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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Private Radio

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Academic literature on the topic 'Private Radio'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Private Radio"

1

Richard, lorkyaa Uleve. "Audience Perception of Private Radio News Programmes in Benue State, Nigeria." International Journal of Sub-Saharan African Research 2, no. 2 (2024): 334–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15547970.

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<strong>Background: </strong>In the competitive information world of today, the survival of the privately owned radio stations is hugely dependent on their ability to provide satisfactory programmes at the lowest possible price at the right time to the right audience <strong>Objective:</strong><strong> </strong>This study examined how audience perceive the news programmes of select private radio stations in Benue state <strong>Method:</strong><strong> </strong>The study adopted the descriptive survey design and primary data were gathered through used questionnaires and it was administered to 4

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Abidin Eko Putro, Moh Zaenal, and Ade Haryani. "Jejaring Radio Swasta Sebagai Inovasi Merebut Pasar." Jurnal Komunikasi 16, no. 1 (2021): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol16.iss1.art2.

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In line with the growth of digital technology, according to Nielsen's survey (2020), 67 percent of netizen listening to music or radio through sharing platforms of social media such as YouTube and Dailymotion. However, the existence of analog based commercial radio remains unchanged. Nielsen's survey finds the tendency of the millennial generation to listen to the radio increased, especially during weekend. To prove the Nielsen’ finding, this article tries to uncover the strategy of private radio in attracting their listeners by offering network system in their broadcasting service. By using q

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Yudaninggar, Kartika Sari. "Reformulasi Regulasi Radio Komunitas di Indonesia." POPULIKA 7, no. 1 (2019): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37631/populika.v7i1.30.

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Community Radio (CR) in Indonesia has emerged as a media that able to disseminate information to audience. Since this function can not be fullfiled by both private and public radios, CR is important for audience especially for those who lives in remote or even blank spot area. However, Government regulation on CR is feared to deprive the existence of CR. The regulation ranging from limitation of frequency allocation, criteria on coverage area and limited emmitance strength compare to public and private radios. This imply that the Government has never supported the existence of Community Radio.

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Rahman, Atiqur, and Habiba Rahman. "Private FM Radio in Bangladesh." Media Asia 39, no. 1 (2012): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2012.11689914.

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Ali, Yousaf, and Ijaz Khan. "Uses and Abuses of FM Radios by Militants in Former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA), Pakistan." Central Asia 83, Winter (2019): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-83.34.

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Abstract This research deals with the uses of abuses of FM radios in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and the recently merged districts – former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) during the period ranging from 2003 to 2018. Radio is the most effective mean of mass communication. The rapid increase in FM radios and its cheap and easy operation was a source of attraction for many to disseminate their message. The use of FM radio has been on the rapid rise for the last nearly two decades, both for propaganda, political and commercial purposes. The government, private entities and some anti-

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Setianingrum, Vinda Maya. "PROGRAMMING RADIO BERDASARKAN KARAKTER PENDENGAR PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN (STUDI KASUS DI RADIO PANDOWO TULUNGAGUNG DAN SHE RADIO SURABAYA JAWA TIMUR)." Journal of Society & Media 1, no. 1 (2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v1n1.p84-101.

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AbstrakDi era sekarang, meski ada berbagai pilihan media, radio tetap sebagai media alternatif dengan karakteristik pendengar tersendiri. Sifat multitasking radio mengharuskan manajer radio untuk menyediakan program siaran yang menarik bagi pendengarnya. Ini adalah hal yang umum sebagai radio, khususnya radio swasta membuat beberapa perubahan program mereka untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pendengar dan permintaan pasar. Karena konsep segitiga sukses sebuah radio swasta bergantung pada sinkronisasi program dan pendengar, kemudian, berdampak pada pencapaian iklan. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menemuk

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Fajriyah Ningrum, Afiaty, and Justito Adiprasetio. "Broadcast Journalism of Private Radio in Cirebon, Indonesia, in the Convergence Era." Asian Journal of Media and Communication 5, no. 1 (2021): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/asjmc.vol5.iss1.art2.

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Convergence is a deep integration of knowledge, tools, and all relevant areas of human activities. As an inevitable condition, convergence has also changed a lot of aspects of mass media at the international, national, and local levels. This study elaborates how the local radios in Cirebon, namely Sindangkasih FM, Suara Gratia FM, and Cirebon Radio, are adapting to the convergence culture. This study seeks to demonstrate how the convergence culture can affect private broadcast media, which are not in the epicentrum of media in Indonesia. This study indicates that these three private radios in

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IHEANACHO, O.C. &. EJIOGU Paul Chibueze. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PUBLIC SERVICE PROGRAMMES OF SELECT PUBLIC AND PRIVATE STATIONS IN OWERRI." IMSU Journal of Communication Studies 9, no. 1 (2025): 320–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15242155.

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This study sought to identify the listenership level, knowledge level and perception of Owerri North residents towards the public service programmes of both public and private radio stations. This study was anchored on agenda setting theory and framing theory. The researchers adopted survey research design which covers residents of Owerri North who listen to the selected public and private radio stations. The selected public radio station was Orient FM and Heartland FM, while the private radio stations were Ozisa FM, Boss FM, Hot FM and Zanders FM. The researchers used a population of 287,512

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Kasno, Atmo Sukarto, Purnama Syahfitri, and Rabiah Siti. "Variety of Languages Private Radio Broadcast in DKI Jakarta." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 8, no. 1 (2023): 2313–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7645217.

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Radio broadcasters, both government radio broadcasters, in this case Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) broadcasters and private radio broadcasters have an important role in delivering news or conversations to their listeners. For this reason, broadcasters should be able to apply the use of the Indonesian language properly and correctly both in the context of official and unofficial broadcasts. The purpose of this research is 1) to show language interference on private radio broadcasters in DKI Jakarta, and 2) to describe language interference on private radio broadcasters in DKI Jakarta. This res

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Wendt, Curt, and David Ubert. "Can Cellular Compete with Private Radio?" Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2009, no. 7 (2009): 8039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864709793900050.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Private Radio"

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Taylor, Randy Lyle. "Radio networks and the redefinition of local private radio." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0001/MQ37643.pdf.

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Ramakhula, Abeloang Ramakhula. "The role of the private radio stations in promoting participatory democracry in Lesotho : the case of Moafrika FM, Catholic FM, Peoples's choice FM and Harvest FM." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/859.

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This study is an exploratory assessment of the role of private radio stations in promoting participatory democracy in Lesotho. It seeks to describe the current situation of the role of radio in the country, including levels of rural development programming and community participation. There are eight private radio stations operating in the country. The emergence of the liberalised airwaves created an opportunity for people to have access to information, hence promotion of participatory democracy, though problem of freedom of expression and speech and absence of media policy hinders positive ef

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Konuslu, Firat. "Production And Labor Process Of The Contemporary Turkish Private Television Series." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614688/index.pdf.

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This thesis focuses on one of the most appreciated products of the Turkish Television, the TV Series&#039<br>production and labor process. Starting from the fact that the production side of this highly attention gathering media product hasn&#039<br>t received too much academic concern, by analyzing the workers of the sector, this point is tried to be illuminated. This thesis that analyzes TV series&#039<br>working conditions in the perspective of &ldquo<br>precarious employment&rdquo<br>departing from this framework, argues the workers of the industry are fragmented into two groups, &ldquo<br>

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Lacey, Katharine Elizabeth Rose. "Bridging the divide : women, radio, and the renegotiation of the public and private spheres in Germany 1923-1945." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357882.

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Ballapuram, Vijayanand Sreenivasan. "Impact of Queuing Schemes and VPN on the Performance of a Land Mobile Radio VoIP System." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33033.

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Land mobile radio (LMR) systems are used for communication by public safety and other government and commercial organizations. LMR systems offer mission-critical or even life-critical service in the day-to-day activities of such organizations. Traditionally, a variety of different LMR systems have been deployed by different organizations, leading to a lack of radio interoperability. A voice application that connects LMR systems via a packet-switched network is called an LMR Voice over IP (LMRVoIP) system and is a potential solution to the interoperability problem. LMRVoIP systems are time

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Jones, Timothy H. "Evaluating regulatory legitimacy : a study of policy and rule-making in the regulation of independent local radio by the Independent Broadcasting Authority." Thesis, Brunel University, 1989. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5376.

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This thesis presents a' detailed study of the regulation of Independent Local Radio by the Independent Broadcasting Authority. The I.B.A. is an independent regulatory agency established to decide questions affecting both public and private rights. Two key functions performed by regulatory agencies are identified: law-elaboration and law-application. Law-elaboration is a quasi-legislative power which involves both the making of policy and the subsequent articulation of that policy through rule-making. Law-application entails the application of those rules in individual decisions. It is argued t

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Janke, Adam K. "Survival and Habitat Use of Non-breeding Northern Bobwhites on Private Lands in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1322503613.

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Doro, Raffaello Ares. "Les radios libres en Italie et en France des années soixante-dix aux années quatre-vingt-dix : de la recherche de la liberté d'expression à l'affirmation de la radiophonie commerciale." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020030/document.

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Cette recherche présente une analyse historique de la naissance et de l’évolution des radios libres en Italie et en France à partir du début des années soixante-dix jusqu’à la fin des années quatre-vingt au XXe siècle. Le caractère comparatif de la recherche illustre les similitudes et les divergences soit des processus sociaux-historiques, soit des différents systèmes politiques, qui ont déterminé l’apparition et l’évolution de ces formes de communication en dehors du monopole d’Etat et leur intégration à l’intérieur de systèmes médiatiques spécifiques, aux réalités nationales singulières. L’

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Willmann, Thomas. "Beratungsgespräche zu privaten Themen in Radio-Phone-In-Sendungen." [S.l.] : Universität Konstanz , Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Fachgruppe Soziologie, 1998. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB8500803.

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Iffland, Thorsten. "Telefongewinnspiele im Radio zwischen Erfolg und Risiko." [Hamburg] Igel-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/993123260/04.

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Books on the topic "Private Radio"

1

Stern, Howard. Private parts. Simon and Schuster, 1993.

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Pandjaitan, Hinca I. P. Private radio broadcasting services: Business legal aspects : a guide for private radio broadcasting operators. Internews Indonesia, Media Law Dept., 1999.

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Jeffrey, Tobias, Eisenstadt Michael M, and Pike and Fischer Inc, eds. Pike & Fischer's private radio rules service. Pike & Fischer, 1987.

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Ott, Ursula. Das freie Radio: Private Lokalradios in Frankreich. Hitzeroth, 1988.

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Gzowski, Peter. The private voice: A journal of reflections. McClelland and Stewart, 1988.

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Philip, Crookes, and European Institute for the Media., eds. Radio 2000: The opportunities for public and private radio services in Europe. European Broadcasting Union, 1991.

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Forno, Paolo Del. La radio: --che storia! : i racconti inauditi delle voci private. Larus, 1997.

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(Germany), Bavaria. Private Rundfunkangebote in Bayern: Rechtsgrundlagen. 6th ed. Nomos, 2002.

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Bayerische Landeszentrale für Neue Medien., ed. Private Rundfunkangebote in Bayern: Rechtsgrundlagen. 4th ed. Nomos, 1996.

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Day, Frederick J. Private land mobile and private microwave radio decisions: A chronology and summary. Industrial Telecommunications Association, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Private Radio"

1

Dunlop, John, Demessie Girma, and James Irvine. "The Private Mobile Radio Environment." In Digital Mobile Communications and the Tetra System. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118832585.ch3.

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Gheorghe, Marius-George, Vlad-Stefan Hociung, Alexandru Martian, and Marius-Constantin Vochin. "Radio Coverage Analysis for a Mobile Private Network." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60224-5_21.

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Hermans, Jens, and Roel Peeters. "Private Yoking Proofs: Attacks, Models and New Provable Constructions." In Radio Frequency Identification. Security and Privacy Issues. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36140-1_7.

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Ardilla, Dinda Nur, Andre Noevi Rahmanto, and Sudarmo. "Radio Mediamorphosis in the Digital Age: Case Study on Private Radios in East Java Joined in XSpace Radio." In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (ICoSaPS 2022). Atlantis Press SARL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-77-0_52.

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Campbell, Bruce B. "The Beginnings: Radio in the 1920s." In The Radio Hobby, Private Associations, and the Challenge of Modernity in Germany. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26534-2_2.

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Menduni, Enrico. "Italy: From State Monopoly to a Private-led Radio Market through Controversial Digitalization." In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Radio. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-37332-7_9.

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Kokkinen, Heikki, Seppo Yrjölä, Jan Engelberg, and Topias Kokkinen. "Pricing Private LTE and 5G Radio Licenses on 3.5 GHz." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05490-8_13.

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Connell, Asuncion. "Private Land Mobile Radio Services In-building System Design Considerations." In Women in Telecommunications. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21975-7_12.

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Ojanen, Pekka, Seppo Yrjölä, and Marja Matinmikko-Blue. "Assessment of Spectrum Management Approaches in Offshore Private Industrial 5G Networks." In Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Wireless Internet. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98002-3_6.

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Campbell, Bruce B. "German Radio Before Broadcasting: Scientists, War, and Imperialism." In The Radio Hobby, Private Associations, and the Challenge of Modernity in Germany. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26534-2_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Private Radio"

1

Zhou, Mingyuan, and Zihan Xie. "A Differentially Private Offloading Mechanism for Federated Learning." In 2024 Cross Strait Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSRSWTC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/csrswtc64338.2024.10811474.

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Ma, Jianyu, and Zihan Xie. "A Differentially Private Incentive Method for Sensitive Survey." In 2024 Cross Strait Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSRSWTC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/csrswtc64338.2024.10811469.

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Liu, Changchun, and Zihan Xie. "A Differentially Private Traffic Monitoring Mechanism for Intelligent Transport Systems." In 2024 Cross Strait Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSRSWTC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/csrswtc64338.2024.10811585.

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Arendt, Christian, Steffen Fricke, Stefan Böcker, and Christian Wietfeld. "Distributed Performance Evaluation of 5G and Wi-Fi for Private Industrial Networks." In 2024 IEEE 35th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc59610.2024.10817427.

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Damsgaard, Sebastian Bro, Ignacio Rodríguez, and Preben Mogensen. "Performance Impact of Co-Existing Indoor Private 5G NR Networks for Industrial Use." In 2024 IEEE 35th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc59610.2024.10817216.

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Ahmed, Islam Z., Yasser Hifny, and Rowayda A. Sadek. "L2PIAS: Lightweight Privacy-Preserving Identity Authentication for Secure V2V Communication." In 2025 42nd National Radio Science Conference (NRSC). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/nrsc65659.2025.11018562.

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Wijethilaka, Shalitha, Awaneesh Kumar Yadav, An Braeken, and Madhusanka Liyanage. "Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning Framework for Open Radio Access Networks (ORAN)." In GLOBECOM 2024 - 2024 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/globecom52923.2024.10901104.

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Cai, Rongsheng, and Suzhen Luo. "Enhancing User Privacy in Personalized Recommendation Systems." In 2024 Cross Strait Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSRSWTC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/csrswtc64338.2024.10811544.

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Gajjar, Pranshav, Azuka Chiejina, and Vijay K. Shah. "Preserving Data Privacy for ML-driven Applications in Open Radio Access Networks." In 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan60163.2024.10632857.

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Stubbs, N. J. "The excellence of private mobile radio in public transportation." In IEE Colloquium on `Radiocommunications in Transportation'. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950678.

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Reports on the topic "Private Radio"

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Root, Rob, Mark Provo II, and Jason Jarnagin. Radio Frequency Spectrum Audit to Inventory Private Cellular Base Station Infrastructure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2024. https://doi.org/10.2172/2480015.

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Rojas-Suárez, Liliana, and Steven R. Weisbrod. Financial Markets and the Behavior of Private Savings in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011594.

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This paper complements previous studies by arguing that the low private savings ratio in Latin America can be associated with the limited confidence of households and businesses in domestic financial institutions. Previous studies have established a relationship between private savings and financial markets either by using a measure of 'financial depth' or a measure of 'borrowing constraints.' This paper offers an alternative view by claiming that the private savings rate relates positively to the confidence of the private sector in the strength of the financial system and that the latter conc

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Chong, Alberto E., and Gianmarco León. Privatized Firms, Rule of Law and Labor Outcomes in Emerging Markets. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010978.

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This paper takes advantage of a recent large firm-level dataset to compare labor indicators of privatized, private, and public firms around the world, particularly wages, benefits, labor composition, education and training, unionization, and quality of management. While labor productivity increases after privatization, the ratio of permanent workers to temporary workers also increases. Convergence depends to some degree on the quality of the institutions, namely, the rule of law. Not only is this true for the ratio of permanent workers to temporary workers, but also for education of the workfo

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Serafica, Ramonette, and Queen Cel Oren. Analysis of the Competition Landscape of Philippine Mass Media. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2024.29.

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This study examines the size and distribution of the Philippine media sector, identifies the challenges to competition and growth, and explores the impact of new technologies. A layered media model was used to map the major players, primarily in traditional media industries such as news publishing, TV broadcasting, and radio broadcasting. Concentration ratios at the national and regional levels were calculated, along with a simple and novel measure that captures diversity in media supply. The extent of market concentration in other relevant industries in the information and communication secto

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BACCELLI, François, Sébastien CANDEL, Guy PERRIN, and Jean-Loup PUGET. Large Satellite Constellations: Challenges and Impact. Académie des sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62686/3.

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The New Space Age (NewSpace) marks the advent of a new era in the use of space, characterized by the opening of space to new players, the use of new space technologies, new functionalities for satellites in orbit, and the development of satellite constellations, mainly in the fields of communications and Earth observation. These developments are underpinned by first-rate scientific and technological advances, as well as considerable public and private investment, in particular in the USA, China and, to a lesser extent, Europe. Fleets of small low- and medium-orbit satellites are replacing or c

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Qi, Yan, Ryan Fries, Shambhu Saran Baral, and Pranesh Biswas. Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Snow Fences in Illinois: Phase 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-020.

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Serving as a windbreak, properly sited and designed snow fences have been proven effective in mitigating the negative impacts of blowing snow. To achieve the best snow-control effects, the ideal locations for snow fences are usually outside the roadway right-of-way. Few efforts have been made to examine the economic efficiency of snow fences and explore ways to reward private landowners. The objective of this project was to develop methodologies for evaluation of the costs and benefits of snow fences in Illinois and identify ways to encourage private landowners’ participation in the snow fence

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Madhur, Srinivasa. Cambodia’s Skill Gap: An Anatomy of Issues and Policy Options. Cambodia Development Resource Institute, 2014. https://doi.org/10.64202/wp.98.201408.

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There is growing consensus that an emerging skill gap could impose human costs and constraints on Cambodia’s economic growth and development. The country is facing a shortage of skilled human resources even for low-to-medium skill intensive industries. There is a widening gap between the skills that industries and businesses need and what the education institutions, whether academic or vocational training, are producing. Cambodia’s skill gap is emerging at a time when the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is preparing to launch the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in 2015. The AEC w

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Guevara-Castañeda, Diego Alejandro, Leonardo Villar-Gómez, Olga Lucía Acosta-Navarro, et al. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, February 2025. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.01-2025.

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In 2024, the macroeconomic adjustment process continued, characterized by a sustained reduction in inflation that began in 2023 and a decline in the current account deficit of the balance of payments. This adjustment took place in the context of a contractionary monetary policy, with a gradual reduction in the monetary policy interest rate. GDP grew by 1.7%, driven by investment and consumption, while employment increased by 2.2%. Foreign reserves remained at adequate levels, and Banco de la República recorded a profit of COP 10,041 billion, benefiting from the returns on foreign reserves. Mac

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Guide to voice privacy equipment for law enforcement radio communication systems. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5155.

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Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, July 2024. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.04-2024.

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Abstract:

In the first quarter of 2024, the figures of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE in Spanish) showed that the economy achieved annual growth of 0.9%. Although this result was moderate, it confirmed the economy's recovery path. Monetary policy has played a critical role in containing inflationary pressures. This has allowed inflation to trend downwards, continuing into the first half of 2024. Net foreign reserves totaled USD 60,901 million as of 30 June 2024, a slight increase over the course of the year. For 2024, the profit of Banco de la República (the Central Bank of C

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