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Journal articles on the topic 'Private military companies – Nigeria'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Nabiebu, Miebaka, and Eni Alobo. "Exploring the Necessity of Private Military Companies in the Fight against Insurgency in Nigeria." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2019): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.4.1.12.

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2

Nebolsina, Maria A. "Private Military and Security Companies." Russia in Global Affairs 17, no. 2 (2019): 76–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2019-17-2-76-106.

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3

Renou, Xavier. "Private Military Companies Against Development." Oxford Development Studies 33, no. 1 (March 2005): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600810500099717.

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4

Kinsey, Christopher. "Private military companies: options for regulation." Conflict, Security & Development 2, no. 03 (December 2002): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678800200590624.

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5

JONES, CLIVE. "Private Military Companies as ‘Epistemic Communities’." Civil Wars 8, no. 3-4 (September 2006): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698240601060660.

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6

Shishmonin, Sergey Vladimirovich. "EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN THE WORLD." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 9 (2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-9-107-113.

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In a rapidly changing and unstable situation on the world stage, private military companies are present and developing very effectively in the military sphere. Relation to private military companies is a relatively new actors in the military sphere, is not clear. The history of formation and development of these organizations is short, but very bright. Mercenarism and prototypes of private military companies were known in ancient times. We show the evolution of private military companies from mercenaries to modern companies. In the modern sense of the term private military companies began to be actively created only in the middle of the 20th century. European states, in particular, the United States, played an active role in these processes. This state also went down in history as the first legally regulate the activities of military companies. In just over half a century, private military companies have been involved in many military conflicts and have proven to be a highly mobile and versatile tool for addressing geopolitical and state tasks. Since the early of 21th century, international private corporations and enterprises have become interested in the services of these organizations. The private-military segment of the market is developing very actively and steadily in the conditions of the modern world situation.

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7

Ryngaert, C. "Litigating Abuses Committed by Private Military Companies." European Journal of International Law 19, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 1035–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn056.

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8

Manoilo, A. V., and A. Ya Zaytsev. "International Legal Status of Private Military Companies." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 90, no. 1 (January 2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331620010098.

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9

Rogozhina, Evgeniya Mikhailovna, Igor' Valer'evich Ryzhov, and Roman Nikolaevich Sokolov. "Specificity of work of private military companies in the XXI century (on the example of Near East)." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 4 (April 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2020.4.34041.

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  This article is dedicated to examination of the phenomenon of private military companies as a regional actor of security. Leaning on the analysis of international normative legal documents, the authors derive the definition of private military companies due to the fact that neither academic nor applied spheres have precise understanding of this phenomenon. The key research method is the structural and functional analysis, which allows authors considering the object of study from the perspective of various systems of actors. With the increased demand for private military services, private military companies gradually shift from the category of organizations serving military operations to the category of full-fledged independent military organizations that are capable of fulfilling the functions of regular army. For the past two decades, the market for private military services has grown from $ 55 billion to over $200 billion in 2010. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive overview of various aspects and trends that take place in the market of private military services, as well as in classification of motives and consequences of usage of private military companies in armed missions. The authors discuss the question of international legal status of private military companies, provide practical examples of their activity with the prolonged consequences for regional systems of international relations, analyze the mechanisms of use of these companies in the current context, as well as synthesize the key factors of the increased demand for their services. The absence of regulation of the work of private military companies and ambiguous status of their employees in international law make it virtually impossible to impose international responsibility upon them.  

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10

Denisov, R. A., and R. S. Ayriyan. "Private Military Companies. Situation in the World Ocean." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 2 (206) (July 6, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-2-39-44.

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The article analyzes the policy of private military companies, their capabilities and actions in the oceans. Emphasis is given to the compliance of companies with international law of the sea. The article indicates main directions of PMC activities in the oceans and their most popular functionality. An attempt to reveal the main problems of companies in this area, which impede their free activity was made. In conclusion, the most conflictogenic zones were identified and, as well as the areas where functional companies would be useful, were identified.

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11

Saifullin, E. "Private military and security companies and international law." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2018): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2018-2-51-63.

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12

Bures, Oldrich. "Private military companies: A second best peacekeeping option?" International Peacekeeping 12, no. 4 (December 2005): 533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533310500201951.

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13

Zabci, Filiz. "Private military companies: ‘Shadow soldiers’ of neo-colonialism." Capital & Class 31, no. 2 (July 2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981680709200101.

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14

Malamud, Marina. "Private Military and Security Companies in UN Missions." Peace Review 26, no. 4 (October 2, 2014): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2014.972275.

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15

Cilliers, Jakkie. "A role for private military companies in peacekeeping?" Conflict, Security & Development 2, no. 03 (December 2002): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678800200590626.

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16

Adams, Thomas K. "Private Military Companies: Mercenaries for the 21st Century." Small Wars & Insurgencies 13, no. 2 (August 2002): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592310208559181.

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17

Spearin, Christopher. "NATO, Russia and Private Military and Security Companies." RUSI Journal 163, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2018.1494676.

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18

Fahn, Matthias, and Tahmina Hadjer. "Optimal contracting with private military and security companies." European Journal of Political Economy 37 (March 2015): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.10.004.

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19

Skuratova, A. Yu, and E. E. Korolkova. "Private military and security companies in international law." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-4-81-94.

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INTRODUCTION. The article analyses the sources of international law, national legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as that of certain foreign States regulating the operation of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in armed conflict. The article highlights the out-comes of the work of the UN Special Rapporteurs and Working Groups to study the activity of PMSCs and the impact it had on the observance of human rights. The authors further analyze the status of PMSC personnel under international humanitarian law. The article also looks at the positions expressed by the delegations of Member States during the discussion of the 2010 Draft Convention on Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) and provides recommendations for developing an appropriate international regulatory framework. The authors also examined State practice of the implementation of the The Montreux Document on Pertinent International Legal Obligations and Good Practices for Statesт Related to Operations of Private Military and Security Companies During Armed Conflict related to the operation of private military and security companies during armed conflict.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article contains an analysis of the main sources of international law, the documents drafted by the United Nations International Law Commission, special rapporteurs and working groups on the matter, and State practice. It also addresses Russian and foreign legal scholarship. From a methodological perspective, this study relied on the general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systemic approach) and private legal methods of knowledge (formal-legal, comparative legal studies).RESEARCH RESULTS. Based on the study, it is argued that an international treaty should be adopted to regulate the activities of PMSCs, which would establish mechanisms to monitor and hold PMSCs and their employees legally accountable.

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20

Cameron, Lindsey. "Private military companies: their status under international humanitarian law and its impact on their regulation." International Review of the Red Cross 88, no. 863 (September 2006): 573–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383106000683.

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AbstractStates are increasingly hiring private military companies to act in zones where armed conflicts are occurring. The predominant feeling in the international community is that it would be best to regulate such companies. Cognizant of much confusion as to the status of the employees of private military companies under international humanitarian law, this article explains the laws on mercenaries, combatants and civilians and explores how private military companies' employees may fall into any of those categories. It demonstrates that the concept of mercenarism is unhelpful for regulating these companies and that it is unlikely that many of the employees of these companies can be considered to have combatant status. The article considers possible consequences of private military companies' employees having the status of civilians under international humanitarian law and their potential impact on regulating these companies effectively.

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21

Soares, Salvador, and David Price. "REGULATING PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES (PSCs) AND PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES (PMCs) UNDER THE LAW OF TIMORLESTE." Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 26, no. 3 (February 8, 2015): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16035.

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Use of Private Security Companies (PSCs) and Private Military Companies (PMCs) in conflict and post-conflict countries has been the subject of ongoing critical discussion among scholars and media for many years. This paper assesses the legal status and responsibilities of PSCs and PMCs, and their operation in Timor-Leste where they are not properly regulated. It examines key legal issues, such as their definition and roles, scope and limits of operations, approved and prohibited activities, accountability, and monitoring. The paper also examines the impact of PSCs and PMCs on Timor-Leste law and society and offers astatutory framework for their management and regulation. Implementasi Private Security Companies (PSCs) dan Private Military Companies (PMCs) dalam negara yang sedang berkonflik dan pasca berkonflik telah menjadi subjek pembahasan penting diantara akademisi dan media massa selama bertahun-tahun. Penulisan ini akan menilai status hukum dan kewajiban PSCs dan PMCs, dan pelaksanaan kerja kedua lembaga tersebut di Timor-Leste dimana belum ada pengaturan yang mumpuni. Penulisan ini menganalisa isu-isu krusial mengenai beberapa pengaturan, seperti definisi dan peran, batasan dan ruang lingkup kerja, aktivitas yang diperbolehkan dan yang dilarang, akuntabilitas, serta pengawasan. Penulisan ini juga menganalisa implikasi dari PSCs dan PMCs di tatanan hukum dan masyarakat Timor-Leste, serta menawarkan sebuah kerangka undang-undang untuk manajerial dan pengaturan kedua lembaga tersebut.

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22

Петров, Владислав, and Vladislav Petrov. "Psychological characteristics of the activities of private military companies." Applied psychology and pedagogy 3, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b1ee0e6b670a3.92123818.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of psychological characteristics of private military companies. The phenomena "private military company" and "mercenary" are considered. The Genesis of mercenary activity in the military sphere is investigated. Systematized main modern function of hired troops, as well as the psychological characteristics of mercenarism. The limitations of scientific researches in the field of psychology of activity of private military companies are shown. The author substantiates the thesis that the mercenary is permeated with psychological problems. To improve the military-professional activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation the author substantiates the need to develop a wide range of scientific and applied issues, such as the personality of mercenaries, the system of motivating the activities of mercenaries, the specifics of interpersonal relations among mercenaries, etc. the Study of psychological aspects of mercenaries will create additional advantages of domestic military psychology, as well as improve psychological work with the military.

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23

Shishmonin, Sergey Vladimirovich. "Private military companies: problems and prospects of legal regulation in Russian Federation." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 10 (2019): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-10-235-242.

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In today’s world in a market economy condition and a complex geopolitical situation quite actively began to develop private military companies. However, the activity of these companies is a very urgent problem of legislative consolidation. We show European experience of private military companies legislative regulation. Especially great success in this field has reached the country, which is the main consumer of military companies services - the United States. However, this issue is becoming more and more urgent for Russia. On the territory of Russia there is a kind of “de facto”: private military companies exist, their activities are not regulated, and all this in the conditions of a legislative ban on mercenarism. Therefore, the need for legislative regulation of the military organizations activities expressed by many representatives of state power. The adoption of the law on private military companies would be a very relevant and safe way to legalize the private military companies activities. We show the main directions of possible decisions implementation by representatives of state bodies of Russia. Small steps in this direction have been taken, however, a full-fledged law has not been adopted at the moment, and the prospects for the implementation of bills in this direction are quite vague.

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24

Stryzhak, I. V., and L. A. Filianina. "PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES: THE PHENOMENON OF MILITARY POLICY OF THE 21ST CENTURY." Comparative-analytical law, no. 6 (2019): 514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0390/2019.6.129.

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25

Singh Gautam, Vijaya, and Vijay Mishra. "Revisiting the Legal Framework for Private Military and Security Contractors: Maritime Perspective." Groningen Journal of International Law 8, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.8.1.166-182.

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The paper aims to analyse legal lacunas and suggest possible solutions for the acts and wrongdoings of Private Military and Security Companies within the lens of maritime activities. The paper has been divided into three parts. Part I deals with the necessity and role of Private Military and Security Companies in the present times. Part II discusses the legal status of Private Military and Security Companies and ways of ensuring responsibility for their acts. Part III examines the legal framework for the acts of Private Maritime Security Companies. An assessment of the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL), state responsibility, applicability of the Montreux document and efforts such as GUARDCON have been discussed to highlight the inadequacy of the laws on Private Maritime Security Companies. There has been an upsurge in the employment of Private Maritime Security Companies since 2008 to cope with a myriad of problems at sea including piracy and robbery. However, an umbrella of rules including employment procedures, agreements, training techniques, responsibility in peacetime as well as in times of conflict and the guidelines of IHL must be restructured or enhanced in order to be made applicable to Private Maritime Security Companies.

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26

Patel, Faiza. "Regulating Private Military and Security Companies: A Comprehensive Solution." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 107 (2013): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/procannmeetasil.107.0201.

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27

Andreopoulos, George, and Shawna Brandle. "Revisiting the Role of Private Military and Security Companies." Criminal Justice Ethics 31, no. 3 (December 2012): 138–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0731129x.2012.743339.

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28

Hoppe, C. "Passing the Buck: State Responsibility for Private Military Companies." European Journal of International Law 19, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 989–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn074.

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29

Baker, Deane-Peter, and Sabelo Gumedze. "Private military/security companies and human security in Africa." African Security Review 16, no. 4 (December 2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2007.9627440.

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30

Krahmann, Elke. "Regulating Private Military Companies: What Role for the EU?" Contemporary Security Policy 26, no. 1 (April 2005): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260500116091.

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31

Perrin, Benjamin. "Searching for Accountability: The Draft UN International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight, and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 47 (2010): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800009899.

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SummaryThe proliferation of private military and security companies has attracted significant public and scholarly attention during the last decade. This comment examines the United Nations Draft International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies (Draft Convention). It discusses the significance of the Draft Convention and then describes the approach taken to the regulation of this controversial topic. Several problematic elements of the Draft Convention are identified including the definition of prohibited activities, State responsibility for the conduct of private military and security companies and the proposed International Criminal Court referral mechanism. Finally, specific policy recommendations are made for the government of Canada as a home state and contracting state of private military and security services, irrespective of the progress of negotiations on the Draft Convention.

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32

Joachim, Jutta, Marlen Martin, Henriette Lange, Andrea Schneiker, and Magnus Dau. "Twittering for talent: Private military and security companies between business and military branding." Contemporary Security Policy 39, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 298–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2017.1420608.

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33

Vinten, Robert. "The Morality of Private War: The Challenge of Private Military and Security Companies." Socialism and Democracy 29, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08854300.2014.1001569.

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34

Sánchez, Mario Iván Urueña. "Private Military and Security Companies: The End of State Responsibility?" Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0068.

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Abstract The objective of this article is to observe the redefinition of state responsibility based on its interaction with Private Military Security Companies. The boom, consolidation and decline of these companies between the end of the Cold War era and the first decade of the 21st century pose a dilemma to international law regarding State responsibility towards security issues within its territory. The lack of effective international law mechanisms and the political agenda of the States are both limitations for preserving human dignity in institutional and humanitarian fragile contexts. Hence, an interdisciplinary approach must be considered in order to seek an alternative path to this dilemma. This research used empirical data and documental analysis to achieve this objective.

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35

Hedahl, Marcus. "Unaccountable: The Current State of Private Military and Security Companies." Criminal Justice Ethics 31, no. 3 (December 2012): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0731129x.2012.740907.

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36

Cottier, Michael. "Elements for contracting and regulating private security and military companies." International Review of the Red Cross 88, no. 863 (September 2006): 637–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383107000756.

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AbstractKey issues raised by the use and operation of private military and security companies, particularly in conflict areas, are their accountability and how to control them. National regulation, however, is still rare. States have a role to play first as contractors. Considered selection, contracting and oversight procedures and standards may help promote respect for human rights and international humanitarian law by companies and their staff. Secondly, territorial and exporting states may consider adopting regulations to increase control and promote accountability. In view of this still largely unregulated phenomenon, this contribution considers elements of contracting and regulatory options.

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37

Labovic, Dejan. "Private military companies as a security factor: Advantages and disadvantages." Bezbednost, Beograd 57, no. 3 (2015): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost1503142l.

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38

Korac, Srdjan. "Use of private military companies in international conflicts: Ethical controversies." Vojno delo 67, no. 3 (2015): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1503009k.

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39

Milošević, Nenad, and Jadranko Jukić. "Private military and security companies: Legal, moral and social implications." Vojno delo 69, no. 7 (2017): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1707161m.

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40

Aning, Kwesi, Thomas Jaye, and Samuel Atuobi. "The Role of Private Military Companies in US-Africa Policy." Review of African Political Economy 35, no. 118 (November 11, 2008): 613–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240802569300.

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41

O'Brien, Kevin A. "PMCs, myths and mercenaries: The debate on private military companies." RUSI Journal 145, no. 1 (February 2000): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071840008446490.

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42

Kinsey, Christopher. "Regulation and control of private military companies: The legislative dimension." Contemporary Security Policy 26, no. 1 (April 2005): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260500116083.

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43

Joachim, Jutta, and Andrea Schneiker. "New Humanitarians? Frame Appropriation through Private Military and Security Companies." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 40, no. 2 (January 2012): 365–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305829811425890.

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44

Pattison, James. "The legitimacy of the military, private military and security companies, and just war theory." European Journal of Political Theory 11, no. 2 (November 29, 2011): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885111425119.

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45

Karska, Elzbieta. "Human rights violations committed by private military and security companies: an international law analysis." Espaço Jurídico Journal of Law [EJJL] 17, no. 3 (December 20, 2016): 753–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18593/ejjl.v17i3.12377.

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Abstract: This paper is devoted to the growing phenomenon of the private military and security industry with respect to human rights obligations. In the first part, it will analyze the concept of a private security company, which is not clear in national regulations and has few relevant provisions in international conventions. The second part will contain a short description of examples of human rights violations committed by private military and security companies, or with their participation, during service delivery or other forms of activity. The third part of this paper discusses possible methods of responsibility enforcement, with respect to the transnational character of many private security companies involved in human rights violations worldwide. One of the most important elements of the discussion in international community should focus on binding international instrument, preferably a convention, which would be able to establish at least very elementary rules for states and international organizations, responsible for using private military and security companies. The international community has witnessed a lot of initiatives from non-governmental entities, also model laws and self-regulations of the private security industry, but still the real problem has not even been reduced. The number of human rights violations has grown. Keywords: Human rights. Private security companies. Liability.

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46

Spearin, Christopher. "Since you left: United Nations peace support, private military and security companies, and Canada." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 73, no. 1 (March 2018): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702017740158.

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In the late 1990s when Canada was largely removing itself from United Nations peace support endeavours, private military and security companies were heralded as likely replacements. Canada has indicated its desire to reengage in a United Nations peace support milieu in which there is now a private military and security presence. It is not the type of presence initially envisioned, but it is one with multiple impacts regarding training and operations. This article emphasizes the interventions in the first decade of the twenty-first century and the corresponding, defensively minded regulations that came about in the private military and security industry. The article reveals that commercial logics are now insinuated in United Nations peace support operations and the private military and security presence therein is indicative of a larger shift in United Nations activities towards insularity and protection.

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47

Haridha, Frieska, Indra Kusumawardhana, and Muhammad Firjatullah. "Private Boots on The Ground: Meretas Korelasi Kebangkitan Private Military Companies Dengan Globalisasi Ekonomi." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.8.2.222-232.2019.

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This article targets an understanding related to the phenomenon of the rise of the Private Military Company which has strengthened its relations with the State in various conflicts in the world in the era of globalization - especially after the terrorist attacks on the United States in 2001. Using PMC understanding as an actor and the concept of globalization on economy, this paper provides a descriptive analysis of the correlation between the existence of PMC and the process of economic globalization that supports their existence in various conflicts in this world.

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48

Perrin, Benjamin. "Promoting compliance of private security and military companies with international humanitarian law." International Review of the Red Cross 88, no. 863 (September 2006): 613–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383106000713.

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AbstractPrivate security and military companies have become a ubiquitous part of modern armed conflict and post-conflict reconstruction. Their diverse clients include governments in the developed and developing world alike, non-state belligerents, international corporations, non-governmental organizations, the United Nations, and private individuals. The implications of this proliferation of private security and military companies for international humanitarian law and human rights are only beginning to be appreciated, as potential violations and misconduct by their employees have come to light in Iraq and Afghanistan. The author critically examines the theoretical risks posed by private military and security company activity with respect to violations of international humanitarian law and human rights, together with the incentives that these companies have to comply with those norms. Empirical evidence is also presented to expand on this theoretical framework. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the author draws on law, international relations theory, criminology, economics, corporate strategy and political economy, as well as psychology and sociology, to analyse the competing “risk-factors” and “compliance levers” that interact at each level of private military and security company activity to enhance or reduce the likelihood of a violation occurring. These findings are then applied by the author to assess emergent measures to deal with private security and military companies outside the legal sphere, including a programme of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the advent of the International Peace Operations Association.

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49

van Klooster, Steven. "Conflict as Business." Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society 31 (2020): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/iabsproc20203115.

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The state monopoly on violence is a core concept of modern public law, wherein only sovereign nation-states may lay claim to the legitimised usage of physical force. In recent years, however, this is commonly outsourced through Private Military Companies. Using Satz’s model and Weber’s definition of modern democracies, we argue that the market of Private Military Companies is a noxious one with severe ramifications in regards to democracy, freedom, and the autonomy of nation-states globally.

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Novikova, D. O. "Problems of the Use of Private Military and Security Companies in the US military operations." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(12) (June 28, 2010): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2010-3-12-89-96.

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Abstract:

В статье анализируются основные проблемы, связанные с использованием Соединенными Штатами частных военных и охранных компаний1 в военных операциях, прежде всего в Ираке и Афганистане, по материалам соответствующих аналитических докладов американских экспертов.

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