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1
O'Brien, James M. "Private military companies an assessment." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Sept/08Sep%5FOBrien.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Rothstein, Hy. "September 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on October 31, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-78). Also available in print.
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Šváb, David. "Private Military Companies v Africe." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-149825.
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The Master's thesis "Private Military Companies in Africa" deals with the issues of the private military and security companies and their current position in international security relations. The central thesis of this academic publication is the question whether these commercial companies are capable of representing a significant position within the international community and executing extensive operations in conflict resolution and the subsequent transition towards a stable arrangement of the stricken regions. Essentially, the arguments leading to the key objective of this thesis are drawing upon a comparative study of recent activities of PMCs on the African continent, a discursive analysis of the approach towards these private subjects, as well as their international legal status. Consequently, by relying on the gathered information from the aforementioned research, the most substantial section of the text offers basic models of potential widespread use of private military companies in connection with national states and international organizations and explains the benefits resulting from this shift towards privatization of global security. Furthermore, the publication points out specific contemporary cases for the prospective application of PMCs and analyses the space for this industry within the existing international system.
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Dunar, Charles J. Mitchell Jared L. Robbins Donald L. "Private military industry analysis private and public companies /." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FDunar%5FMBA.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007."Advisor(s): Dew, Nicholas ; Hudgens, Bryan J. "December 2007." "MBA professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on January 10, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-127). Also available in print.
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Dunar, Charles J., Donald L. Robbins, and Jared L. Mitchell. "Private military industry analysis: private and public companies." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10195.
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MBA Professional ReportApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Since the end of the Cold War, the Private Military Industry has skyrocketed. This study gathers, compiles and examines demographic and financial information on 585 private and public companies that operate in the Private Military Industry. The demographic analysis reveals that an overwhelming majority of firms are privately held and offered no financial information. Firm inception dates are closely correlated with past and current world events. Majority of the private firms founders have military or government backgrounds and are located in the United States and United Kingdom. Using Singer's and Avant's classification of the Private Military Industry, the study determines that most firms are not restricted to one classification as they operate in more then one arena. The analysis of public firms reveals that revenues and profits have been increasing steadily since 2003 as well as operating expenses, shrinking profit margins. The public firm analysis presents the financial relationships between the Initial Public Offerings, locations, and employee numbers to the success of the companies. Overall this study and the analysis of the Private Military Firms offer insight into the prevalence of the Private Military Industry in the business world and how financially rewarding it can be.
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Giesen, Stefan [Verfasser]. "Private Military Companies im Völkerrecht / Stefan Giesen." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1108816622/34.
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Dumlupinar, Nihat. "Regulation of private military companies in Iraq." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FDumlupinar.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.Thesis Advisor(s): Bruneau, Thomas ; Ear, Sophal. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Private military companies, Private security companies, Civil-military relations, Regulation of private military companies, Contractors. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-100). Also available in print.
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Galai, Katerina. "The use and regulation of private military companies." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68194/.
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Kornburger, Michael D. Dobos Jeremy R. "Private military companies analyzing the use of armed contractors /." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FKornburger.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Roberts, Nancy C. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 17, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-73). Also available in print.
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Dobos, Jeremy R. "Private military companies analyzing the use of armed contractors." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/3186.
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"Private Military Companies: Analyzing the Use of Armed Contractors" explores the critical issues that influence the decision to utilize private military companies (PMC) and armed contractors in support of U.S. military operations. The critical issues identified in the thesis address a combination of government, military, and public concerns with the private military industry. Understanding of these critical issues will assist policy makers in determining the validity of the PMC concept and extent to which the U.S. government could utilize armed contractors and consider privatization of combat forces as a viable option to satisfy certain military requirements of this nation. The thesis also expands on the link between the expansion in the private military industry and the shortage of U.S. government resources to satisfy the requirements of its foreign policy decisions. This work focused on the legitimate use of PMCs and armed contractors to support U.S. government and military operations.
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Utesch, Philip [Verfasser]. "Private Military Companies - die zukünftigen Peacekeeper/Peace Enforcer? / Philip Utesch." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1108814557/34.
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Van, der Merwe Melani. "The challenges of regulating private military companies: exploring the possibilities." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4460.
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Wennersten, Carl-Johan. "United Nations use of private military companies for peacekeeping operations." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23161.
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UN is sending peacekeeping operations all over the world. The paper will highlight that UN is not going only with their peacekeeping operation personnel, UN is also bringing private military companies into their ranks. This paper will focus on UN peacekeeping operations in Africa with the focus of non-interstate operations. Traditionally would not the Just war theory be the theory to apply to peacekeeping operations but by UN orthodox behavior of bringing private military contractors into peacekeeping operations, just war theory becomes appropriate. The purpose of this paper is to bring light on UN use of PMC and if PMC has increased UN security during peacekeeping operations. To be able to shed this light, a more extensive empirical study will be made to see UN practice with PMC by descriptive statistics. The paper finds that PMC has been an active force within peacekeeping operations and that PMC is performing several military tasks for UN. It further sees that UN fatalities are increasing in the cases when PMC has been present. Further insight into peacekeeping operation is that higher taxpaying nations are sending fewer troops and commanders compared to less taxpaying nations.
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Jorgensen, Brent M. "Outsourcing small wars : Expanding the role of private military companies in U.S. military operations /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FJorgensen.pdf.
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McRae, Peter. "Unaccountable Soldiers: Private Military Companies and the Law of Armed Conflict." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20580.
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The use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) has become an increasingly common feature of contemporary armed conflict. Because of their autonomous contractual status, PMCs have presented governments with problems of accountability on several levels, including violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (IHL) standards. This thesis argues that PMCs should be considered to be non-state actors (NSAs), subject to international law from both an International Relations Theory and a Legal Theory perspective. This conclusion is linked to the issue of whether individual PMC employees can be treated as legitimate combatants according to IHL. State practice has not led to a clear understanding of the definition of combatant, a problem which has been compounded by a lack of government policy on the use of PMCs. Using Canadian experience as a case study, the thesis concludes that IHL suggests two options for regularizing the status of PMCs which would both strengthen accountability and uphold the rule of law.
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Dogru, Ali Kemal. "Outsourcing, managing, supervising, and regulating private military companies in contingency operations." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5171.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThis thesis examines the utilization of private military companies (PMCs) by government agencies of the United States in contingency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the roles that PMCs play in current contingency operations, and to analyze how PMCs can become more useful instruments in contingency operations if they are properly outsourced, managed, supervised, and regulated. In this regard, this study largely rests on transaction cost economics to explain the logic of outsourcing from governmental agencies' perspectives. On the other hand, principal-agent theory and new institutionalism provide the theoretical basis of using effective oversight mechanisms to exert better control over the activities of PMCs in contingency operations. This thesis recommends the United States, Iraq, and Afghanistan use the Montreux Document as a guide to better regulate PMCs in contingency operations.
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Van, Jaarsveld Aldri. "Private Military Companies as "new peacemakers" in Africa : is regulation sufficient?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18710.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis evaluates and explores the function of Private Military Companies (PMCs) on the African continent. The phenomenon of PMCs evolved after the end of the Cold War. This study focuses on the relevant international and national legislation regulating PMCs that conduct active military assistance operations. These PMC operations have a strategic impact on the political, social, economical and security environments of the areas in which they are contracted to operate. The purpose of the thesis is to assess whether PMCs are efficient and cost effective, can be held accountable and to whom, and if current legislation (national and international) regulating PMCs is sufficient. This thesis is a literature survey that seeks descriptive and comparative information relevant to the purpose of this study. It deals with that information qualitatively. No empirical research has been conducted. It is therefore not an opinion survey as no questionnaires have been completed, although interviews with knowledgeable people have been conducted. The thesis focuses on the operations conducted by the now defunct Executive Outcomes (of the Republic of South Africa), a combat type PMC in Angola and Sierra Leone and Military Professional Resources Incorporated (of the United States of America), a non-combat type PMC in Equatorial Guinea. The study concludes that PMC operations through legitimate government contracts at international level are indeed legitimate. The regulations (international and national, if they exist) regarding PMCs are not sufficient, and allow for many grey areas. PMCs that operate in this sphere of grey areas are unacceptable for the international community in the current milieu. PMCs are, however, operating in a vacuum of accountability and regulation (international and national). With sufficient legislation, PMCs could be the new peacemakers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis evalueer en ondersoek die funksionering van Privaat Militêre Maatskappye (PMM’e) en hul werksaamhede in Afrika. Die PMM-verskynsel het voortgespruit uit die stilstand van die Koue Oorlog. Die tesis fokus op die relevante internasionale en nasionale wetgewing rakende PMM’e wat aktief in een of ander formaat by militêre operasies betrokke is. Hierdie PMM-operasies het ’n beduidende strategiese impak op die sosio-politiese, ekonomiese en sekuriteitareas van die gebiede waartoe hul gekontrakteer is. Die doel van die tesis is om die effektiwiteit en koste-effektiwiteit van PMM’e te evalueer, asook om uit te vind of hulle aanspreeklik is en aan wie hulle verantwoording moet doen. Daar is ook gefokus op huidige wetgewing (internasionaal sowel as nasionaal) rakende PMM’e om die doeltreffendheid van sodanige wetgewing te bepaal. Hierdie tesis is ‘n opname van beskrywende en vergelykende literatuurstudies, relevant tot die doel van die tesis. Inligting is kwalitatief aangewend. Geen empiriese navorsing is onderneem nie. Hierdie tesis is ook nie gebaseer op ‘n meningsopname nie. Geen vraelyste is ingevul nie, maar daar is wel onderhoude met kenners van die betrokke vakgebied gevoer. Die tesis fokus op die vroeëre werksaamhede van die ontbinde “Executive Outcomes” as Suid-Afrikaanse PMM wat aktief betrokke was by oorlogvoering in Angola en Sierra Leone en ook op die steeds aktiewe Amerikaanse PMM “Military Professional Resources Incorporated” wat in Ekwatoriaal Guinieë werksaam is en wat nie aktief by oorlogvoering betrokke raak nie. Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat PMM-kontrakte wat bekom word deur legitieme regeringskontrakte op internasionale vlak wel legitiem is. Daar is bevind dat wetgewing (internasionaal en nasionaal, waar wel beskikbaar) rakende PMM’e egter nie voldoende en effektief is nie. Daar is steeds baie grys areas rakende verantwoordbaarheid en wetgewing van PMM’e. Dit is in hierdie grys areas waarin baie PMM’e funksioneer en waardeur hulle onaanvaarbaar vir die internasionale gemeenskap in die huidige klimaat is. Doeltreffende wetgewing kan moontlik verseker dat PMM’e die nuwe vredemakers kan word.
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Roberts, Ruth. "The role of military companies in African conflicts." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2187.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.Private military companies (PMCs)are increasing becoming involved in modern conflicts providing specialised skills such as combat services, planning, intelligence, training, support and technical assistance. They provide an alternative to weak state governments as Western governments have become increasingly reluctant to commit their troops to be involved in the civil conflicts of the developing world. Supporters of the employment of private forces see them as an effective solution to this combination of need from conflict-ridden weak states and reluctance of Western governments and international organisations to intervene in these conflicts ...
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MARICONDA, CLAUDIA GABRIELLA. "HUMAN RIGHTS AND LABOUR RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES. PERSPECTIVES ON PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANIES." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/11127.
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Lo studio si inserisce nel dibattito sul potere delle multinazionali e il rispetto dei diritti umani fondamentali e approfondisce i concetti di responsabilità sociale delle imprese (CSR) e della loro "accountability", inquadrando l'analisi nel contesto più ampio degli investimenti esteri diretti (FDI), con i relativi aspetti economici, tecnologici e sociali, nonché ambientali e politici.
Si analizzano le norme internazionali in tema di rispetto dei diritti umani da parte delle aziende, ed i meccanismi legali per rendere le società "accountable", soprattutto in caso di complicità aziendali negli abusi perpetrati dagli Stati, anche attraverso la giurisprudenza dei tribunali penali internazionali e dei tribunali statunitensi.
Viene data attenzione al settore della sicurezza, i.e. "Private Military and Security Companies" (PMSCs, interessato da notevole crescita negli ultimi decenni. Le PMSCs, impiegate da parte dei governi che esternalizzano una funzione tipicamente dello stato e da imprese e ONG attive in contesti difficili, hanno operato senza adeguato controllo.
Le loro attività sollevano questioni su potenziali abusi dei diritti umani commessi dai propri dipendenti oltre che su violazioni dei diritti del lavoro subite dagli stessi.
Le azioni ONU per portare le PMSCs fuori dalla 'zona legale grigia' in cui hanno operato vengono trattate insieme alle iniziative di autoregolamentazione.The study, given the debate about the increasing power of corporations and the attempts to ensure their respect of fundamental human rights, deepens the concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate accountability, framing the analysis within the broader discourse of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), with its economic, technological and social aspects as well as environmental and political issues. International standards in the area of corporations’ human rights obligations are analyzed in addition to legal mechanisms to hold corporations accountable, particularly for corporate complicity in human rights abuses by States, through the jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals and U.S. Courts. Special attention is given to the security sector, i.e. Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs), interested in the last decades by a steady growth. PMSCs, increasingly contracted by governments willing to outsource a typical state function and by companies and NGOs active in difficult contexts, have been operating without proper supervision and accountability. PMSCs activities raise issues concerning potential human rights violations committed by their employees and labour rights abuses their employees might suffer themselves. UN actions aimed at bringing PMSCs out of the legal ‘grey zone’ where they have been operating are tackled alongside with self-regulatory initiatives.
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Tsiftzis, Zafeiris. "Private military and security companies : options for regulation under human rights law." Thesis, University of Bolton, 2017. http://ubir.bolton.ac.uk/1768/.
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In the aftermath of the Cold war, new actors began to carry out a wide range of tasks with regard to the use of force. For instance, States relied on private business entities to perform military and security services which before had been performed by national armed forces. PMSCs are requested by governments, international organizations and NGOs or other corporations to provide with land-based or maritime military and/or security services that traditionally belonged to States. These services usually include the armed guarding and the protection of persons and objects, the maintenance and operation of weapons system, intelligence and technical assistance, prisoner detention and interrogation of suspects and transport, advice of and/or training of local forces/security personnel, and –in some cases- the direct participation in hostilities. Consequently, the engagement of PMSCs with several and different tasks and the transnational nature of their operations increase concerns about the effectiveness of their regulation, both at international and national levels. However, some questions concerning their responsibilities for any misconduct committed by them are raised. Most actually, PMSCs are usually being involved in violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law during their operations. However, the absence of a coherent and binding international legal framework to regulate PMSCs and oversee their activities in conjunction with the lack of national regulatory and advocacy frameworks which have jurisdiction directly over PMSCs' misconduct relieved private contractors to escape from prosecution and accountability from alleged human rights violations. Within the aforementioned context, the present thesis attempts to find out whether the PMSCs and their activities could be regulated throughout the context of human rights law. Therefore, the current thesis is divided into two main parts; the first part on the international and national efforts for regulation of PMSCs; and the second one on obligations of States to regulate PMSCs’ activities and punish the perpetrators. In particular, this thesis examines the obligations of States to regulate and monitor PMSCs’ activities with regard to the Montreux Document’s standards and it also focuses on the need of the adoption of a new coherent international regulatory regime which is going to demonstrate precisely the obligations and responsibilities of States, international organisations and PMSCs for land-based and maritime-based activities. Moreover, it presents and analyses the national regulatory mechanisms for punishment and prosecution of PMSCs’ employees for human rights violations. By using examines different national legislative frameworks, the present thesis considers that the absence of an international framework to punish private contractors for human rights violations allows for non-compliance with human rights law. Furthermore, the application of human rights law on the regulation of PMSCs’ activities constitutes an important part of the present research. So as, it examines the States’ human rights obligations to regulate PMSCs’ activities and demonstrates the States’ efforts to fulfill their obligations under human rights law regarding the regulation of PMSCs’ and their employees’ activities. In conclusion, the present thesis goes one step further. It explores whether the human rights judiciary bodies, and particular the ECtHR have the jurisdiction to adjudicate PMSCs’ employees for human rights abuses.
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Makki, S., S. Meek, A. Musah, Michael J. A. Crowley, and D. Lilly. "Private Military Companies and the Proliferation of Small Arms: Regulating the Actors." Thesis, British American Security Information Council (BASIC), International Alert and Saferworld, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4268.
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yesThe 1990s witnessed a change in the way wars were fought as the amount of available weaponry increased and the types of actors engaged in warfare multiplied. The opening up of the international arms trade, in particular with new buyers and more channels of supply, has raised concerns about who purchases weapons and for what use. Afeature of this changing nature of conflict has been the continuing, if not growing, presence of mercenaries and the emergence of private companies contracted to provide military and security services. These range from logistical support and training to advice and procurement of arms and on-the-ground intervention. This briefing highlights how the activities of mercenaries and private military and security companies can contribute to small arms proliferation and misuse and examines steps the international community can take at the UN Small Arms Conference and elsewhere to effectively combat mercenarism and regulate the activities of private military and security companies. The role played by these companies relates not only to provisions contained in the contracts they sign with their clients to provide large amounts of weaponry, but also how the military and security services and training that they provide contributes to the demand for weapons in the regions where they operate. There are a number of ways in which mercenaries and private military and security companies are involved in small arms proliferation. These include: l Arms brokering and transportation activities l Violations of UN arms embargoes l Impact on human rights and humanitarian law l Driving demand for small arms Various measures already exist to ban the activities of mercenaries and regulate some of the activities of private military and security companies either through national legislation or international agreements. However, there is concern these efforts are neither comprehensive nor accepted widely enough to effectively control the activities of mercenaries and private military and security companies.
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Ralby, Ian McDowell. "Private military and security companies in the uncharted spaces of the law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252261.
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Heskett, Jonathan D. "The potential scope for use of private military companies in military operations : an historical and economical analysis /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Dec%5FHeskett.pdf.
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Thesis (Master of Business Administration)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): David R. Henderson, Brad Naegle. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-66). Also available online.
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Yigit, Huseyin. "Privatization of peacekeeping: UN's institutional capacity to control Private Military and Security Companies." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37747.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedPrivate Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) are perceived as a cost-effective alternative to the national troops contributed by member states to the UN peacekeeping operations. This thesis draws on the Thomas Bruneaus three-dimensional civil-military relations theory to answer the question: Can United Nations employ PMSCs in peacekeeping operations to achieve UN goals more fully than national militaries? Analysis of the UN peacekeeping system reveals that although the UN peacekeeping system has undergone several reforms and developed capacities, current structure and institutional power of the UN has serious shortcomings to control PMSCs and ensure effectiveness and efficiency. The UN needs to develop a more detailed doctrine; create an overarching institutional coordination mechanism; and enhance its logistics capacity to effectively employ PMSCs. Moreover, lose chain of command structure and vague exit strategies complicate the use of PMSCs in peacekeeping.
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Tonkin, Hannah Jane. "States' international obligations to control private military & security companies in armed conflict." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1658758a-481a-4f1c-83c0-2ef269a78778.
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Tens of thousands of contractors work for private military and security companies (PMSCs) in armed conflicts around the world, often hired by states to fulfil functions that were once the exclusive domain of the armed forces. In this context, PMSCs have performed a wide range of activities including offensive combat, prisoner interrogation, military advice and training, armed security, intelligence and logistics. The proliferation of PMSCs during the past two decades has challenged conventional conceptions of the state as the primary holder of coercive power in the international arena. Nonetheless, this Thesis argues that the traditional state-centred frameworks of international law remain vitally relevant to the regulation of private security activity in contemporary armed conflict. Three states are in a strong position to influence PMSCs in this context—the state that hires the PMSC, the state in which the company is based or incorporated, and the state in which the company operates—and this capacity for influence enables international law to regulate PMSC activities indirectly using these states as an intermediary. This Thesis critically analyses the pertinent international obligations on these three categories of states and identifies the circumstances in which PMSC misconduct may give rise to state responsibility in each case. It also examines the recent practice of certain key states in order to evaluate their compliance with these obligations. By providing a clear and in-depth analysis of states' international obligations to control PMSCs in armed conflict, this Thesis may not only facilitate the assessment of state responsibility in cases of PMSC misconduct; it may also play an important prospective role in setting standards of conduct for states in relation to the private security industry. This in turn may encourage and assist states to develop their domestic laws and policies in order to improve overall PMSC compliance with international law.
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Coufal, Leonard. "More than mercenaries? : mercenaries, Sierra Leone, and the rise of private military companies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32347.
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The rise of Private Military Companies (PMCs) in the mid 1990s suggests a significant
threat to the states' traditional control of force. The impact of these companies on Africa has yet
to be fully investigated, and their roots in Africa's mercenary past are often ignored or
misunderstood. Sierra Leone's experience with three companies, Gurkha Security Guards
(GSG), Executive Outcomes (EO), and Sandline International provides an ideal setting in which
to both explore and pinpoint the transformation of freelance mercenaries into modern PMCs. At
the center of this debate is Peter Singer's suggestion that modem PMCs are something more than
mercenaries. Globalization, private authority, and legitimacy theories provide both guides to
such a study and explanatory tools helpful in understanding this radical development. While
most observers rightly conclude that such companies are not a direct threat to the state's central
role in international relations, or to its control of force, they nonetheless suggest a significant
realignment of international relations. EO's success in both Angola and Sierra Leone came amid
the company's all-out bid for legitimacy as a private provider of security on the African
continent and on the international scene as well. In the final analysis, PMCs did gain significant
acceptance, authority, and legitimacy in Sierra Leone, but whether this will transfer to a future
for mercenaries in Africa is not decided yet. Most indicators suggest that large-scale PMCs will
return as security providers in Africa. Because of this, these companies are indeed more than
mercenaries.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Lovewine, George C. "Outsourcing the "global war on terrorism" : the use of private military companies to supplement the United States military." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608341.
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Halvarsson, Niklas. "Privatisering av svensk säkerhet : Vilka faktorer driver expansionen av privata säkerhetsföretag?" Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-1431.
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Sedan kalla krigets slut har en ny typ av aktör dykt upp i internationella konflikter och krig världen över. Denna aktör är privata företag som i dagsläget erbjuder allt från supplementär logistik till att helt ersätta nationella arméer. Utgångspunkten i denna uppsats är att ta reda på vilka faktorer som har skapat en marknad för dessa företag generellt, samt vilka av dessa faktorer som kan förklara framväxten i Sverige specifikt. I uppsatsen undersöks befintlig forskning kring vad som drivit utvecklingen. Därefter kommer befintlig teori att prövas som förklaringsmodell för expansionen i Sverige. Den befintliga teorin som prövats på Sverige består av sju faktorer beskrivandes politiska och samhälleliga förutsättningar vilka förklarar expansionen. Av dessa återfinns samtliga i Sverige, men genom en analys av deras respektive giltighet i svensk kontext uppstår en mer nyanserad bild, där endast fyra av faktorerna är relevanta som förklaringar. Dessa är en transformation av försvarets fokus och organisation, en politisk trend av privatisering samt ett överflöd av militärt utbildad personal utan sysselsättning. Av dessa är den förstnämnda den starkaste katalysatorn medan den sistnämnda endast i viss mån påverkar den redan pågående expansionen.Since the end of the Cold War a new phenomenon has shown in international conflict and war, worldwide. This phenomenon is the private companies nowadays offering supplementary logistics, armed troops to the front and everything in between. This essay aims to identify which factors that have contributed to the creating of a market for these companies in general, and which of these that can explain the growth of Swedish companies in particular. In the essay previous research on the topic of privatization of security are examined and thereafter applied onSwedenin order to examine to what extent it can be used to explain the changes inSweden. The existent theory applied onSwedenconsists of seven factors, describing political and social basis, which explain the expansion. All of these are found in Sweden, however, through a further analysis of their individual relevance, a more nuanced result can be seen, whereas only four out of seven are relevant as explanations. These are a transformation in defence focus and organization, a political trend of privatization and a flood of trained unemployed military personnel. The first one of these is the strongest catalyst for expansion while the latter only to a certain degree reinforces the already ongoing process.
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Janaby, Mohamad. "The legal regime applicable to private military and security company personnel in armed conflicts." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228981.
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Private military and security companies (PMSCs) have been extensively used to provide military and security services in various armed conflicts. Aspects of their use have generated concerns that the personnel of these companies are no more than modern mercenaries. This thesis clarifies the legal regime applicable to such companies in armed conflicts. This regime includes both the legal status and legal regulation of PMSC personnel. The aim of this thesis is not to create a new status for PMSC personnel, but to clarify which of the existing legal statuses adopted by international humanitarian law (IHL) can apply to them. This status relies completely on the actors to whom these companies supply their services, and the sort of mission in which they are involved. This approach is not employed in the literature. Most attention has been paid to the use of PMSCs by States. This is not, however, the only scenario whereby PMSCs become engaged in armed conflicts. PMSCs provide their services to other actors such as the United Nations (UN), Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and armed groups. Consequently, one definitive status cannot be applied in all situations. Different types of status can be applied in accordance with the nature of the particular PMSC involvement in armed conflicts. Accordingly, the three statuses established by IHL can apply to PMSC personnel; namely those of “mercenary”, “combatant” and “civilian”. Two environments classify the personnel of PMSCs as mercenaries; this is when they provide their services to a State party to an international armed conflict and to an armed group in non-international armed conflicts. Mercenary status is not applicable to the use of PMSCs in UN peacekeeping operations or providing protection to NGOs, because in both circumstances neither can be considered as a party to an armed conflict. PMSC personnel can be categorised as “combatants” when hired to provide their services to States and when they are used as UN peacekeepers. They are most likely to be classified as “civilians” if they are not “combatants”. There are two types of civilians; “civilians accompanying armed forces of a party to an armed conflict”, and “normal civilians”. The former categorisation only applies in international armed conflict, while the latter can apply to all other PMSC involvement in armed conflicts. Appropriate regulation of PMSCs depends on the legal status of their personnel. Therefore, this thesis asserts that IHL can regulate the activities of PMSCs. Additionally, international human rights law can apply to PMSCs and their personnel.
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Daniels, Caroline. "The status of private military companies under international humanitarian law; towards a new convention." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4689.
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The public-private dichotomy of warfare is crumbling down as governments are voluntarily surrendering one of the essential and defining attributes of statehood: the state's monopoly on the legitimate use of force, leading to the privatization of war and conflicts
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Niewerth, Martin. "Private Militärunternehmen im Völkerrecht." München M-Press Meidenbauer, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989530388/04.
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Milkeraitytė, Kristina. "Private Military and Security Companies and Their Personnel in the Context of International Humanitarian Law." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090629_101808-18164.
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The tendency after the end of the Cold war to downsize national armies on the one hand and persistent armed conflicts in unstable African, Near East and Balkan regions on the other created opening conditions for the revival and rapid evolvement of the private business structures that provide military and security services. Prevailing viewpoint that PMSCs and their personnel represent the new form of the mercenary is not correct from the IHL perspective and could lead to serious human rights abuses. Numerous cases and analysis of the scholar literature shows that inaccurate qualification of the PMSCs’ employees’ status results into deprivation of certain scope of protection from private contractors. Moreover, since there are no accountability and control mechanisms, a high risk for the abuses and impunity for violations of the IHL occurs.
Present master thesis aims to analyze international legal status of the PMSCs and their personnel in the context of armed conflict. It also assesses conformity of the existing practice to the IHL norms. In order to conclude a comprehensive research, author provides historical perspective of the warfare privatization, surveys factors that contributed to the outsourcing of military functions, defines what is PMSC, what are their types and capacity of each type, highlights distinguishing features between mercenaries and private contractors and gives a review of the contemporary practice of their use in the armed conflicts.
Hypothesis that... [to full text]Pasibaigus Šaltajam karui išryškėjusi tendencija valstybėms mažinti savo ginkluotąsias pajėgas ir nuolatiniai kariniai konfliktai nestabiliuose Afrikos, Artimųjų Rytų, Balkanų regionuose sudarė palankias sąlygas atgyti ir sparčiai plėtotis privačių, karines ir saugumo paslaugas teikiančių, kompanijų verslui. Vyraujantis požiūris, kad PKSK-jų darbuotojai atstovauja naują samdinystės formą nėra teisiškai korektiškas ir gali lemti grubius žmogaus teisių pažeidimus. Gausi praktika bei mokslinės literatūros analizė rodo, kad privačių kompanijų darbuotojų teisinis statusas klaidingai ir skirtingai kvalifikuojamas pagal tarptautinę humanitarinę teisę. Viena vertus tai sąlygoja kad kompanijų darbuotojams nesuteikiama jiems priklausanti apsauga. Antra vertus, nesant aiškių tarptautinės PKSK-jų atskaitomybės ir kontrolės mechanizmų, susidaro sąlygos piktnaudžiavimui bei nebaudžiamumui už įvykdytus nusikaltimus. Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe siekiama išanalizuoti PKSK-jų ir jų darbuotojų tarptautinį teisinį statusą ginkluotų konfliktų metu ir įvertinti egzistuojančios praktikos atitikimą tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės normoms. Siekiant atlikti išsamų tyrimą, iškelti uždaviniai pateikti istorinę karo privatizacijos apžvalgą, aptarti procesą skatinančius faktorius, apibrėžti, kas yra PKSK, kokie jų tipai ir kiekvieno iš jų kompetencija, išryškinti skiriamuosius privačių karių ir samdinių bruožus bei apžvelgti dabartinę praktiką šioje srityje. Remiantis pirmine literatūros analize... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Walsh, Matthew. "The role of PMCs (Private Military Companies) in counter-insurgency combat in Afghanistan (2001 to 2010)." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11958.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
"The Role of PMCs (Private Military Companies) in Counter-insurgency Combat in Afghanistan (2001 to 2010)" aims to identify the primary combat roles which PMCs played while in support of U.S. forces during the counterinsurgency campaign in Afghanistan from 2001-2010. It first provides background on a number of issues, including U.S. legal and policy themes regarding PMCs, their previous use in combat situations while supporting U.S. foreign policy goals, and the insurgency and counterinsurgency campaign in Afghanistan.
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Feldman, William Brand. "War and privatization : a moral theory of private protective agencies, militias, contractors, military firms, and mercenaries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:843f0118-f6bd-419c-bf11-ce05a2ff43de.
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This thesis investigates the moral permissibility of military privatization. My analysis focuses on two distinct concepts: the authorization of war and the supply of war. Entities that authorize war decide that military force will be used and by whom; entities that supply war then execute the various tasks that have been authorized for performance. Part I argues that private actors may not justifiably authorize war. The reason is that, in so doing, they would impose considerable risks on individuals who lack a say in authorization—particularly fellow countrymen who may suffer from retaliatory military action—and we ought not to impose considerable risks on individuals who lack such a say. Public actors have a right, and indeed a duty, to prevent private actors from authorizing military force. Moreover, public actors have a further duty to authorize military force when their constituents are threatened. Part II then seeks to show that public actors who authorize military force may rely upon private contractors to an extent in military supply. Public actors may not rely upon private contractors to exercise command. The reason is that commanders must be able to punish their subordinates in intrusive ways (e.g. imprisonment) to ensure the prosecution of just wars. Such intrusive forms of punishment should only be dispensed by public actors. In addition, public actors may not rely upon private contractors to serve above commanders on the chain of command. Such high-ranking military officers exercise substantial political power over civilian decisions of military authorization and supply; moreover, these officers make weighty decisions in battle that substantially affect the well-being of others. Public actors, however, should be permitted to rely upon private contractors to serve below military commanders on the chain of command in rank-and-file military roles so long as these contractors are properly constrained and regulated.
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Murphy, Ian. "Private military companies, peacekeeping, and African states : a critical analysis of PMCs in peacekeeping operations in Africa." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/880.
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This thesis analyses critically the hypothesis that Private Military Companies (PMCs) are a viable option for direct involvement in UN peacekeeping missions in African states. The involvement of PMCs in the affairs of states is a controversial and divisive issue, but since the end of the Cold War, they have become increasingly involved in the security structures of African states, and in post-conflict reform of such structures. They have also become involved in tasks related to commercial activities central to the political economies of African states. Indeed, Africa was the theatre in which PMCs evolved from an opportunist phenomenon that emerged in response to rapid change in the security situation, to become part of the emerging post-Cold War political economy. In the 1990s, PMCs undertook operations in Angola and Sierra Leone that brought about situations where warring factions were compelled to negotiate settlements. While the response of the international community was predominantly one of condemnation of their involvement, others pointed out that operations conducted by PMCs had been remarkably swift and inexpensive in bringing violent conflict to an end, in contrast to those conducted by the UN in African states. PMCs’ involvement in peacekeeping operations is becoming increasingly relevant; they have been involved in every major UN peacekeeping mission since 1990, and have carried out tasks spanning a wide range of UN functions. In 1995, Christopher Bellamy speculated that the UN might augment their numbers with private soldiers. While this was dismissed at the time, it is a concept that continues to resurface when the UN has difficulty finding sufficient adequately trained troops for its peacekeeping missions. This thesis investigates the hypothesis that PMCs are a viable option, in practical, political, legal, economic and moral terms, for involvement in such missions.
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Matteo, D. "The use of private military and security companies in international society : contestation and legitimation of state practice." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2015. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9897q/the-use-of-private-military-and-security-companies-in-international-society-contestation-and-legitimation-of-state-practice.
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The objective of this dissertation is to understand how the legitimacy of the state’s international use of PMSCs is evolving in contemporary international society. The first part of the dissertation develops an analytical framework that combines theoretical propositions of the English School and the ‘German’ constructivist strand with a reflective-analyticist philosophical ontology and with content and discourse analytical methods. The empirical part of the dissertation provides an overview of contemporary state practice, investigates how international society has responded to state practice in the UN Security Council and UN General Assembly, and finally analyses the roles of members of world society in creating and shaping this discourse. The empirical analysis points to two major driving forces behind the increased legitimation of the practice. First, the recursive relationship between behaviour and norms means that widespread use of PMSCs reinforces legitimacy. Second, normative shifts in international society have contributed to the legitimation of the practice. On the one hand, norms that are in tension with an expanded PMSC use have become weaker or sidelined, if still strongly supported by some actors: this is the anti-mercenary norm, and particular understandings of self-determination and the monopoly on the legitimate use of force. On the other hand, and partly linked to the weakening of the latter norms, human rights have gained strength as legitimacy principles. In the contestation over the state use of PMSCs, conflicting moves toward legitimation and delegitimation do not cancel each other out. Rather, structural and more immediate factors put strategic efforts and inadvertent moves of legitimation at an advantage while at the same time marginalizing calls for a reduction or prohibition of the state practice. I examine not only how human rights contribute to the legitimation of the practice, but also why and how actors that seek to limit, contain, or reverse the state practice have increasingly lost ground. Overall, the dissertation contributes to empirical research by substantiating claims of an increased legitimation of PMSC use. It also contributes to the broader IR discipline by proposing a change in perspective: away from an atomistic focus on norms to a more holistic study of legitimacy and legitimation. The resulting framework is particularly fruitful for the analysis of other controversial issues of international relations.
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Schneiker, Andrea. "Privatisierung des Militärischen? : Private Militärfirmen als Akteure in der US-Außenpolitik." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2010/4831/.
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Since the early 1990s the use of private military companies (PMCs) has proliferated. Especially the United States are increasingly turning to private contractors to perform military tasks. Privatization advocates claim that PMCs work cheaper than the military. In addition to that, PMCs give the cover of plausible deniability that regular troops lack. But the fact that legislative control or public debate are missing raises the question of accountability and underlines the need for legal means to control and regulate PMCs and their operations.
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Sadat, Hadjer Tahmina [Verfasser]. "Spoiler or Stabilizer? : Assessing the Role of Private Military and Security Companies in Armed Conflicts / Tahmina Sadat Hadjer." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1078960054/34.
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Racine-Sibulka, Paul. "Pushing the Limits of the US Warrior Ethos: Understanding the Extensive Use of Private Military Companies in Iraq." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30997.
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This thesis addresses the growing privatization of the US forces through the Revolution in Military Affairs and the War in Iraq and its implications for the purpose of mobilization and individual military commitment conceptualize by the US warrior ethos. Creating a dialogue between the literature on Private Military Companies and the US warrior ethos, this thesis aims at providing a comprehensive understanding of the values sustaining the warrior ethos and how they are jeopardized by the emergence of new actors in the battlespace. I argue that this commercial turn in the US military erode the warrior ethos by placing business consideration ahead of great personal risk and ultimately raises doubts about civic responsibilities and democratic control of US military affairs.
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Acheson, Aileen Winifred. "An examination of the development of a norm of corporate social responsibility in British private military and security companies." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.695213.
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This thesis examines the development and diffusion of a nonn of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in and among British Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs). Having identified a gap in the literature pertaining to an in-depty analysis of CSR in the PMSC industry the thesis outlines a new analytical model of CSR development and internalisation among PMSCs. The thesis is organised primarily around three case studies and the model forms the framework of analysis applied throughout the case study chapters. Specifically the analysis focuses on a range of socially responsible policies and practices within each PMSC and explores whether, how, why and to what extent CSR had been adopted, developed and internalised and condudes that British PMSCs have undergone considerable change and become increasingly socially responsible.
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Blüme, Hanna. "Private Military and Security Companies in Armed Conflict : Privatisation of Violence as a Challenge to Contemporary International Humanitarian Law." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-94721.
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Street, Daniel. "Opening Pandora's Box? : theorising the commercialisation of military force in the post-Cold War world." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.690740.
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The commercialisation of military services has increased in importance since the end of the Cold War. Commercial Military Service Providers (CMSPs) have found increased respectability and worked in states on every continent. Writing on CMSPs has similarly increased. Several high profile incidents have come under intense scrutiny, and has led to some portions of the literature demonising their use. However, there are still conceptual and theoretical issues which have been under explored. This thesis contributes to the literature which has sought to address this theoretical lacuna. Historical Sociology and comparative analysis are employed to analyse the implications of CMSP use on the state. A modified version of the Ideological, Economic, Military and Political (IEMP) model developed by Michael Mann, is used to theorise the impact of commercial security providers on existing sources of power within the state, and the relationship between them. The thesis uses two case studies which are representative of the use of CMSPs during this time period. The Sierra Leone Civil War and the invasion and reconstruction of Iraq since 2003. It will be argued that CMSPs alter the balance between power structures within the state, positively and negatively affecting the power of the state. The short term use of CMSPs has proven to be useful and of increasing importance; especially when military weakness is an urgent problem. However, although there has been no example of CMSPs intentionally threatening state stability, they can also subvert the power of the state. CMSPs, particularly when used for an extended period, have undermined the relationship between the sources of power, undermining political stability. Most significantly they weakened the state by undermining the strength it gains from its embeddedness in society.
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Thomson, Andrew. "The para-state nexus and US statecraft in the global South: The evolution of paramilitaries and private military companies in counterinsurgency and unconventional warfare." Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.593917.
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This thesis examines why the US has increasingly rel ied on proxy forms of intervention in counterinsurgency and unconventional warfare operations and support Most existing studies on paramil itaries, mercenaries, and private military companies (PMCs) in US foreign policy analyze these actors separately from one another and tend to emphasize the ir relative newness in the post-Cold War security environment. In contrast, this thesis traces the continuity and evolution of the use of para-institutional actors in US-led and supported counterinsurgency and unconventional warfare engagements in the global South throughout the post-war period. It places this analysis in the context of US Open Door grand strategy and hegemonic ro le in the international system. ill doing so, it develops a para-statal model cfUS foreign policy that is inclusive of the variegated connections between the US and para-institutional forces . The "para-state nexus", as I have labeled it, conceprualizes the intersection of the l!S and various parallel mil itary formations and the ways in which they operate as a para-extension to US coercive reach. This thesis argues that the development and entrenchment of a para-state nexus is inextricably bound to US Open Door imperatives to "stabilize" favorab le political and economic state arrangements in countries in the glo bal South threate ned by significant opposition "from below", conducive to US interests and the global capitalist system as a whole. Thus it posits that this "para-state nexus" is embedded in structural relations of the liberalized global order, and forms a central component of the US's managerial role in the international system. This presents an alternative historical account of the evolution of PMCs in US foreign policy, and demonstrates that practices such as the "Salvador option" have extensive historical roots in the prosecution of US modes of coercive statecraft abroad. ji
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Johnson, Jade Nichole. "Corporate warriors : scourge or solution in African conflict resolution." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5178.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) are fast becoming a permanent structure in international security. PMSCs are made up of two groups, namely Private Military Companies (PMCs) and Private Security Companies (PSCs). Antagonism towards their existence and involvement in African civil wars is the result of some damaging effects of PMSCs- more specifically PMCs- including misconceptions. Both PMCs and PSCs are compared to mercenaries and definitional issues plague the private security industry. Private Military and Security Companies however are legal entities, different to mercenaries. This is why PMCs are sometimes referred to as "corporate warriors". As private companies PMCs often fill the security gaps left by international responses to African civil wars. Their contracts with legitimate governments offer a cheap and effective end to the violence of civil war. In recent years the use of PMSCs has increased among both weak and strong states. Antipathy however remains the prominent attitude in the international community, thus challenging the use of PMSCs. From this point of view, they are a ¡°scourge¡± because PMCs are not only likened to mercenaries of old who fight for private gain, but the arguments are also that they undermine the sovereignty of weak states, that they are unaccountable to the citizens of these states, that they violate human rights, that they don't solve root causes and that they contribute to militarization. The increase of civil conflicts in Africa and the surplus of military professionals after the Second World War meant that mercenaries became involved in African liberation struggles. By the end of the Cold War however- in an era that favours liberal economic practices and privatisation- professional legal Private Military and Security Companies were established to supplement the security gap left at the end of the Cold War. As mentioned, these are legal companies that don.t breach international conventions; are accountable to some home state legislation's and brought peace to Angola and Sierra Leone. International responses to security concerns- especially those in Africa- are burdened by the plethora of complex civil conflicts that simultaneously demand attention from the United Nations. PMCs may be equipped to execute Chapter VII mandates of the UN Charter, as these deal with robust enforcement functions at a time when the West is reluctant to intervene. What is perhaps required is more accountability (also to host state legislation) and oversight. The services of PMCs are beneficial to a number of stakeholders. These include the states in which they are registered, the states in which they operate, the citizenry that they protect, and they are profitable to the shareholders of the PMCs and diamond and oil companies they are contracted to. It is thus the conclusion of this thesis that Private Military Companies provide a faster and more cost- effective option for peacemaking in Africa. As private companies they are not bound by protocols and conventions but they must satisfy the company and its shareholders. And although the use of Private Military Companies is not dependent on the regulation of the industry, the PMSC industry would benefit from more self- regulation in the market place. Thus with relevant and more effective regulation, PMCs could become Africa's solution to her civil conflicts. Unlike in the Ballesteros report, the UN has to recognise this role.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Private Militere- en Sekuriteitsmaatskappye (PMSMe) is vinnig besig om 'n permanente struktuur in privaatsekuriteit te word. Skadelike uitwerkings van hierdie PMSMe, wanpersepsies ingesluit, is 'n gevolg van die antagonisme teenoor die maatskappye en hul betrokkenheid in burgeroorloë. PMSMe word met huursoldate vergelyk en gevolglik word die privaatsekuriteitsindustrie met kwessies rondom definiering gekwel. PMSMe, anders as huursoldate, is egter wettige entiteite. Om hierdie rede word PMSMe dikwels as "korporatiewe krygsmanne" (corporate warriors) beskryf. PMSMe, as private maatksappye, vul dikwels die sekuriteitsgapings wat deur die internasionale reaksies tot burgeroorloë in Afrika gelaat is. Hul kontrakte met legitieme regerings bied 'n goedkoop en effektiewe middel om die geweld van burgeroorloë te beëindig. Die gebruik van PMSMe het, gedurende die afgelope jare, in beide swak- en sterk state toegeneem. Antipatie dien steeds as in vername afkeur in die internasionale gemeenskap. Dit daag dus die gebruik van PMSMe uit. Hulle word steeds met huursoldate in die internasionale gemeenskap verwar. Terselfdertyd word geargumenteer dat PMSMe die soewereiniteit van swak regerings ondermyn, dat hulle nie verantwoordbaar aan die burgers van hierdie state is nie, dat hulle inbreuk maak op menseregte, dat hulle nie die kernoorsake van konflik oplos nie, en dat hulle tot militarisering bydra. Die toename in burgerlike konflikte in Afrika, tesame met die oorskot militêre vakkundiges na die Tweede Wereldoorlog, het gemaak dat huursoldate in Afrika se vryheidstryde betrokke geraak het. Teen die einde van die Koue Oorlog - gedurende 'n tydperk waar liberale ekonomiese praktyke en privatisering voorrang geniet het - was professionele wettige PMSMe byderhand om die sekuriteitsgaping aan te vul. Hierdie is dus wettige maatskappye wat nie internasionale konvensies skend nie, wat verantwoordbaar is aan sekere tuisstaatwetgewing, en wat vrede in Angola en Sierra Leone meegebring het. Internasionale reaksies tot sekuriteitskwessies - veral die sigbaar in Afrika - word deur 'n oormaat van komplekse burgerlike konflikte, wat gelyktydig aandag van die Verenigde Nasies (VN) verg, belas. Hiervolgens is dit moontlik dat PMSMe wel toegerus mag wees om Hoofstuk II-mandate van die VN Handves uit te voer. Die rede hiervoor is dat die PMSMe wel toegerus is om robuuste toepassings funksies te verrig. Dit het veral vorendag gekom gedurende 'n tydperk toe die Weste huiwerig was om by sekuriteitskwessies in te meng. Hoer vlakke van verantwoordbaarheid en oorsig word moontlik meer vereis. Die dienste van PMSMe is voordelig vir vele belanghebbendes. Hierdie sluit die state in waar hul gekontrakteer het, die state waarin hulle optree, die burgers wat hulle beskerm, die winsgewendherd vir aandeelhouers van die PMSMe en die diamant- en oliemaatskappye deur wie hul gekontrakteer mag wees om installasies te beskerm. Die gevolgtrekking van hierdie tesis is dus dat PMSMe 'n vinniger en meer koste-effektiewe opsie vir vredemaking in Afrika bied. Al is die gebruik van PMSMe nie afhanklik van die regulering van die industrie nie, sal die PMSMe-industrie by 'n verhoging in self-regulering in daardie sektore baat vind. Met relevante en meer effektiewe markregulering, kan PMSMe dus as 'n oplossing in Afrika se burgerlike konflik dien. Anders as in die Ballesteros verslag, sal die VN dit moet erken.
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Leunis, Jelle. "The Road to Regulation of Private Military and Security Companies: An Analysis of the (Re-)Articulation of the Norms Governing the Legitimate Use of Force." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13740.
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Since the end of the Cold War, private military and security companies have gained a prominent place on the international battlefield. In an attempt to reduce monetary and political costs, states have not only outsourced some of the defense functions previously performed by uniformed personnel; they have also partly privatised the provision of security. Traditional accounts of the rise of private military and security companies have explained this evolution in terms of changing demand and supply of military force after the Cold War, in a neoliberal ideological environment. This rationalist account, however, overlooks the role of norms, which, as the constructivist research tradition has demonstrated, constrain state behaviour even in the domain of national security. From this constructivist point of view, the rise of private military and security companies is surprising given the existence of an anti-mercenary norm and a norm on the state monopoly on violence, both of which have precluded the private exercise of violence. How, then, should the rise of private military and security companies be understood in light of this hostile normative environment? Against a realist-constructivist background, this text draws upon models of norm change and epistemic communities to show that private military and security companies have used their pragmatic legitimacy and epistemic power to decisively shape the discursive construction of a new regulatory framework that legitimises the exercise of non-state violence.
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Bjønness, Martine. "Marketisation of Security." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22548.
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Entangled in a context of increased use of private military and security companies globally, this study sets out to investigate the motivation for Denmark to use private military and security companies (PMSCs) for maritime security in parilious international waters. This study examines the decision making process taking place in the Danish Parliament in 2012 prior to the passing of Law 116 The amendment of the Firearms Act and the Act on Warfare, etc. that mandated the shipping industry to hire PMSCs for armed protection of their vessels. A critical discourse analysis has been applied in order to understand the discursive mechanisms present in the political debate prior to the adoption of the law. The analysis shows that a neoliberal market discourse of necessity, efficiency and competition informs the parliamentary debate on international maritime security and pirate threats. That is, the protecting of the Danish industry and trade are found to be a first priority whereas personal security of the employees, the pirates, and control over weapons are only secondary. The findings indicate that in the political discourse, security has become subjected to a marketlogic. Thus, security is referred to as security for the market more than for the population.The thesis argues that this change in thinking about security needs a critical public debate in order to make sure that issues of security stay within the political sphere.
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Lovíšek, Ondrej. "Privatizace bezpečnosti a její role v zahraniční politice USA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197693.
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This paper deals with the privatisation of security and analyzes its role in US foreign policy. It is composed of four separate sections, two of which are theoretical and the other two analytical. The first chapter presents available definitions and a historical overview explaining the origin and historical development of private military forces' involvement in armed conflicts. The second part assesses the development of the role of private military companies in US foreign policy. The analytical section aims to answer two key questions: (1) which advantages and disadvantages does PMC utilization present the US government with?; and (2) how can we regulate PMC activities, so that their cooperation with the US government both lives up to the client's expectation and satisfies international human-rights norms? The third chapter therefore assesses the main argument for a and against PMC utilization from the perspective of the USA and the fourth analyzes existing regulation frameworks - national, international and self-regulation.
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Paoliello, Tomaz [UNESP]. "Anatomia de uma empresa militar e de segurança privada: a empresa DynCorp em perspectiva global." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136417.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
As empresas militares e de segurança privada (PMSC) são um novo ator que tem despertado grande atenção nos debates dentro da disciplina Relações Internacionais. Através do estudo de uma companhia especificamente, a norteamericana DynCorp, procuramos investigar qual a natureza desse ator dentro do grande processo de globalização. A literatura sobre as PMSC geralmente apresenta a ideia de que o aparecimento de tais atores tenha ocorrido através de forças de oferta e demanda espontâneas e circunstanciais. A hipótese auxiliar dessa ideia, que os Estados estejam se afastando das novas guerras, é aqui desafiada e substituída por outra. O Estado, particularmente os EUA, se adaptou em sua capacidade de engajamento em conflitos através da contratação das PMSC, e estimulou o crescimento de um mercado de segurança privada. A empresa Dyncorp faz parte desse movimento. Investigaremos a relação de co-constituição, na qual empresas e Estado se articulam para desenvolver o novo “mercado da força”, e o nascimento das PMSC como atores de natureza híbrida, associados às transformações do Estado neoliberal. O estudo da DynCorp se desdobra em três dimensões: sua face empresarial, como companhia transnacional associada às lógicas de mercado; uma face combatente, um dos novos atores nos palcos de conflitos contemporâneos; e como parte constituinte de um aparato de política externa, associado a seu cliente único, o governo dos Estados Unidos.
Private military and security companies (PMSC) is a new actor that has attracted great attention in the debates within the International Relations discipline. Through the study of a particular north-american company, DynCorp, we seek to investigate the nature of these actors in the great process of globalization. The literature on PMSC usually presents the idea that the emergence of such players has occurred through spontaneous supply and demand forces. The hypothesis that assist this idea is that the states are moving away from the new wars. Here this hypothesis is challenged and replaced by another. The State, particularly the US, has adapted its engagement in capacity in conflicts by engaging the PMSC, and stimulating the growth of a private security market. DynCorp is part of this movement. We investigate the relationship of co-constitution, in which companies and state are organized to develop the new "market for force", and the birth of PMSC as actors of a hybrid nature, associated with the transformation of the neoliberal state. The study of DynCorp unfolds in three dimensions: its corporate face, as a transnational company associated with market principles; a fighting face, as one of the new actors on the stage of contemporary conflicts; and as a constituent part of a foreign policy apparatus, associated with their only customer, the United States government.
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Costa, Sílvia Cristina Ventura. "A Relação das Nações Unidas com as Empresas Militares Privadas:entre a regulação internacional e a contratualização de serviços militares privados." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13329.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações Internacionais na Especialidade de Internacionalização EmpresarialOs direitos humanos inquietam a comunidade internacional desde o final do seculo XIX. Com o aumento da influência e poder das empresas, verificado sobretudo na segunda metade do seculo XX, os desafios de DH multiplicaram-se. Desde então a comunidade internacional tem desenvolvido vários esforços no sentido de limitar as violações de DH de empresas. Numa área tão sensível como a indústria militar e de segurança privada (por estar diretamente relacionada com situações de conflito/paz e com o uso da força) os DH são altamente desafiados. A comunidade internacional trabalhado em formas de conter as essas violações, investido em várias iniciativas. Algumas dessas iniciativas são privadas outras são patrocinadas pela ONU. Neste sentido a ONU está numa encruzilhada entre a tentativa de regulação e a utilização dos serviços de EMP. Este estudo visa analisar o que tem sido feito em matérias de responsabilização empresarial, em especial para a EMP (que atuam numa das áreas mais sensíveis das relações internacionais) e no seio da ONU (órgão legitimo de coordenação das relações internacionais), procurando perceber qual o papel que a organização pode desempenhar em matéria de regulação privada das EMP.
Human rights (HR) are a big concern to the international community since the end of the nineteenth century. With the companies power and influence increase, particularly in the second half of the twentieth century, HR challenges have multiplied. Since then, the international community developed several efforts to reduce HR violations by the Private Military Companies (PMC’s). In such a sensitive area as military and private security industry (which are directly related with peace and the use of force) the HR have been highly challenged. The international community worked in different ways to restrain these violations and for that had invested in several initiatives. Some of these initiatives are private others have been developed by United Nations (UN). From this point of view, UN reach a crossroad between the attempt of regulation and contracting private military and security services. This study analyzes what has been done about businesses responsibility with a higher incidence in the private military companies in UN system and try to identify the role of the organization about the private regulation of PMCs.
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Bellé, Richeli Eliza. "As empresas militares e de segurança privadas e as operações de paz da ONU : atuação e responsabilidade." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/165120.
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As empresas militares e de segurança privadas (EMSPs) deixam de atuar apenas para Estados e outras corporações, e expandem as suas atividades para o contexto de paz da ONU. A organização busca as EMSPs para melhor atender aos desafios apresentados nos contextos cada vez mais instáveis nos quais as suas operações de paz se desenvolvem. Considerando esse contexto, a dissertação proposta possui como escopo a busca por respostas ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: tendo em vista a crescente tendência na privatização dos serviços de segurança em operações de paz da ONU, de que forma as EMSPs atuam nesse cenário? A partir disso, existe algum meio pelo qual a ONU pode responder por eventuais ilícitos cometidos pelas EMSPs? Para responder a estes problemas, o método de abordagem adotado foi o hipotético-dedutivo. A atuação das EMSPs no âmbito da ONU se dá por meio da provisão de atividades de segurança, além de serviços de inteligência, de treinamento, de desminagem, entre outros. O engajamento entre a ONU e as EMSPs pode ocorrer de duas formas diversas. No primeiro caso, haverá a contratação diretamente pela organização e, no segundo, haverá a contratação da EMSP por um Estado-membro da ONU, o qual disponibilizará tropas para que atuem nas operações de paz. Esse cenário gera preocupações referentes ao potencial risco de impactos negativos que as EMSPs pode ter sobre a imagem da organização, uma vez que referidas empresas possuem um histórico de violações aos direitos humanos. Com isso, deve-se verificar se a ONU pode responder pelas EMSPs que perpetrem atos ilícitos no cenário de suas missões de paz. Para isso, parte-se da atribuição da conduta ilícita à organização, que ocorrerá conforme a forma de engajamento. Quando houver a contratação direta, a ONU não considera as EMSPs agentes e não assume a responsabilidade. Quando há a disponibilização de EMSPs como parte de tropas estatais, elas serão tratadas de forma análoga às tropas regulares e a ONU assume a responsabilidade. A reparação de danos causados a terceiros em decorrência de violações será feita pela organização, observados certos limites. Assim, em muitos casos as vítimas terão seu acesso à justiça frustrados em função das imunidades das quais a ONU goza. Não obstante a falta de previsões das quais decorra a responsabilidade da ONU no caso de violações cometidas por EMSPs, verifica-se que a estrutura normativa internacional não endereça essa questão, e refere, comumente, a relação entre Estados e EMSPs. Isso seria sanado por meio da elaboração de um documento vinculante a todos os atores que atuam nesse contexto, o que exige esforços de toda a comunidade internacional e, por isso, apresenta-se como um grande desafio.Private military and security companies (PMSCs) cease to act only for states and other corporations, and expand their activities into the UN peace operations context. The organization seeks PMSCs to better address the challenges posed in the increasingly unstable contexts in which its peace operations develop. Considering this context, the proposed dissertation has as its goal the search for answers to the following research problem: in view of the growing tendency in the privatization of security services in UN peace operations, in what way do PMSCs act in this scenario? From this, is there any means by which the UN can respond for any wrongdoing committed by the PMSCs? To respond to these problems, the approach method adopted was the hypothetico-deductive. The activities of the PMSCs within the scope of the UN are provided through the provision of security activities, as well as intelligence, training, demining services, among others. Engagement between the UN and PMSCs can occur in two different ways. In the first case, the PMSC will be hired directly by the organization, and in the second a UN member-State will hire the PMSC and make it available as its troops to work in UN peace operations. This scenario raises concerns about the potential risk of negative impacts that PMSCs may have on the organization's image, since these companies have a history of human rights violations. With this, it must be verified if the UN can be responsible for the PMSCs that perpetrate illicit acts in the context of its peace operations. Therefore, it starts from the attribution of the unlawful conduct to the organization, which will occur according to the form of engagement. When there is direct hiring, the UN does not consider the PMSCs its agents and does not assume responsibility. When PMSCs are made available as part of state troops, they will be treated in the same way as regular troops and the UN takes responsibility. The reparation of harm caused to third parties as a result of violations will be made by the organization, subject to certain limits. Thus, in many cases the victims will have their access to justice frustrated by the immunities enjoyed by the UN. Notwithstanding the lack of predictions of UN responsibility in the case of violations committed by PMSCs, it is clear that the international normative framework does not address this issue, and commonly refers to the relationship between States and PMSCs. This would be remedied through the drafting of a binding document on all actors working in this context, which calls for the efforts of the entire international community and therefore presents itself as a major challenge.
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Neple, Pernille. "The regulation of mercenary and private security-related activities under South African law compared to other legislations and conventions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1896.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) have become increasingly important actors since the end of the Cold War. They provide a wide range of services and are therefore difficult to classify. Many view them as new front companies for mercenaries, which this thesis argues is not the case. Few states have put in place legislation to deal with the problems caused by these companies, and they are therefore generally not accountable to states. This is problematic because their services are within an area where states have traditionally had monopoly. This thesis studies the new South African legislation, the Prohibition of Mercenary Activities and Regulation of Certain Activities in Country of Armed Conflict Act of 2006, which was put in place in order to ban mercenaries and regulate the services offered by the private military and security companies based in the country. By comparing it to the older South African legislation, the thesis evaluates the extent to which the new legislation has been able to close loopholes inherent in the old legislation. The new South African legislation is also compared to the international conventions which bans mercenaries. By banning these actors, South Africa is very much in line with the international community when it designed the conventions. However, PNSCs are not mercenaries. The thesis then compares the new South African legislation to the domestic regulation in place in the United States of America. It finds that despite having many of the same weaknesses as the South African legislation, it is more likely that the American regulation will be abided by than the South African. This is due to the positive relationship between the US government and American PMSCs, and the fact that the government is a major client of the companies. South Africa does not enjoy the same positive relationship with its companies. Finally, the new South African legislation is compared to the UK Green Paper of 2002, which presented options of how to deal with the companies. The ban on mercenaries put in place by the new South African legislation was discouraged in the Green Paper. The licensing regime (as in the USA) that was proposed by the Green Paper, however, is similar to the authorisation scheme established in South Africa.