Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Private Sector Banks'

The banking industry in India has undergone many phases in its history; evolving from a regulated, decentralised system in the early 1800’s, to a regulated, centralised system during British rule, to a nationalised system following India’s independence, and finally a combination of a nationalised and private system adopting global standards as it currently stands. This study has two main aims. Firstly, it will assess the relationship between the firm-specific determinants of capital structure, based on the prevailing literature, and the capital structure of public and private sector banks in India. Secondly, it will determine whether there is a difference in the firm-specific factors that contribute to the determination of the capital structure of public sector banks and private sector banks. This study adopts quantitative methods, similar to previous studies on the relationship between capital structure and its firm-specific determinants. The dependent variable, being total leverage, is regressed against multiple independent variables, being profitability, growth, firm size and credit risk (hereinafter referred to as “risk” unless otherwise indicated) in a multivariate linear regression model. This study adds to the current literature by applying the same firm-specific independent variables to the case of private and public sector banks and then to evaluate and compare the similarities and differences between the regression outputs. The results show that for private sector banks, all independent variables are statistically significant in explaining total leverage, where all the independent variables conform to the current literature on capital structure – profitability (-), firm size (-), growth (+) and credit risk (-). Conversely, for public sector banks, all independent variables were considered to be statistically significant, except for credit risk – profitability (-), firm size (+) and growth (+). These results imply that credit risk is not an important determination in a nationalised banks’ capital structure; thus, providing evidence for the moral hazard theory of public sector banks.

This paper examines the performance of Indian banks by studying the effects of recent reforms and macroeconomic events. Indian banks went through a period of reforms in the past twenty years. The impact of these reforms and major macroeconomic events has been examined using time-series analysis. Event studies offer additional perspective on the short-run effect of the events on different types of Indian banks. Although, the event dates are not all statistically significant in the time-series regressions, the demonetization of 2016 is significant in the event study analysis. Thus, while reforms and events have immediate impact on the performance of Indian banks, the effects did not always persist over the larger time-period.

This study investigates the contribution of bank credit extension to the private sector to inflation in South Africa, covering the period 1970:1-2006:4. The long-run impact of bank credit on inflation is investigated by means of the Johansen co integration model. The short-run ynamics of the inflation is subsequently modelled by means of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Using the Johansen methodology, the study identifies two co integrating equations linking inflation and its eterminants. The results suggest that the long-run relationship between inflation and bank credit to the private sector is negative and statistically significant at 10% level. The determinants that are significant at 5% level are: money supply, real gross domestic product, the money market rate, rand/dollar exchange rate and imports. The results are consistent with previous findings. The speed of adjustment in response to deviation from the equilibrium path was found to be negative at 10.56% per quarter, which is consistent with findings by Ohnsorge and Oomes (2003) for Russia. Both the signs and the magnitude of the coefficients suggest that the co integrating vector describes a long-run inflation equation. The impulse response functions confirm the theoretical expectations except for the import prices. The most persistent and significant shocks observed are on impulse response functions of money supply and bank credit to the private sector. The variance decomposition results also suggest that inflation responds quicker to innovations from money supply and the money market rate. The overall results provide evidence that the surge in inflation is associated with an increase in money supply as well as the instability in exchange rate. The effects of exchange rate fluctuation on inflation are reflected through changes in import prices. Based on the results we conclude that an increase in bank credit during the period 1970:1-2006:4 had a negative mpact on inflation in South Africa.

Aims: The main aims of this research are to provide more empirical evidences for theory of property rights and public choice theory and to test these theories in a new environment i.e. banking sector of Pakistan. This research compares performance of public and private banks in Pakistan on the basis of four performance measures, profitability, liquidity, solvency and efficiency. It also studies the effect of politics on public banks. Method: Mainly quantitative approach is utilized in this thesis to compare performance of public and private banks in Pakistan in terms of profitability, liquidity, solvency and efficiency. Ratio analysis is used for this purpose. Qualitative analysis is based on qualitative study of empirical findings of quantitative analysis with respect to elections and observing lending behavior of public and private banks along with study of net interest margin during election years. Major Findings: The theory of property rights and public choice literature support private ownership for superior performance as compared to public ownership. From empirical findings, very weak support is found for both theories. Out of twelve ratios used in ratio analysis, ten ratios support public ownership for superior performance as compared to private ownership and only two ratios quote that private ownership is superior in performance than public ownership. From empirical findings it can be concluded that performance of public banks is superior to private banks in Pakistan in terms of profitability, liquidity, solvency and efficiency. Similarly, out of twelve ratios, only six ratios provided evidence of effect of elections on performance of public ownership which is a weak support for public choice theory. Moreover, lending behavior of public and private banks along with study of net interest margin has totally ruled out the presence of political influence on public banks. It can be concluded from these empirical findings that either political influence on public banks is minimized or political influence is affecting both sectors of banks in Pakistan. As banking sector in Pakistan is highly competitive now due to introduction of financial reforms in Pakistan, it can be concluded that theory of property rights and public choice theory do not work well in competitive markets especially Pakistan. It can also be concluded from empirical findings that privatization is not the only solution to poor performance of public ownership. The introduction of competition can substantially improve performance of public ownership.
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The brand equity concept is one of the most significant concepts for branding and marketing and its model and measurement have interested many academics and practitioners. Most of the research on brand equity has focused on physical goods, with a dearth of studies on the service sector in general and particularly in the banking sector. The dearth of research in this area appears paradox as branding could be argued to play a distinctive role particularly in the service sector. This is because strong brands increase consumers' trust of the imperceptible purchase and reduce their perceived monetary, social, or safety risk in buying services, which are difficult to evaluate prior to purchase and for which it sometimes takes a long time after purchase to confirm the brand promise. Consequently, many scholars have called for an investigation of brand equity in the service sector. In addition, most of the research on brand equity has focused on developed countries which would suggest a regional focus on developing countries. To sum up, despite the importance of brand equity in the service sector, there is lack of empirical evidence in the service sector in general and specifically in the banking sector, particularly for developing economies. Furthermore, there is lack of studies that examined and compared service brand equity across bank type (local public, local private and foreign banks) to provide a benchmark especially for foreign banks. Contributing to scholarly attempts to fill the gaps in the brand equity literature. this thesis examines consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) in the Egyptian banking sector in general and based on each bank type: public, private and foreign. In addition, the study aims to find out the similarities and differences on brand equity based on bank type. The regional context of the study is Egypt As the largest Arab country and the entry point for the Middle East and Africa Egypt appeared to be of high practical relevance and be a suitable regional research context. Unlike previous researches, a mixed method approach was employed to achieve the research aims. Qualitative data was used to triangulate the quantitative data and gaining a richer understanding of the quantitative findings. Four hundred and sixty-eight self-administered questionnaires were collected by offline and online modes, and 14 semi-structured face-to-face interviews provided details about how consumers perceived consumer-based brand equity in Egyptian banking. Data was analysed using SPSS19. Different types of statistical applications were used, such as descriptive analysis, factor analysis and multiple regressions. Content analysis using NVivo10 software was used to analyse the interview data. The main findings reveal that CBBE is applicable in the Egyptian banking sector. The results show that brand awareness, reliable staff, brand association and brand loyalty are the most effective variables on overall value of brand equity in the Egyptian banking sector, while within public banks, reliable staff, brand association and brand loyalty have the most influence on the overall value of brand equity. However, private and foreign banks share the same variables which affect the overall value of brand equity; these variables are brand awareness, brand loyalty and brand personality. The findings reveal that there is a significant difference between public banks and private and foreign banks; however, there is no significant difference between private and foreign banks. The qualitative findings support and add meaning to the quantitative results. The current research contributes to knowledge in the field of service brand equity research and extend our understanding in developing economics and adding to the debate on the area of brand equity. Furthermore, it contributes methodologically by using mixed methods and mixed modes (offline and online). In addition, the study overcomes the limitations of previous studies in three ways. Firstly, different types of brand association were incorporated and real consumers were approached rather than relying on students’ samples. Secondly, perceived quality was measured using the SERVPERF scale, providing a more comprehensive quality measure than many studies. Thirdly, the data were collected from Egypt, which as a developing country establishes an underresearched regional context. Therefore, as is the case in many developing countries, there were many challenges involved in the data collection process. Based on the results, the study provides a number of pratical contributions: It offers a manageable scale ‘‘tool kit'' for managers in the banking sector, regardless of type of bank, to create, maintain and improve their brand equity. It also provides guidelines that public, private and foreign banks could use to compare their performance with competitors. The study emphasizes the importance of building and developing brand awearness for private and foreign banks. As the service encounter is the “moment of truth” and is one of the most important determinants of brand equity, public banks should place more emphasis on their internal branding as well as on external consumers. Top management should invest in cultivating their brand values to their employees, particularly front-line employees, as they will deliver them to consumers through the service encounter. Another interesting finding with practical relevance was that although the majority of banks in Egypt has online banking services, most of the study respondents did not use them, therefore they might be well advised to collaborate with the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) to organise a campaign to cultivate trust in the country’s online banking infrastructure and promote the advantages of using it. Online banking could be one of the solutions to overcrowding and long queues in public banks and improve the quality of the service provided which will lead to consumers’ satisfaction and increase the level of brand equity. Most consumers of public banks perceived their banks as the only secure banks guaranteed by the Egyptian government. Similarly to promoting the use of online banking, there is a need to develop a better public awareness of the role of the CBE in supervising all banks in Egypt regardless of their type. This will ensure fair and equal opportunities for all banks, which will foster real competition and hence is argued to affect the quality of the service provided. Despite the research achieved its planned objectives, as any social research, it has certain constraints and limitations. These limitations could offer opportunities for future research to address. Firstly, due the lack of detailed information about the study population, this research used a convenience sample of induvadul commercial bank consumers in the Greater Cairo. Future research could employ probability sampling if possible. Moreover, future studies could cover more cities in Egypt, not only the Greater Cairo area (even though the focus on this area has been discussed and justified in the thesis). Secondly, although the importance of CBBE has been analysed mainly from a consumer perspective it might be useful to examine service brand equity from the points of view of employees (managers and front-line) in banks in order to gain a better and comprehensive understanding from both perspectives. Thirdly, while this study examined and compared CBBE in diffrent bank types (public, private and foreign) in Egypt. It is suggested that a comparison could be made based on the top bank in each types, as this could give more specific recommendations for these banks. Fourthly, due to limitations of time and funds, future reseach could examine and compare CBBE in different services sectors and in different countries. Fifthly, this study focused on commercial banks in Egypt in general without distinguish between Islamic and conventional banks. Therefore, future research could carefully distinguish between Islamic and conventional banks and compare CBBE across them to gain a better understanding of the differences and similarities. Sixthly, it could be worth comparing the CBBE of foreign banks when they operate overseas (e.g., Barclays Bank and HSBC).

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Em 2008, o mundo se deparou com uma crise econÃmica que abalou as pilastras e confiabilidade no setor bancÃrio mundial. Os bancos se estruturam em um processo defensivo de proteÃÃo de seus ativos. No Brasil, O Governo Federal estimulou os bancos pÃblicos a prover crÃdito no mercado, buscado suavizar os efeitos de fuga de investimento e repatriaÃÃo de cash na recomposiÃÃo dos ativos. A pergunta chave desse artigo Ã: houve alteraÃÃo na Competitividade de Bancos PÃblicos e Privados em Mercados Locais Brasileiros apÃs o ano 2000? Mais de uma dÃcada se passou e refizemos essa verificaÃÃo para dados de 2010, seguindo Bresnahan e Reiss (1991a), e comparamos com o trabalho de Coelho, Pinho e Rezende (2011). Dada a alta concentraÃÃo no setor bancÃrio, como se comportaria uma simulaÃÃo de fusÃo entre os dois maiores bancos pÃblicos brasileiros? Esse trabalho se divide em 03 (trÃs) artigos. No artigo n 1, verificamos se houve mudanÃa na competitividade em bancos pÃblicos e privados para a dÃcada de 2010. Constatamos mudanÃas significativas, com alteraÃÃo da qualificaÃÃo do custo e do processo de estruturaÃÃo da margem preÃo-custo que nos faz inferir numa mudanÃa na composiÃÃo e de estratÃgias dos bancos pÃblicos e privados em uma nova visÃo competitiva do setor. Os bancos pÃblicos nÃo afetam o comportamento dos bancos privados em mercados locais, mas a exigÃncia de tamanho de mercado para a inserÃÃo de um novo concorrente foi reduzida pela alteraÃÃo da estrutura dos custos e influÃncias de efeitos regionais. E se considerÃssemos o mercado com apenas um banco pÃblico? No artigo n 2, refizemos a anÃlise, considerando a CAIXA como o Ãnico banco pÃblico, e encontramos resultados semelhantes a nossa anÃlise revisional de 2010, a notar mais Ãnfase nos efeitos regionais, tanto na reduÃÃo dos custos pra a regiÃo Norte como na alteraÃÃo negativa nos deslocadores de demanda para as regiÃes Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste, bem como influÃncia praticamente nula do Ãnico banco pÃblico â CAIXA na reduÃÃo dos lucros dos bancos privados. No artigo n 3, apresentamos uma anÃlise de simulaÃÃo de fusÃo no setor bancÃrio brasileiro. O objetivo central foi capturar os efeitos da fusÃo entre o Banco do Brasil e a CAIXA em 12 (doze) segmentos/portifÃlios mais significativos do mercado. Os resultados do equilÃbrio pÃs-fusÃo foram obtidos pelo modelo PCAIDS (Proportionality-Calibrated Almost Ideal Demand System), proposto por Epstein e Rubinfeld (2002), que simula a fusÃo de 02 (duas) empresas em um mercado oligopolizado. Os Resultados do exercÃcio de simulaÃÃo confirmaram os aumentos esperados nos âpreÃosâ dos segmentos. Este resultado à condizente com a expectativa de que as fusÃes implicam em aumentos de preÃos de mercado e, sem ganhos de eficiÃncia econÃmica, podem impor perdas para os consumidores.
In 2008, the world faced an economic crisis that shook the pillars and reliability in the global banking sector. Banks are structured in a defensive process of its asset protection. In Brazil, the federal government encouraged public banks to provide credit in the market, sought to soften the investment leakage effects and cash repatriation in the restructuring of assets. The key question that is: was no change in Competitiveness Public and Private Banks in Local Brazilian markets after 2000? More than a decade has passed and redid this check to 2010 data, following Bresnahan and Reiss (1991a), and compared with Coelho's work, Pinho and Rezende (2011). Given the high concentration in the banking sector, would behave as a simulation of a merger between the two largest Brazilian public banks? This work is divided into 03 (three) articles. In Article 1, we check to see if there was a change in competitiveness in public and private banks for the decade to 2010. We found significant changes, by changing the qualification of the cost and price-cost margin of the structuring process that makes us infer a change in the composition and strategies of public and private banks in a new competitive view of the sector. Public banks will affect the behavior of private banks in local markets, but the market size requirement for the inclusion of a new competitor was reduced by changing the cost structure and influences of regional effects. And if we consider the market with only a public bank? In Article 2, redid the analysis, considering CAIXA as the only state-owned bank, and found similar results to our revisional analysis 2010, noted more emphasis on regional effects, both in reducing costs to the North as in the negative change in demand shifters for the Southeast, South and Midwest, and virtually no influence of the only public bank - CAIXA in reducing the profits of private banks. In Article 3, we present a fusion of simulation analysis in the Brazilian banking sector. The main objective was to capture the effects of the merger between Banco do Brazil and CAIXA in 12 (twelve) segments most significant portfolio in the market. The results of the post-merger balance were obtained by PCAIDS model (Proportionality-Calibrated Almost Ideal Demand System), proposed by Epstein and Rubinfeld (2002), which simulates the merger of 02 (two) companies in an oligopoly market. The results of the simulation exercise confirmed the expected increases in "price" of the segments. This result is consistent with the expectation that mergers entail market price increases and without economic efficiency gains, impose losses to consumers.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the perception of organizational justice and job stress on employees of public and private banking sector in Santa Maria. Therefore, the theoretical background focused on organizational justice and stress, with emphasis on work. A survey was conducted on 339 bank employees - 224 from public sector and 115 from private. A questionnaire was structure with sociodemographic questions and the instruments used were the Perception of Organizational Justice Scale (MENDONÇA et al., 2003), the Job Stress Scale (KARASEK, 1985; THEORELL, 1988; ALVES et al., 2004) and the reduced version of Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale (SIEGRIST et al., 1996, 2009; CHOR et al., 2008). Data were described using descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha indicator, normality tests, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-square test, and Correspondence Analysis. Regarding the population, the profile of the respondents is the majority is married, receives monthly compensation above 10 minimum wages, is graduate, has never received a stress diagnosis, or medications used for this purpose. Concerning organizational justice, it was found that employees of private banks perceive higher justice than employees of public banks and justice scored higher in the interactional dimension in both sectors. Analysis of the Demand-Control Model of Job Stress Scale in the data of respondents from public sector revealed that 24.55% of respondents are in the "low distress" (ideal condition) and 37.40% fit in this situation in private banks. Social support was considered low for 66.52% of the respondents from public banks, indicating the effects of stress at work, and it was assessed as high for 60% of employees in private banks, what can mitigate the damage of stress. Regarding the Model Scale Effort-Reward Imbalance, 77.23% of respondents from public banks and 57.39% from private sector showed imbalance between high effort spent at work and the reward received. However, in the public sector, the consequences of stress might be reduced, because the excess of commitment was considered low for 54.91% of the respondents, whilst in the private sector, the variable was perceived as high for 51.30 % what can maximize the damage caused by stress. Regarding the scales of Demand-Control and Effort-Reward Imbalance, individuals from the public banks were more exposed to work stress and consequently showed higher risk of mental illness. According to the results, in public sector, perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice showed significant relationships with the dimensions control and social support. Moreover, in private banks, the perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice were associated with the dimensions of psychological demands and social support. Furthermore, in both sectors, all three dimensions of justice were related to the size reward. High perceptions of justice (distributive, procedural and interactional), "low distress" and "low DER" showed significant associations among them. Relationships among low perceptions of organizational justice (distributive, procedural and interactional) and "high distress" and "high DER" were also identified. Solely in public sector, low perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice showed relationship with "passive job". Furthermore, the results of this research reveal that the perceived justice of employees contributes to the way of dealing with work situations and the factors that lead to stress, such as psychological demands and control, effort spent and the reward received.
O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar a relação entre a percepção de justiça organizacional e o estresse no trabalho em colaboradores do setor bancário público e privado de Santa Maria. Desse modo, o referencial teórico abordou os temas justiça organizacional e o estresse, com enfoque no estresse no trabalho. Realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva, com estratégia do tipo survey. A população pesquisada foi 339 colaboradores bancários, sendo 224 do setor público e 115 do privado. Aplicou-se um questionário estruturado, contendo dados sociodemográficos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Percepção de Justiça Organizacional (MENDONÇA et al., 2003), a Escala de Estresse no Trabalho ou Job Stress Scale (KARASEK, 1985; THEÖRELL, 1988; ALVES et al., 2004) e a versão reduzida da Escala Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa (SIEGRIST et al., 1996, 2009; CHOR et al., 2008). Os dados foram descritos por meio de estatística descritiva, indicador alfa de Cronbach, testes de normalidade, teste Mann-Whitney, teste Kruskal-Wallis, teste Qui-Quadrado e Análise de Correspondência. Pode-se verificar, em relação ao perfil dos colaboradores, que a maioria é casado, recebe remuneração mensal acima de 10 salários mínimos, possui ensino superior, não obteve diagnóstico de estresse, nem utilizou medicamentos para esse fim. Quanto à justiça organizacional, verificou-se que os colaboradores de bancos privados percebem maior justiça do que os de bancos públicos e que em ambos os setores foi identificada maior justiça na dimensão interacional. A análise do modelo Demanda-Controle da Escala de Estresse no Trabalho em bancos públicos constatou que 24,55% dos pesquisados encontram-se no baixo desgaste (estado ideal) e 37,40% enquadraram-se nessa situação em bancos privados. O apoio social foi considerado baixo para 66,52% dos pesquisados de bancos públicos, o que pode estar destacando os efeitos do estresse no trabalho, e avaliado como alto para 60% dos colaboradores de bancos privados, podendo amenizar os danos do estresse. Em relação ao modelo da Escala Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa, 77,23% dos respondentes de bancos públicos e 57,39% de privados apresentaram alto desequilíbrio entre o esforço gasto no trabalho e a recompensa recebida. Contudo, no setor bancário público, as decorrências do estresse podem estar sendo reduzidas, pois o excesso de comprometimento foi considerado baixo para 54,91% dos respondentes, enquanto que, no setor bancário privado, essa variável foi percebida como alta para 51,30%, podendo maximizar os danos causados pelo estresse. Dessa forma, os indivíduos pertencentes aos bancos públicos apresentaram maior exposição ao estresse no trabalho e consequentemente maior risco de adoecimento psíquico, quando considerados os modelos Demanda-Controle e Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa. De acordo com os resultados, em bancos públicos, as percepções de justiça distributiva, processual e interacional apresentaram relações significativas com as dimensões controle e apoio social. Por outro lado, em bancos privados, as percepções de justiça distributiva, processual e interacional se associaram com as dimensões demanda psicológica e apoio social. Além disso, nos dois setores pesquisados, as três dimensões de justiça se relacionaram com a dimensão recompensa. Pode-se perceber ainda que as altas percepções de justiça (distributiva, processual e interacional), o baixo desgaste e o baixo DER apresentaram significativas associações entre si. Foram identificadas também relações entre as baixas percepções de justiça organizacional (distributiva, processual e interacional) e o alto desgaste e o alto DER . Em bancos públicos as baixas percepções de justiça distributiva, processual e interacional apresentaram relações com o trabalho passivo dos colaboradores. Com isso, os resultados dessa pesquisa evidenciam que a percepção de justiça dos colaboradores contribui para a maneira de lidar com as situações de trabalho e, assim, com os fatores que levam ao estresse, como a demanda psicológica e o controle, o esforço gasto e a recompensa recebida pelo trabalho desempenhado.

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
A investigação teórica tem demonstrado que um sistema financeiro sólido e eficaz é fundamental para o desenvolvimento e crescimento económico (Beck, 2002). Assim, compreender o papel do sector bancário no sistema financeiro é uma das questões fundamentais da teoria económica e financeira. Este estudo tem os seguintes objetivos: compreender o funcionamento do sector bancário angolano; analisar a evolução do crédito concedido pela banca comercial e, demonstrar a contribuição do sector bancário angolano no processo de crescimento económico. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com base na análise de dados anuais provenientes do boletim estatístico do BNA, durante o período 2003-Junho 2013. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que o sector bancário angolano apresenta uma situação de estabilidade financeira, sendo o aumento da procura interna pelos serviços bancários e a situação macroeconómica do país, considerados como fatores impulsionadores do seu crescimento. Verificou-se ainda que o PIB e o crédito por sectores de atividade económica têm uma forte correlação em dois sectores: Pescas e Indústria transformadora. Concludentemente, considera-se que este estudo representa um contributo para melhor entender o papel do sector bancário angolano no processo de crescimento económico.
The theoretical research has shown that a strong and effective financial system is critical to the development and economic growth (Beck, 2002). Thus, understanding the role of the banking sector in the financial system is one of the fundamental issues of economic and financial theory. This study has the following objectives: understanding the functioning of the Angolan banking sector; analyze the evolution of credit extended by commercial banks, and demonstrate the contribution of the Angolan banking sector in the economic growth process. The survey was developed based on the analysis of data from the annual statistical bulletin from BNA, during the Period (2003- Jun 2013). The results showed that the Angolan banking sector presents a situation of financial stability, and the rising domestic demand for banking services and the macroeconomic situation of the country, considered as drivers of growth factors. It was also found that GDP and credit by economic activity have a strong correlation in two sectors: Fisheries and Manufacturing. Conclusively, it is considered that this study represents a contribution to better understand the role of the Angolan banking sector in the economic growth process.

Les politiques de libéralisation financière, formulées dans le but de stimuler la croissance économique par le biais d’une progression de l’épargne privée, et d’une hausse de la productivité et du volume d’investissement, visent plus directement, dans une économie d’endettement, une augmentation de la mobilisation des dépôts par les intermédiaires financiers et une amélioration de l’efficience en matière d’allocation des crédits. L’objet de la thèse est dès lors d’analyser le comportement des banques en matière d’offre de crédit au secteur privé à la suite de la libéralisation financière, lequel présente en effet une importance cruciale pour le succès des réformes. Cette étude est appliquée aux cas du Ghana et de la Côte d’Ivoire, deux pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest qui ont engagé une profonde réforme de leurs systèmes financiers à la fin des années quatre-vingts. Nous montrons que la libéralisation contribue à l’amélioration de la qualité du portefeuille bancaire, mais ne conduit pas nécessairement, en raison d’asymétrie informationnelle et de risques élevés, à une efficience accrue en matière d’allocation des crédits
Financial liberalization is designed to enhance economic growth by stimulating private savings, increasing productivity and investment. In developing countries where banks are usually predominant in financial systems, one of the main purposes of financial reforms is to increase savings mobilization and improve efficiency in credit allocation. Bank behavior regarding credit supply to the private sector represents therefore a crucial issue. The purpose of the dissertation is thus to analyze bank behavior after financial liberalization. This work is applied to two West-African countries, Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. We argue that financial liberalization may improve the soundness of bank portfolios, but may be not sufficient to improve savings mobilization and credit allocation

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has grown rapidly since independence in 1971, but much of this growth has been fuelled by expatriates. The UAE’s workforce now totals c.4.2 million, of which only 225,000 are Emiratis. Of more concern, just 10% of these are employed in the private sector (UAE Ministry of Labour cited by Salama, 2013). With 150,000 Emirati workers entering the job market by 2020 (Salama, 2013), this over reliance on public sector employment is not sustainable (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012). The private sector employment of Emiratis however, has proved problematic. Private sector employers have traditionally perceived Emiratis as unattractive employees and Nationals are not generally attracted to the sector. Nevertheless, there are Emiratis who have succeeded outside the government. Developing an in-depth understanding of why they engaged with the sector and how they succeeded within their organisation is critical to address the current challenge and attract more to do the same. We currently know little about the motivations and factors that influenced the career choice of Emiratis who joined the private sector and their subsequent experience. This study considers these questions and utilises the concept of employee engagement to frame the Emirati employee experience. The UAE’s banking sector is by far the largest employer of private sector based Emiratis. This research, therefore, explores the situation through the perspectives of Emirati employees that have joined a mid-sized local bank in the last three years. It is the first study of its kind and makes a three-fold contribution to producing actionable knowledge. Firstly, the findings will help the UAE private sector to attract new Emirati employees and strengthen existing engagement efforts to address the status quo and achieve, inter alia, a more effective Emirati workforce. Secondly, it explores the applicability of employee engagement in the UAE’s banking sector. Thirdly, it contributes towards the current public policy debate about how to encourage greater Emirati participation in the private sector. The study was shaped by the social constructionist philosophy and used mixed methods and an emergent approach to study the phenomenon in depth. Data was collected through; semi-structured interviews with 15 Emiratis, 5 formal group discussions in the form of action learning based sets, and an organisation wide quantitative survey. The research specifically adopted the principles of Action Research including iterative cycles of reflection and experiment/action and case study research. Significant issues were found for Emirati employees, including; challenges in building Meaningfulness, finding a trustworthy working environment, developing a career path, learning from colleagues and coping with significant social pressures. These challenges were explored in action learning sets where a collaborative effort was made to address the problems surfaced. The research confirmed the relevance of the employee engagement model but highlights the importance of a contextual perspective in order to surface the priority areas for action. It also moves the debate away from the overwhelming focus on pay and working hours, to much more subtle considerations that will need to be addressed by individual organisations.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar se existe convergÃncia no mercado de crÃdito bancÃrio brasileiro nas modalidades cheque especial e crÃdito pessoal entre os bancos pertencentes ao setor pÃblico e os bancos pertencentes ao setor privado. Para se chegar aos resultados utilizaram-se as taxas de juros coletadas no sÃtio do Banco Central, na internet, no perÃodo de fevereiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. Utilizaram-se, tambÃm, cÃlculos estatÃsticos e economÃtricos atravÃs da observaÃÃo e verificaÃÃo da existÃncia de raiz unitÃria pelos testes ADF e KPSS nas sÃries formadas pela razÃo das taxas de juros dos bancos pÃblicos X bancos privados para testar a convergÃncia entre as taxas dos dois setores. Espera-se colaborar com uma visÃo que dà sustentaÃÃo, ou nÃo, à tese de que o governo federal possa utilizar-se dos bancos pÃblicos para influenciar as taxas de juros praticadas no mercado de crÃdito bancÃrio brasileiro. Encontramos, nos resultados, indicativos de convergÃncia de parte dos bancos do setor privado e de divergÃncia de outra parte. Ressalte-se que os resultados foram diferenciados para as duas modalidades estudadas.
This study aims to verify whether there is convergence in the Brazilian banking credit market between the arrangements for overdraft and personal loans from banks in the public sector and those banks belonging to the private sector. To reach these results interest rates were collected from the Central Bank website on the Internet from February 2009 to December 2010. Statistical and econometric calculations were used through the observation and verification of ADF and KPSS Unit Root Tests for the series formed by the ratio of the interest rates of banks in the public and private sectors. It is hoped to collaborate with a view which does or does not support the thesis that the federal government can use public banks to regulate interest rates in the Brazilian banking credit market. The results indicate a convergence on the part of the private banks and a divergence by the public ones. It was noteworthy that the results were differentiated in the two modalities studied.

The aim of this thesis is to see in a descriptive manner, whether there is a difference in the ethical disposition of public and private banking sector managers in Tü
rkiye, according to two ethical theories: consequentialism (based on the consequences of the action) and deontologism (based on principles). The study analyzes the preferences of the managers both in the way of thinking and acting to see whether people act consistently with their way of thinking. The degree of validity of consequentialism/deontologism dichotomy and the daptability of these western theories to the Turkish context are also analyzed. Two hypotheses have been formed: private sector managers, young and male managers tend to be more consequentialist whereas public sector managers, elderly and female managers have a tendency toward deontologism. These hypotheses were tested on 58 managers working in the headquarters in Ankara (34 in the public, 24 in the private sector) through vignettes and interviews as data collection methods. As a result of the ANOVA analysis and content analysis performed on the data, private sector managers and male managers seem to be more consequentialist and they are consistent in their way of thinking and acting, but public sector managers, elderly and female managers do not have a tendency toward deontologism. The semistructured interviews showed that the level of awareness of the term ethics was low. Due to radical changes in social values in the last two decades in Tü
rkiye, contradictory values co-exist. The suitability of the consequentialist/deontological dichotomy may be questioned for Tü
rkiye.

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The objective of this work is to examine the level of bank credit in Brazil in the period after the Real Plan. To this, the work uses the Barajas and Steiner (2002) methodology but with a larger country sample (Brazil among nine Latin American countries and other forty outside Latin America). The results suggest that bank credit has not grown as expected and is still as volatile as the Latin America average. The size of the Brazilian banking system is not small as expected, but is less prone to lending to the private sector. Credit to the public sector still occupies a very important share of the Brazilian banking system balance sheet. About this matter the work shows that an increase in securitization could increase significantly the credit to the private sector.
O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o nível de crédito bancário no Brasil no período pós implantação do Plano Real. Para isso, o trabalho utiliza a metodologia de Barajas e Steiner (2002) mas utilizando uma amostra maior de países (além da economia brasileira, nove países da América Latina e quarenta não América Latina). Os resultados encontrados mostram que o crédito bancário historicamente não cresceu como o esperado e ainda é tão volátil quanto a média América latina. O sistema bancário não mostrou-se menor do que o esperado para a economia brasileira, mas é menos propenso ao crédito ao setor privado. O crédito ao setor público ainda ocupa uma fatia muito relevante no balanço do agregado bancário e sobre esse respeito o trabalho mostra que um aumento na securitização e cessão de crédito aumenta significativamente o crédito ao setor privado.

La privatisation a été identifiée comme un des phénomènes économiques les plusimportants de l’histoire récente, entre-temps la privatisation des banques a été acceptéecomme étant un des secteurs principaux de ce phénomène économique.En se basant sur l’importance de la privatisation des banques qui a lieu partout en Iran, cettethèse se divise en deux parties.Dans sa première partie, la thèse explore l’échec ou le succès de la privatisation desbanques en Iran en assumant comment la progression s’est faite durant les deux étapes deprivatisation et d’exécution, et spécifiquement afin d’identifier la combinaison de doublepropriété qui en est le résultat, ainsi que ses conséquences sur le contrôle de gestion desbanques privatisées.La deuxième partie se concentre sur la discussion concernant la condition de succèsnécessaire pour que les banques privées iraniennes continuent à fonctionner. À ces causes,la thèse essaie de localiser une compréhension des possibilités, des barrières et des limitesdes banques privatisées en particulier, et des transactions bancaires privées en général.Cette partie va également se concentrer sur les impacts de deux enjeux d’affaires de«Distribution d’actions Justice» avec la distribution 40%-50% des entreprises privatiséesparmi les déciles les plus bas du pays et « la propriété d’instituts semi-gouvernementaux »qui a formé la portion principale de la combinaison de propriété des banques privatisées.Subsidiairement, les méthodes pratiques probables proposées pour le succès des banquesprivées seront analysées en même temps que l’investigation de tout chaînon manquantprincipal, afin que le succès des banques privées en Iran continue.Cette thèse se veut originale de par son argument concernant une large étude détaillée de laprivatisation des banques en Iran, en se penchant particulièrement sur ses spécifications eten mettant en valeur la vulnérabilité et l’instabilité des banques privées dans les conditions actuelles de l’Iran, elle examine les diverses solutions qui permettraient de diluer le contrôlede gestion gouvernemental qui débouche du résultat de la combinaison de propriété desbanques privatisées, et se rendre compte de l’importance de l’entrée des investisseurs et desbanques étrangers comme étant le chaînon manquant du succès de la continuation desbanques en Iran
Privatization has been identified as one of the most remarkable economic phenomena in recenthistory; the privatization of banks, meanwhile, has been known to be the core segment of thiseconomic phenomena.Following to the nationwide importance of bank privatization in Iran, the aim of this thesis aretwo folds.In the first part, the thesis explores the failure or success of the privatization of banks in Iranby assuming how it has been progressed at the two stages of pre-privatization and execution,specifically to identify the resulted ownership combination, and its consequences onmanagement control of the privatized banks.The second part focuses on the discussion of success condition for continuation of privatebanking in Iran. Therefore, the thesis attempts to locate an understanding of the prospects,barriers and limitations of privatized banks in particular and private banking, in general.This part also focuses on the impacts of two issues of “Justice Shares Distribution” whichdeals with distributing 40%-50% of privatized enterprises among the lowest deciles of thecountry and “semi- government institute ownership” that has formed a main portion inownership combination of privatized banks.Alternatively, the probable practical methods proposed for success in private banking will beanalyzed along with investigating any principal missing links of success continuation for theexisted private banking in Iran.The claim to originality in this thesis therefore lies in its argument about detailed cross studyof bank privatization in Iran with particular focus on its specifications, emphasizing thevulnerability and instability of private banking in the current condition of Iran, examine thedifferent solution to dilute the government’s management control due to the resultedownership combination of privatized banks and to find out the importance of entry of theforeign investors and foreign banks as the missing link in successful continuation of bankingin Iran

La promoción del desarrollo sostenible es uno de los objetivos corporativos del Grupo Banco Mundial (GBM) en el contexto de la Agenda de Desarrollo 2030. Esta tesis doctoral pretende analizar el éxito del GBM en la consecución de este objetivo. Inicialmente, se evalúa el impacto global del GBM, comparando a continuación la influencia lograda mediante sus operaciones con el sector público y privado. Este análisis se desarrolla mediante dos modelos de inferencia basados en la lógica difusa, que toman en consideración el volumen de financiación concedida por el GBM y la calidad de los proyectos. Por último, se profundiza en las características del impacto logrado con las operaciones de la Corporación Financiera Internacional y el sector privado mediante un modelo econométrico estimado con el método de los momentos generalizados. En todos los casos, se realizan propuestas operativas para incrementar el impacto del GBM sobre el desarrollo sostenible.
Promoting sustainable development is one of the corporate goals of the World Bank Group (WBG) in the context of the Development Agenda 2030. This thesis aims to assess the success of the WBG in achieving this goal. Initially, the overall impact of the WBG is evaluated, following by a comparative evaluation of the influence achieved by WBG's operations through the public and private sector. This analysis is developed applying two models of fuzzy logic inference that take into consideration the amount of funding provided by the WBG and quality of projects. Finally, the thesis explores the specifics of the impact achieved by the WBG with the International Finance Corporation's (IFC) projects and the private sector by implementing an econometric model of generalized method of moments. In all cases, operational proposals are made to increase the impact of GBM on sustainable development.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research on this topic was motivated by the concern about the state of disarray in the public hospitals infrastructure and that due to budget constrain across the globe, the governments can no longer afford to provide public health services alone without the assistance of the private sector. South African public healthcare system continues to function in a state of disarray. Public hospitals serve the vast majority of the South African population, but are underfunded and in most cases these hospitals have ailing infrastructure. The study will look at the mechanism to fund public hospitals. This study examines the role that the Industrial Development Corporation and the Development Bank of Southern Africa can play in addressing the gap that exists in funding public hospitals. It will attempt to answer the following questions of concern, how is public healthcare financed in South Africa, what are the major challenges in financing public hospitals, what is the current role played by the Industrial Development Corporation and the Development Bank of Southern Africa in funding the public hospitals and what are the other possible solutions to address these challenges. The findings indicate that, despite the government funding the public hospitals there is a shortfall of funds for hospitals to complete the project that they are engage in. Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and other five cases of hospitals in KwaZulu Natal were looked at and confirmed that there is definitely a gap in funding public hospitals

Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Infrastructure has been hailed as a fundamental link between markets and other development sectors of the economy. For over a long time the delivery of infrastructure in Africa has been the domain of the public sector. However, because of the continued budgetary constraints, most governments are seeking the support of the private sector in the delivery of infrastructure. Recent studies have, however, revealed that private participation in infrastructure delivery is very low in Africa. The research noted that certain obstacles at macro level of the economy are responsible for the low private participation in infrastructure delivery. It is, therefore, important that we assess the methodologies that have been used to attract private sector participation in infrastructure delivery in Africa. One method that is gaining popularity in the developing world is the use of project finance. The research study sought to achieve two objectives. The first was to discover whether governance played a significant role in attracting foreign lenders to use project finance in the delivery of infrastructure in Africa. The second objective was to find out, given that governance does matter, which of the governance indicators were important and what their relationship was with loan syndication. The study adopted a quantitative approach using six governance indicators as independent variables. The governance indicators are compiled by a team at the World Bank and these governance indicators are available on the World Bank database. Loan tranches were used as observations for the dependent variable with the data for the tranches originating from loans that were advanced under project finance across Africa covering the period between 1996 and 2006. The multiple regression model also incorporated certain control variables the data for which were collected from various sources. Findings from the research study revealed that governance does matter and is positively related to loan syndication in project finance structures. It was revealed that all six governance indicators exerted a positive influence on loan syndication. The results also revealed that political instability and violence, and control of corruption were statistically insignificant. In addition it was found that rule of law exerted the most positive influence on the composition of loan syndication in project finance structures.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Infrastruktuur is al aangeprys as ‘n fundamentele skakel tussen markte en ander ontwikkelingsektore in die ekonomie. Die voorsiening van infrastruktuur in Afrika figureer lank reeds in die openbare sektor, maar as gevolg van die volgehoue begrotingsbeperkinge soek die meeste owerhede die steun van die privaatsektor wat betref die voorsiening van infrastruktuur. Onlangse studies het egter bevind dat private deelname in die aflewering van infrastuktuur in Afrika baie laag is. Die navorsing het aan die lig gebring dat daar sekere struikelblokke op die makrovlak van die ekonomie is wat verantwoordelik is vir die geringe privaat deelname in die voorsiening van infrastruktuur. Derhalwe is dit belangrik om die metodologieë wat gebruik is om privaatsektordeelname ten opsigte van infrastruktuurvoorsiening in Afrika te beoordeel. Een metode wat gewild raak in die Derde Wêreld, is die gebruik van projekfinansiering. Hierdie navorsingstudie probeer om twee doelwitte te bereik. Die eerste doelwit is om uit te vind of staatsbestuur ‘n betekenisvolle rol speel om buitelandse kredietverskaffers te lok om projekfinansiering vir infrastruktuuraflewering in Afrika te gebruik. Die tweede doelwit is om, gegewe staatsbestuur se belangrikheid, te bepaal watter van die staatsbestuuraanwysers belangrik is en wat hul verband met leningsindikasie is. Die studie het ‘n kwantitatiewe benadering gevolg en het ses staatsbestuuraanwysers gebruik as onafhanklike veranderlikes. Die staatsbestuuraanwyser is deur ‘n span van die Wêreldbank opgestel en die staatsbestuuraanwyswers is beskikbaar op die Wêreldbank se databasis. Leningdeel is gebruik as waarnemings vir die afhanklike veranderlike, en die data vir die leningdeel is afkomstig van lenings wat toegestaan is onder projekfinansiering dwarsoor Afrika vir die periode 1996 tot 2006. Die meervoudigeregressiemodel het ook sekere kontroleveranderlikes behels, en die data daarvoor is vanuit verskeie bronne ingewin. Die navorsingstudiebevindinge het aan die lig gebring dat staatsbestuur ter sake is en positief aansluit by die leningsindikasie in projekfinansieringstrukture. Dit het aan die lig gekom dat al ses staatsregeringsaanwysers ‘n positiewe invloed op leningsindikasie uitoefen. Die bevindinge het ook daarop gedui dat politieke onstabiliteit en geweld, en korrupsiebeheer statisties onbeduidend is. Daar is ook bevind dat die oppergesag van die reg die mees positiewe invloed op die samestelling van leningsindikasie in projekfinansieringstruksture uitoefen.

The subject of this thesis is to depict the financial provision of a public project during its implementation that includes the draft of its financial provision and the appraisal of the financial feasibility of the investment project. The theoretical part is focused on clarifying the basic concepts that explain the issues of public projects, the public sector and public procurement. The end of the theoretical part describes the various ways to finance public projects. The second part of the thesis is practical. In this part I focused on the creation of the ways to finance the project “Realization of energy savings” that are possible, including the reconstruction of the roof of the building of the Police of the Czech Republic in Brno, at street Cejl No. 474 and No. 159 and the proposal of the optimal financing options.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administração pública e de Empresas, Rio de Janeiro, 2015.
Bibliografia: p. 106-116.
As concessões e as Parcerias Público-Privadas (PPP) são mecanismos cada vez mais utilizados pelo setor público para alavancar os investimentos em infraestrutura no país. Para que haja viabilidade econômica das mesmas, as suas taxas internas de retorno (TIR) apresentam- se como variáveis que precisam refletir os riscos e a realidade do negócio. O presente estudo busca analisar as taxas de retorno utilizadas para a modelagem das tarifas - teto do setor de rodovias federais frente às especificidades do seu mercado. Para tal, são seguidas três frentes: a primeira é analisar a metodologia da taxa de retorno utilizada para a modelagem das concessões mais recentes de rodovias; a segunda é estimar uma taxa de retorno a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica; e a terceira é, por meio de dados de rentabilidade de balanços de concessionárias do setor, observar se as taxas de retorno das primeiras concessões foram devidamente calculadas na época. Na dissertação, concluímos que a atual metodologia da taxa de retorno do Tesouro Nacional pode ser aprimorada, principalmente em relação aos parâmetros de grau de alavancagem e capital de terceiros, e observamos que a taxa de retorno tem se aproximado do custo de oportunidade do setor ao longo das últimas etapas de concessão. O estudo visa contribuir para o debate sobre a rentabilidade dos projetos de infraestrutura rodoviária, em meio a um período de intensos investimentos no setor.
Concessions and Public-Private Partner ships (PPP) are mechanisms increasingly used by the public sector to enhance the investments in infrastructure in Brazil. To achieve economic viability in these projects, their internal rates of return (IRR) are variables which must reflect the risks and reality of the business. The present study seeks to analyse the IRRs used for modeling the price-caps of the federal highways' sector, under the specificities of such market. For this purpose, three approaches are pursued: the first one analyses the methodology of IRR calculation applied for modelling the most recent highway concessions; the second estimates an IRR based on bibliographic research; and the third makes use of data acquired from the balance sheets from the sector's concessionaries, to observe if the IRR for the first concessions of federal highways were propelly calculated at the time. In this dissertation, we concluded that the current National Treasury's methodology of the rate of return can be improved, especially in relation to parameters like leverage and debt, and we observed that the rate of return has come closer to the opportunity cost for the sector throughout the last concession rounds. This study aims to contribute to the debate on the profitability of road infrastructure projects, a midst a period of intense investments in the sector.

La présente thèse est composée d’un ensemble de travaux de recherche en économie appliquée qui s’inscrivent dans le champ contemporain de l’économie de l’assurance. La thèse s’interroge sur comment les pays en développement pourraient développer davantage le secteur d’assurance afin de bénéficier des effets sur l’économie domestique. La première partie de la thèse analyse les déterminants macroéconomiques du développement du secteur d’assurance. Premièrement, les résultats montrent que l'augmentation du revenu par habitant conduit à une augmentation des primes d'assurance-vie et l’assurance-vie est un bien de luxe en Afrique Subsaharienne (chapitre 2). On trouve également des preuves que l’impact marginal du revenu dépend de la qualité de l'environnement juridique et politique. Deuxièmement, l’analyse de l’effet des IDE montre que, ceux-ci constituent un facteur clé dans l'augmentation des primes d'assurance non-vie à la fois dans les pays d’Afrique Subsaharienne (ASS) et dans les autres pays en développement (chapitre 3). Troisièmement, les activités d’assurance-vie et bancaire sont substituables en ASS, cependant les résultats indiquent une causalité unidirectionnelle allant du crédit bancaire au secteur privé vers le développement des activités d’assurance-vie (chapitre 4). La deuxième partie de la thèse analyse l’impact du développement du secteur d’assurance sur l’économie des pays en développement. Premièrement, il apparaît que le développement de l'assurance-vie a un effet positif sur la croissance économique dans les pays en développement d'une part et d'autre part, l’effet marginal de l’assurance-vie est influencé par les caractéristiques structurelles des pays (chapitre 5). Les primes d'assurance augmentent de façon significative la valeur des titres négociés sur le marché financier aussi bien avant et après la crise de 2007(chapitre 6). Troisièmement, la thèse a montré qu’il existe une relation à long terme entre le développement de l’assurance non-vie et l’ouverture commerciale et que les primes d'assurance non-vie améliorent l'ouverture au commerce international aussi bien dans les pays en développement que spécifiquement dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu (chapitre 7)
This thesis is composed of a set of research in applied economics that enroll in the contemporary field of economics of insurance. The thesis analyses how developing countries could develop more the insurance sector and benefit from these effects on local economy. The first part explored the determinants of insurance development from a macroeconomic perspective. First, the results show that increase of income per capita leads to an increase in life insurance premiums and that life insurance is a luxury commodity in Sub-Saharan Africa (chapter 2). We also find evidence that the marginal impact of income varies according to the quality of legal and political environment. Second, analysis of effect of the FDI inflows shows that these are a key factor in increase of non-life insurance premiums in countries of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and in other developing countries (chapter 3). In chapter 4, the results highlighted that the activities of life insurance and banking are substitutable in SSA and, however, there is presence of unidirectional causality running from real private credit density to life insurance and insurance density. The second part of the thesis has analysed effect of development of insurance sector on economy in developing countries. First, it appears that the development of life insurance has a positive effect on economic growth on the one hand and on the other hand marginal effect of life insurance is influenced by the structural characteristics of countries (chapter 5). In chapter 6, the results showed that the insurance premiums significantly increase stock market value traded, before as well and after the 2007's economic crisis. Finally, the thesis showed that there is a long term relationship between the development of non-life insurance and trade openness and that non-life insurance premiums improve openness to international trade as well in developing countries than specifically in low and middle income countries (chapter 7)

In the master's thesis there is described financial assurance of public investment project. The teoretical part part focuses on clarifying the basic concepts of public project . There are described ways in which it is possible to finance public projects. The practical part deals with finding appropriate ways of project financing of road reconstruction II/422 delay the village Svatobořice – Mistřín and their comparison.

M.Cur.
Awareness of the growing list of potential and inherent risks and hazards associated with receiving donor blood has created a mushrooming interest in alternatives to blood transfusion. Despite the fact that there are programmes, protocols and guidelines in place in the private health sector, blood conservation has not got off the ground. Therefore the aim of this study was to explore and describe the perceptions of health-care professionals regarding blood conservation in the private health sector. An exploratory descriptive contextual design was employed. Data was collected through the use of semi-structured focus group and individual interviews. Conceptualisation as well as data from the interviews served as the basis for the formulation of guidelines for health-care professionals to improve blood conservation. The results of this research show that the interaction among health-care professionals are negatively influenced by the lack of communication, feedback, support and uncertainty, a lack of trust, education, planning, implementation, involvement, commitment and co-ordination. Therefore the outcome of blood conservation cannot be achieved. Effective communication, education and participatory management have to improve in order for these negative factors to be overcome. It is recommended that these guidelines be implemented to improve blood conservation in the private health sector. Conclusions, limitations and further recommendations were made based on the results of this study.

The project on comparative study on the performance of Public and Private Sector Banks has been a good experience. Efficiency and profitability of the banking sector in India has assumed primal importance due to intense competition, greater customer demands and changing banking reforms. Since competition cannot be observed directly, various indirect measures in the form of simple indicators on complex models have been devised and used both in theory and in practice. The study attempts to measure the relative performance of Indian Banks. For this study, I have used public sector banks (SBI, PNB, BOB) and private sector banks (ICICI, HDFC, AXIS). Segmentation of the banking sector in India was done on bank assets size. Overall, the analysis supports the conclusion that new banks are more efficient than old one. The public sector banks are not as profitable as other sectors are. It means that efficiency and profitability are interrelated. The key to increase performance depends upon ROA, ROE and NPM. The project starts with the objective of the study and methodology. Most of the researcher found that degree of efficiency of the bank largely determines the success or failure of overall operations of any bank. The project is a sincere effort to study and analyze the performance of the selected banks. The project focused on making the financial overview of the banks by conducting performance analysis for the year 2014 to 2019 and ratios and various components of efficiency analysis of banks. Analysis of the data is presented in the chapter four. It contains descriptive and comparative analysis of different years and correlation between the profitability and performance ratios. Finally findings and conclusion chapters includes a summary of the result found in the analysis portion.

The thesis examined the comprehensive causal relationship between the banking sector, stock market development and economic growth in a multi-variate framework using Zimbabwean time series data from 1988 to 2015. Three banking sector development proxies (total financial sector credit, banking credit to private sector and broad money M3) and three stock market development proxies (stock market capitalization, value traded and turnover ratio) were employed to estimate both long and short run relationships between banking sector, stock market and economic growth in Zimbabwe. The study employs the vector error correction model (VECM) as the main estimation technique and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach as a robustness testing technique. Results showed that in Zimbabwe a significant causal relationship from banking sector and stock market development to economic growth exists in the long run without any feedback effects. In the short run, however, a negative yet statistically significant causal relationship runs from economic growth to banking sector and stock market development in Zimbabwe. The study further concludes that there is a unidirectional causal relationship running from stock market development to banking sector development in Zimbabwe in both short and long run periods. Nonetheless this relationship between banking sector and stock markets has been found to be more significant in the short run than in the long run. The thesis adopts the complementary view and recommends for the spontaneity implementation of monetary policies as the economy grows. Monetary authorities should thus formulate policies to promote both banks and stock markets with corresponding growth in Zimbabwe’s economy.
Business Management
M. Com. (Business Management)

Mestrado em Ciências Económicas e Empresariais.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal identificar as determinantes do crédito bancário concedido ao setor privado, seguindo uma metodologia segmentada por tipo de crédito, à semelhança do modelo de Castro e Santos (2010). De forma a abranger o período conturbado pelo qual a economia portuguesa atravessa, foram introduzidas duas dummies artificiais, uma com o objetivo de captar a crise do subprime e outra a entrada da Troika. É, também, efetuada uma breve análise gráfica da evolução do crédito e suas determinantes em Portugal. Nas últimas duas décadas o crédito bancário em Portugal tem apresentado uma evolução ascendente, mas não de forma regular, condicionada por diversos fatores. Assistiu-se, nos últimos anos, a um abrandamento significativo desta fonte de financiamento, muito em prol da crise financeira sentida em Portugal. Foram estimadas três equações de forma individual, pelo método OLS e pelo SUR, para os três sectores privados: habitação, consumo e outros fins e sociedades não financeiras, com séries temporais trimestrais, enquadradas entre 1998 e 2012. Foi possível aferir que, no geral, o crédito é justificado pela despesa a que se destina, pelo custo do mesmo, pelo seu incumprimento e pela evolução da atividade económica. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, em termos gerais, os financiamentos concedidos ao sector privado, no período em análise, encontram-se em consonância com a evolução dos seus determinantes. Contudo, o cenário de crise que Portugal tem assistido nos últimos anos, o rácio de incumprimento, e o elevado nível de dívida, conduz a uma maior sensibilidade do sector bancário a mudanças adversas.
ABSTRACT: The main objective of the current study is to identify the determinants of bank credit to the private sector, following a methodology divided by type of credit, like Castro and Santos (2010) model. To cover the troubled period for which the Portuguese economy through, were incorporated two artificial dummies, one with the goal of capturing the subprime crisis and other entry of Troika. It also made a brief graphical analysis of credit developments and their determinants in Portugal. In the last two decades the banking credit in Portugal has shown an upward trend, but not regularly, conditioned by several factors. In recent years it is noted, a significant slowdown of this source of funding, much in favor of the financial crisis felt in Portugal. Three equations were estimated individually by OLS and SUR for the three private sectors: housing, consumption and other purposes and non-financial corporations, with quarterly time series between 1998 and 2012 was possible to infer that, in general, credit is justified by the expense that is intended, by cost, by his default and the evolution of economic activity. The results suggest that, in general terms, the loans granted to the private sector, in the period under review are in line with the evolution of its determinants. However, the scenario of crisis that Portugal has witnessed in recent years, the ratio of noncompliance, and the high level of debt, leads to greater sensitivity of the banking sector to adverse changes.