulation of the status of these companies, the types and essence of the services provided, as well as the legal mechanism for prosecuting employees seriously infringing the provisions of international humanitarian law is an imperative need for the international regulatory pro

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Nabiebu, Miebaka, Michael Takim Otu, and Amarachukwu Onyinyechi Ijiomah. "Humanitarian Law: Private Military Companies and Emerging Jurisprudential Issues." PINISI Discretion Review 7, no. 1 (2023): 1. https://doi.org/10.26858/pdr.v7i1.51295.

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The private military industry emerged in the initial years of the twentieth century, driven by three factors: the end of the Cold War; transformations in the nature of warfare that blurred the lines between soldiers and civilians; and a general trend towards privatisation and outsourcing of government functions worldwide. The dominance of State authority over the military is now under stress, and the professional and private elements—in the form of private military companies (PMCs)—are gaining ground. As the PMSCs become omnipotent and omnipresent, it becomes more difficult to hold the State a

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Soares, Salvador, and David Price. "REGULATING PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES (PSCs) AND PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES (PMCs) UNDER THE LAW OF TIMORLESTE." Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 26, no. 3 (2015): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16035.

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Use of Private Security Companies (PSCs) and Private Military Companies (PMCs) in conflict and post-conflict countries has been the subject of ongoing critical discussion among scholars and media for many years. This paper assesses the legal status and responsibilities of PSCs and PMCs, and their operation in Timor-Leste where they are not properly regulated. It examines key legal issues, such as their definition and roles, scope and limits of operations, approved and prohibited activities, accountability, and monitoring. The paper also examines the impact of PSCs and PMCs on Timor-Leste law a

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Buriakovska, Kateryna. "Human Rights Obligations of Private Security and Military Companies: A Review of the Current Legal Framework and Practices." Philosophy of law and general theory of law, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 262–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2707-7039.1.247620.

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The rapid growth in demand for private military and security services among states,international organizations and non-state actors has turned this activity into a powerful industry withmillions of people who perform – on a contractual basis and in exchange for monetary rewards – actions,which, however, often pose risks to the rights of others, local communities and nations around theworld. The author explains the urgency of the article by high-profile cases of possible participationof private military companies in the events of the occupation of Crimea and the armed conflict inDonbas, initiat

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Dong, Guk-In, and Tae-Yeon Hwang. "A Study on Political Feasibility for The Introduction of Private Military Companies: Focusing on Combat Training." Korean Society of Private Security 22, no. 1 (2023): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56603/jksps.2023.22.1.29.

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The reason military organizations exist is to win wars. In general, in most countries around the world, military organizations are the most powerful organizations. In normal times, the core function of the military organization is the national security function of protecting territorial sovereignty and the life, safety and property of the people. From ancient times until now, military organizations have a habit of being operated exclusively by those who have the power to effectively rule them. Since ancient times, a country or group has not allowed another military organization that does not f

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