Academic literature on the topic 'Private prosecutions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Private prosecutions":
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "The Right to Institute a Private Prosecution." International Human Rights Law Review 4, no. 2 (November 13, 2015): 222–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00402006.
Abstract:
The general rule in almost all jurisdictions is that when an offence is committed, the suspect will be prosecuted by the state’s prosecutorial organ. However, there is one exception to this rule in many states – private prosecution. International human rights instruments do not provide for the right of a victim to institute a private prosecution. However, in many states legislation or case law provides for this right. Due to the fact that different states have different legal systems, it is important to study the features of private prosecutions in these jurisdictions. These features also demonstrate the limitations on the right to institute a private prosecution. In this article, the author analyses pieces of legislation or case law from states in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, and North America to highlight how legislation or case law has dealt with the following aspects of private prosecution: legal basis for instituting a private prosecution; locus standi in private prosecutions; whether permission from the court or prosecuting authority is a pre-requisite for instituting a private prosecution; the threshold that has to be met to institute a private prosecution; the rights of the accused in private prosecutions; incurring the costs for a private prosecution; state intervention or involvement in private prosecutions; and abuse of private prosecutions.
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "Private Prosecutions in Kenya." African Journal of Legal Studies 11, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 33–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340027.
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AbstractIn Kenya private prosecutions are governed by different laws. These are the Criminal Procedure Code, the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions Act, the Constitution and case law developed by courts. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how courts have invoked these laws to deal with the following issues that relate to private prosecutions: the right to institute a private prosecution, locus standi to institute a private prosecution, and measures in place to prevent or minimise the abuse of private prosecutions. The author recommends ways through which Kenyan legislation could be amended to strengthen the private prosecutions regime.
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "Private Prosecutions in Mauritius: Clarifying Locus Standi and Making the Director of Public Prosecutions more Accountable." African Journal of Legal Studies 10, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340016.
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Case law shows that private prosecutions have been part of Mauritian law at least since 1873. In Mauritius there are two types of private prosecutions: private prosecutions by individuals; and private prosecutions by statutory bodies. Neither the Mauritian constitution nor legislation provides for the right to institute a private prosecution. Because of the fact that Mauritian legislation is not detailed on the issue of locus standi to institute private prosecutions and does not address the issue of whether or not the Director of Public Prosecutions has to give reasons when he takes over and discontinues a private prosecution, the Supreme Court has had to address these issues. The Mauritian Supreme Court has held, inter alia, that a private prosecution may only be instituted by an aggrieved party (even in lower courts where this is not a statutory requirement) and that the Director of Public Prosecutions may take over and discontinue a private prosecution without giving reasons for his decision. However, the Supreme Court does not define “an aggrieved party.” In this article the author takes issue with the Court’s findings in these cases and, relying on legislation from other African countries, recommends how the law could be amended to strengthen the private prosecutor’s position.
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "Victim Participation in the Criminal Justice System in the European Union through Private Prosecutions: Issues Emerging from the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 24, no. 2-3 (June 26, 2016): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-24032088.
Abstract:
Private prosecutions are one of the ways through which crime victims in many European countries participate in the criminal justice system. However, there seems to be a reluctance at the Council of Europe level to strengthen a victim’s right to institute a private prosecution. In a 1985 Recommendation, the Committee of Ministers stated that ‘[t]he victim should have the right to ask for a review by a competent authority of a decision not to prosecute, or the right to institute private proceeding.’ Later in 2000 in the Recommendation Rec (2000)19 on the role of public prosecution in the criminal justice system, the Committee of Ministers calls upon Member States to ‘authorise’ victims to institute private prosecutions. Directive 2012/29/eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 is silent on private prosecutions. The dg Justice Guidance Document related to the transposition and implementation of Directive 2012/29/eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 discourages private prosecutions. However, private prosecutions take part in many European countries. It is thus important to highlight some of the issues that have emerged from different European countries on the issue of private prosecutions. Case law from the European Court of Human Rights shows that private prosecutions take place in many European countries. This article, based on case law of the European Court of Human Rights, highlights the following issues with regards to private prosecutions: the right to institute a private prosecution; who may institute a private prosecution? private prosecution after state declines to prosecute; state intervention in a private prosecution; and private prosecution as a domestic remedy which has to be exhausted before a victim of crime approaches the European Court of Human Rights. The author argues that there is a need to recognise the right to private prosecution at the European Union level.
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "Protecting Animals from Mistreatment through Private Prosecutions in South Africa: A Comment on National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development 2016 1 SACR 308 (SCA)." Journal of African Law 61, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855317000146.
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AbstractThe general rule in South Africa is that, when an offence is committed, the suspect has to be prosecuted by a public prosecutor. However, there is an exception whereby a victim of crime is permitted to institute a private prosecution if the prosecutor has declined to prosecute. South African law allows natural, but not juristic, persons to institute private prosecutions. In the case examined in this note, the appellant argued that the law prohibiting juristic persons from instituting private prosecutions is discriminatory. The Supreme Court of Appeal held that private prosecutions are only permitted on grounds of direct infringement of human dignity. This note argues that section 7 of the Criminal Procedure Act is unconstitutional for excluding juristic persons from instituting private prosecutions and recommends steps the appellant could take to institute private prosecutions against those who mistreat animals.
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "Private prosecution of intellectual property rights infringements in Singapore." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 9, no. 4 (December 2019): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2019.04.07.
Abstract:
Case law from Singapore shows that one of the ways in which intellectual property rights holders have protected their rights is through private prosecutions. This is the case although the relevant pieces of legislation on patents, copyright and trade marks are silent on the issue of private prosecutions. The question of who is entitled to institute a private prosecution in intellectual property rights infringements remains unclear to some people. The purpose of this article is to discuss the issues of locus standi to institute a private prosecution in intellectual property cases and the measures to minimize abusing the right to institute a private prosecution.
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "Private Prosecution in Nigeria under the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015." Journal of African Law 63, no. 2 (June 2019): 225–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855319000184.
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AbstractPrivate prosecutions have been part of the Nigerian legal system for a long time. In 2015, the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) came into force. The ACJA provides for, inter alia, circumstances in which a person may institute a private prosecution. In this article, relying on jurisprudence emanating from Nigerian courts before the ACJA came into force, the author suggests ways in which Nigerian courts could approach the right to institute a private prosecution under the act. To achieve this objective, the author discusses: the right to institute a private prosecution; locus standi to institute a private prosecution; and measures to prevent abuse of the right to institute a private prosecution.
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Prestidge, Anna. "Private Prosecutions in New Zealand - A Public Concern?" Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 50, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v50i1.5555.
Abstract:
This article evaluates whether private prosecutions remain a safe and useful mechanism in the modern New Zealand criminal justice system. Private prosecutions are an important constitutional safeguard against state inertia, incompetence and bias and recent legislative reforms have strengthened the judiciary's ability to ensure this mechanism is not misused. Despite this, concerns remain. This article provides an overview of private prosecutions and justification for their continued existence, outlines the current procedure for those prosecutions and explores remaining concerns with this mechanism. Ultimately, while the status quo of private prosecutions remains adequate, a greater alignment of the theoretical and practical purposes of private prosecutions would be beneficial. Further normalisation and commercialisation of private prosecutions is undesirable and the effectiveness of these prosecutions as a "safeguard" is questionable given the considerable financial and investigative burdens faced by applicants.
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Elson, Kent. "Taking Workers’ Rights Seriously: Private Prosecutions of Employment Standards Violations." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 26, no. 2 (October 1, 2008): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v26i2.4549.
Abstract:
This paper examines private prosecutions as a tool to challenge the state’s inadequate enforcement of employment standards. In Ontario, poor enforcement of employment standards means that there are no costs for non-compliance, that orders to pay wages are typically not fully paid and that vulnerable workers are left unprotected. Private prosecutions are one tool that could be used by private actors to fight these problems. Historically, private prosecutions have been used where there is a gap in government enforcement, most recently to bring environmental offenders to justice. Privately prosecuting employment standards violations would continue that tradition and would promote compliance through the stigma of criminal proceedings, and by conveying the message that employment standards violations are crimes. This paper discusses the gaps in the enforcement of employment standards in Ontario (section II), explains how private prosecutions can help and how this fits with the historic use of private prosecutions (section III), and describes how private prosecutions of employment standards could be easily implemented (section IV).Cet article examine la question de poursuites privées comme outil pour contester la mise en application inadéquate des normes d’emploi par l’état. En Ontario, les faiblesses dans la mise en application des normes d’emploi font que leur inobservation n’entraîne aucuns coûts, que, typiquement, les ordonnances de payer des gages ne sont pas totalement observées et que les travailleurs vulnérables demeurent sans protection. Les poursuites privées sont un outil que pourraient utiliser des acteurs privés pour combattre ces problèmes. Historiquement, on a utilisé les poursuites privées où il y a lacune dans la mise en application de lois par le gouvernement, le plus récemment pour traduire en justice les contrevenants par rapport à l’environnement. Les poursuites privées en cas d’infractions contre les normes d’emploi continueraient cette tradition et favoriseraient l’observation des lois par la stigmatisation associée aux instances criminelles et en communiquant le message que les infractions contre les normes d’emploi sont des crimes. Cet article discute les lacunes dans la mise en application des normes d’emploi en Ontario (section II), explique la façon dont les poursuites privées peuvent aider et comment cela cadre avec leur utilisation historique (section III), et décrit comment on pourrait facilement mettre en pratique les poursuites privées pour infractions des normes d’emploi (section IV).
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Kim, David Daewhan. "The Current State of Opioid Prescribing and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) Action Against Physicians: An Analysis of DEA Database 2004-2017." Pain Physician 3;23, no. 6;3 (June 14, 2020): E297—E304. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2020/23/e297.
Abstract:
Background: Prescribing opioids has become a challenge. The US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have become more involved, culminating in the March 2016 release of the CDC’s “Guidelines for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain.” Objectives: Given the new guidelines, we wanted to see if there have been any changes in the numbers, demographics, physician risk factors, charges, and sanctions involving the DEA against physicians who prescribe opioids, when compared to a previous DEA database review from 1998 to 2006. Study Design: This study involved an analysis of the DEA database from 2004 to 2017. Setting: The review was conducted at the Henry Ford Health System Division of Pain Medicine. Method: After institutional review board approval at Henry Ford Health System, an analysis of the DEA database of criminal prosecutions of physician registrants from 2004-2017 was performed. The database was reviewed for demographic information such as age, gender, type of degree (doctor of medicine [MD] or doctor of osteopathic medicine [DO]), years of practice, state, charges, and outcome of prosecution (probation, sentencing, and length of sentencing). An internet-based search was performed on each registrant to obtain demographic data on specialty, years of practice, type of medical school (US vs foreign), board certification, and type of employment (private vs employed). Results: Between 2004 and 2017, Pain Medicine (PM) had the highest percentage of in-specialty action at 0.11% (n = 5). There was an average of 18 prosecutions per year vs 14 in the previous review. Demographic risk factors for prosecution demonstrated the significance of the type of degree (MD vs. DO), gender, type of employment (private vs. employed), and board certification status for rates of prosecution. Having a DO degree and being male were associated with significantly higher risk as well as being in private practice and not having board certification (P < .001). In terms of type of criminal charges as a percent of cases, possession with intent to distribute (n = 90) was most prevalent, representing 52.3% of charges, with new charges being prescribing without medical purpose outside the usual course of practice (n = 71) representing 41.3% of charges. Comparison of US graduates (MD/DO) vs. foreign graduates showed higher rates of DEA action for foreign graduates but this was of borderline significance (P = .072). Limitations: State-by-state comparisons could not be made. Specialty type was sometimes selfreported, and information on all opioid prosecutions could not be obtained. The previous study by Goldenbaum et al included data beyond DEA prosecution, so direct comparisons may be limited. Conclusion: The overall risk of DEA action as a percentage of total physicians is small but not insignificant. The overall rates of DEA prosecution have increased. New risk factors include type of degree (DO vs. MD) and being in private practice with a subtle trend toward foreign graduates at higher risk. With the trend toward less prescribing by previously high-risk specialties such as Family Medicine, there has been an increase in the relative risk of DEA action for specialties treating patients with pain such as PM, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, neurology, and neurosurgery bearing the brunt of prosecutions. New, more subtle charges have been added involving interpretation of the medical purpose of opioids and standard of care for their use. Key words: Certification, CDC, criminal, DEA, opioid, prescribing, prosecution, sanctions
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Private prosecutions":
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Masumba, Walyemera Daniel. "The investigation and prosecution of corruption in Uganda." University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8343.
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Doctor Legum - LLDThis study analyzed the investigation and prosecution of corruption in Uganda. The study assessed the phenomena of corruption and how it can create an unjust society. It also examined the legal framework governing the investigation and prosecution of corruption in Uganda. The study thereafter discussed the institutional framework governing the investigation and prosecution of corruption in Uganda and its limitations. It further appraised the legal framework governing the private prosecution in Uganda. It also dealt with the possibility of using private prosecutions to fight corruption, where public institutions charged with the duty are weak or have been compromised by an undemocratic environment within which they are situated.
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Stankevičienė, Monika. "Kaltinimo formos pakeitimo baudžiamajame procese teorinės ir praktinės problemos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20140625_182507-48784.
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Teorijos bei praktikos analizė leido pažvelgti į kaltinimo formų pakeitimą probleminiu aspektu. Teisės doktrinoje kaltinimo formų pakeitimo baudžiamajame procese problemos nekeliamos, tačiau tiek praktinė medžiaga, tiek patys praktikai išduoda, jog šiai temai turėtų būti skiriamas dėmesys – pirmiausiai iškeliant problemas į dienos šviesą, o po to jas sprendžiant. Praverstų tiek šiuo metu galiojančių teisės normų, susijusių su privačiai viešo ir ypač su privataus kaltinimo institutais, peržiūrėjimas, detalesnis reglamentavimas ar bent jau išaiškinimas, tiek bandymas formuoti kitokią praktiką. Šiame darbe analizuojamos Lietuvos, Vokietijos, Norvegijos bei Rusijos baudžiamuosiuose procesuose įtvirtintos kaltinimo formos. Detaliai aptariami jų požymiai bei sąlygos, leidžiančios vieną kaltinimo formą pakeisti kita. Tokia teorinė analizė atveda prie praktinių problemų, kurios apribojamos Lietuvos baudžiamuoju procesu. Daug dėmesio skiriama „visuomeninio intereso“ neapibrėžtumui bei formuluotės „dėl svarbių priežasčių negali ginti teisėtų savo interesų“ traktavimui, svarstomas privačiai viešo bei privataus kaltinimo veikų tinkamumas ir vertinamas nuoseklus baudžiamojo proceso vykdymas dviem kaltinimo formomis.Theory and practice‘s analysis let aproach to a change of prosecution form in a problematic aspect. In the law doctrine the problems of a change of a prosecution form are not imposed, but as a practical matter, both issued by practitioners themselves, that this topic should focus on - primarily by bringing problems to light, and then solving them. Useful for both the current law relating to private public and especially the private prosecution institutions review, more detailed regulation, or at least the interpretation, and attempt to shape a different practice. This work examines Lithuanian, German, Norwegian and Russian prosecution forms enshrined in criminal proceeding. Discussed in detail the characteristics and conditions for a change of prosecution form. This theoretical analysis leads to practical problems that are limited by the Lithuanian criminal proceeding. Much attention is paid to an uncertainty of "public interest" and treatment of "unability to defend one‘s legitimate interests for valid reasons". Public private and private prosecution acts are under consideration and the appropriateness of criminal proceeding in two prosecution forms consistently is assessed.
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Andriuškaitė, Ramunė. "Įrodinėjimo ypatumai nagrinėjant privataus kaltinimo bylas pirmosios instancijos teisme." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090129_095400-63176.
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Privataus kaltinimo procesas yra įtvirtintas daugumos valstybių baudžiamojo proceso teisės sistemose. Pagrindinė šio proceso formos ypatybė –nukentėjusysis yra svarbiausia figūra baudžiamajame procese, nuo kurio valios ir veiklos priklauso visa bylos nagrinėjimo eiga ir rezultatas. Šio baudžiamojo proceso formos įtvirtinimo baudžiamojo proceso įstatyme tikslas- užtikrinti nuo nusikaltimo nukentėjusiojo asmens efektyvią teisių ir interesų apsaugą, plėsti nukentėjusiojo kaip baudžiamojo proceso subjekto teises, stiprinti jo statusą baudžiamajame procese. Tačiau privataus kaltinimo bylų nagrinėjimo pirmosios instancijos teismuose praktika rodo, kad teisingumo įgyvendinimas šia baudžiamojo proceso forma susidūrė su sunkumais, kurių vienas – įrodinėjimo veikla.
Šiame darbe analizuojamas įrodinėjimo procesas privataus kaltinimo bylose, siekiant nustatyti įrodinėjimo ypatumus ir išskirti problemas, su kuriomis susiduria privatus kaltintojas, atlikdamas kaltinimo funkciją. Šiuo tikslu buvo ištirtos 154 Vilniaus m. 3 apylinkės teismo 2005 -2007 m. privataus kaltinimo tvarka išnagrinėtos baudžiamosios bylos. Pirmoje darbo dalyje analizuojama privataus kaltinimo instituto teorinė koncepcija, jo raida, reglamentavimas Lietuvos ir užsienio baudžiamojo proceso įstatymuose, išskiriami pagrindiniai privataus kaltinimo bruožai, galintys turėti įtakos įrodinėjimo procesui privataus kaltinimo bylose. Antroje darbo dalyje išskiriami įrodinėjimo ypatumai, kurie išryškėjo privataus kaltinimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Private prosecution proceedings are included in criminal proceeding law systems of many states. The key peculiarity of this form of proceedings: the aggrieved party is the key actor of the criminal proceedings, so the run and the results of the examination of the case depend on the will and the activities of the said party. The purpose of the said form of criminal proceedings – to ensure an affective protection of rights and interests of the aggrieved person, to extend the rights of an aggrieved person as a subject of criminal proceedings, to strengthen its status in criminal proceedings. However, the practice of investigation of private prosecution proceedings at courts of first instance shows that implementation of justice by this form of criminal proceedings comes into collision with difficulties – the averment-related activities. In the Paper, the process of averment in private prosecution case is analyzed striving to establish the peculiarities of the averment and to single out the problems met by a private prosecutor while executing the indictment function. For this purpose, 154 criminal cases investigated by Vilnius Circuit Court No. 3 in the years 2005-2007 according to the procedure of private prosecution were examined. In the Part One, the theoretical conception of the institute of private prosecution, its evolution and regulation in Lithuanian and foreign laws on criminal proceedings are analyzed; the key properties of private prosecution that can impact the... [to full text]
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Schiavi, Mauro. "Nova leitura dos princípios do direito processual do trabalho." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5779.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-02The present thesis approaches the principles of the labourite prosecution, initiating, firstly, from the analysis of the law proceedings constitutional principles, and its impacts on the origin of the labourite prosecution, as well as its primordial institutes. The text starts with the analysis of the concept of principles, from the general theory of law, such as the modern trends of the doctrine. Later, the law proceedings constitutional principles and its impacts on several aspects of the labourite prosecution are studied. Thereafter, the questions about the autonomy of the labourite prosecution will be studied, just as the problematic of its principles, supporting the scientific autonomy of the labourite procedural law. Finally, the specific principles of the labourite prosecution are studied, supporting a new reading from the law proceedings constitutional principles and from the modern methods of constitutional interpretation, emphasizing the need of accomplishment, justice on the proceeding and its reasonable duration. The thesis supports the autonomy of the labourite procedural law, but with a very intense approximation of the law proceedings constitutional principles and of the civil procedural law
A presente tese aborda os princípios do processo do trabalho, partindo, primeiramente, da análise dos princípios constitucionais do processo, e seus impactos na principiologia do processo do trabalho e também de seus institutos fundamentais. O texto parte da análise do conceito de princípios, a partir da teoria geral do direito e também das modernas tendências da doutrina. Posteriormente, são estudados os princípios constitucionais do processo e seus impactos em diversos aspectos do processo do trabalho. Após, são estudadas as questões da autonomia do processo do trabalho, bem como a problemática de seus princípios, defendendo-se a autonomia científica do direito processual do trabalho. Por fim, são estudados os princípios específicos do processo do trabalho, defendendose uma nova leitura a partir dos princípios constitucionais do processo e dos modernos métodos de interpretação constitucional, destacando-se a necessidade de efetividade, justiça do procedimento e duração razoável do processo. A tese defende a autonomia do direito processual do trabalho, mas com aproximação muito intensa com os princípios constitucionais do processo e com o direito processual civil
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Nory, Yoshanloey Jafar. "Essai sur les finalités punitive et réparatrice des responsabilités civile et pénale en droit français et iranien." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10024.
Abstract:
La distinction contemporaine n’a pu empêcher les responsabilités civile et pénale de cheminer vers un rapprochement pratique tant en droit français qu’iranien. Nous avons démontré qu’à la fonction réparatrice de la responsabilité civile peut s’additionner une fonction punitive qui s’incarnerait dans "la peine privée", et à la fonction répressive de la responsabilité pénale une fonction réparatrice appelée "restitution pénale". Grâce au prononcé des dommages et intérêts officiellement indemnitaires, mais objectivement punitifs, les juridictions parviennent à réprimer des comportements qu’elles estiment devoir sanctionner. Ainsi, l’officialisation de la peine privée ne paraît pas seulement possible, elle serait, aussi, extrêmement utile. Parallèlement, la responsabilité pénale, développe une dimension restitutive incontestable, permettant d’assurer notamment la réparation de tous les chefs de dommages soufferts par une victime ou encore supprimer la situation illicite. La restitution est donc utilisée comme un outil de répression. Greffée aux poursuites, elle se transforme en un moyen de désencombrement des juridictions et contractualisation du procès pénal. Intégrée à la peine, elle permet d’individualiser la sanction pénale. Les deux modes de responsabilités doivent se rejoindre dans une perspective de cohérence d’une responsabilité juridique afin que la justice soit rendue avec une dimension socialeThe contemporary distinction did not prevent the civil and criminal liability to move toward a practical reconciliation in both French and Iranian law. We have show that restorative function of the civil liability can add up to a punitive function that is embodied the “private punishment” and the repressive function of criminal liability create a restorative function called “criminal restitution”. Through the pronouncement of damages officially compensated but objectively punitive, the Courts are able to repress behaviors which they consider to be punishable. Thus, the formalization of punitive damage seems not onlypossible, but also extremely useful. At the same time, criminal liability develops an undeniable restorative dimension, making it possible to ensure the repair of all the heads of damages suffered by a victim or to further discourage the illegal situation. The restitution is thus used as a tool for repression. Graft prosecution, it becomes a way of relieving the courts and contracting of the criminal trial. Incorporated into the sentence, it allows individualizing the criminal sanction. The two modes of liability must come together in a coherent perspective of legal liability so that justice is done with a social dimension
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Amaro, Rafael. "Le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles : Étude des contentieux privés autonome et complémentaire devant les juridictions judiciaires." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05D014.
Abstract:
L’actualisation des données sur le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles fait naître laconviction que l’état de sous-développement souvent pointé est aujourd’hui dépassé. Les statistiquessont nettes : des dizaines d’affaires sont plaidées chaque année. Toutefois, ce contentieux s’esquissesous des traits qui ne sont pas exactement ceux du contentieux indemnitaire de masse faisant suite àla commission d’ententes internationales. C’est un fait majeur qui doit être noté car l’essentiel desprojets de réforme furent bâtis sur cet idéal type. Trois des caractères les plus saillants de la réalitéjudiciaire témoignent de cette fracture entre droit positif et droit prospectif. D’abord, le contentieuxprivé est majoritairement un contentieux contractuel entre professionnels aux forces déséquilibrées. Ensuite, c’estun contentieux national – voire local – plus qu’un contentieux international. Enfin, c’est plutôt uncontentieux autonome se déployant devant les juridictions judiciaires sans procédure préalable oupostérieure des autorités de concurrence (stand alone). Paradoxalement, les actions complémentaires(follow-on), pourtant réputées d’une mise en oeuvre aisée, sont plus rares. Ces observations invitentalors à réviser l’ordre des priorités de toute réflexion prospective. Ainsi, la lutte contre l’asymétried’informations et de moyens entre litigants, l’essor de sanctions contractuelles efficaces, larecomposition du rôle des autorités juridictionnelles et administratives dans le procès civil ou encorele développement des procédures de référé s’imposent avec urgence. Mais s’il paraît légitime desoutenir ce contentieux autonome déjà existant, il n’en reste pas moins utile de participer à laréflexion déjà amorcée pour développer le contentieux indemnitaire de masse tant attendu et dont onne peut négliger les atouts. De lege ferenda, le contentieux privé de demain présenterait donc uncaractère bicéphale ; il serait à la fois autonome et complémentaire. Il faut alors tenter de concevoir unrégime efficace pour ces deux moutures du contentieux privé en tenant compte de leurs exigencesrespectives. Or l’analyse positive et prospective de leurs fonctions révèlent que contentieuxautonome et contentieux complémentaire s’illustrent autant par les fonctions qu’ils partagent que parcelles qui les distinguent. Il serait donc excessif de vouloir en tous points leur faire application derègles particulières ou, à l’inverse, de règles identiques. C’est donc vers l’élaboration d’un régime commun complété par un régime particulier à chacun d’eux que s’orientera la présente recherche.PREMIÈRE PARTIE. Le régime commun aux contentieux privés autonome et complémentaireSECONDE PARTIE. Le régime particulier à chacun des contentieux privés autonome et complémentairePas de résumé en anglais
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Rabut, Gaëlle. "Le préjudice en droit pénal." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0173/document.
Abstract:
Le préjudice est une notion qui appartient classiquement à la matière civile. Figuretraditionnelle et incontournable de cette discipline, le préjudice suscite aujourd’hui l’engouement desspécialistes de la matière. Face à ce phénomène, les pénalistes sont légitimes à s’interroger sur laplace du préjudice en droit pénal. Si le concept est peu utilisé dans cette matière, il n’est toutefois pastotalement inconnu. Cependant, l’étude du préjudice en droit pénal devra révéler l’absence de placepour cette notion en droit répressif. Cette différence entre le droit civil et le droit pénal s’explique parles finalités distinctes qui animent les deux disciplines. Alors que le droit civil a pour objectif laréparation des préjudices soufferts individuellement, le droit pénal est guidé par l’impératif deprotection de l’intérêt général par le maintien de l’ordre public.Ainsi, le préjudice n’a, d’une part, pas de place dans la théorie de l’infraction. Il n’est pris encompte ni dans le processus de création des incriminations, ni dans celui de leur qualification. Lepréjudice n’est pas un élément constitutif de l’infraction, et n’équivaut ainsi pas au résultatinfractionnel. D’autre part, le préjudice n’a qu’une place limitée dans la théorie de l’action en droitpénal. S’il apparaît comme une condition de recevabilité de l’action civile exercée devant lesjuridictions répressives, c’est parce que celle-ci se présente comme une action en responsabilitécivile, à vocation uniquement réparatrice. En revanche, le préjudice n’est pas une condition de l’actionpénale en répression de l’infractionThe notion of prejudice habitually falls within the boundaries of civil law. As a traditionaland inescapable feature of this discipline, prejudice is today sparking off heated debates amongspecialists. Confronted with this new trend, criminal law experts can rightfully wonder about the placeof prejudice in criminal law. If the concept is little used in this law area, it is nonetheless not totallyunknown. However, the study of prejudice in criminal law will have to prove the irrelevance of thisnotion in that regard. This difference between civil and criminal law can be accounted for by thedistinct purposes of these two areas of the law. Whereas civil law aims at seeking redress for harminflicted on individuals, criminal law is guided by the imperative need to protect general interestthrough the maintenance of law and order.Thus, prejudice does not fall within the scope of the criminal offence theory. It is neither taken intoaccount in the process of defining offences by the lawmaker nor in the classification of the offence bythe trial court. Prejudice is not a constituent part of the infringement and thus is not tantamount to itsoutcome. Furthermore, the notion of prejudice plays a limited role in the theory of criminal lawprocedure. If prejudice appears as a condition governing the admissibility of a civil action brought incourt it is because it is perceived as a legal action for damages, for the sole purpose of monetarycompensation. On the other hand, prejudice is not a condition for criminal proceedings with thepurpose of punishing the offence
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Lin, Rui-Yang, and 林瑞陽. "A Study on Private Prosecution." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21399061970247045004.
Abstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
95
With several renovations of the code of criminal procedure, the private prosecution system has been changed significantly in recent years. The principle of giving the priority to private prosecution was reversed in 2000, and hereafter the public prosecution have ranked higher than private prosecution. Three years later, with the introduction of compulsory private prosecution, plaintiffs has been required to be presented by a lawyer, which results in the break of private prosecution system. Private prosecution used to be the traditional ways for criminal suits. However, it is obvious that legislators attempt to restrict the power of private prosecution, and the academics advocate for public prosecution in the amendment to the code of criminal procedure these years. Furthermore, authoritative academic works have indicated that the right of private prosecution is not the core concept of the litigation and should not be protected by the article 16 th of the Constitution. Private prosecution system is not only to protect the rights of the victims, but also to prevent the prosecutors from violating the law or abusing the power of nonprosecution. Although the abatement of private prosecution system is a long-disputed issue, it is worthy of being discussed again. Base on the discussions above, this thesis tracks the latest development of the practice of private prosecution after the new law comes into force. In addition, with reference to the foreign legislation, I propose some ideas for revising the current private prosecution system so as to achieve a win-win balance between private prosecution system and the protection right which is guaranteed by the Constitution. In conclusion, I believe the rights of the victims and the defendants should be equally and effectively protected; both parties should be entitled to exercise all these given rights as well. Therefore, in consideration of abuse prevention, the right for private prosecution should not be restricted. Moreover, there is no excuse for reducing the victim’s rights in the name of saving jurisdiction resources. The access to trial is the right of the people which should be protected in law and shall not be deprived for any reason.
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Wen-Hong, Yang, and 楊唯宏. "A study on private prosecution amendment from the essence of victim`s prosecution right." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13143654531498251267.
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chen, Chen-chi, and 陳振吉. "The study of compulsory aqent system of private prosecution." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13071448460524742696.
Books on the topic "Private prosecutions":
1
Jackson, Simon. Private prosecutions: Private prosecution of environmental offences. London: Environmental Law Foundation, 1995.
2
Law Reform Commission of Canada. Private prosecutions. Ottawa, Canada: The Commission, 1986.
3
Law Reform Commission of Canada. Private prosecutions. Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1986.
4
Law Reform Commission of Canada. Private Prosecutions: Criminal Law. S.l: s.n, 1986.
5
Dewhurst, Eileen. A private prosecution. Garden City, N.Y: Published for the Crime Club by Doubleday, 1987.
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Dewhurst, Eileen. A private prosecution. London: Collins, 1986.
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Dewhurst, Eileen. A private prosecution. South Yarmouth, Ma: J. Curley, 1988.
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Okagbue, Isabella E. Private prosecution in Nigeria: Recent developments and some proposals. Lagos, Nigeria: Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, 1991.
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Fanizza, Lucia. Delatori e accusatori: L'iniziativa nei processi di età imperiale. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 1988.
10
Brenner, Matthias Richard. Der Einfluss von Behörden auf die Einleitung und den Ablauf von Zivilprozessen: Ein Weg zur Durchsetzung und Bewährung privater Rechte und Institutionen? Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1989.
Book chapters on the topic "Private prosecutions":
1
Kirchengast, Tyrone. "Private Prosecution." In The Victim in Criminal Law and Justice, 23–56. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230625778_2.
2
SWAIGEN, JOHN, ALBERT KOEHL, and CHARLES HATT. "Private Prosecutions Revisited:." In Environment in the Courtroom, 240–61. University of Calgary Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbd8hx9.22.
3
Slapper, Gary. "The Nature and Development of the Private Prosecution." In Organisational Prosecutions, 19–39. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315188430-2.
4
Sprack, John, and Michael Engelhardt–Sprack. "Prosecutors." In A Practical Approach to Criminal Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843566.003.0006.
Abstract:
The English constitutional system has traditionally avoided a centralized ministry of justice on the continental model. Responsibility for investigating crime, commencing prosecutions, and presenting the case at court has been shared amongst a large number of different agencies. In October 1986, however, a major change was made to the system by the introduction of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). The CPS has assumed a dominant role in the prosecution (but not the investigation) of crime. This Chapter will summarize the roles of the police, the CPS, other prosecuting authorities, and the private individual in the prosecution process. The subject is complex, but, for purposes of understanding criminal procedure in court, it is only necessary to deal with it in outline.
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Freedman, Eric M. "The Criminal Prosecution Strands of Restraints on Government." In Making Habeas Work, 50–55. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479870974.003.0008.
Abstract:
The legal restraints on public power during the colonial and early national periods included criminal prosecutions of officeholders, which could be pursued by both by private citizens and public prosecutors. We have only episodic knowledge of American private criminal prosecutions and thus cannot confidently generalize about their characteristics, as the Supreme Court seems to have recognized in Robertson v. United States ex rel. Watson (2010). Even today, the law on both the state and federal levels is continuing to evolve. In contrast, ample data shows that public criminal prosecution of officeholders has long been common and well-accepted. This chapter provides some examples from both sides of the Atlantic from the sixteenth through eighteenth century (e.g. prosecution of: London sheriffs Skynner and Catcher for gross abuse of female prisoners; General Thomas Picton, former Governor of Barbados, for ordering torture of native female prisoner to secure confession; North Carolina Secretary of State James Glasgow for issuing fraudulent land warrant; New Hampshire officials for failure to perform statutory duties).
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"PRECEDENTS FOR HACKNEY CARRIAGE AND PRIVATE HIRE PROSECUTIONS." In Henriques & Winter on Local Authority Prosecutions, 537–56. Routledge-Cavendish, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843144403-41.
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Boutros, Andrew. "Australia." In From Baksheesh to Bribery, 11–59. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190232399.003.0002.
Abstract:
Australia’s anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws appear simple in expression but have proved illusive in securing successful prosecutions. The structure of the foreign bribery offense is complicated and requires numerous physical and mental elements to be established for each limb of the offense. Since 1999 when Australia enacted its foreign bribery laws, there have been several corporate and individual guilty pleas in foreign bribery cases but as yet no contested trials. The first case in 2011 arising out of the Securency banknote printing scandal has concluded with mixed results: several plea deals yet other prosecutions permanently stayed due to illegal conduct on the part of the investigative agencies. Other more recent cases have started but are early in the criminal justice system. The traditional approach of the Australian prosecutors is that once charges are laid, they expect a guilty plea to the offense charged or an agreed lesser offenses and then any discount is a matter for the sentencing court. Australia still lacks a structured approach to complex commercial crime including foreign bribery. While there are reforms pending before the Australian government on changes to the foreign bribery offense deferred prosecution agreements, a strict liability corporate offense of failing to prevent foreign bribery, and enhanced private sector whistle-blower laws, they are yet to be implemented. While resources at the Commonwealth level have improved over the years, they remain diffuse, underfunded, and under-resourced. Australian business is starting to adopt a more proactive response to manage offshore risk and the expected legislative reforms are pushing this along. Australian business increasingly knows it must address these issues in a global economy as its most significant trading partners are taking a similarly tough stand against bribery and corruption.
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Jones, Lucy. "1. The Nature of English Law." In Introduction to Business Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198766261.003.0001.
Abstract:
This chapter first explains the meaning of law. It then discusses the historical development and characteristics of English law, and the different types of law (public law, private law, criminal law, and civil law). Laws are rules and regulations which govern the activities of persons within a country. In England and Wales, laws are composed of three main elements: legislation which is created through Parliament, common law, and, until the UK leaves the EU, directly enforceable EU law. This chapter also considers the terminology used for criminal prosecutions and civil actions, and outlines the legal profession in England and Wales.
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Jones, Lucy. "1. The Nature of English Law." In Introduction to Business Law, 3–15. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198824886.003.0001.
Abstract:
This chapter first explains the meaning of law. It then discusses the historical development and characteristics of English law, and the different types of law (public law, private law, criminal law, and civil law). Laws are rules and regulations which govern the activities of persons within a country. In England and Wales, laws are composed of three main elements: legislation which is created through Parliament; common law; and, until the UK leaves the EU, directly enforceable EU law. This chapter also considers the terminology used for criminal prosecutions and civil actions, and outlines the legal profession in England and Wales.
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Friedman, David. "Private Prosecution and Enforcement in Roman Law." In Roman Law and Economics, 327–46. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787211.003.0021.
Abstract:
Many legal systems show evidence of having evolved out of a decentralized system of privately enforced law. Our very imperfect information on early Roman law, in particular the surviving texts from the law of the Twelve Tables, suggests that that was the case for it as well. Punishments for what we would consider crimes largely consisted of damage payments, while enforcement of court verdicts seems to have been largely the responsibility of the plaintiff, as was compelling the defendant to come to court. The earliest procedure for trial (legis actio sacramento) took the form of a bet on which side’s claim was true, with the money deposited by the losing party forfeiting to the state. Arguably its function, like that of a trial in a feud system such as that of saga-period Iceland, was to establish for third parties which of the two litigants was in the right and so entitled to use force if the losing litigant refused to obey the judgment. There was, however, an exception to that pattern for offenses against religion or directly against the state. Privately enforced systems, most notably early Irish law, make use of sureties to enforce contracts and judgments. The same was true of Roman law throughout its history, although with many detailed differences from the Irish. Over time, responsibility for prosecution and enforcement shifted from the plaintiff to state actors. But even in its final form as codified by Justinian, prosecution of both civil and criminal offenses was primarily the responsibility of private citizens.
Conference papers on the topic "Private prosecutions":
1
Zhdanova, Yana Vladimirovna. "ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INITIATION OF CRIMINAL CASES ON CRIMES OF PRIVATE PROSECUTION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE." In VIII Международная научно-практическая конференция «Инновационные аспекты развития науки и техники». KDU, Moscow, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31453/kdu.ru.978-5-7913-1176-4-2021-68-73.
Abstract:
The author of this study considered the theoretical foundations of legal regulation and trends in judicial practice on the procedure for initiating criminal cases in cases of private prosecution in the Russian Federation with the definition of their problems and the proposal of ways to resolve them.
2
Stelmakh, V. Y., and P. Titov. "Prospects for Developing Private Prosecution in Criminal Proceedings in the Russian Federation." In XVII International Research-to-Practice Conference dedicated to the memory of M.I. Kovalyov (ICK 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200321.082.