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Journal articles on the topic 'Privatization Program (Papua New Guinea)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

THOMASON, JANE. "A cautious approach to privatization in Papua New Guinea." Health Policy and Planning 9, no. 1 (1994): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/9.1.41.

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2

Genton, Blaise, Robin F. Anders, Michael P. Alpers, and John C. Reeder. "The malaria vaccine development program in Papua New Guinea." Trends in Parasitology 19, no. 6 (June 2003): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4922(03)00111-9.

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3

Ormsby, Alison. "Evaluating a Teacher Training Environmental Education Program in Papua New Guinea." Applied Environmental Education & Communication 1, no. 2 (January 2002): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15330150213998.

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4

Fajardo, Diego, Don R. La Bonte, and Robert L. Jarret. "Genetic Diversity in Papua New Guinea Sweetpotato Germplasm." HortScience 35, no. 4 (July 2000): 551C—551b. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.551c.

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The USDA gene bank currently maintains 668 accessions of cultivated sweetpotato and 219 accessions of related Ipomoea species. Information on the genetic diversity of the collection does not exist due to funding constraints. The development of a core collection would provide a subset of accessions that represent the genetic diversity of the main collection with a minimum of repetitiveness. The small size of the core collection would facilitate the evaluation of the accessions for economically important traits. The objective of this research is to develop a core collection of Papua New Guinea sweetpotato germplasm using the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) marker system. This approach to quantifying genetic diversity would later serve as a model for the development of a USDA sweetpotato germplasm core collection. The germplasm choosen for this study was collected from this crop's secondary center of genetic diversity based on its potential as a source of new traits. All genotypes were fingerprinted using four primer combinations that generated 224 markers. The molecular data was then analyzed using NTSYSpc 2.0 program to determine the relatedness of the genotypes. The molecular analysis showed a homogeneous genetic constitution. The extent of diversity among accessions was correlated with the geographic origin of the plant material.
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5

Hendri. "CARBON MANAGEMENT PROGRAM IN PAPUA REGION." JURNAL KEHUTANAN PAPUASIA 1, no. 1 (November 3, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46703/jurnalpapuasia.vol1.iss1.23.

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Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest tropical rainforest area, especially in Papua Island together with Papua New Guinea accounted the third largest tropical rainforests in the world, after the Amazon (336.7 million ha) and Congo (181.3 million ha). The total tropical rainforest area is 68.7 million ha contained Papua about 57% (39.2 million ha) and 43% (29.5 million ha) Papua New Guinea. Unfortunately, deforestation rates in the few decades increased from 1.39 million ha in the period 1985 – 1997 and 0.6 million ha in the period 2000 – 2005. The direct impact of rapid LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change & Forestry) changes since 1980`s has accumulated critical land by 29.0% of forest area in West Papua and 31.4% of forest area in Papua. Climate change affected in Papua region due to rapid amount GHG`s emissions into the atmosphere by increasing average temperature about 0.7oC, minimum temperature (0.7oC) and maximum temperature (1.2oC) during period 1996 – 2005. Other effects of climate change the decreased rainfall up to 26% per month in the last decade, 50% reduced total agriculture productivity, expanded malaria diseases, and increased extreme condition such as drought with intensity of forest fire detected in Sorong due to inter-annual climate variability events, such as the El-Niño event and flood due to the La-Niña event. However, it is difficult task to build mitigation and adaptation planning in the region or local scale due to the lack information, the lack human resources, and local topography and phenomena. In that case, so far, no study has been conducted in Papua region to build mitigation and adaptation planning for carbon management. Therefore, this study tries to promote a carbon management program for help local government to solve forest environmental problems consideration of climate change.
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6

Fajardo, Diego, Don R. La Bonte, and Robert L. Jarret. "553 Genetic Diversity in Papua New Guinea Sweetpotato Germplasm." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 491B—491. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.491b.

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The USDA gene bank currently maintains 668 accessions of cultivated sweetpotato and 219 accessions of related Ipomoea species. Information on the genetic diversity of the collection does not exist due to funding constraints. The development of a core collection would provide a subset of accessions that represent the genetic diversity of the main collection with a minimum of repetitiveness. The small size of the core collection would facilitate the evaluation of the accessions for economically important traits. The objective of this research is to develop a core collection of Papua New Guinea sweetpotato germplasm using the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) marker system. This approach to quantifying genetic diversity would later serve as a model for the development of a USDA sweetpotato germplasm core collection. The germplasm choosen for this study was collected from this crop's secondary center of genetic diversity based on its potential as a source of new traits. All genotypes were fingerprinted using four primer combinations that generated 224 markers. The molecular data was then analyzed using NTSYSpc 2.0 program to determine the relatedness of the genotypes. The molecular analysis showed a homogeneous genetic constitution. The extent of diversity among accessions was correlated with the geographic origin of the plant material.
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7

Wiesen, Eric, William Lagani, Gerard Sui, Johnnie Arava, Salim Reza, Sergey Diorditsa, and Yung-Ching Lin. "Assessment of the hepatitis B birth dose vaccination program, Papua New Guinea, 2014." Vaccine 34, no. 3 (January 2016): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.044.

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8

Ashwell, H. E. S., and L. Barclay. "A retrospective analysis of a community-based health program in Papua New Guinea." Health Promotion International 24, no. 2 (April 2, 2009): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dap009.

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9

Mitjà, Oriol, Raymond Paru, Russell Hays, Lysaght Griffin, Nedley Laban, Mellie Samson, and Quique Bassat. "The Impact of a Filariasis Control Program on Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5, no. 8 (August 23, 2011): e1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001286.

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10

Jusi, Petri, Roy Mumu, Sirpa H. Jarvenpaa, Barnabas Neausemale, and Eduardo Sangrador. "Road Asset Management System Implementation in Pacific Region: Papua New Guinea." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-41.

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The road network of Papua New Guinea includes 8,258 km of national classified roads and another 19,937 km of lesser-trafficked but equally important provincial roads. The value of the national road network is more than 5 billion Kina (US$1 billion). Maintaining this significant asset places a great responsibility on the government and the Department of Works (DOW). Sadly, insufficient attention has been given to maintaining the road network. There is no doubt that poorly maintained roads have a significant adverse effect on national economic growth, with an adverse effect on gross domestic product. In a developing country such as Papua New Guinea, there is always a need to provide a basic level of access to all areas of the country to be able to provide basic services for all the population (access to markets, administrative, health, education). A poorly maintained road network limits access and deprives rural populations of basic services. Therefore, DOW, with funds and guidance provided by the Asian Development Bank, has, with the assistance of a Finnroad consultant, developed a road asset management system (RAMS). RAMS is a tool for storing and presenting road data information, planning short-and long-term road maintenance, creating budgets, and maximizing economic returns of investments made for the road network. The government of Papua New Guinea has also established requirements for institutional reform and strengthening under its public sector reform program. Furthermore, responding to community and other stakeholder pressure, the government has committed itself to launching a road sector reform program.
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11

Brydon, Kerry, John Kamasua, Catherine Flynn, Robyn Mason, Rosa Au, Dora Ayius, and Ralph Hampson. "Developing an international social work education collaboration: A partnership approach between Monash University, Australia and University of Papua New Guinea." International Social Work 57, no. 6 (September 12, 2012): 590–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872812444939.

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In late 2009 staff from the Department of Social Work at Monash University in Australia responded to a call for expression of interest in becoming volunteers in a program sponsored by the Australian Group of Eight Universities that sought to strengthen teaching and curriculum development activities with the University of Papua New Guinea. The presenting request was for volunteers to conduct short teaching stints in Papua New Guinea. The discussion that follows considers some of the issues, challenges and opportunities involved in forging this international collaboration in social work education.
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WANG, SHIH-YU, JHEN-NIEN CHEN, BARRY C. RUSSELL, and WEI-JEN CHEN. "First record of Gauguin's blunt-nose lizardfish, Trachinocephalus gauguini Polanco, Acero & Betancur 2016 (Teleostei: Synodontidae) outside the Marquesas Archipelago." Zootaxa 4476, no. 1 (September 13, 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4476.1.14.

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Trachinocephalus gauguini Polanco, Acero & Betancur, 2016 was described based on eighteen specimens collected from off the Marquesas Islands, the only location where this species has been recorded until now. Through morphological and molecular examination of Trachinocephalus specimens collected from an exploratory cruise conducted in June 2014 under the Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos program along the northern coast of the New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, we demonstrate the presence of this species in Papua New Guinea waters. This new record suggests a wide distribution for this rarely collected species in the western Pacific Ocean.
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13

Ezebilo, Eugene. "Evaluation of Affordable Housing Program in Papua New Guinea: A Case of Port Moresby." Buildings 7, no. 4 (August 18, 2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings7030073.

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14

Carmone, A., C. A. Rodriguez, T. D. Frank, M. Kiromat, P. W. Bongi, R. G. Kuno, T. Palou, and M. F. Franke. "Increasing isoniazid preventive therapy uptake in an HIV program in rural Papua New Guinea." Public Health Action 7, no. 3 (September 21, 2017): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.17.0011.

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15

Anderson, Jane. "Struggling with ‘this gender relations thing’ in the Papua New Guinea Church Partnership Program." Gender, Place & Culture 22, no. 10 (October 20, 2014): 1357–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0966369x.2014.970133.

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16

Ikupu, Andrew, and Anne Glover. "Papua New Guinea Elementary Teacher Education: Mixed Mode Teacher Training for 16 000 Village Teachers." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 27, no. 2 (June 2002): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693910202700208.

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Ensuring a suitable supply of teachers in a climate of major structural and curriculum reform is not an easy task. It is even more difficult when a teacher education program is being developed simultaneously with the implementation of a new education program. Add to this the challenge of empowering communities to become active contributors in curriculum development and teacher education activities. This paper describes a model of teacher education developed in Papua New Guinea to meet these challenges. It is a cost-effective model which provides an immediate supply of teachers and involves communities in the process. The paper highlights contextual aspects of the teacher education curriculum, assessment processes and facilitation of training activities. The content of the paper is organised into four sections. Presented in the first section, as a background to the paper, is a brief history of Papua New Guinea's education system. This is followed by a description of the Education Reform (including the new Elementary Education Program), as a backdrop to a discussion on the Elementary Teacher Education Program in the third section. Some emergent issues are presented as challenges in the fourth section.
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17

Baddam, Ramani, Kwai-Lin Thong, Tiruvayipati Suma Avasthi, Sabiha Shaik, Kien-Pong Yap, Cindy Shuan Ju Teh, Lay-Ching Chai, Narender Kumar, and Niyaz Ahmed. "Whole-Genome Sequences and Comparative Genomics of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Isolates from Patients with Fatal and Nonfatal Typhoid Fever in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Bacteriology 194, no. 18 (August 28, 2012): 5122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01051-12.

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ABSTRACTMany of the developing countries of the Southeast Asian region are significantly affected by endemic typhoid fever, possibly as a result of marginal living standards. It is an important public health problem in countries such as Papua New Guinea, which is geographically close to some of the foci of endemicity in Asia. The severity of the disease varies in different regions, and this may be attributable to genetic diversity among the native strains. Genome sequence data on strains from different countries are needed to clearly understand their genetic makeup and virulence potential. We describe the genomes of twoSalmonellaTyphi isolates from patients with fatal and nonfatal cases of typhoid fever in Papua New Guinea. We discuss in brief the underlying sequencing methodology, assembly, genome statistics, and important features of the two draft genomes, which form an essential step in our functional molecular infection epidemiology program centering on typhoid fever. The comparative genomics of these and other isolates would enable us to identify genetic rearrangements and mechanisms responsible for endemicity and the differential severity of pathogenic salmonellae in Papua New Guinea and elsewhere.
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18

Seal, Emma, and Emma Sherry. "Exploring Empowerment and Gender Relations in a Sport for Development Program in Papua New Guinea." Sociology of Sport Journal 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0166.

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There is a growing body of research that has started to carefully consider the increased presence of girls and women in sport-for-development (SFD). The purpose of this study was to contribute to contextual understandings of empowerment by providing a nuanced reading of micro-level interactions that can disrupt traditional gendered relations. Our research explored the emerging outcomes of a SFD program in Papua New Guinea targeted at young women. We hope to foster a greater understanding of women’s experiences in constrained sociocultural contexts and make sense of the lived reality of doing sport-based development work. The results of our qualitative work demonstrate the importance of exploring nuanced, relational, and embodied processes occurring in day-to-day situations that can lead to transformative change in localized settings.
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19

Kamblijambi, Julie Kep, and Eleanor Holroyd. "Papua New Guinea midwives perspectives of the effect of a targeted village birth attendant education program." Midwifery 52 (September 2017): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.04.007.

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20

Chen, Gene, Ming-Yu Hsieh, Andy Wei-Ge Chen, Nina Hsiao-Ling Kao, and Mu-Kuan Chen. "The effectiveness of school educating program for betel quid chewing: A pilot study in Papua New Guinea." Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 81, no. 4 (April 2018): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2017.10.001.

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21

Varpit, Francisca, and Bruce Gummow. "A Serological Survey of Selected Papua New Guinea Blood Donors for Hepatitis B and Related Co-Infections." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030108.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious problem and earlier studies in Papua New Guinea have reported a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection. These studies were undertaken using insensitive tests and before an expanded immunization program. The current HBV status is therefore uncertain. A retrospective study to investigate the HBV status was carried out using blood donor data at Nonga General Hospital, East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea, from January 2003 to December 2018. Additional data for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, syphilis and hepatitis C virus were also collected. Data were analysed using NCSS statistical software. The mean hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) sero-prevalence was 21% for the period of study and showed a downward trend over the period of the study, which may reflect the effect of the extended immunization program. HBsAg prevalence in male donors (23%) was significantly higher than females (16%). Donors living in Pomio district had a significantly lower proportion of sero-positive HBsAg donors (7%) than Gazelle (22%), Kokopo (22%) and Rabaul (20%), which was attributed to this district’s geographical isolation. Ethnically, Pomios donors (8%) had significantly lower HBsAg prevalence than the Taulils, (29%), Bainings (21%) and Tolais (21%). Fifteen to nineteen year olds (23%) were the predominant age group affected, and vertical or perinatal transmission was probably the primary transmission route. Our findings call for greater awareness on the part of public policy makers and should be considered when planning future public health campaigns.
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22

Duarte, Fernanda de Paiva, and Benedict Young Imbun. "Food security in Papua New Guinea: the need to go beyond “business case CSR”." Social Responsibility Journal 12, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-09-2015-0129.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to canvass the views of villagers from a remote region of Papua New Guinea (PNG) on food security issues in their community and their level of satisfaction with food security initiatives provided by the extractive company that operated on their land. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative design: data gathered through 14 semi-structured, face-to-face interviews and a discussion forum with 20 villagers from Pawa. Purposive sampling. Snow-balling method of recruitment. Findings Food security was identified as a growing concern among the villagers, who also expressed dissatisfaction with the food security projects offered through the corporate social responsibility (CSR) program offered by the company operating on their land. Communication problems between company and community and lack of trust were evident. Research limitations/implications Possibility of self-selection bias among participants. The perspective of the company was under-represented. Practical implications The study highlights the need for CSR practitioners to be mindful of the importance of effective communication with local communities. Social Implications The study reveals the importance of meaningful dialogue between company and host communities, which can lead to a more efficient allocation of resources and empowerment of host communities. Originality/value The study bridges a research gap in the field of CSR in developing countries because food security, as a CSR issue in PNG communities, is under-researched. The study contributes to a better understanding of company –community relations in PNG and how these relations can be improved through a more normative approach to CSR. It also highlights the importance of empowering host communities through meaningful dialogue.
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23

Daoni, Esorom, Urarang Kitur, Apa Parunga, Fabian Ndenzako, Agatha Lloyd, and Dongbao Yu. "Experience in Piloting HIV Drug Resistance Early Warning Indicators to Improve the Antiretroviral Program in Papua New Guinea." Clinical Infectious Diseases 54, suppl_4 (May 15, 2012): S303—S305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir994.

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24

Yann, Meunier. "A public health program and others for about 10,000 villagers in the Kutubu area of Papua New Guinea (PNG)." Community Medicine and Health Education Research 1, no. 1 (December 14, 2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33702/cmher.201901.1.4.

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The paper describes the health conditions in villages of the Kutubu area in the Southern Highlands province of Papua New Guinea from 1993 to 1995. A set of actions were planned aiming at improving the health status of people living in these villages as well as the efficiency of medical services provided to these communities through a public health program, which did not exist earlier. After two years, it was shown that the combination of an adequate action plan, appropriate human and financial resources can produce significant results and marked improvement health wise for a population in dire needs.
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25

Hammar, Lawrence. "Bodies and Methods in Motion." Practicing Anthropology 26, no. 4 (September 1, 2004): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.26.4.3l786822233776u1.

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As a cultural anthropologist who specializes in gender and sexuality research in Papua New Guinea (PNG), I was honored to become Senior Research Fellow of the Operational Research Unit (ORU) at the Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research (IMR) in Goroka, capital of Eastern Highlands Province. I now head the Anthropology Section thereof. Although I am the only anthropologist there, even our new behavioral health nursing officer can't seem to get enough tape transcription and use of Atlas.ti, a qualitative data software program! The anthropology bug that bit me long ago was spawned by qualitative parents. It infected me with a missionary zeal about qualitative methods and perspectives that I have tried to instill in our new ORU as we have taken on exciting new projects. As well, I have returned four times to the site of Ph.D. dissertation research I conducted over one decade ago—Daru, capital of PNG's Western Province. Adding to this, on August 2, 2003, I got married PNG-style (yep—bridewealth, pigs, and everything), to my longtime companion (Urakume Mahala, nee Cassandra Lee) who also fell in love with PNG.
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Burkot, Camilla, Laura Naidi, Liesel Seehofer, and Kevin Miles. "Perceptions of incentives offered in a community-based malaria diagnosis and treatment program in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea." Social Science & Medicine 190 (October 2017): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.08.026.

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27

Ishikawa, Naoto, and Gina Marie Frost. "Magnetic properties of sediments from Ocean Drilling Program sites 1109, 1115, and 1118 (Leg 180), Woodlark Basin (Papua New Guinea)." Earth, Planets and Space 54, no. 9 (September 2002): 883–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03352436.

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28

Masud, Abdu, and Abubakar Abdullah. "Tinjauan Filogenetik Kupu-Kupu Ornithoptera spp. Berdasarkan Sekuen Mitokondria ND5 Gen." TECHNO: JURNAL PENELITIAN 6, no. 02 (January 3, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33387/tk.v6i02.568.

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AbstrakOrnithoptera spp adalah salah satu kupu-kupu berukuran besar (makro lepidoptera) yang memiliki nilai estetika yang tinggi. Penyebaran kupu-kupu ini ditemukan di wilayah Maluku dan Papua. Salah satu aspek konservasi dari eksistensi kupu-kupu ini adalah database keanekaragaman dan kekerabatan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari studi kekerabatan Ornitoptera spp adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan Ornitoptera spp berdasarkan penanda molekuler gen ND5 pada mitokondria. Hubungan kekerabatan tersebut dapat dilihat dari pohon filogeni yang dikonstruksi berdasarkan sequence nukleotida pada gen ND5. Sequence gen ND5 diperoleh dari National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) dan alignment sequence untuk konstruksi pohon filogenetik menggunakan program Clustal W yang diakses dari National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) secara online. Pohon filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa Ornithoptera alexandea asal Papua New Guinea merupakan nenek moyang dari Ornithoptera spp. Onithoptera aesachus asal Pulau Obi dan Ornithoptera croesus asal pulau Bacan merupakan spesies Ornithoptera yang paling modern dan memiliki tingkat evolusioner termuda berdasarkan pohon filogenetik.Kata kunci: Ornithoptera spp, filogenetik, ND5 gen. AbstractOrnithoptera spp is one of macrolepidoptera butterflies, its has hight aestehical value. The distribution of butterflies are found in Maluku and Papua region. One aspect as conservation of the exixtence butterflies is the database diversity and genetic relationship. The objectif of the research is to know genetic relationship of Ornithoptera spp based on moleculer marker of the ND5 gene mitokondrial. The genetic relationship can be knowed from the phylogenetic tree construction by sequence ND5 gene mitocondial. The Sequence ND5 gene is obstained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and alignment sequence for the construction phylogenetic tree using Clustal W program acces from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) online. The phylogenetic tree showed that Ornithoptera alexandea from Papua New Guinea is the ancestor for Ornithoptera spp. Onithoptera aesachus from Obi island dan Ornithoptera croesus from Bacan island is Ornithoptera’s most modern spesies and has the youngest evolutionary level by phylogenetic tree.Keywords: Ornithoptera spp, phylogenetic, ND5 genes.
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Sumarsono, Adi, Nurcholis, and Sri Winarsih. "Program Kemitraan Masyarakat: Pemanfaatan Pangan Lokal sebagai Sumber Asupan Gizi bagi Balita Prasejahtera Daerah Perbatasan di Kabupaten Merauke." Agrokreatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 5, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/agrokreatif.5.3.258-265.

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The phenomenon of children suffering from malnutrition in the Asmat Regency, Papua Province is still the subject of national media coverage and is one of the benchmarks of the government's success in implementing pro-people programs. This community partnership activity is intended to increase knowledge, understanding, and skills of the parents of pre prosperous families live in the border regions of the Republic of Indonesia/Papua New Guinea (RI/PNG) in processing and utilizing local food as a source of nutritional intake. Method of the activity consisted of: training and mentoring. The improvement program uses standard limits on eligibility and limits on achievement of change. The Community Partnership Program (PKM) has succeeded in increasing the knowledge and care of parents of pre-prosperous families for the nutritional needs of their sons and daughters, and improving the parents’ skills in growing local food using home yards. Increased skills can be seen from the results of the creativity of citizens in making food creations that are in accordance with the concept of adequate nutrition using local food.
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Guy, Adrian. "Frameworks for evaluating law and justice development assistance: Lessons from Australia’s involvement in PNG." Alternative Law Journal 46, no. 3 (June 8, 2021): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x211021927.

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For over 20 years Australia has provided assistance to Papua New Guinea in the development of their law and justice sector. The Justice Services and Stability for Development program is the most recent of such law and justice development assistance programs. Much like its predecessors, while it made some achievements, efforts have ultimately underperformed due to an inadequate and donor-centric monitoring and evaluation framework. It is contended that although an ideal monitoring and evaluation framework will not guarantee development results, it is a prerequisite. This ideal framework adopts the learning-effectiveness model and constructivist approach, relies on mechanisms such as self-reporting and qualitative research tested against context-centric indicators and is necessarily staged in its rollout design.
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Eisemberg, Carla C., Yolarnie Amepou, Mark Rose, Benedict Yaru, and Arthur Georges. "Defining priority areas through social and biological data for the pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) conservation program in the Kikori Region, Papua New Guinea." Journal for Nature Conservation 28 (November 2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2015.08.003.

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32

FAGAN-JEFFRIES, ERINN P., and ANDREW D. AUSTIN. "Four new species of parasitoid wasp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) described through a citizen science partnership with schools in regional South Australia." Zootaxa 4949, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.4.

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Involving the community in taxonomic research has the potential to increase the awareness, appreciation and value of taxonomy in the public sphere. We report here on a trial citizen science project, Insect Investigators, which partners taxonomists with school students to monitor Malaise traps and prioritise the description of new species collected. In this initial trial, four schools in regional South Australia participated in the program and all collected new species of the braconid subfamily Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). These four species are here described as new, with the names being chosen in collaboration with the participating school students: Choeras ramcomarmorata Fagan-Jeffries & Austin sp. nov., Glyptapanteles drioplanetus Fagan-Jeffries & Austin sp. nov., Dolichogenidea franklinharbourensis Fagan-Jeffries & Austin sp. nov. and Miropotes waikerieyeties Fagan-Jeffries & Austin sp. nov. All four species are diagnosed against the known members of the genera from Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Samoa and Papua New Guinea, and images and COI DNA barcodes are provided of the holotypes. Students had positive feedback about their experiences of the program, and there is significant potential for it to be expanded and used as a means to connect communities with taxonomic science.
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OKAMOTO, MAKOTO, WEI-JEN CHEN, and GENTO SHINOHARA. "Epigonus okamotoi (Perciformes: Epigonidae), a junior synonym of E. draco, with new distributional records for E. atherinoides and E. lifouensis in the West Pacific." Zootaxa 4476, no. 1 (September 13, 2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4476.1.13.

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Epigonus okamotoi Fricke, 2017 was originally described on the basis of a single specimen collected from New Britain, Papua New Guinea during one of the exploratory cruises (campaign: MADEEP) in 2014 organized under the Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos program. However, there are no clear differences in the meristic and morphometric characters between the holotype of the new species and specimens of E. draco Okamoto, 2015, including two additional specimens of the species found in the ichthyological collections in the NTUM. The genetic distance (p-distance) between the two “species” at the COI locus was negligible. Accordingly, the holotype of E. okamotoi is considered to be a specimen of E. draco, and the former nominal species is reduced to a junior synonym of E. draco. In addition, we rediagnose and report new distributional records for E. atherinoides (Gilbert, 1905) and E. lifouensis Okamoto & Motomura, 2013 in the West Pacific.
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Bost, Jeff. "Evaluation for management and development." Evaluation Journal of Australasia 6, no. 1 (March 2006): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035719x0600600104.

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This article examines an evaluation currently being undertaken in Papua New Guinea. The evaluation is designed to assist an organisation (comprising a donor agency, a recipient government department and a managing contractor) with the management and further development of an aid program set in the education sector. The challenge facing the organisation has been how to devise and implement a comprehensive managerial approach that will enable improvement of the existing program, the subsequent design of a new program and, at the same time, support a third objective of creating an ongoing culture of evaluation. In responding to that challenge the organisation has committed to the use of structured evaluation processes. Specifi cally, it has decided to implement a range of ‘front end’ evaluative approaches-developmental, evaluability assessment and program logic-drawn from the interactive and clarifi cative forms presented in Owen's (1999) conceptual framework. The article outlines the interventions that have been undertaken and assesses progress to date. Examples of completed activities are outlined and some innovative monitoring evaluative tools are introduced, such as the ‘capacity scale’ and the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) template. The paper concludes with some thoughts on the role of evaluation for management and development for achieving continuous improvement.
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Koponen, Timo. "Finnish–Hungarian Cooperation in Bryology; Memories from Excursions, Congresses and Research with Professor Tamás Pócs." Polish Botanical Journal 58, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pbj-2013-0002.

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Abstract The paper describes Professor Tamás Pócs’ cooperation with Finnish bryologists and other cryptogam taxonomists. Cooperation began with exchange of reprints in 1966 and identification of African bryophyte specimens in 1973. In 1976, Timo Koponen visited Budapest and Eger, and joint work continued during a University of Helsinki Department of Botany student excursion to Tanzania in 1988. Tamás Pócs, then a professor at Sokoine Agricultural University, arranged the logistics for the preparatory visit of four teachers as well as for the excursion itself. Later, Pócs participated in the Congress of Eastern Asiatic Bryology, the EU-funded ‘Advanced instruction in bryology and lichenology’ (Large Scale Facility) program and the ‘Bryophyte Flora of the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea’ project organized in Helsinki. He was elected a corresponding member of the Finnish Bryological Society in 2009.
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Maina, Solomon, Martin J. Barbetti, Owain R. Edwards, David Minemba, Michael W. Areke, and Roger A. C. Jones. "Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Genomic Sequences from Papua New Guinea: Lack of Genetic Connectivity with Northern Australian or East Timorese Genomes, and New Recombination Findings." Plant Disease 103, no. 6 (June 2019): 1326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-18-1666-re.

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Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) isolates were obtained in Papua New Guinea (PNG) from cucumber (Cucumis sativus) or pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) plants showing mosaic symptoms growing at Kongop in the Mount Hagen District, Western Highlands Province, or Zage in the Goroka District, Eastern Highlands Province. The samples were blotted onto FTA cards, which were sent to Australia, where they were subjected to high-throughput sequencing. When the coding regions of the nine new ZYMV genomic sequences found were compared with those of 64 other ZYMV sequences from elsewhere, they grouped together, forming new minor phylogroup VII within ZYMV’s major phylogroup A. Genetic connectivity was lacking between ZYMV genomic sequences from PNG and its neighboring countries, Australia and East Timor; the closest match between a PNG and any other genomic sequence was a 92.8% nucleotide identity with a sequence in major phylogroup A’s minor phylogroup VI from Japan. When the RDP5.2 recombination analysis program was used to compare 66 ZYMV sequences, evidence was obtained of 30 firm recombination events involving 41 sequences, and all isolates from PNG were recombinants. There were 21 sequences without recombination events in major phylogroup A, whereas there were only 4 such sequences within major phylogroup B. ZYMV’s P1, Cl, N1a-Pro, P3, CP, and NIb regions contained the highest evidence of recombination breakpoints. Following removal of recombinant sequences, seven minor phylogroups were absent (I, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII), leaving only minor phylogroups II and IX. By contrast, when a phylogenetic tree was constructed using recombinant sequences with their recombinationally derived tracts removed before analysis, five previous minor phylogroups remained unchanged within major phylogroup A (II, III, IV, V, and VII) while four formed two new merged phylogroups (I/VI and VIII/IX). Absence of genetic connectivity between PNG, Australian, and East Timorese ZYMV sequences, and the 92.8% nucleotide identity between a PNG sequence and the closest sequence from elsewhere, suggest that a single introduction may have occurred followed by subsequent evolution to adapt to the PNG environment. The need for enhanced biosecurity measures to protect against potentially damaging virus movements crossing the seas separating neighboring countries in this region of the world is discussed.
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Week, David. "Values in conflict in cross-cultural architectural encounters." Evaluation Journal of Australasia 20, no. 2 (June 2020): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035719x20927145.

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In an international development assistance context, in which representatives of higher income countries and global institutions meet with people of very different cultures, values can conflict. My experience working on a Community Based Building Program in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea in the 1980s introduced me to the thinking styles, beliefs and values of another culture with traditions very different from my own. Evaluators experience this conflict when they work alongside members of another culture, while at the same time adhering to established methods and values from their own culture or professional practice. To help with this, evaluators can identify the benefits in local knowledge, and assist all parties to build an awareness of both explicit and tacit values employed – including those of the evaluators themselves – while in the process of undertaking an evaluation.
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Bainton, Nicholas A., Chris Ballard, Kirsty Gillespie, and Nicholas Hall. "Stepping Stones Across the Lihir Islands: Developing Cultural Heritage Management in the Context of a Gold-Mining Operation." International Journal of Cultural Property 18, no. 1 (February 2011): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739111000087.

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AbstractLarge-scale resource extraction projects often create obstacles for the protection, maintenance, and inheritance of indigenous cultural heritage. In this article we detail some of the challenges and opportunities arising from our collaborative partnership with the community of the Lihir Islands in Papua New Guinea, which is seeking to establish, inform, and resource a formal cultural heritage management program in the context of a large-scale gold-mining operation. The general approach to this collaborative venture involves the application of a specific development tool, the Stepping Stones for Cultural Heritage program. This consultative process is innovative in both Melanesia and the context of resource extraction, but also more generally within the field of cultural heritage. We describe the outcomes of this process and some of the initial pilot projects, one of which was based on the recording of traditional Lihirian songs. We also argue that while the mine places greater pressure upon Lihirian cultural heritage, it also presents Lihirians with the opportunity to realize a vision of their cultural future that is beyond the reach of many other indigenous communities.
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Carmone, Andy, Korai Bomai, Wayaki Bongi, Tarua Dale Frank, Huleve Dalepa, Betty Loifa, Mobumo Kiromat, Sarthak Das, and Molly F. Franke. "Partner testing, linkage to care, and HIV-free survival in a program to prevent parent-to-child transmission of HIV in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea." Global Health Action 7, no. 1 (August 27, 2014): 24995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.24995.

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40

Macadam, R. D. "From pushing production inputs to empowering the community: a case study in the transformation of an extension agency." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 4 (2000): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99118.

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The Oil Palm Industry Corporation of Papua New Guinea is transforming itself under the leadership of a Chief Executive Officer appointed in February 1996. During 1997, a team from the University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury designed and initiated an Industry Learning and Leadership Development Program for OPIC. It began in October 1997 and finished in June 1999. The hypothesis is presented that the process, which the program is a part of, is enabling a transformation that constitutes a fundamental paradigm shift, from a production input and technology transfer model of extension to a systemic, community-development oriented one. The case for the hypothesis is pursued through an account of the experience of the program, and critical reflection on it. The outcomes of this are related to the challenge presented by a paradigm shift in extension. Praxis and effective leadership of it are put forward as an appropriate response. This is characterised by (i) widespread dissatisfaction with the pre-existing situation; (ii) conceptualisation of an alternative based on shared values, (iii) facilitation of theory-informed practice in the local context, and critical reflection on it, (iv) the internal capacity of the system to translate opportunities for reform into protocols and procedures, (v) the imprimatur of the ‘owners’ of the system, and (vi) access to needed resources.
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41

Flint, James, and Margaret Morisause. "Identifying barriers to accessing family planning contraceptives among women aged 15-49 years in Maprik District, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, 2014." Pacific Journal of Reproductive Health 1, no. 5 (June 29, 2017): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.18313/2017.902.

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<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p><p>Family Planning is central to the empowerment of women and a key factor reducing poverty. However, millions of women around the world are not accessing safe and effective family planning methods. This study determined contraceptive prevalence and identified barriers to using modern contraception in the Maprik district of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Methods</strong></p><p>Data from the National Health Information System (NHIS) and a survey of women presenting to outpatient clinics was used to estimate contraceptive prevalence. The in-person interviews, which also sought to understand barriers to using modern contraceptives, included women aged 15-49 years from three different health facility catchments. A population based awareness campaign promoting family planning was undertaken through mass media (local radio) and targeted information sessions.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Findings</strong></p><p>The retrospective review of NHIS data indicated a contraceptive prevalence of 38% while the survey indicated a prevalence of 30%. Of the women interviewed, 46% indicated having an unintended pregnancy and 16% had sought to end a pregnancy. Of those women who were not using modern contraceptives, 19% lacked knowledge on methods to avoid pregnancy and 13% were concerned about side effects from using modern contraceptives. A family planning awareness program resulted in a notable increase in the number of men having a vasectomy.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p>This study confirmed low contraceptive prevalence estimates in Maprik District and identified the key barriers to contraceptive use that can be effectively addressed. Continued awareness campaigns are necessary to address key knowledge gaps and alleviate fears about the side effects of contraceptive use. </p>
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42

Ward, Michael P., and Victoria J. Brookes. "Rabies in Our Neighbourhood: Preparedness for an Emerging Infectious Disease." Pathogens 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030375.

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Emerging infectious disease (EID) events have the potential to cause devastating impacts on human, animal and environmental health. A range of tools exist which can be applied to address EID event detection, preparedness and response. Here we use a case study of rabies in Southeast Asia and Oceania to illustrate, via nearly a decade of research activities, how such tools can be systematically integrated into a framework for EID preparedness. During the past three decades, canine rabies has spread to previously free areas of Southeast Asia, threatening the rabies-free status of countries such as Timor Leste, Papua New Guinea and Australia. The program of research to address rabies preparedness in the Oceanic region has included scanning and surveillance to define the emerging nature of canine rabies within the Southeast Asia region; field studies to collect information on potential reservoir species, their distribution and behaviour; participatory and sociological studies to identify priorities for disease response; and targeted risk assessment and disease modelling studies. Lessons learnt include the need to develop methods to collect data in remote regions, and the need to continuously evaluate and update requirements for preparedness in response to evolving drivers of emerging infectious disease.
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43

He, Guohao, C. S. Prakash, and R. L. Jarret. "Analysis of genetic diversity in a sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) germplasm collection using DNA amplification fingerprinting." Genome 38, no. 5 (October 1, 1995): 938–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-123.

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A DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) approach was employed to develop individual-specific profiles and analyze genetic relationships among 73 plant introductions of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) including unadapted lines from around the world and a few selected U.S.A. cultivars. Reliable and informative fingerprint profiles were obtained employing single octamer primers and Stoffel fragment Taq polymerase in the polymerase chain reaction, polyacrylamide-based vinyl polymer for electrophoresis, and silver staining to visualize the DNA. Using seven highly informative octamer primers, individual-specific DAF profiles were obtained for all accessions tested. The degree of polymorphism in the sweetpotato collection was very large, indicating a high level of genetic variability. Several accessions clustered together based on their geographic source. Most U.S.A. cultivars formed a separate cluster in the phenogram, while accessions from Papua New Guinea exhibited the highest genetic diversity. The wild species I. triloba and tetraploid I. batatas formed a group distinct from the cultivated sweetpotato. DAF appears to be useful in sweetpotato germplasm characterization and may be employed to identify duplicate accessions or for creation of core subsets. DAF data may also be useful for facilitating the selection of parents for a breeding program to ensure a broad genetic base.Key words: DNA fingerprinting, DNA markers, germplasm, genetic diversity, RAPD markers.
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44

Mather, James H. "Seasonal Variability in Clouds and Radiation at the Manus ARM Site." Journal of Climate 18, no. 13 (July 1, 2005): 2417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3401.1.

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Abstract The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program operates three climate observation stations in the tropical western Pacific region. One of these sites, located on Manus Island in Papua New Guinea, has been operating since 1996. The Manus ARM site includes an extensive array of instruments chosen to observe cloud properties, water vapor and temperature profiles, and the surface radiation budget. This dataset provides an opportunity to examine variability in tropical cloudiness on a wide range of time scales. The focus of this study is on the annual cycle. Analysis of cloud distribution and radiation data from Manus reveals a clear annual cycle in clouds associated with convective activity. The most convectively active period is found to be the Northern Hemisphere summer, while the least active period is the Northern Hemisphere autumn. Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data are also examined in order to relate observations at Manus with the surrounding region. Significant differences are found between the annual cycle at Manus and adjacent large islands within the Maritime Continent. Analysis of the combined ARM–OLR data suggests that during the Northern Hemisphere winter, a significant amount of the high clouds observed over Manus are associated with continental convection over the large Maritime Continent islands.
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45

Long, C. N., S. A. McFarlane, A. Del Genio, P. Minnis, T. P. Ackerman, J. Mather, J. Comstock, G. G. Mace, M. Jensen, and C. Jakob. "ARM Research In The Equatorial Western Pacific: A Decade And Counting." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 695–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00137.1.

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The tropical western Pacific (TWP) is an important climatic region. Strong solar heating, warm sea surface temperatures, and the annual progression of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) across this region generate abundant convective systems, which through their effects on the heat and water budgets have a profound impact on global climate and precipitation. In order to accurately evaluate tropical cloud systems in models, measurements of tropical clouds, the environment in which they reside, and their impact on the radiation and water budgets are needed. Because of the remote location, ground-based datasets of cloud, atmosphere, and radiation properties from the TWP region have come primarily from shortterm field experiments. While providing extremely useful information on physical processes, these short-term datasets are limited in statistical and climatological information. To provide longterm measurements of the surface radiation budget in the tropics and the atmospheric properties that affect it, the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program established a measurement site on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, in 1996 and on the island republic of Nauru in late 1998. These sites provide unique datasets now available for more than 10 years on Manus and Nauru. This article presents examples of the scientific use of these datasets including characterization of cloud properties, analysis of cloud radiative forcing, model studies of tropical clouds and processes, and validation of satellite algorithms. New instrumentation recently installed at the Manus site will provide expanded opportunities for tropical atmospheric science.
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46

Ila, Rhoda K., Venkat N. Vangaveti, and Usman H. Malabu. "High rate of diabetes in the Asia-Pacific Island: Possible role of rapid urbanization – A hospital based study." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 6, no. 2 (April 22, 2017): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v6i2.31835.

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Asia-Pacific countries are experiencing lifestyle-related non-communicable disease crises. Kimbe, one of Papua New Guinea’s provincial capitals is noted as the fastest growing city in the South Pacific subcontinent yet its impact on diabetes mellitus (DM) is not known. To determine pattern of newly diagnosed DM, we conducted a retrospective review of Kimbe General Hospital medical admissions from January 2009 to December 2012. 125 patients were diagnosed with diabetes with male: female ratio of 1.1: 1. Overall, number of patients diagnosed with DM at the hospital increased rapidly from 16 in 2009 to 49 in 2012; p <0.05. Majority of the patients were of young population aged <50 years representing 72 % of the cohort and predominantly of coastal province of origin. Almost 3/4th of the study population was based in Kimbe town and its suburb with only 32 subjects (25.6%) identified as rural residents; p<0.05. This study suggests that subjects living in Asia-Pacific area of rapid urbanization are at higher risk of diabetes compared to residents of rural areas. It highlights the need for adequate health planning and education as part of urbanization program in the DM-prone Asia-Pacific population. Further prospective studies are needed to verify our findings.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.6(2) 2016: 48-52
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47

Cooley, Gretchen M., Oriol Mitja, Brook Goodhew, Allan Pillay, Patrick J. Lammie, Arnold Castro, Penias Moses, et al. "Evaluation of Multiplex-Based Antibody Testing for Use in Large-Scale Surveillance for Yaws: a Comparative Study." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 5 (March 9, 2016): 1321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02572-15.

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WHO has targeted yaws for global eradication by 2020. The program goals are to interrupt the transmission in countries where yaws is endemic and to certify countries as yaws free where yaws was endemic in the past. No new rapid plasmin reagin (RPR) seroreactivity in young children is required for certification of elimination at a country level. We sought to evaluate whether antibody responses to specific treponemal antigens measured in a high-throughput multiplex bead array (MBA) assay differentiate past versus current infection and whether a nontreponemal lipoidal antigen test can be incorporated into the MBA. Serum and dried blood spot specimens collected for yaws surveillance projects in Ghana, Vanuatu, and Papua New Guinea (PNG) were run on MBA to measure antibodies against recombinant p17 (rp17) and treponemal membrane protein A (TmpA) treponemal antigens. Results were compared to standard treponemal laboratory (TPPA or TPHA [TPP(H)A]) and quantitative RPR test data. Of 589 specimens, 241 were TPP(H)A+/RPR+, 88 were TPP(H)A+/RPR−, 6 were TPP(H)A−/RPR+, and 254 were negative for both tests. Compared to TPP(H)A, reactive concordance of rp17 was 93.7%, while reactive concordance of TmpA was only 81.9%. TmpA-specific reactivity showed good correlation with RPR titers (R2= 0.41;P< 0.0001). IgG responses to the lipoidal antigen used in RPR testing (cardiolipin) were not detected in the MBA. Our results suggest that TmpA can be used as a treponemal antigen marker for recent or active infection and potentially replace RPR in a high-throughput multiplex tool for large-scale yaws surveillance.
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48

Usmany, Marthinus, and Pieter Kakisina. "Kajian Molekuler Kuskus (Famili Phalangeridae) di Penangkaran Desa Lumoli, Seram, Maluku Berdasarkan Urutan Gen ATP8." JURNAL KAJIAN VETERINER 7, no. 1 (June 11, 2019): 12–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jkv.v7i1.652.

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The cuscus is an Australian animal (marsupial) which belongs to the Phalangeridae family and its distribution is limited in eastern Indonesia, Australia and Papua New Guinea. Through IUCN data, cuscus is categorized as endangered species, in CITES it is classified as Appendix II. The population of cuscus is decreasing due to the threat of deforestation, many are hunted for consumption, and are traded illegally. To overcome the above problems, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the study of cuscus genotypes in the hope that they can assist in future wildlife conservation efforts. The purpose of this study was to molecularly examine the types of living cuscus in captivity in Lumoli Village, West Seram Regency, Maluku. This research begins with the stages of DNA isolation through cuscus tissue. DNA isolation products were amplified in the ATP 8 gene region by the PCR method, sequenced. Data was analyzed using MEGA program version 5.1. The PCR reaction produces 681 bp of product. The results of the analysis obtained 85 different nucleotide sites. The nucleotide sequence of the ATP 8 gene was analyzed using kimura 2 parameters. The construction of the filogram using the neighbor joining method with a bootstrap value 1000 times based on the ATP 8 gene sequence shows the kinship between the four types of cuscus, which produces two branches of Phalanger and Spilocuscus, namely brown cuscus related to white cuscus and related cuscus with spotted cuskus.
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Burleyson, Casey D., Charles N. Long, and Jennifer M. Comstock. "Quantifying Diurnal Cloud Radiative Effects by Cloud Type in the Tropical Western Pacific." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 6 (June 2015): 1297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0288.1.

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AbstractCloud radiative effects are examined using long-term datasets collected at the U.S. Department of Energy’s three Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Climate Research Facilities in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. The surface radiation budget, cloud populations, and cloud radiative effects are quantified by partitioning the data by cloud type, time of day, and large-scale modes of variability such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase and wet/dry seasons at Darwin, Australia. The novel aspect of this analysis is the breakdown of aggregate cloud radiative effects by cloud type across the diurnal cycle. The Nauru Island (Republic of Nauru) cloud populations and subsequently the surface radiation budget are strongly impacted by ENSO variability, whereas the cloud populations over Manus Island (Papua New Guinea) shift only slightly in response to changes in ENSO phase. The Darwin site exhibits large seasonal monsoon-related variations. When present, deeper convective clouds have a strong influence on the amount of radiation that reaches the surface. Their limited frequency reduces their aggregate radiative impact, however. The largest source of shortwave cloud radiative effects at all three sites comes from low clouds. The observations are used to demonstrate that potential model biases in the amplitude of the diurnal cycle and mean cloud frequency would lead to larger errors in the surface energy budget when compared with biases in the timing of the diurnal cycle of cloud frequency. These results provide solid benchmarks to evaluate model simulations of cloud radiative effects in the tropics.
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Surowo, Bambang. "KPM VERSUS PELNI: PERSAINGAN MEREBUT HEGEMONI JARINGAN PELAYARAN DI NUSANTARA, 1945–1960." Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha 1, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jscl.v1i1.11849.

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This study examines the competition between KPM versus PT Pelni in seizing the network hegemony cruise in the archipelago in 1945 to 1960 using the historical method. KPM is a major shipping company that was also founded by two major companies Rotterdamsche Lloyd (RL) and Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland (SMN) headquartered in Amsterdam the Netherlands. KPM serve scheduled regular shipping route for passengers and cargo between islands in the Dutch East Indies then more popular with the term as a post cruise between islands. KPM also play an important role to support and assist the colonial government in the process of penetration and pacification (conquest), especially in areas outside Java. On the other hand, PT PELNI established by the Indonesian government in the framework of the national development of a country that is still young, especially in the field of shipping. PELNI as well as KPM, also serves as centraal vervoersapparaat. Therefore, the government considers KPM c.q PELNI that dominate the cruise between islands in Indonesia are competitors and inhibitors of national development in the field of shipping. Post-transfer of sovereignity and the cancellation of the agreement KMB unilaterally by President Sukarno on May 3, 1956 resulted in the position of Dutch companies including KPM are at stake. This was exacerbated by the outbreak of the conflict between Indonesia and the Netherlands on Dutch New Guinea or West Papua, Indonesia implement the program so that the overall nationalization of the Dutch companies, including KPM.
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