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1
Yet, Larry. Privileged Structures in Drug Discovery. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118686263.
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2
Ozer, Mark N. Massachusetts Avenue in the Gilded Age: Palaces & privilege. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2010.
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3
Land and privilege in Byzantium: The institution of pronoia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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4
Massachusetts Avenue in the Gilded Age: Palaces and privilege. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2010.
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5
Bazzoni, Giancarlo. Il caso Cavalli e le origini di Porto Corsini: 1671-1802 : nobiltà e privilegi a Ravenna nel secolo XVII. Ravenna: Fondazione Cassa di risparmio di Ravenna, 1999.
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6
Privilege, power, and place: The geography of the American upper class. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1995.
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7
Villa Piatti e il feudo di Pigozzo Veronese: Anno 1073 : il Privilegio di Beatrice e Matilde di Canossa a favore dell'Abbazia di San Zeno Maggiore. Verona: QuiEdit, 2009.
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8
Cicero, Patrizia Lo. Villa Piatti e il feudo di Pigozzo Veronese: Anno 1073 : il Privilegio di Beatrice e Matilde di Canossa a favore dell'Abbazia di San Zeno Maggiore. Verona: QuiEdit, 2009.
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9
Kubrin, Charis E., and Gregory D. Squires. Privileged Places: Race, Residence, And the Structure of Opportunity. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
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10
Spinley, B. M. The Deprived and the Privileged: International Library of Sociology I: Class, Race and Social Structure (International Library of Sociology). Routledge, 2003.
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11
Filtzer, Don. Privilege and Inequality in Communist Society. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.029.
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Like capitalist societies, the Soviet Union and the Soviet-type societies of Eastern Europe showed a high degree of social stratification and inequality. By the 1960s the rapid upward mobility of worker and peasant children in the intelligentsia and Party hierarchy had noticeably slowed, and an inherited class structure emerged. Because privileges in the Soviet Union were only weakly monetarized, and wealth could not be accumulated or inherited, privileged groups perpetuated themselves mainly through the use of internal ‘connections’ and by ensuring their offspring preferential access to higher education through which they would secure elite positions. We also see important differentiations within the workforce: urban vs. rural workers; ‘core’ workers vs. migrants; and men vs. women. China prior to the reform movement displayed a similar overall picture, with, however, some radical differences. Under Mao the gap in living standards between Party officials and ordinary workers was much more narrow than in the USSR, while the Cultural Revolution blunted attempts to ensure the reproduction of social stratification via access to higher education.
12
Yet, Larry. Privileged Structures in Drug Discovery: Medicinal Chemistry and Synthesis. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2018.
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13
Yet, Larry. Privileged Structures in Drug Discovery: Medicinal Chemistry and Synthesis. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2018.
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14
Formisano, Marco. “Im Sinne der Antike”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803034.003.0008.
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Within Sacher-Masoch’s Venus in Furs, this chapter argues, Roman antiquity represents a privileged landscape of error, while the protagonists, Severin and Wanda, portray their “perverse” sexual predilections as error of a distinctly Roman kind. Delving further than any previous critic into the novella’s classical allusions, this chapter shows how Sacher-Masoch’s narrative depends on reversing elements of Lucretius, Ovid, and Apuleius. This chapter also demonstrates how this relates to the way in which a concept of reversal in general—especially the normative paradigm of the sexually dominant male and submissive female—organizes the text’s very structure. Extending Deleuze’s views on the centrality of the contract to masochistic fantasy, this chapter highlights the contract as a textual device able to represent the short circuit of the masochistic aesthetic, within which antiquity plays a major role.
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Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, Florence. Attitudes to Class in the ‘100 Families’ Study, 1985–1988. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812579.003.0005.
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This chapter reuses interviews conducted in 1985–8 for Paul Thompson’s ‘100 Families’ study to examine interviewees’ thoughts about class in the middle of the Thatcher decade. It finds that ambivalence and ordinariness were key themes in the discussions of many. Many did not want to class themselves, for ‘class talk’ was associated with snobbishness, superior and inferior attitudes, and because many thought that changes in the occupational structure, housing, and lifestyles had created a large ‘ordinary’ group in the middle of society: not workless but also not privileged. Some interviewees confidently claimed a working-class identity; this was usually the case where individuals had trade union experiences and/or a close-knit, working-class community to draw on. Among younger generations, however, some said that, though older class markers had disappeared, new ones had grown up to take their place.
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Aktor, Mikael. Social Classes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0005.
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The notions of class (varṇa) and caste (jāti) run through the Dharmaśāstra literature on all levels. They regulate marriage, economic transactions, work, punishment, penance, entitlement to rituals, identity markers like the sacred thread, and social interaction in general. Although this social structure was ideal in nature and not equally confirmed in other genres of ancient and medieval literature, it has nevertheless had an immense impact on Indian society. The chapter presents an overview of the system with its three privileged classes, the Brahmins, the Kṣatriyas, and the Vaiśyas, the fourth underprivileged class, the Śūdras, and, at the bottom of the society, the lowest so-called untouchable castes. It also discusses the understanding of human differences that lies at the center of the system and the possible economic and political motivations of the Brahmin authors of the texts.
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Brandzel, Amy L. The Violence of the Normative. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040030.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book argues that citizenship is not only the central structure for reifying the norms of whiteness, heterosexuality, consumerism, and settler colonialism within the United States, but that these norms are brutally enforced against nonnormative bodies, practices, behaviors, and forms of affiliation through oppositional, divide-and-conquer logics that set up nonnormative subjects to compete against each other in order to gain the privileged access to citizenship. The book examines the complex nature of the violence of normative citizenship by offering a comparative analysis of three case studies, namely same-sex marriage law, hate crime legislation, and Native Hawaiian sovereignty. The remainder of the chapter discusses the notion of citizenship as a form of disciplinary and biopolitical power, and the anti-intersectionality of citizenship discourses in the United States.
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Pakulski, Jan. Globalising Inequalities: New Patterns of Social Privilege & Disadvantage. Allen & Unwin Academic, 2005.
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19
Eckersley, Robyn. Responsibility for Climate Change as a Structural Injustice. Edited by Teena Gabrielson, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer, and David Schlosberg. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685271.013.37.
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This chapter critically explores the political and moral challenges involved in understanding the harms of climate change as the product of structural injustices with a specific focus on political responsibility. The chapter stages a critical encounter between Iris Marion Young’s account of political responsibility, and the debate among climate justice theorists on how to assign responsibility for mitigation and adaptation to citizens and states. This encounter demonstrates the value of a hybrid approach that includes, and bridges, forward looking shared responsibility and backward looking liability models, but also reveals a major predicament. The more that structural injustices based on historical responsibility are backgrounded, the easier it becomes to reach agreements between the world’s most vulnerable and most privileged. Yet doing so accelerates the skewed distribution of climate vulnerability toward the least privileged, diminishing the common ground needed to achieve an equitable allocation of responsibility for climate change.
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Taylor, Tristan S. Social Status, Legal Status and Legal Privilege. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.27.
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The legal categories under the Roman law of persons tell us relatively little about social status. The impact of social status on law is best understood through an examination of elite views of rank and social status. Rank and social status were closely connected as these elite markers of social esteem were requirements for admission to elite ranks. Social status bore a complex relationship to legal status: possession of the legal statuses of citizenship and free birth was a prerequisite for certain ranks, which conferred social status. Legal rules helped guide the behaviour of the social elite. Social status, rather than legal status, conferred advantages in the law, both in the structure of the legal system and through the monopoly of members of the social elite over the application of the law. These advantages could be mitigated by recourse to the patronage or petitioning of an official or the emperor.
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Bartusis, Mark C. Land and Privilege in Byzantium: The Institution of Pronoia. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
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22
Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. How Organizational Structure Affects Actual Power Relationships between Territorial Levels of Government. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0002.
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This chapter opens by clarifying some main organizational structures within which multilevel public governance takes place. As argued, each organization structure tends to privilege certain interests and this seems to hold as regards ‘upstream’ (policy formulation) processes as well as ‘downstream’ (implementation) processes. Theoretically, the chapter builds on some classic insights from organizational research. Empirically, it draws on studies of international organizations, the European Union, and federal as well as unitary states. The chapter shows how the power of lower-level territories to shape these processes depends on the extent to which organizational structures are arranged according to a territorial principle. In the same vein, higher levels of government tend to strengthen their position when non-territorial principles of specialization prevail.
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Annabelle, Möckesch. Part 1 Comparative Overview of Concepts of Attorney–Client Privilege, 3 England and Wales. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795865.003.0003.
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This chapter follows the structure of the previous chapter. It gives a brief introduction to the Woolf Reform and the Civil Procedure Rules, which regulate the conduct of civil court proceedings and are based to a large extent on Lord Woolf’s recommendations. The chapter then briefly sets out the course of a lawsuit and presents the taking of evidence in civil litigation in the pre-action, the pre-trial, and the trial phase. Lastly and most importantly, the chapter explores legal professional privilege, which has two sub-heads under English law: legal advice privilege and litigation privilege.
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Macharia, Keguro. Frottage. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479881147.001.0001.
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“Frottage” elaborates a conceptual framework for the book. It describes how black diasporic geohistories reframe queer studies and how queer studies, in turn, reframe black diaspora studies. I identify three key terms in black diaspora studies: kinship, hybridity, and thinghood. Dominant approaches in black diaspora studies have framed the black diaspora as a search for kinship, whether biological or fictive, creating what I describe as a genealogical imperative for black diasporic intellectual and cultural production. Attempting to redress this genealogical imperative, and the racial and ethnic policing it produces, scholars including Stuart Hall, Hazel Carby, and Paul Gilroy advanced the concept of hybridity, arguing that the cultural promiscuities produced through immigration and urbanization offered a way to imagine blackness as strategic and coalitional, rather than biological and ethnic. As the concept of hybridity moved from its black British context to the United States, it was appropriated by a genealogical imperative that privileged biological mixing as a “solution” to the problem of ethno-racial antagonisms. Thus, “hybridity” became a hetero-reproductive structure. I break from this genealogical imperative by arguing that “thinghood,” as theorized by Hortense Spillers and Fred Moten, provides an alternative paradigm for theorizing black being. I argue that “thinghood” is the central challenge that black diaspora studies poses for queer studies. The chapter introduces the four key figures in the book: Frantz Fanon, René Maran, Jomo Kenyatta, and Claude McKay.
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Popkin, Jeremy D. Revolution and Changing Identities in France, 1787–99. Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.014.
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The French Revolution involved not only a transformation of institutions but also a transformation of the personal and social identities that had structured people’s lives prior to 1789. Royal subjects were now citizens, nobles and members of other privileged groups lost all legal recognition of their special status, and Jews and blacks were no longer defined as outsiders in French society, whereas women, whose identity was supposedly dictated by ‘nature’, found themselves excluded from political power. The identity transformations of the revolutionary period are of great theoretical interest, since they challenge the prevailing tendency to regard established identities as difficult to change.
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Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. The Need for a Science of Science Communication. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.2.
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Communicating within and about science in a fashion that honors its norms and ways of knowing plays a role in warranting the ability of science to serve as a privileged source of premises, evidence, and conclusions in public and policy debates and decisions. Unlike political communication, in which selective uses of evidence, categorical assertion, and calculated ambiguity are stocks in trade, science’s distinctive norms and structures of enforcement entail forms of communication that take into account the available relevant evidence, specify the level of certainty attached to a claim, and precisely specifying the phenomena being analyzed or reported. This chapter discusses these issues and suggests future ways forward for science communicators.
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Forrestal, Alison. The Confraternities of Charity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785767.003.0010.
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The promotion of confraternal charity was the final constituent of the Lazarist pastorate, and Chapter 9 focuses in particular on the significant personal opportunities that these vehicles of pastoral missionary care offered to de Paul. It outlines the early development of the confraternal structures, before explaining why, over time, they became the principal means through which he engaged with lay women. It then focuses on his relations with a small inner circle of consoeurs (members of the confraternity at the Hôtel-Dieu hospital in Paris), to affirm that their works of charity gave rise to an extremely unusual, privileged, and productive affinity that led them to make common cause with him in all spheres of the Lazarist enterprise.
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Rennie, Kriston R. Freedom and protection. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526127723.001.0001.
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This book examines the history of monastic exemption in France. It maps an institutional story of monastic freedom and protection, which is deeply rooted in the religious, political, social, and legal culture of the early Middle Ages. Traversing many geo-political boundaries and fields of historical specialisation, this book evaluates the nature and extent of papal involvement in French monasteries between the sixth and eleventh centuries. Defining the meaning and value of exemption to medieval contemporaries during this era, it demonstrates how the papacy’s commitment, cooperation, and intervention transformed existing ecclesiastical and political structures. Charting the elaboration of monastic exemption privileges from a marginalised to centralised practice, this book asks why so many French monasteries were seeking exemption privileges directly from Rome; what significance they held for monks, bishops, secular rulers, and popes; how and why this practice developed throughout the early Middle Ages; and, ultimately, what impact monastic exemption had on the emerging identity of papal authority, the growth of early monasticism, Frankish politics and governance, church reform, and canon law.
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Bhatia, Sunil. Identities Left Behind. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199964727.003.0007.
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In this chapter, stories of young men and women who live in basti (slum settlements) near one of the most affluent neighborhoods in Pune, India, are analyzed. It is argued that the basti youth’s “capacity to aspire” is not just an individual trait or a psychological ability. Rather, their aspirations are shaped by their caste identities, structural conditions of poverty, their narrative capacity, their schooling in vernacular language, and the prestige accorded to speakers of English language in urban India. The stories of the basti youth are characterized as dispossessed because they are shaped by and connected to the possessions of the dominant class who live nearby and the unequal structural conditions of their basti. These stories reveal that globalization, by and large, has exacerbated the structural inequality in the slum settlements in Pune. Structural inequality refers to a system that creates and perpetuates an unequal distribution of material and psychological privileges .
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Beg, Mirza Sangin. A Description of the Surrounding Environs of Dar-ul Khilafa Shahjahanabad, AND THE INSCRIPTIONS [ON] THE BUILDINGS OF OLD DELHI. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477739.003.0003.
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Finally, Mirza Sangin Beg tackles a huge assemblage of eclectic human exertions in the environs, centred around areas of trade and commerce, piety, landscaped spaces, cemeteries, and natural surroundings of rivers and hillocks. While structures such as the Jantar Mantar and the Firoz Shah’s lat are alluded to, it is stories about the human agencies that are privileged above these spaces. There are detailed renderings of activities in areas such as Pahar Ganj, Subzi Mandi, and Qadam Sharif, the biannual fair at Hanuman Temple, celebrations of Salono, numerous chhariyan melas, and worship of Goga. A fantastic account of Makhdum Jahanian Jahan Gasht coexists with an intense belief in relics of Prophet Muhammad, Hazrat Ali, and Imam Husain. Mirza Sangin Beg goes beyond the geographical region of Delhi towards north, west, and southwest. He writes of Bu Ali Shah Qalander’s dargah in Panipat and of the English platoon, officers, and gentlemen stationed between Gurgaon and Pataudi. The author has placed a variety of inscriptions and epitaphs from equally diverse structures and graveyards in a fatuous manner. Certain inscriptions seem to satisfy the self-esteem of the builders, some are laudatory while several are informative.
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Higuchi, Naoto. The Radical Right in Japan. Edited by Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.34.
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This chapter presents an overview of the radical right in Japan by answering the question of why contemporary radical right groups hate Koreans. This is key to understanding the features of Japan’s radical right and how it has changed during the last half century. Unlike its predecessors, the group Zaitokukai (Civic Group Against Privileges of Koreans in Japan) seems quite similar to European radical right groups in the sense that it targets ethnic minorities with violent attacks. Is it a sign, then, that Japan’s radical right is converging with the European counterparts? The answer is partly yes but mostly no. The chapter first illustrates the three-layered structure of Japan’s radical right organizations and explains the recent rise of radical right parties. It then clarifies why historical revisionism produced nativist violence.
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Sunardi, Christina. Where Tradition, Power, and Gender Intersect. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038952.003.0006.
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This chapter analyzes performer interactions, bringing together many of the themes and issues discussed in previous chapters to demonstrate some of the ways that micro-moments of interaction on- and offstage are critical moments of complex cultural and ideological work. Building on Benjamin Brinner's attention to the importance of competence and authority in shaping interactions between performers as well as the ways such interactions affect what is performed, this chapter focuses on the relationship between the dancer and the drummer. It argues that contradictions between dominant ideologies that privilege the knowledge of a more senior male and a performance structure in which leadership roles are flexible provide spaces for men and women to negotiate their authority and articulate senses of gender in different ways as they negotiate the form and content of a dance.
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Des Jardins, Julie. Women’s and Gender History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0008.
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This chapter looks at women’s history and its successor, gender history, which emerged as strong new approaches beginning in the 1970s—precisely when the wider feminist movement began to have its most profound impact on at least Euro-American societies. Gender history and women’s history are not the same. The former, larger category overlaps with the latter, and also with areas such as masculinity history, critical race theory, and queer studies. However, it has only been since the 1980s that historians have considered ‘gender’ an historical subject or ‘a useful category of historical analysis’. Nevertheless, various radical, Marxist, and progressive historians had planted the seeds of gender history as early as the 1920s and 1930s, even as they privileged neither women nor gender as subjects. Their questioning of power structures and engagement of politics and relativist concepts were integral to the development of the field later in the twentieth century.
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Ely, Robin, and Alexandra C. Feldberg. Organizational Remedies for Discrimination. Edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.28.
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Laws now exist to protect employees from blatant forms of discrimination in hiring and promotion, but workplace discrimination persists in latent forms. These “second-generation” forms of bias arise in workplace structures, practices, and patterns of interaction that inadvertently favor some groups over others. This chapter reviews research on how these biases manifest themselves in the core processes of organizations—that is, how people are hired, compensated, developed, and evaluated—all of which are aspects of organizational life that tend to privilege some groups over others. It also reviews research that points to remedies for these biases, illustrating that organizational practices can be sites for intervention and change. The chapter concludes with methodological and substantive recommendations for future research on discrimination and its remedies in organizations.
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Suddaby, Roy, and Daniel Muzio. Theoretical Perspectives on the Professions. Edited by Laura Empson, Daniel Muzio, Joseph Broschak, and Bob Hinings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199682393.013.2.
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This chapter reviews the development of theoretical approaches to our understanding of Professional Service Firms (PSFS). It does so by drawing a parallel with the broader development of the sociology of the professions. Indeed, the authors argue how the study of professional service firms, like the study of professional occupations before it, is following a trajectory from concerns with structure and function to questions of power and privilege and finally to issues of process and practice. The chapter concludes with a final section that raises questions about prior theories of professions, which have assumed that professions are appropriate objects of theorization in their own right. The authors argue, instead, for an institutional/ecological approach to studying professions, which analyzes professions as but one type of institution struggling for survival in an ecology of other, related, institutional forms.
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McSheffrey, Shannon. The Sanctuary Town of Knowle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798149.003.0006.
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A 1537 case of a thief who fled to sanctuary in Knowle, a town in Warwickshire, shows in some detail the ins and outs of the administration of this small sanctuary and more generally the workings of sanctuary in the later 1530s. Even at this late date, and in a disputed case, it is important to note that no one questioned the town’s sanctuary privileges (based on its status as a dependent manor of Westminster Abbey). The records associated with the case demonstrate the structural interlacing of the management of sanctuary with the administration of the king’s justice and its imbrication in the complicated lines of patronage and office-holding in Henrician England.
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Idris, Murad. Loving Necessity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658014.003.0005.
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The desire to transform or “save” the enemy is fundamental to Erasmus’s understanding of peace, and he twins it with the desire to reform oneself. This chapter argues that theorists who look to Erasmus’s writings for his alleged (and allegedly secular) pacifism misunderstand his political theology of peace. The structures of Erasmus’s “universal peace” revolve around the distinction between Christianity and the Ottoman Empire (“the Turk”) and the providential primacy of Christians. He calls for peace, unity, and love; these additives overtake peace, and he defines each in opposition to the Turk. Erasmus privileges the Christian as the true subject of peace, and Christian speech and dialogue as an enactment of God’s Word. In this political theology, peace is necessary, but necessity also authorizes either Christian war or the conversion of the non-Christian.
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Chaganti, Seeta. The Time of Reenactment in Basse Danse and Bassadanza. Edited by Mark Franko. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314201.013.44.
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Fifteenth-century dance manuals reveal an important distinction between the work of historical reconstruction and that of theoretical reenactment. Basse danse and bassadanza manuals clarify that the difference between reenactment and reconstruction is a difference in temporal experience. When we use these documents simply to reconstruct—to piece together and attempt to replicate a past step pattern—we discern in the manuals and in their dances an anticipatory temporality that privileges looking toward the future. When, however, we approach these texts through the theoretical discourse of reenactment, we discover a different kind of time. It is recursive, multidirectional, and far more layered than the anticipatory model that the dance instructions appear on the surface to adopt. When this more complex temporal structure becomes visible, this chapter argues, we recognize how these early dances and their instruction manuals theorize their own uses of time and thus their own reenactment.
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Hernández, Gleider I. Sources and the Systematicity of International Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0029.
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This chapter illuminates the role that sources doctrine plays in construing international law as a system. It frames international law’s systemic qualities within the recursive relationship between sources doctrine and debates over international law’s systematicity. Sources doctrine reinforces and buttresses international law’s claim to constitute a legal system; and the legal system demands and requires that legal sources exist within it. International law’s systematicity and the doctrine of international legal sources exist in a mutually constitutive relationship, and cannot exist without one another. This recursive relationship privileges unity, coherence, and the existence of a unifying inner logic which transcends mere interstate relations and constitutes a legal structure. In this respect, the social practices of those officials who are part of the institutional workings of the system, and especially those with a law-applying function, are of heightened relevance in conceiving of international law as a system.
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Aderinto, Saheed. “This Is a City of Bubbles”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038884.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the socioeconomic, gendered, and racial structure of colonial Lagos and reveals the identities of individuals and groups that shaped sexual politics. While the British were mostly responsible for the major physical infrastructure, they did not dictate or monopolize the accompanying social outlook that emerged out of Lagosians' quest to mold the city to their own taste. City life entailed maintaining a balance in the ways people lived their lives; the kinds of music they enjoyed; and how they socialized, dressed, and conducted themselves as they sought to maximize the benefits of colonial capitalism. The chapter then explores inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic relations and concludes that the politics of sex fit into the existing tension over urban citizenship, class stratification, and social privileges accruing from the pigmentation of the skin. It argues that the agitation against prostitution reflected a social ambivalence that can be termed as “selective modernity.”
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Schmitt, Olivier, and Sten Rynning. France. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0002.
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This chapter provides readers with an overview of the transformations of French defence policy since 1991. To a large degree, French defence policy is still perceived through a ‘Gaullist’ prism by non-specialist observers, who tend to analyse French defence developments by referring to a pursuit of ‘independence’ at all costs, or a willingness to maintain neo-colonialists’ privileges. This chapter challenges this prevailing narrative by providing a concise yet complete analysis of the drivers of French defence policy. First, it discusses the French strategic culture, the institutional setting (role of the president, parliament, etc.) and civil–military relations in France. Second, it presents the role of nuclear weapons in French defence policy. Finally, it presents the evolution of the force structure since 1991. It also discusses the two key drivers of military change in France: interventions abroad and France’s membership to international security institutions.
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Rhodes, R. A. W. On Interpretation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786115.003.0002.
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An interpretive approach to political science provides accounts of actions and practices that are interpretations of interpretations. It is distinctive because of the extent to which it privileges meanings as ways to grasp actions. This chapter develops this argument using the idea of ‘situated agency’. It focuses on eight criticisms of this approach: an interpretive approach is mere common sense; it focuses on beliefs or discourses, not actions or practices; it ignores concepts of social structure; it seeks to understand actions and practices, not explain them; it is concerned exclusively with qualitative techniques of data generation; it must accept actors’ own accounts of their beliefs; is insensitive to the ways in which power constitutes beliefs; and is incapable of producing policy relevant knowledge. It shows that the criticisms rest on misconceptions about an interpretive approach and misplaced beliefs in the false idols of hard data and rigorous methods.
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Turner, Michael J. ‘Maintain the old institutions in their old quiet way’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827344.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on university reform in Victorian Britain. Change was imposed on the universities of Victorian Britain by outside forces, but it was also the outcome of a struggle within the universities. This struggle was most intense and consequential for the universities in Oxford and Cambridge, owing to their uniquely close connection with established structures of power and privilege in religion, politics, and society. One of the more strident of those who opposed reform was Alexander James Beresford Hope, MP for Cambridge University from 1868 to 1887. The chapter then investigates the universities' connection with the Church, focusing on religious tests, clerical personnel, and theological instruction. It also considers disagreements about other areas of reform: endowments, fellowships, and headships; the independence of colleges; curriculum, teaching, ‘research’, and examinations; administrative and financial issues; and accessibility and the composition of the student body.
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Henricks, Thomas S. The Social Life of Play. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039072.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the social life of play. As the patterning of human relationships, social context shapes play by offering behavioral formats or directives that both support and restrict our actions. Such directives are manifested in countless situations and at different levels of abstraction; they constitute the social reality of our lives. In that context, the chapter examines play as a “social construction of reality”—that is, a process of reality construction and maintenance. It discusses three levels of social reality: self-identity, social relationships, and social structure. It also considers George Herbert Mead's play and game stages of development, play as performance and presentation, Georg Simmel's play form of association, Erving Goffman's theory of frame utilization, social functions of play, and play's relationship to power and privilege. The chapter concludes by revisiting Pierre Bourdieu's argument that similarly situated groups of people develop their own tastes and style of life that afford them personal satisfaction and easeful interaction.
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Kuhn, Timothy R., and Stanley Deetz. Critical Theory and Corporate Social Responsibility. Edited by Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon, and Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0008.
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This article examines corporate social responsibility (CSR) from the angle of critical theory. It begins by arguing that values shape corporate decisions in three general ways: managerial choices, routines, and reasoning processes; governmental regulation, incentives, tax structures, and oversight; and consumption choices within market systems. It shows that, alone and jointly, these ‘sites’ are fundamentally weak in their capacity to produce greater CSR in the sense of more diverse values and reasoning processes. Institutionalized power relations, various forms of systematically distorted communication, and ideology provide insight into different weaknesses and pitfalls. This article treats ideology as the presence of values embedded in language, routines, practices, and positions that privilege dominant groups which are difficult to identify, discuss, and assess owing to various covering mechanisms. Following this, it turns to exploring communication systems and practices that can provide for a more sustainable, and democratic, CSR.
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Campbell, Peter R. Absolute Monarchy. Edited by William Doyle. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199291205.013.0002.
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This article argues that in spite of absolute monarchy's success in seemingly rising above society it developed claims and practices that ran counter to long-term representative tendencies contained within its own structures. It was never able to suppress these, nor did it intend to, because they remained enshrined in corporate society itself, on which it was based. Although the corporate society of the old regime was very hierarchical, its elites retained a large measure of autonomy in their own spheres. This sense of independence and the continued vitality of privilege provided fertile ground for a revival of conciliarist and later commonwealth arguments, and a historical belief in an ancient constitution. These arguments in favour of limited royal power eventually empowered an opposition that was able to take advantage of the excesses and contradictions that characterized some of the practices of absolute monarchy, whose power to enforce its central will was somewhat illusory.
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DasGupta, Sayantani. The Politics of the Pedagogy: Cripping, Queering and Un-homing Health Humanities. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360192.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Drawing upon progressive pedagogical theorists and her own experiences, the author examines the potential effects and ethical responsibility of the health humanities workshop/classroom. Is it possible to search for oppositional knowledge—as described by Talpade Mohanty—within the health humanities disciplines; what does it mean to crip, queer, or un-home these many fields? In what ways might narrative work pose risks to students when it is practiced without attention to the operation of power and privilege? The author describes the evolution of her own pedagogical approach and proposes three pedagogical pillars to guide socially just narrative practices: narrative humility, structural competency, and engaged pedagogy. By embracing the state of being “un-homed”, the health humanities may strive to become a multiply layered space and time that both affirms difference and provides an alternative to authoritarian power and oppression.
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Heathcote, Gina. Feminist Perspectives on the Law on the Use of Force. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the use of force from a feminist perspective and its prohibition in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. Using structural bias feminism, it demonstrates how the gendering of international legal categories contributes to the harm and discrimination experienced by women worldwide. The chapter cites UN Security Council action in Libya in 2011 as an example of the normative and organizational exclusion of women and the justification of the use of force. It discusses the relationship between race and gender privilege in international law and argues that the Council’s resolutions on women, peace, and security, support, and legitimate use of force undermine feminist peace activism. It proposes a transformative approach to the foundations of international law that articulates the prohibition on the use of force as a useful first step for imagining the potential of humanity rather than justifying further force, further violence, or further destruction.
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Singer, Kate, Ashley Cross, and Suzanne Barnett, eds. Material Transgressions. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789621778.001.0001.
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Material Transgressions reveals how Romantic-era authors think outside of historical and theoretical ideologies that reiterate notions of sexed bodies, embodied subjectivities, isolated things, or stable texts. Essays examine how these writers rethink materiality, especially the subject-object relationship, in order to challenge the tenets of Enlightenment and the culture of sensibility that privileged the hegemony of the speaking and feeling lyric subject and to undo supposedly invariable matter, and representations of it, that limited their writing, agency, knowledge, and even being. In this volume, the idea of transgression serves as a flexible and capacious discursive and material movement that braids together fluid forms of affect, embodiment, and textuality. They offer alternative understandings of materiality that move beyond concepts that fix gendered bodies and intellectual capacities, whether human or textual, idea or thing. They enact processes—assemblages, ghost dances, pack mentality, reiterative writing, shapeshifting, multi-voiced choric oralities—that redefine restrictive structures in order to craft alternative modes of being in the world that can help us to reimagine materiality both in the Romantic period and now. Such dynamism not only reveals a new materialist imaginary for Romanticism but also unveils textualities, affects, figurations, and linguistic movements that alter new materialism’s often strictly ontological approach.
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Moreno-Lax, Violeta. Carrier Sanctions and ILOs: Anticipated Enforcement of Visa Requirements through ‘Imperfect Delegation’—Diverting Flows, Entrenching Unsafety. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Member States started adopting carrier liability regulations from the mid-1980s, seemingly as a direct response to increasing numbers of asylum requests, with immigration liaison officer (ILO) schemes proliferating afterwards. Techniques of ‘remote control’ have now been communautarised, providing an additional layer of control. Both carriers and ILOs have privileged access to migrants bound to the EU already at the pre-entry phase. Making them responsible for the anticipated enforcement of visas has the potential to block lines of regular (and safe) access to those in need of international protection. This chapter is concerned with these developments. It analyses carrier sanctions and ILOs legislation, comparing the EU regime with its international counterparts. The review encompasses the pre- and post-Schengen periods as well as recent innovations concerning the automated treatment and transfer of advance passenger information (API) and the creation of ‘Frontex liaison officers’. The impact of carrier sanctions and ILO activities on refugee flows is scrutinized at the end, pointing at a structural incompatibility of advance border enforcement, through a model of ‘imperfect delegation’/’hidden coercion’, with basic guarantees against denial of entry.