Academic literature on the topic 'Private organizations that are publicly funded'
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Journal articles on the topic "Private organizations that are publicly funded"
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Alfirevic, Niksa, Jurica Pavicic, and Liljana Najev-Cacija. "Performance of non-profit organizations: Empirical contrasts between privately and publicly funded Croatian humanitarian organizations." Ekonomski anali 59, no. 200 (2014): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1400115a.
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In this paper we contrast different aspects of non-profit organizations? performance from the perspective of their funding sources. Based on previous empirical results indicating that sources of funding influence fundraising performance, we extend the existing research to the analysis of overall non-profit organizational performance. We use the social constructivist approach to non-profit performance to discuss contrasts between privately and publicly funded humanitarian organizations in Croatia. Some differences in growth- and development-oriented measures of nonprofit performance for these groups are identified and discussed in the context of future regional research.
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Ritchie, D. "Management of Health System Reform: A View of Changes within New Zealand." Health Services Management Research 11, no. 3 (August 1998): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148489801100305.
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This paper reports on the context and process of health system reform in New Zealand. The study is based on interviews conducted with 31 managers from three Crown Health Enterprises (publicly funded hospital-based health care organizations). A number of countries with publicly funded health services (e.g. UK, Australia and New Zealand) have sought to shift from the traditional ‘passive’ health management style (using transactional management skills to balance historically-based expenditure budgets) to ‘active’ transformational leadership styles that reflect a stronger ‘private sector’ orientation (requiring active management of resources—including a return on ‘capital’ investment, identification of costs and returns on ‘product lines’, ‘marketing’ a ‘product mix’, reducing non-core activities and overhead costs, and a closer relationship with ‘shareholders’, suppliers and customers/clients). Evidence of activities and processes associated with transformational leadership are identified. Success of the New Zealand health reforms will be determined by the approach the new managers adopt to improve their organization's performance. Transformational leadership has been frequently linked to the successful implementation of significant organizational change in other settings (Kurz et al., 1988; Dunphy and Stace, 1990) but it is too early to assess whether this is applicable in a health care context.
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Ostry, Aleck S. "International Trade Regulation and Publicly Funded Health Care in Canada." International Journal of Health Services 31, no. 3 (July 2001): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mt8d-h4ec-jkme-3kd3.
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) creates new challenges for the Canadian health care system, arguably one of the most “socialized” systems in the world today. In particular, the WTO's enhanced trade dispute resolution powers, enforceable with sanctions, may make Canadian health care vulnerable to corporate penetration, particularly in the pharmaceutical and private health services delivery sectors. The Free Trade Agreement and its extension, the North American Free Trade Agreement, gave multinational pharmaceutical companies greater freedom in Canada at the expense of the Canadian generic drug industry. Recent challenges by the WTO have continued this process, which will limit the health care system's ability to control drug costs. And pressure is growing, through WTO's General Agreement on Trade in Services and moves by the Alberta provincial government to privatize health care delivery, to open up the Canadian system to corporate penetration. New WTO agreements will bring increasing pressure to privatize Canada's public health care system and limit government's ability to control pharmaceutical costs.
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Baškarada, Saša, and Brian Hanlon. "Corporate portfolio management in the public sector." Journal of Management Development 37, no. 4 (May 14, 2018): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-04-2017-0107.
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PurposeAlthough corporate portfolio management (CPM) has been a popular tool for strategic management of multi-business portfolios in the private sector since the late 1960s, it has received limited attention in the public sector. Accordingly, empirical research on the use of CMP in government organizations is virtually non-existent. The purpose of this paper is to partially fill that gap in the literature by highlighting and discussing some of the key points that public sector organizations may need to consider when adopting CPM.Design/methodology/approachRather than deductively proposing and testing narrowly specified hypotheses, this study aims to answer a broad research question, namely: What are the key points that public sector organizations may need to consider when adopting CMP? Hence, the study adopts the qualitative interpretive research paradigm. The findings are based on empirical research conducted in a large Australian publicly funded research organization. Potential application of CPM was iteratively and incrementally explored with a reference group comprising 15 middle management representatives and several members of the senior leadership group over the course of one year.FindingsAssessment criteria traditionally used in CPM (e.g. growth potential and market share) are generally not applicable in public sector organizations. This paper suggests that government organizations should instead consider past performance and future potential of individual business units, which may be operationalized via capability (a function of human capital and associated resources/infrastructure) and delivery (a function of the demand for, and the impact of, relevant business units). The paper also highlights the importance of organization-wide consultation, evidence-based decision making, and contestability.Originality/valueFrom a practical perspective, the paper may assist public sector organizations with adapting and applying CPM. From a theoretical perspective, the paper highlights an important and relatively neglected research problem, and suggests several avenues for future research.
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Angelis, Jannis, and Henrik Jordahl. "Merciful yet effective elderly care performance management practices." Measuring Business Excellence 19, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbe-11-2014-0046.
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Purpose – The study aims to compare management practices in private and publicly owned elderly care homes. The demands for cost-effective care combined with emphasis on client experience highlights the importance of appropriate management practices. Design/methodology/approach – The study utilises a survey of 500 homes covering management practices on monitoring, performance management and staff development. These are highly correlated, allowing for treating the practices both in aggregate and individually in the analysis. Additional questions capture information on site and management conditions. Findings – Management practices employed at the elderly care homes vary greatly, with high and low individual scores found in most homes. But private homes consistently score higher than public homes, especially when it comes to incentive practices. Also, elderly care homes of both ownership forms score at the top and bottom of each management practice. But looking at the average management score, there are fewer private homes that score really low and more private homes that score really high. Practical implications – The results identify given characteristics and maturity of the various management practices employed to plan and control operations in the elderly care homes and provides managerial and staff insights into their use. Originality/value – The application and impact of standard management practices has previously been limited in publicly funded services. Little is known about management practices in elderly care and whether the practices are associated with better performance.
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Laing, Angus. "Meeting patient expectations: healthcare professionals and service re-engineering." Health Services Management Research 15, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095148402320176675.
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A central theme underpinning the reform of healthcare systems in western economies since the 1980s has been the emphasis on reorienting service provision around the patient. Healthcare organizations have been forced to re-appraise the design of the service delivery process, specifically the service encounter, to take account of these changing patient expectations. This reorientation of healthcare services around the patient has fundamental implications for healthcare professionals, specifically challenging the dominance of service professionals in the design and delivery of health services. Utilizing a qualitative methodological framework, this paper explores the responses of healthcare professionals to service redesign initiatives implemented in acute NHS hospitals in Scotland and considers the implications of such professional responses for the development of patient-focused service delivery. Within this, it specifically examines evolving professional perspectives on the place of a service user focus in a publicly funded healthcare system, professional attitudes towards private sector managerial practices, and the dynamics of changing professional behaviour.
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Hursh, David. "The end of public schools? The corporate reform agenda to privatize education." Policy Futures in Education 15, no. 3 (April 2017): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210317715799.
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In this speech, Hursh shows how public education in the United States is undergoing profound changes. Education policy has been hijacked by the unelected and unaccountable corporate reformers who aspire to overhaul the education system through a corporate model of privatization and market competition. They aim to privatize education through expanding the number of publicly funded privately administered charter schools, and hand over making tests and curriculum to corporations. They desire to replace public state-run teacher education programs with programs run by charter schools, such as the Relay Graduate School. They shift where education policy is made: away from the local and public levels where parents, teachers, community members and students can have input, and towards private and often dark spaces where wealthy philanthropists, corporations, nongovernmental organizations, and hedge fund managers dominate. He also shows how educators, parents, students, and community members have collaborated in pushing back against the corporate reformers and have repealed some of the corporate reforms.
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de Souza, Andrea, Joshua A. Bittker, David L. Lahr, Steve Brudz, Simon Chatwin, Tudor I. Oprea, Anna Waller, et al. "An Overview of the Challenges in Designing, Integrating, and Delivering BARD." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 19, no. 5 (January 17, 2014): 614–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057113517139.
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Recent industry–academic partnerships involve collaboration among disciplines, locations, and organizations using publicly funded “open-access” and proprietary commercial data sources. These require the effective integration of chemical and biological information from diverse data sources, which presents key informatics, personnel, and organizational challenges. The BioAssay Research Database (BARD) was conceived to address these challenges and serve as a community-wide resource and intuitive web portal for public-sector chemical-biology data. Its initial focus is to enable scientists to more effectively use the National Institutes of Health Roadmap Molecular Libraries Program (MLP) data generated from the 3-year pilot and 6-year production phases of the Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network (MLPCN), which is currently in its final year. BARD evolves the current data standards through structured assay and result annotations that leverage BioAssay Ontology and other industry-standard ontologies, and a core hierarchy of assay definition terms and data standards defined specifically for small-molecule assay data. We initially focused on migrating the highest-value MLP data into BARD and bringing it up to this new standard. We review the technical and organizational challenges overcome by the interdisciplinary BARD team, veterans of public- and private-sector data-integration projects, who are collaborating to describe (functional specifications), design (technical specifications), and implement this next-generation software solution.
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Khovrenkov, Iryna. "Does Foundation Giving Stimulate or Suppress Private Giving? Evidence from a Panel of Canadian Charities." Public Finance Review 47, no. 2 (September 22, 2017): 382–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142117730634.
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As non-governmental providers of public goods, charities are funded by governments and also by individuals and foundations. How do foundation grants to charities affect private donations to these organizations? The standard economic theory on voluntary contributions to the public good hypothesizes that foundation giving will crowd out private donations. An alternative giving dynamic may arise whereby foundations act as complements to private donations because they can provide a signal of charity quality to individuals and thereby influence their decisions to give. This article offers a rigorous empirical analysis of the relationship between foundation and private donations by utilizing a unique data set on Canadian social welfare and community charities matched with their foundation donors. Empirical findings confirm that an additional dollar of foundation grants to charities crowds in private giving by three dollars on average, suggesting that private donors may look to foundation grants for information on charities to make informed giving decisions.
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Denis, Jean-Louis, Ann Langley, and Daniel Lozeau. "The Role and Impact of Formal Strategic Planning in Public Hospitals." Health Services Management Research 8, no. 2 (May 1995): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148489500800202.
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In recent years, formal strategic planning methods originally developed for private business have been increasingly adopted by health care institutions, including publicly funded hospitals. Yet, as a technocratic management process, formal planning may seem at first sight to run counter to the natural mode of strategy formation in these organizations where negotiation and mutual adjustment between powerful groups of professionals, managers and government agencies traditionally control decision-making. This article describes an exploratory study aimed at understanding how formal strategic planning has become integrated and adapted into the management practices of a group of 23 Canadian hospitals. The context, processes and impact of planning are first examined over the entire sample of hospitals (descriptive analysis), and an attempt is then made to explain different planning outcomes in terms of a variety of contextual and process design characteristics (comparative analysis). The descriptive analysis shows that in practice formal strategic planning is easily absorbed into the political process: political and symbolic motives often drive the initiation of planning, the processes themselves are highly participative and the resulting plans often reflect the difficulties of obtaining consensus on goals in these complex organizations. The comparative analysis suggests that in general, contextual factors (eg, stimuli behind planning) appear to be more significant than process design factors (eg, extent of participation) in determining outcomes. In conclusion, it is noted that the confrontation between technocratic rationality and professional bureaucracy gives rise to a number of paradoxes that make both the use and the subsequent evaluation of formal strategic planning a difficult task in these organizations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Private organizations that are publicly funded"
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Godson-Amamoo, Michael. "Management Contingencies Between Privately-Funded and Publically-Funded Broadcasting Organizations." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4061.
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Organizations, for-profit or not-for-profit, continually assess demands from their internal and external stakeholders and adjust their operations and strategies for long term sustainability. Building on the classical contingency theory of organization, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify the differences of operational values and principles between private and public broadcasting organizations; an additional goal was to examine how these organizations use their operating choices to adapt to their environment. In a comparative study design between for-profit and not-for-profit broadcasting organizations as independent variables, the focus of the study was to compare 3 groups of dependent variables regarding operational values, principles, and the external environment. Using convenience sampling, the survey sample of 70 respondents included males and females over the age 18 selected for each of the research sites at Ghana Television, GH One, and Accra Metropolis. The key variables of operational values and external environments were measured by 6-point Likert scales, which were developed for the study. The measures were examined for their content validity and face validity, and they were empirically tested for their reliability and validity with collected data before testing the proposed claims. A series of t tests supported the claims that the 2 organizations operate with different principles and values. For-profit organizations focus on operational efficiency while not-for-profit organizations commit more to human development issues. The results of this study offer insights to broadcasting organizations about how to maximize their resources and bring about positive social change in community development by offering better programming options to stakeholders.
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Karlegatt, Olivia. "Visselblåsarens situation på den privata arbetsmarknaden : En studie om gränserna för privatanställdas kritikrätt." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-62809.
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Whistle-blowers have an important role as they reveals incongruities in organizations in order to enable improvement of working conditions. However, there is a risk of reprisals against the employees when expressing their discontent, which may prevent them from blowing the whistle. Since whistle-blowers in private sectors have less protection of freedom of expression against their employer, the protections of whistleblowing also become weaker in these organizations. Nowadays it is becoming increasingly common for businesses in the welfare sector to govern under private management, but still with public funding. A weak protection of whistleblowing therefore reduces the public's opportunity to gain insight into how public funds are used. Therefore the aim of the study is to examine the protection of whistleblowing in private sectors and especially highlight the problem with a weak protection in private organizations that are publicly funded. The Swedish law has no general regulation for the protection of whistle-blowers, which leads to a complex legal situation. It will additionally be new regulations introduced in this area, which might lead to further complexity. The second purpose of the study is therefore to analyse the new regulations and identify some possible consequences of the legislation. A legal dogmatic method is used in the essay with the purpose of investigating the current legislation. The study shows that employees in private sectors have a relatively expansive right to criticize their employer and the conditions at workplaces. The judgement depends on how the employee chooses to express their criticism and therefore there are several factors that must be taking into account. The new regulations will hopefully reduce the risk of reprisals related to whistleblowing. On the other hand there are some identified weaknesses in the legislation that might imply that the intention of the law not would be fulfilled. Therefore the question still stands if the whistle-blower’s situation in the private sector will be improved by the new regulations.
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Khamba, Ntokozo. "Social welfare delivery: a case of government funded NGOs in Worcester." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1942_1189598551.
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Social welfare services are essential for development of human capital and eradication of poverty in South Africa generally. Social welfare plays a pivotal role in enabling the impoverished and vulnerable communities and households to lead their lives through provision of care, social relief, stability and human resource development. Non-Governmental Organisations form an integral part of the welfare system through their formal and informal welfare and residential and non-residential welfare services. The role of the NGOs becomes imperative precisely because of their inherent empathy and proximity to the communities they serve. Government itself has been engaged in the process of transformation and the same challenges of transformation, governance, and effectiveness still profound the NGO sector. Notwithstanding the contribution of the NGOs in the welfare system, it is crucial to scrutinise the nature of their work and the rate of transformation to flourish in the democratic dispensation. To enhance the process of transformation in the NGO sector, government passed a plethora of policies and legislative requirements, inter alia, White Paper for Social Welfare 1997, Non-Profit Organisations Act of 1997. The intent of this research therefore, was to establish the significance of transformation and inherent issues of governance, effectiveness and efficiency in service delivery and sustainability of the nature of social welfare services rendered by the NGO sector in the Western Cape, particularly the Worcester district.
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Lindström, Tom, and Stefan Silver. "Avoiding the innovation valley of death : Private sector commercialization of publicly funded research." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217795.
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The Swedish Government annually distributes billions of SEK on different agencies, councils, and institutions with instructions to finance research initiatives that promote public benefit and Swedish competitiveness internationally. The expectations are that these initiatives are picked up by the private sector as soon as the research starts showing results and in this way reach all branches of society. Many companies actively utilize this to catch new innovations early but also to make use of research, so they do not have to finance these early phases themselves. With diverging incentives and many stakeholders from academia, public financiers, and the industry, it is often a long and bumpy road towards commercialization. The purpose of this study was primarily to identify obstacles and barriers that could arise along the road to commercialization. Secondly, it aims to map the aspects that need to be addressed and find out how to work around the barriers to increase the commercialization success rate. The study is performed with its basis in a large Swedish company within food science and agriculture that are currently active within the studied area. The study is built on three major methods; interviews, a survey, and a workshop. The interviews and the workshop was conducted with several representatives from the different groups of stakeholders such as project managers and industry supervisors, but also with less biased third parties such as external financiers and business coaches. The survey was deployed to researchers that has received public funding to conduct research within food science or agriculture. The interviews and the survey were aimed at mapping the different barriers but also at suggesting possible improvements meanwhile the workshop was aimed at providing insight to the interaction between the different stakeholders in a project. The results point to a variety of problems and barriers that need to be addressed to improve the outlook for co-funded R&D-projects. Amongst these, we found, for example lack of financial resources, collaboration between stakeholders, divergent goals, and business modeling. The results and the analysis also point to a number of measures to take within many of the areas that would help the projects. The primary conclusions of the study make up a model that takes project progress into account at the same time as it suggests proactive measures such as financing, goals, and collaboration as well as reactive measures such as business area integration and development companies to reduce the influence of the discovered barriers.Den svenska staten delar idag ut flera miljarder kronor till olika forskningsråd och myndigheter som ska finansiera forskning som bringar nytta till samhället och stärker svensk innovation och konkurrenskraft internationellt. Förhoppningen är att den privata sektorn ska ta vid när forskningen börjar nå resultat och på den vägen ta sig ut i samhällets alla grenar. Många företag drar idag aktivt nytta av detta för att fånga innovationer tidigt men också för att ta del av forskning utan att behöva stå för finansiering av de tidiga faserna. Med spridda incitament och många iblandade från akademin, industrin och staten kan det bli en lång och krokig väg till kommersialisering. Den här studien syftar i första steget till att identifiera alla hinder och barriärer som kan uppstå längs vägen mot kommersialisering i statligt och privat samfinansierad forskning och utveckling. Det andra steget syftar till att kartlägga vilka aspekter som måste adresseras och hur man kan arbeta runt barriärerna för att öka chanserna för lyckad kommersialisering. Studien är gjord utifrån ett stort svenskt företag inom livsmedel och lantbruk som är aktiva inom området i fråga. Studien bygger på tre huvudsakliga metoder; intervjuer, en enkät och en workshop. Intervjuerna och workshopen genomfördes med ett flertal projektledare och handläggare men även med mer oberoende parter såsom externa finansiärer och företagscoacher. Enkäten gick ut till forskare som fått statliga medel för att bedriva forskning inom livsmedel och lantbruk. Intervjuerna och enkäten syftade till att både kartlägga barriärer och att föreslå förbättringsåtgärder för att ta sig över barriärerna, medan workshopen endast syftade till att föreslå förbättringar. Resultaten pekar mot en mängd problem och barriärer som måste adresseras för att förbättra utsikterna för samfinansierade R&D-projekt. Bland dessa finner vi exempelvis brist på finansiellt kapital, samarbetssvårigheter mellan intressenter, divergerande mål och brist på affärsmodellering. Resultaten och analysen pekar även på ett flertal åtgärder inom många av områdena som skulle kunna hjälpa projekten framåt. Studiens slutsats utgörs till större delen av en modell som tar hänsyn till projektets framåtskridande samt proaktiva åtgärder såsom finansiering, målsättning och samarbete samt reaktiva åtgärder såsom integration mot affärsområden och utvecklingsbolag för att minska barriärernas inflytande över projekten.
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Raymond, Catherine. "Improving Publicly Funded Human Services: Incorporating Capacity Building into the Contracting Relationship between Children’s Services Councils and Nonprofit Organizations." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/297.
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This qualitative two-site case study examined the capacity building practices that Children’s Services Councils (CSCs), independent units of local government, provide to nonprofit organizations (NPOs) contracted to deliver human services. The contracting literature is replete with recommendations for government to provide capacity building to contracted NPOs, yet there is a dearth of scholarship on this topic. The study’s purpose was to increase the understanding of capacity building provided in a local government contracting setting. Data collection consisted primarily of in-depth interviews and focus groups with 73 staff from two CSCs and 28 contracted NPOs. Interview data were supplemented by participant observation and review of secondary data. The study analyzed capacity building needs, practices, influencing factors, and outcomes. The study identified NPO capacity building needs in: documentation and reporting, financial management, program monitoring and evaluation, participant recruitment and retention, and program quality. Additionally, sixteen different types of CSC capacity building practices were identified. Results indicated that three major factors impacted CSC capacity building: CSC capacity building goals, the relationship between the CSC and NPOs, and the level of NPO participation. Study results also provided insight into the dynamics of the CSC capacity building process, including unique problems, challenges, and opportunities as well as necessary resources. The results indicated that the CSCs’ relational contracting approach facilitated CSC capacity building and that CSC contract managers were central players in the process. The study provided evidence that local government agencies can serve as effective builders of NPO capacity. Additionally, results indicated that much of what is known about capacity building can be applied in this previously unstudied capacity building setting. Finally, the study laid the groundwork for future development of a model for capacity building in a local government contracting setting.
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Ravenelle, Jonathan. "Freedom and Equality in Education: A Private School - Publicly Funded Voucher Education System." 2015. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/163.
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In this thesis, I argue that a nationalized private school – publicly financed voucher system (PRS / PFV system) of education provides a solution to the current problems plaguing the American public education system. Although previous arguments focus on a privatized system being more efficient than the current public system, I will not focus on this issue in my discussion. Despite criticism of privatized education systems by multiple empirical analyses, I do not fully engage the empirical literature here. As there has never been a nationalized private school – publicly funded voucher system like the one supported here, there is no direct empirical evidence that provides reason not to support such a system. Rather, my discussion is purely theoretical and will only briefly address some of the prospective theoretical concerns that are raised by the empirical research.
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Oliveira, João Brás de. "Effectiveness of private schools versus public schools: a comparative analysis in Portugal." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/32480.
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This study compares the effects of private versus public school administration on student performance in Portugal, which benefits from the existence of publicly funded private schools (CA schools). We have constructed two measures of students’ achievements in order to compare the effectiveness of each type of class. Firstly, a Logit is used to estimate the probability of completing Lower Secondary School (7th to 9th grade) in three years. Secondly, we employ a Value-Added approach by OLS, to compare national exam scores at 9th grade. Our findings suggest a positive, but modest, increase in the probability of completing Lower Secondary School with zero retentions, for those students attending a publicly funded private class from 7th grade to 9th grade, when compared to those attending a strictly public class. Additionally, the results suggest that attending a publicly funded private class also increases national exam scores by 1 point in Portuguese subject and 3 points in Mathematics, when compared to strictly public class (0-100 scale). With regard to private classes, in both models, the results move in the same direction as publicly funded private classes, although with higher magnitudes, when compared to public classes.
Books on the topic "Private organizations that are publicly funded"
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Pritchard, Nicola. Publicly-funded libraries expenditure in the private sector: A study of Yorkshire and Humberside Libraries. Sheffield: Yorkshire and Humberside branch of the Library Association, 1989.
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Pritchard, Nicola. Publicly-funded libraries expenditure in the private sector: A study of Yorkshire and Humberside Libraries. [Yorkshire]: Yorkshire and Humberside Branch of the Library Association, 1989.
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Treasury, Great Britain. Improving financial relationships with the third sector: Guidance to funders and purchasers. London: HM Treasury, 2006.
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Capital campaigns from the ground up: How nonprofits can have the buildings of their dreams. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2004.
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Cumming, Douglas, Na Dai, and Sofia Johan. Hedge Fund Organization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0005.
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Hedge funds are organized as limited partnerships that obtain money from institutional investors and reinvest that money in public and private firms. Some criticize hedge funds for exacerbating financial instability, whereas others note instances of hedge fund fraud and call for greater regulation. This chapter provides a review of existing hedge fund regulation around the world regarding minimum capitalization, distribution channels, and restrictions on the location of key service providers. It also summarizes research on the consequences of hedge fund regulation in the United States and around the world involving fund performance and performance persistence. Finally, the chapter summarizes the benefits of Delaware law for hedge funds.
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Transfer of technology from publicly funded research institutions to the private sector: A report. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.
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Krikun, Andy. “Perilous Blessing of Leisure”. Edited by Roger Mantie and Gareth Dylan Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190244705.013.10.
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This chapter provides an overview of the rationales, efforts, and results of public and private initiatives promoted by musicians, educators, government officials, businessmen, and other advocates, to encourage active music making as a leisure activity in the United States during the first half of the twentieth century. Following the establishment of professional organizations promoting community music in the early twentieth century, private industries began to sponsor musical activities as recreational for their workers. State, county, and municipal governments funded programs to create opportunities for active music making in the community. The Federal Music Project of the Works Projects Administration (1935–1939) employed thousands of musicians and music educators across the country to perform concerts, teach music classes, and create new musical organizations. The chapter concludes with a description of a survey of music making in the industrial city of Pueblo, Colorado, conducted by sociologist and music educator Max Kaplan.
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Pritchard, Nicola. Publicly-funded libraries expenditure in the private sector: A study of Yorkshire and Humberside Libraries. Yorkshire and Humberside Branch of the Library Association, 1989.
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Peach, Ken. Managing Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796077.001.0001.
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Managing science, which includes managing scientific research and, implicitly, managing scientists, has much in common with managing any enterprise, and most of these issues (e.g. annual budget planning and reporting) form the background. Equally, much scientific research is carried in universities ancient and modern, which have their own mores, ranging from professorial autocracy to democratic plurality, as well as national and international with their missions and styles. But science has issues that require a somewhat different approach if it is to prosper and succeed. Society now expects science, whether publicly or privately funded, to deliver benefits, yet the definition of science presumes no such benefit. Managing the expectations of the scientist with those of society is the challenge of the manager of science. The book addresses some issues around science and the organizations that do science. It then deals with leadership, management and communication, team building, recruitment, motivation, managing scientists, assessing performance, cooperation and competition. This is followed by a discussion of proposal writing and reviewing, committees and meetings, project management, risk and health and safety. Finally, there is a discussion on how to deal with disaster, how to cope with the stresses of management and how to deal with difficult problems.
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Uy, Michael Sy. Ask the Experts. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510445.001.0001.
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From the end of World War II through the U.S. Bicentennial, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Ford Foundation granted close to $300 million (approximately $2.3 billion in 2017 dollars) in the field of music alone. In deciding what to fund, these three grantmaking institutions decided to “ask the experts,” adopting seemingly objective, scientific models of peer review and specialist evaluation. They recruited music composers at elite institutions, professors from prestigious universities, and leaders of performing arts organizations. Among the most influential expert-consultants were Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, Lukas Foss, and Milton Babbitt. The significance was twofold: not only were male, Western art composers put in charge of directing large and unprecedented channels of public and private funds, but also, in doing so, they determined and defined what was meant by artistic excellence. They decided the fate of their peers and shaped the direction of music making in this country. By asking the experts, the grantmaking institutions produced a concentrated and interconnected field of artists and musicians. Officers and directors utilized ostensibly objective financial tools like matching grants and endowments in an attempt to diversify and stabilize applicants’ sources of funding, as well as the number of applicants they funded. Such economics-based strategies, however, relied more on personal connections among the wealthy and elite, rather than local community citizens. Ultimately, this history demonstrates how “expertise” served as an exclusionary form of cultural and social capital that prevented racial minorities and nondominant groups from fully participating.
Book chapters on the topic "Private organizations that are publicly funded"
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Hagbjer, Eva, Johnny Lind, and Ebba Sjögren. "Trust in the Monitoring of Publicly Funded Services: A Case Study of Two Outsourced Care Homes for the Elderly." In Trust and Organizations, 147–64. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137368812_8.
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Bortolotti, Bernardo, Veljko Fotak, and William L. Megginson. "The Rise of Sovereign Wealth Funds: Definition, Organization, and Governance." In Public Private Partnerships for Infrastructure and Business Development, 295–318. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137541482_16.
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LoBue, Robert M. "Start-Up Investor Governance Case." In Management for Professionals, 9–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48606-8_3.
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AbstractIn the current age of innovative business financing opportunities available from fintech apps, social media crowdfunding sites such as Kickstarter, Indiegogo, and RocketHub, et.al., and friends and family private equity investors, start-up firms can strategically source their venture capital funds from many globally disperse organizations and individuals. As the firm in this case learned, the benefit of alternative investing sources comes with a critical hidden risk for corporate governance. After a financial restructuring, a typical Silicon Valley software start-up found itself with close to 300 external individual shareholders, some of whom had not been documented as accredited investors. The regulatory agency could decide that the prior actions of the founders and the decisions of the board had been prejudicial to the interests of the minority investors. The management of this small private company faced an atypical investor relations dilemma, before its initial public offering (IPO).
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Hinman, Norman D., and Mark A. Yancey. "Use of Net Present Value Analysis to Evaluate a Publicly Funded Biomass-fo-Ethanol Research, Development, and Demonstration Program and Valuate Expected Private Sector Participation." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 807–19. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1814-2_74.
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Heshmatisafa, Saeid, and Marko Seppänen. "API Utilization and Monetization in Finnish Industries." In Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops, 23–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58858-8_3.
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Abstract Many companies have followed the trend toward exposing their business assets through open (i.e., Web) application programming interfaces (APIs). However, these firms appear to have adopted API technology largely to meet their customers’ needs and demands. The pressures on industries to develop, implement, and maintain API products and services can prevent companies from gaining a greater awareness of API development’s benefits. Firms may thus miss out on related monetary or non-monetary exploitation of their business assets. This study explored the status of the API economy and development among Finnish industries. The dataset comprised publicly available information from 226 private and public organizations representing a variety of industries, such as industrial, consumer goods, and services sectors. The current status of API readiness, types, protocols, and monetization models is presented to provide a more comprehensive overview.
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Godoy Nascimento, Thiago. "The participation of the private sector and the importance of multi-sector alliances for the development of the ENEF." In NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR FINANCIAL EDUCATION (ENEF): Working towards a better Brazil. Riemma Editora, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52343/riemmaeditora.978-65-00-16995-9.3.
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The National Strategy for Financial Education, created in 2010 through Federal Decree 7,397/2010 and renewed by Federal Decree 10,393, was developed as a multi-sector mobilization initiative with the goal of promoting financial education actions in Brazil. As a multi-sector strategy, a governance committee was created, including the participation of both public and private sector representatives. The participation of the private sector in the development of the ENEF occurs through an array of actions, such as the construction of proprietary education projects and participation at the National Financial Education Week, as well as support for education projects organized by civil society organizations. However, it also arose through a more direct need, along two main lines. The first initiated in 2012 with the constitution of AEF-Brasil (Association of Financial Education in Brazil, a Civil Society Organization of Public Interest – or OSCIP in the Portuguese acronym used – created to develop and scale projects involving financial education and developed according to the premises of the ENEF, namely: free access to beneficiaries and no form of product or service recommendation. The second was direct sponsorship of projects developed by AEF-Brasil. From 2012 to 2020, a series of strategies and projects were implemented by AEF-Brasil, each in partnership with and funded by major companies, international entities and investor funds. The projects are detailed in Chapter 2 of this book, highlighting the diversity of publics and the initiatives developed by AEF-Brasil.
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Godoy Nascimento, Thiago. "A participação do setor privado e a importância das alianças multissetoriais para o desenvolvimento da ENEF." In Estratégia nacional de educação financeira (ENEF): em busca de um Brasil melhor. Riemma Editora, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52343/riemmaeditora.978-65-00-11588-8.3.
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The National Strategy for Financial Education, created in 2010 through Federal Decree 7,397/2010 and renewed by Federal Decree 10,393, was developed as a multi-sector mobilization initiative with the goal of promoting financial education actions in Brazil. As a multi-sector strategy, a governance committee was created, including the participation of both public and private sector representatives. The participation of the private sector in the development of the ENEF occurs through an array of actions, such as the construction of proprietary education projects and participation at the National Financial Education Week, as well as support for education projects organized by civil society organizations. However, it also arose through a more direct need, along two main lines. The first initiated in 2012 with the constitution of AEF-Brasil (Association of Financial Education in Brazil, a Civil Society Organization of Public Interest – or OSCIP in the Portuguese acronym used – created to develop and scale projects involving financial education and developed according to the premises of the ENEF, namely: free access to beneficiaries and no form of product or service recommendation. The second was direct sponsorship of projects developed by AEF-Brasil. From 2012 to 2020, a series of strategies and projects were implemented by AEF-Brasil, each in partnership with and funded by major companies, international entities and investor funds. The projects are detailed in Chapter 2 of this book, highlighting the diversity of publics and the initiatives developed by AEF-Brasil.
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Godoy Nascimento, Thiago. "La participación del sector privado y la importancia de las alianzas multisectoriales para el desarrollo de la ENEF." In ESTRATEGIA NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN FINANCIERA (ENEF) En búsqueda de un Brasil mejor, 60–77. Riemma Editora, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52343/riemmaeditora.978-65-00-16994-2.3.
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The National Strategy for Financial Education, created in 2010 through Federal Decree 7,397/2010 and renewed by Federal Decree 10,393, was developed as a multi-sector mobilization initiative with the goal of promoting financial education actions in Brazil. As a multi-sector strategy, a governance committee was created, including the participation of both public and private sector representatives. The participation of the private sector in the development of the ENEF occurs through an array of actions, such as the construction of proprietary education projects and participation at the National Financial Education Week, as well as support for education projects organized by civil society organizations. However, it also arose through a more direct need, along two main lines. The first initiated in 2012 with the constitution of AEF-Brasil (Association of Financial Education in Brazil, a Civil Society Organization of Public Interest – or OSCIP in the Portuguese acronym used – created to develop and scale projects involving financial education and developed according to the premises of the ENEF, namely: free access to beneficiaries and no form of product or service recommendation. The second was direct sponsorship of projects developed by AEF-Brasil. From 2012 to 2020, a series of strategies and projects were implemented by AEF-Brasil, each in partnership with and funded by major companies, international entities and investor funds. The projects are detailed in Chapter 2 of this book, highlighting the diversity of publics and the initiatives developed by AEF-Brasil.
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Gionis, George A., Christoph Schroth, and Till Janner. "Advancing Interoperability for Agile Cross-Organisational Collaboration." In Interoperability in Digital Public Services and Administration, 238–53. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-887-6.ch013.
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The level of adoption of advanced integration technologies, by private and public organizations, in support of their electronic collaborative business transactions is still relatively low, especially among Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. Current solutions often lack a common understanding of the underlying business processes, document semantics and business rules that are imposed on them in different sectors and countries. Furthermore, software applications are not able to cope with the huge variety of differentiation in process and document semantics, stemming from the highly diverse requirements of the stakeholders. This study presents a comprehensive Model-Driven Architecture for enabling agile cross-organisational collaboration, in an international context, by integrating business and legal rules in private and collaborative processes, business documents and their resulting service orchestrations. The resulting framework, that was mostly developed and applied in the course of the EU-funded research project GENESIS, ranges from graphical process and data models and declarative rule structures to the technical specification of a hybrid software architecture for integrating rule with process and data models.
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Aufderheide, Patricia. "Kopple’s Work within the Changing Documentary Business Ecology." In ReFocus: The Films of Barbara Kopple, 178–92. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439947.003.0011.
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Barbara Kopple has both worked within, and helped to shape, a changing documentary environment. This chapter discusses the changing options and creative solutions Kopple has faced in funding and distributing her work. The independent documentary scene Kopple first encountered involved being funded primarily through government agencies and private foundations and distributed in theatres and on public television. She went on to explore relationships with major network television networks (e.g. Homicide) and cable outlets. She has developed a substantial body of work in sponsored documentaries, profiling organizations and people with whom she politically or socially has some kind of affinity. Throughout, she has been able to maintain relationships and exploit existing markets while exploring new ones. The chapter examines how her career also tracks the changing conditions for independent documentary filmmakers.
Conference papers on the topic "Private organizations that are publicly funded"
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Aoshima, Yaichi, Kazunari Matsushima, and Naoki Takada. "How do Influences of Funding and Funded Organizations Affect Performance of Publicly-Supported Private R&D Projects?" In 2018 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/picmet.2018.8481915.
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Abacı, Hilal, Gizem Saray, Hasan Akça, and Levent Şahin. "Investigation of EU Grant Funded Projects Implemented in Turkey (2000-2015)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01400.
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Turkey has benefitted from financial assistance of the EU in order to enhance the institutional capacity and the quality of legislation in different areas since 2001. It is aimed that Turkey could integrate easily to common policies when she became a full member of the EU via projects funded by the EU. In this context, financial assistance is distributed to both public and private sectors and also non-governmental organizations via Central Finance and Contracts Unit (CFCU), National Agency, Agriculture and Rural Development Support Institution (ARDSI), and Ministries. At least 50% or all of the funds in some projects have been taken from the EU.
After recognition of Turkey as a candidate country by the EU in December 1999, accession negotiations started between Turkey and the EU in October 2005. Therefore, the study covers the period of 2000-2015. The method of STEEPLED Analysis was used in the study. EU grant projects implemented in the last 15 years were investigated various point of view (Social, Technological, Economics, Environmental, Politics, Legal, European and Demographic) and in the light of the findings, contribution of the EU grant schemes to the local/regional development, employment, environmental conservation and reduction of poverty were determined.
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Sekulić, Momčilo, Ana Matović, and Djorde Milošević. "Money Laundering and Virtual Financial Resources." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.65.
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Money laundering is a complex phenomenon that represents the direct impact of organized criminal groups on legal financial flows. As a particularly dangerous dimension of illegal activities, the author emphasizes the possibility of masking them through the investment of illegally acquired funds in legal public or private affairs. The author analyzes the structure of this illegal activity, showing its adaptation to modern communication conditions, which is why he notices the importance of evolving this illegal phenomenon in the online environment. The predominant part of this paper is dedicated to the introduction of numerous ways of placing criminal profit in the regular monetary market through the information and communication benefits of the Internet. In his research, the author does not stay within the framework of the visible part of the web. His special attention is focused on the high-tech circumstances and communication capacities of the dark web, in order to emphasize the inexhaustible possibilities of hiding, "laundering" and further placing "laundered" money that originates from criminal activities.
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Kobos, Edgar. "Analysis of Development Factors of Non-Governmental Organizations with Particular Emphasis on Public Funds and the Process of European Integration." In 5th International Scientific Conference 2021. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-464-4.5.
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In the last quarter of the century, there has been a steady increase in the number and scope of organizations operating under the so-called third sector. These organizations implement a wide range of activities, from social services to recreational activities, from political pressure groups to groups that promote art or history. Foundations and associations are an important arena of social, economic and political activity, alongside the state and the private sector, they feature an increasingly important role in today's world. European public funds provide a plentiful supply of financing for these activities. It has been shown that European funds change the statutory objectives of foundations and associations as public funds determine their operational priorities and directions of development. Active civil society supports the creative processes of social capital, and the most important function of NGOs is precise to strengthen social capital. Participation in NGOs is a determinant of civic maturity for citizens. On the other hand, due to the active participation of citizens in such organizations, societies have changed. This is the reason why the direction of the third sector development and the phenomena of its growth is so crucial for every European State.
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Swanson, David, and Jeffrey T. Fong. "A High-Risk High-Reward Approach to Public-Private Collaborative Research in Predictive Modeling and Control of Complex Systems." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57712.
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In this paper, we propose an approach to public-private collaborative research in predictive modeling and control of complex engineered systems. Society depends intimately on complex systems. The behavior of a simple system can be modeled and the model can be validated by experimental observations, if the behavior of each component and its interface with other components are known and well-defined. In contrast, a complex system cannot be modeled accurately enough to effectively predict and control the behaviors of the overall system. One example of an engineered complex system network (CSN) is the electricity power grid, which encompasses power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption, as one giant system that includes electric generators, transformers, substation switchyards, transmission lines, consumer devices, and a multitude of new evolving components. The electricity power grid depends on other complex systems, e.g., climate systems that govern wind current for wind turbines, river water levels for thermoelectric cooling, and economic systems for service demand, pricing, revenue collection, and for business capital supply. Operational robustness, reliability, and efficiency of CSN’s are in the interest of all the subsystem owners, end users, and the public welfare of the nation. Conundrum? Who is responsible for the overall CSN’s operational robustness, reliability and efficiency, when so many parts of the system reside in so many different hands with the ultimate beneficiaries of the systems being the general public? Which entities are responsible for funding critical high-risk research, whose ultimate benefits do not reside with any one subset of stakeholders? These questions characterize the challenge of sourcing R&D funds that can be focused on modeling, understanding, and management of CSNs in general. To address such needs for innovative collaborative research, Congress established the Technology Innovation Program (TIP) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as part of the 2007 America COMPETES Act. Its purpose is to “assist United States businesses and institutions of higher education or other organizations, such as national laboratories and nonprofit research institutions, to support, promote, and accelerate innovation in the United States through high-risk, high-reward research in areas of critical national need.” Ongoing efforts by TIP to identify and qualify societal challenges in the critical national need area of Complex System Networks are introduced.
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Selvi Hanişoğlu, Gülay, and Fidan Güler. "Analysis of Housing Finance Systems in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01964.
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Housing Finance system has provided funds to households and organizations for buying their homes and premises. There are different type of housing finance systems which are applied by different countries. Housing finance systems can be more efficient, if private sector and public sector work together and harmoniously.
Housing Finance system has made considerable progress in Turkey in the last 20 years. Before housing finance system was developed in Turkey, people could have bought houses by combining their retirement allowances and savings. Another method for financing their house, people could have borrowed from relatives or close friends along with their own savings. The Mass Housing Law (Law No: 2985) entered into force in 1984.The main target of the law, to find a solution of the housing problem in Turkey. Law also determines the tasks of the Housing Development Administration (TOKİ).
After 2000’s Turkish Banks began to extend long term housing loans, but there was not mortgage system. Due to inadequate saving and income levels, it was not easy to use banking finance system for the low and middle income groups. In 2007, new legal regulations come into force, which is called Mortgage Law, for improving legal framework for borrowers and lenders in the primary markets and also made regulations for integrating primary mortgage market to the capital markets.
In our paper, the finance methods and improvements in the housing finance in Turkey have been analyzed evaluating legal regulations and also the methods which is used by banks and other related institutions.
Reports on the topic "Private organizations that are publicly funded"
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Frost, Jennifer J., Jennifer Mueller, and Zoe H. Pleasure. Trends and Differentials in Receipt of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in the United States: Services Received and Sources of Care, 2006–2019. Guttmacher Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/2021.33017.
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Key Points Seven in 10 U.S. women of reproductive age, some 44 million women, make at least one medical visit to obtain sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services each year. While the overall number of women receiving any SRH service remained relatively stable between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019, the number of women receiving preventive gynecologic care fell and the number receiving STI testing doubled. Disparities in use of SRH services persist, as Hispanic women are significantly less likely than non-Hispanic White women to receive SRH services, and uninsured women are significantly less likely to receive services than privately insured women. Publicly funded clinics remain critical sources of SRH care for many women, with younger women, lower income women, women of color, foreign-born women, women with Medicaid coverage and women who are uninsured especially likely to rely on publicly funded clinics. Among women who go to clinics for SRH care, two-thirds report that the clinic is their usual source for medical care. Among those relying on both private providers and public clinics, the proportion of women who reported receiving a combination of contraceptive and STI/HIV care increased between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019. Implementation of the Affordable Care Act has likely contributed to some of the changes observed in where women receive contraceptive and other SRH services and how they pay for that care: The share of women receiving contraceptive services who go to private providers rose from 69% to 77% between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019, in part because more women gained private or public health insurance coverage and there was a greater likelihood that their health insurance would cover SRH services. There was a complementary drop in the share of women receiving contraceptive services who went to a publicly funded clinic, from 27% in 2006–2010 to 18% in 2015–2019. For non-Hispanic Black women, immigrant women and uninsured women, there was no increase in the use of private providers for contraceptive care from 2006–2010 to 2015–2019. Among women served at publicly funded clinics between 2006–2010 and 2015–2019, there were significant increases in the use of both public and private insurance to pay for their care.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor