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Journal articles on the topic 'Pro-drop parameter'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Hilles, Sharon. "Interlanguage and the pro-drop parameter." Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 2, no. 1 (1986): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765838600200103.

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There is a relatively stable period in child L 1 acquisition during which surface subjects can be omitted. This period is also characterized by the absence of modals and expletives. With the emergence of modals and expletives, absent subjects disappear. This sequence has been attributed to the constraints of Universal Grammar (UG), a parameterized system with various settings depending on the language. The same sequence has also been observed in the interlanguage of a Spanish speaker learning English, suggesting that UG might also constrain interlanguages, and that a major part of L2 learning

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2

White, Lydia. "THE “PRO-DROP” PARAMETER IN ADULT SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION." Language Learning 35, no. 1 (1985): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1985.tb01014.x.

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3

Alvarado, Christine S. "COMMENTS ON THE PRO-DROP PARAMETER AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION." Language Learning 36, no. 2 (1986): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00380.x.

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Nezhad, Mohammad Reza Pahlavan, and Mozhghan Habibi. "The study of pro as an empty category in Azeri Turkish language." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 3, no. 3 (2014): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v3i3.5218.

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This paper examines the pro-drop parameter in Azeri Turkish. First, some basic concepts and theories in terms of Chomsky's generative grammar school and principles and parameters theory are introduced. Then some theoretical background on the subject of Persian and Turkish languages are briefly presented. Next part is about explanation and description of pro features and some evidence and samples of Italian and Persian and Azeri Turkish languages and the last section deals with the results of this study. After giving and comparing evidence of these three languages we conclude that is that Azeri

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Montrul, Silvina, Rejane Dias, and Hélade Santos. "On some null subject parameter-related properties in the L3 acquisition of brazilian portuguese (Sobre algumas propriedades relacionadas ao parâmetro do sujeito nulo na aquisição do português brasileiro como L3 )." Estudos da Língua(gem) 7, no. 2 (2009): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v7i2.1096.

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As language undergoing language change, Brazilian Portuguese presents characteristics of both pro-drop and non-pro drop systems. This study investigates the acquisition of two properties assumed to be related to the null subject parameter—clitic-climbing and the that-t effect—by adult learners of Brazilian Portuguese who speak a pro-drop language (Spanish) (n = 11) and a non pro-drop language (English) (n =19) as either L1 or L2. Results of an acceptability judgment task showed that the non-native speakers overall converged on the grammars of the Brazilian Portuguese control group (n =19), but

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Abugharsa, Aisha F., Fatma M. Elzawawi, and Majdi A. Zarmuh. "Positive Evidence and Parameter Resetting in the Teaching of English Grammar to Libyan University Students." (Faculty of Arts Journal) مجلة كلية الآداب - جامعة مصراتة, no. 17 (January 11, 2021): 8–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36602/faj/2021.n17.02.

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This study builds on Chomsky’s principles and parameters framework (Chomsky, 1986) by applying it to the study of second language (L2) acquisition. In other words, it makes use of a parameter resetting model to explain aspects of the second language learning process. It aims to investigate whether classroom instruction which presents only positive evidence, that is to say grammatically correct samples of the L2, is sufficient to enable adult second language learners to acquire certain properties of L2 parameters which differ from their mother tongue (L1). The participants in the study have Ara

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Philippaki-Warburton, Irene. "The theory of empty categories and the pro-drop parameter in Modern Greek." Journal of Linguistics 23, no. 2 (1987): 289–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011282.

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One of the most promising new developments of recent research into theoretical syntax within the model of Government and Binding (GB) as presented in Chomsky (1981) and (1982) has been the new importance given to the study of languages other than English. This has stimulated a great deal of work into a variety of languages (see, for example, Rizzi, 1982; Borer, 1983; Bouchard, 1984; Huang, 1984 and others). It has also been welcomed by linguists outside the TG tradition. Thus, Comrie, (1984:155) expresses his delight that ‘Chomsky (1981) makes clear that generative grammarians have come to rea

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Ordóñez, Francisco, and Esthela Treviño. "Left dislocated subjects and the pro-drop parameter: A case study of Spanish." Lingua 107, no. 1-2 (1999): 39–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3841(98)00020-5.

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9

Lozano, Cristóbal. "Knowledge of expletive and pronominal subjects by learners of Spanish." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 135-136 (January 1, 2002): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.135-136.02loz.

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Abstract Abstract A number of studies investigating second language acquisition (SLA) from the perspective of Principles and Parameters Theory (P&P, CHOMSKY, 1981, 1995) have focused on the pro-drop parameter, and have argued that older second language learners are sensitive to the different, properties it purportedly covers (e.g., AL-KASEY & PÉREZ-LEROUX, 1998; LICERAS, 1989; PHINNEY, 1987; WHITE, 1986). In this paper we extend this work by investigating two of its syntactic corollaries, namely, referential pronominal subjects (ProS) and expletive pronominal subjects (ExpS). In so-cal

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Liceras, Juana M., and Lourdes Díaz. "Topic-drop versus pro-drop: null subjects and pronominal subjects in the Spanish L2 of Chinese, English, French, German and Japanese speakers." Second Language Research 15, no. 1 (1999): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/026765899678128123.

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Recent developments within the so-called Principles and Parameters model of acquisition argue for a clear-cut separation of Universal Grammar (UG) principles from parametric options and locate all parameters within functional categories (Borer, 1984; Lebeaux, 1988; Chomsky, 1991). This has led Tsimpli and Roussou (1991) to propose that adult L2 (second language) learners have access to UG principles but do not reset the parameters of the L2, which amounts to saying that null subjects in the adult Spanish L2 may or may not have the same status as native Spanish null subjects, depending on the s

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Phan, Trang, and Eric T. Lander. "Vietnamese and the NP/DP parameter." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 60, no. 3 (2015): 391–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100026268.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the place of Vietnamese in the binary NP/DP typology as formulated by Bošković (2005, 2008, 2009, 2010). Vietnamese patterns with NP languages when it comes to its lack of a genuine definite determiner, the presence of radical pro-drop, and its lack of number morphology, but it patterns with DP languages when it comes to the presence of TP, subject expletives, and subject-object extraction asymmetries. The mixed status of Vietnamese suggests that the difference between article and article-less languages might not be as straightforward or clearcut as Bošković cla

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12

Harsono, Y. M. "Chomsky's Universal Grammar: A Case of Its Concepts of Government/Binding Theory." TEFLIN Journal - A publication on the teaching and learning of English 12, no. 2 (2015): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v12i2/210-222.

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The purpose of this paper is to see the universality of the Government/Binding Theory in its concepts of government, the pro-drop parameter, and binding theory. Three languages English, Indonesian, and Javanese are analyzed based on the three concepts. From the analysis it is concluded that in some cases language is universal, but in some other cases every language is specific.

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13

Oxford, Will. "The Activity Condition as a Microparameter." Linguistic Inquiry 48, no. 4 (2017): 711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00260.

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Using data from agreement in three Algonquian languages (Ojibwe, Cheyenne, and Plains Cree), this squib shows that effects typically attributed to Chomsky’s ( 2000 , 2001 ) Activity Condition (AC) can vary not only across languages, as in Baker’s (2008b) macroparametric proposal, but within a language as well. AC effects are thus another instance in which an apparent macroparameter turns out, on closer inspection, to be a microparameter instead, as in prominent cases such as the pro-drop parameter and the polysynthesis parameter ( Kayne 2005 , Baker 2008a ).

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Lorusso, Paolo. "Lexical Parametrization and Early Subjects in L1 Italian." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 6 (2018): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i6.12113.

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Italian is a pro drop language, since it allows subject drop and subject inversion. The pro-drop parameter is fixed early on (Orfitelli,2008), but both grammatical and informational factors might regulate the distribution of overt clausal subjects. On the grammatical side, the verb class influences the distribution of overt subjects: overt subjects in Italian are more likely to be found with unaccusative verbs (Lorusso, Caprin & Guasti 2005). On the informational side, 1st and 2nd person pronouns are more likely to e dropped than 3rd person NPs because the latter are more informative (Serr

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Frascarelli, Mara, and Marco Casentini. "The Interpretation of Null Subjects in a Radical Pro-drop Language: Topic Chains and Discourse-semantic Requirements in Chinese." Studies in Chinese Linguistics 40, no. 1 (2019): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scl-2019-0001.

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Abstract Based on original data collected through an online experiment, evidence is provided in this paper that the interpretation of null subjects in a radical pro-drop language like Chinese relies on the topic criterion proposed for consistent and partial pro-drop languages (Frascarelli 2007 and Frascarelli 2018), thereby supporting the theory that the null subject parameter implies an information-structural strategy for interpretation. Nevertheless, radical Chinese shows specificities that must be integrated in this theory for a comprehensive account. In particular, even though silent topic

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Fonseca, Hely Dutra Cabral da. "A noção default e a sintaxe da negação (The default notion and the syntax of negation)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 7, no. 2 (2009): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v7i2.1093.

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 A idéia de uma gramática default nos estágios iniciais da aquisição da linguagem tem sido defendida por vários lingüistas. Hyams (1983) foi quem primeiro observou que a criança demonstra ter o parâmetro do sujeito nulo, mudando-o mais tarde para o padrão não pro-drop, no caso da língua inglesa. O principal objetivo do presente estudo, com base nos dados examinados, é o de divulgar a existência de um parâmetro em default para a negação no Português Brasileiro (PB).PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Teoria gerativa. Princípios e Parâmetros. Gramática. default. ABSTRACT The idea of a default grammar in

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17

Davies, William D. "Morphological uniformity and the null subject parameter in adult SLA." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18, no. 4 (1996): 475–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100015382.

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An area of keen interest in applying Chomsky's UG parameter-setting model to SLA has been the Pro-Drop or Null Subject Parameter (Cyrino, 1986; Hilles, 1986; Phinney, 1987; White, 1985, 1986). However, the nature of this parameter changes dramatically from the Jaeggli (1982) and Rizzi (1982) conception with Jaeggli and Safir's (1989) proposal linking uniform morphological agreement paradigms with null subjects. Data reported here show a number of L2 learners exhibit knowledge that English is morphologically nonuniform yet still accept English null subject sentences. This is inconsistent with t

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Surya Winata, I. Gusti Ngurah, Gede Sukadarmika, and Pande Ketut Sudiarta. "ANALISIS DROP CALL PADA JARINGAN WIDEBAND CODE-DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (WCDMA) DI CLUSTER RENON." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 6, no. 1 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2019.v06.i01.p07.

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Drop call is an example of a problem that is often experienced by users of voice telecommunications services. From this condition, this riset raises the topic of drop call analysis on WCDMA networks in the Renon cluster (nodeB MYAMIN_CR, AKABA_PL, and BUNDARANRENON_PL). Data retrieval needed (Call Set Up Success Rate (CSSR), Call Drop Ratio (CDR), RSCP and Ec/No) is done by drive test using G-NetTrack Pro software. Based on the analysis of the results of the drive test, there were 10 drop call problems. The problems indentified cause by missing neighbors, handover failure, bad spot, coverage p

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19

Ezeizabarrena, Maria-José. "Overt subjects in early Basque and other null subject languages." International Journal of Bilingualism 17, no. 3 (2012): 309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006912438997.

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This study focuses on person marking in early Basque and other null subject languages. From very early on, person marking on the verb and quite regular, adult-like, null subject rates are attested across early acquisition studies on genetically related and unrelated pro-drop languages. We survey several studies on bilingual children simultaneously acquiring two languages with the opposite value for the pro-drop parameter. The conclusion drawn is that children display a monolingual-like pattern in the production of person marking, overt subjects, and personal pronouns in the null subject langua

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Clahsen, Harald, and Upyong Hong. "Agreement and null subjects in German L2 development: new evidence from reaction-time experiments." Second Language Research 11, no. 1 (1995): 57–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839501100103.

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In L1 acquisition research, developmental correlations between superfi cially unrelated linguistic phenomena are analysed in terms of clustering effects, resulting from the setting of a particular parameter of Universal Grammar (UG). In German L1 acquisition, there is evidence for a cluster ing of the acquisition of subject-verb agreement and the decrease of (incor rect) null subjects. The developmental connection between these two phenomena in L1 acquisition has been interpreted in terms of parameter setting. Vainikka and Young-Scholten (1994) have claimed that the acqui sition of subject-ver

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21

Massot, Benjamin. "Patterns of 1st and 3rd person marking in Oïl-Galloromance." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 41, no. 1 (2018): 87–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.00014.mas.

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Summary This article is a contribution to the long-standing discussion of subject marking in Romance. Its originality lies in its systematically considering data from Oïl-Galloromance dialects, i.e. non-pro-drop varieties, which had been ignored because they were thought to pattern like French. On the contrary, a detailed survey of the means of 1sg and 3sg.m. Marking in these dialects reveals that the obligatoriness of the subject clitics in all grammatical persons does not guarantee the absence of ambiguous marks, since cases of syncretism between these two persons were found, besides cases o

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Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. "A Case of V2 in Chinese." Studies in Chinese Linguistics 36, no. 2 (2015): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scl-2015-0006.

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Abstract As far as the left periphery is concerned, there is a conspiracy between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics to ensure the success of sentence formation. We would like to put forth the claim that peripheral features play an important role in this endeavor, which can be checked by either Merge or Move according to the parameter-settings of individual languages. Along this line, topic prominence can be regarded as the result of peripheral feature checking, and the null topic hypothesis à la Huang (1984) is reinvented as a null operator merger to fulfill interface economy in the left perip

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Ziemssen, Focke, Andreas Stahl, and Spyridon Dimopoulos. "Versorgungsforschung der Anti-VEGF-Therapie: Selektion und methodische Besonderheiten." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 234, no. 12 (2017): 1483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-115393.

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ZusammenfassungDie anwendungsnahe Versorgungsforschung hat zum Ziel, die Wirksamkeit und Qualität einer Behandlung wie der Anti-VEGF-Therapie im Alltag zu verbessern. Sie eröffnet darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit, über eine kritische Analyse der Kosten die Wirtschaftlichkeit darzustellen und Entscheidungen von Gesundheitspolitikern und Kostenträgern zu unterstützen. Prospektiv kontrollierte Studien (Randomized controlled Trials; RCTs) haben zwar ohne Frage ihre Berechtigung, die Wirksamkeit einer Therapie unter kontrollierten Einflussfaktoren zu erfassen. Trotz niedriger Verzerrungspotenziale bi

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Villa-García, Julio, and Imanol Suárez-Palma. "Early null and overt subjects in the Spanish of simultaneous English-Spanish bilinguals and Crosslinguistic Influence." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (2016): 350–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.29.2.01vil.

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This study assesses the scope of the Crosslinguistic Influence (CLI) hypothesis’ predictions with regard to early bilingual acquisition. To this end, we analyze longitudinal corpus data from four bilinguals attesting the acquisition of subjecthood (null versus overt; preverbal versus postverbal) and the pragmatic adequacy of early null and overt subjects in a null-subject language (i.e., Spanish) in combination with a language differing in its pro-drop parameter setting (i.e., English). Our results indicate that CLI barely affects the development of subjects in the null-subject language at the

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Martín, Pamela L., Paula Ceccatto, María V. Razori, et al. "Heme oxygenase-1 induction by hemin prevents oxidative stress-induced acute cholestasis in the rat." Clinical Science 133, no. 1 (2019): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20180675.

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Abstract We previously demonstrated in in vitro and ex vivo models that physiological concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin (BR) prevent oxidative stress (OS)-induced hepatocanalicular dysfunction and cholestasis. Here, we aimed to ascertain, in the whole rat, whether a similar cholestatic OS injury can be counteracted by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction that consequently elevates endogenous BR levels. This was achieved through the administration of hemin, an inducer of HO-1, the rate-limiting step in BR generation. We found that BR peaked between 6 and 8 h after hemin administration. Duri

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Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann. "Conditions on Argument Drop." Linguistic Inquiry 42, no. 2 (2011): 267–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00042.

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This article pursues the idea that null arguments are derived without any statement or parameter, instead following “naturally” from 3rd factor principles and effects (in the sense of Chomsky 2005). The article thus contributes to the program of eliminating statements in grammar in favor of general factors. More specifically, it develops a theory of C/edge linking in terms of syntactically active but silent C-features, where all referential definite arguments, overt and silent, must match these features in order to be successfully C/edge-linked (interpreted). On the approach pursued, radically

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Isenmann, Eduard, Patrick Diel, Stephan Geisler, and Thorsten Schiffer. "The Effects of Protein and Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscular Regeneration After Intense Resistance Training in Soccer Players." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa066_011.

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Abstract Objectives Nutrition is a key element in post-exercise regeneration. Various studies suggest that ingestion of combined carbohydrates and proteins after exercise result in a decrease of inflammatory processes and consequently in an increase of regeneration and physical performance. Recent studies compared the pro-regenerative effects of protein/carbohydrate shakes with the intake of foodstuffs (white bread and high protein cheese) on the skeletal muscle after acute endurance exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a conventional curd/juice shake on the regener

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Xiao, Yuanxiang, Nazmus Sakib, Zhonghua Yue, et al. "Study on the Relationship Between Structure Parameters and Filtration Performance of Polypropylene Meltblown Nonwovens." Autex Research Journal 20, no. 4 (2020): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aut-2019-0029.

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AbstractIn this study, polypropylene meltblown nonwoven fabrics with different structure parameters such as fiber diameter, pore size, and areal density were prepared by the industrial production line. The morphology of meltblown nonwoven fibers was evaluated by using scanning electron microscope, and the diameter of fibers was analyzed by using image-pro plus software from at least 200 measurements. The pore size of nonwoven fabric was characterized by a CFP-1500AE type pore size analyzer. The filtration efficiency and pressure drop were evaluated by TSI8130 automatic filter. The results show

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Tomioka, Satoshi. "Micro-parameters in discourse pro-drop languages: Comments on ‘Born Empty’ by Yen-hui Audrey Li." Lingua 151 (November 2014): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2014.07.015.

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Xavier, Gildete Rocha. "Português Brasileiro como segunda língua: um estudo sobre o sujeito nulo (Brazilian Portuguese as a second language: a study about the null subject)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 10, no. 2 (2012): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v10i2.5512.

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Este estudo objetiva investigar como se dá a aquisição do sujeito nulo do português brasileiro (PB) como segunda língua (L2) por adultos estrangeiros, falantes nativos de inglês e italiano em situação de imersão total. A pesquisa desenvolve-se no âmbito da gramática gerativa, dentro do quadro da Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986) e do Programa Minimalista (CHOMsKY, 1993, 1995, 2000). As questões da pesquisa estão relacionadas ao acesso à Gramàtica Universal (GU) por aprendizes de L2. Mais especificamente, procurou-se investigar se os sujeitos analisados têm acesso à GU e,

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Campbell, Richard. "A note on subject clitics in Akan." Studies in African Linguistics 27, no. 1 (1998): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v27i1.107387.

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This paper is concerned with the analysis of pronominal subject clitics (SCLs) in Akan within the Priniciples and Parameters framework of syntactic theory. Two kinds of analysis are considered: one, where the SCL is a true pronoun, generated in an argument position (the argument analysis); the other, where the SCL is an inflectional element residing in Infl, which identifies a null pronominal (pro) in subject position (the pro analysis). On the basis of the distribution of null objects in causative constructions, it is argued that the pro analysis provides a more elegant account of the facts o

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Bao, Zhiming. "The origins of empty categories in Singapore English." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 16, no. 2 (2001): 275–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.16.2.03zhi.

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The system of empty categories in Singapore English, a contact language with an endogenous ecology, arises through the interaction of three parameters: [topic-prominence], [pro-drop], and [wh-movement]. These parameters are reset under the pressure of the languages in the contact ecology, mainly the substrate Chinese dialects, and the lexifier English. The paper adopts a holistic approach to creole genesis, in which substrate and superstrate influence is expressed in terms of parametric re-structuring constrained by principles of Universal Grammar. Surface-true substrate, superstrate, or novel

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Roppongi, Saori, Chika Tateoka, Mayu Fujimoto, et al. "Periplasmic form of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV fromPseudoxanthomonas mexicanaWO24: purification, kinetic characterization, crystallization and X-ray crystallographic analysis." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 73, no. 11 (2017): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x17014911.

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Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV or DPP IV) fromPseudoxanthomonas mexicanaWO24 (PmDAP IV) preferentially cleaves substrate peptides with Pro or Ala at the P1 position [NH2-P2-P1(Pro/Ala)-P1′-P2′…]. For crystallographic studies, the periplasmic form of PmDAP IV was overproduced inEscherichia coli, purified and crystallized in complex with the tripeptide Lys-Pro-Tyr using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Kinetic parameters of the purified enzyme against a synthetic substrate were also determined. X-ray diffraction data to 1.90 Å resolution were collected from a triclinic crystal for

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Ray, B., G. Biswas, and A. Sharma. "Oblique Drop Impact on Deep and Shallow Liquid." Communications in Computational Physics 11, no. 4 (2012): 1386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.140510.150511s.

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AbstractNumerical simulations using CLSVOF (coupled level set and volume of fluid) method are performed to investigate the coalescence and splashing regimes when a spherical water drop hits on the water surface with an impingement angle. Impingement angle is the angle between the velocity vector of primary drop and the normal vector to water surface. The effect of impingement angle, impact velocity and the height of target liquid are carried out. The impingement angle is varied from 0° to 90° showing the gradual change in phenomena. The formation of ship pro like shape, liquid sheet, secondary

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Qadir, Abubakir Omar. "شرۆڤەكردنى ڕستەى زمانى كوردى لە ڕوانگەى تيۆرى دەسەڵات و بەستنەوەدا". Journal of University of Human Development 3, № 4 (2017): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v3n4y2017.pp128-158.

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This study tries to analyze the Kurdish language, using Chomsky’s (1981) Government Binding theory, which is by itself regarded as a turning point in Chomsky’s Transformational Generative Grammar related to Universal Grammar. This approach will answer the diversity occurs in different languages according to Principles and Parameters.  First, Universal Grammar and its principles have been mentioned in this study. Later on, interpretations are given to the sub-theories of GB with which sentences in central Kurdish are analyzed. Besides, the level and method of the theory a long with the op

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Pilarski, Anna. "Zum Pronomen es bei Wetterverben im Jiddischen im Vergleich zu deutschen und polnischen Entsprechungen." Studia Linguistica 36 (November 22, 2017): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1169.36.6.

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Pronoun “es” used with weather verbs in Yiddish in comparison with German and PolishThe object of research are sentences containing weather verbs in Yiddish. The aspect of main interest here is the issue of syntactic features of the pronoun “es” and of the degree to which these features are similar to these present in German and Polish as two contact languages present in the development of Yiddish. On the basis of syntactic tests following questions are examined: how many different positions in a sentence can the es-elements occupy?, in which configurations can their lexical realisation be om

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Gabsatarova, Irina, L. Koroletski, and L. Malyanova. "DOUBLET of DOMBAI EARTHQUAKES 2013 in FOCAL ZONE of CHKHALTA EARTHQUAKE 1963." Zemletriaseniia Severnoi Evrazii [Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia], no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2019.22.32.

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Two Dombai earthquakes were recorded on March 26, 2013, at 23h35m with КР=11.9 and on May 28, 2013, at 00h09m with КР=11.9 (Mw GCMT=4.9 and 5.2) in the focal area of two strong (I0=IX and I0=VII at MSK 64) Chkhalta of 1963 and Teberda of 1905 earthquakes. They were accompanied by aftershock pro-cesses. The estimates of dynamic parameters of foci (for March 26, 2013, then May 28, 2013): the rupture length is L=3.4, 3.8 km, the stress drop =55, 79 Pa, the apparent stress drop=1, 3 Pa, and the average displacement along the rupture u=0.25, 0.33 m, were obtained from the spectra of S-waves at “A

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38

Bonomini, Mario, Francesc E. Borras, Maribel Troya-Saborido, Laura Carreras-Planella, Lorenzo Di Liberato, and Arduino Arduini. "Proteomic Research in Peritoneal Dialysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (2020): 5489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155489.

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Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an established home care, cost-effective renal replacement therapy (RRT), which offers several advantages over the most used dialysis modality, hemodialysis. Despite its potential benefits, however, PD is an under-prescribed method of treating uremic patients. Infectious complications (primarily peritonitis) and bio-incompatibility of PD solutions are the main contributors to PD drop-out, due to their potential for altering the functional and anatomical integrity of the peritoneal membrane. To improve the clinical outcome of PD, there is a need for biomarkers to ide

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39

van den Biggelaar, Robin H. G. A., Willem van Eden, Victor P. M. G. Rutten, and Christine A. Jansen. "Macrophage Activation Assays to Evaluate the Immunostimulatory Capacity of Avibacterium paragallinarum in A Multivalent Poultry Vaccine." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (2020): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040671.

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High-quality vaccines are crucial to prevent infectious disease outbreaks in the poultry industry. In vivo vaccination tests are routinely used to test poultry vaccines for their potency, i.e., their capacity to induce protection against the targeted diseases. A better understanding of how poultry vaccines activate immune cells will facilitate the replacement of in vivo potency tests for in vitro assays. Using the chicken macrophage-like HD11 cell line as a model to evaluate innate immune responses, the current explorative study addresses the immunostimulatory capacity of an inactivated multiv

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Borst, Alexandra J., Debra L. Sudan, Laura A. Wang, Michael J. Neuss, Tracy G. Spears, and Thomas L. Ortel. "Bleeding and Thrombotic Complications of Pediatric Liver Transplant." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1005.1005.

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Abstract Background: Due to underlying liver disease and the transplant process itself, pediatric abdominal transplant patients are at significant risk for bleeding and thrombotic complications. Hemostasis in these patients is nuanced, reflecting a balance of pro- and anti-coagulant factors not accurately captured by routine coagulation lab testing. Previous studies of pediatric liver transplant estimate thrombotic complications in up to 19% of patients and bleeding in 5-9%. These hematologic complications increase risk for graft failure, re-transplantation, or death. Methods: We retrospective

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Maini, Archana, Chudaratna Madangopal, and Kishor Sheth. "Drotrecogin Alfa (Xigris) Induced Coagulopathy as Measured by Routine Lab Tests in a Community Hospital Setting." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 4129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.4129.4129.

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Abstract Drotrecogin alfa - Recombinant Human Activated Protein C (Xigris) is FDA approved for the reduction of mortality in adult patients with severe sepsis who have a high risk of death as determined by APACHE II. Patients with sepsis have decreased circulating levels of protein C and that is associated with increased mortality. Drotrecogin alfa presumably has three main mechanisms of action: anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrinolytic. In the protein C pathway, protein C circulates as a zymogen which is converted to activated protein C (APC) when thrombin complexes with thrombomo

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42

Georgakopoulou, Afrodite, Hongjie Wang, Chrysi Kapsali, et al. "Thalassemia Gene Therapy By In Vivo Transduction of Mobilized Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) with an Integrating Hybrid Adenovirus Vector System." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (2018): 2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116787.

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Abstract To overcome the cost and complexity of current thalassemia ex vivogene therapy protocols, we developed a minimally invasive and readily translatable approach for in vivo HSC gene delivery which abrogates the need for HSC leukapheresis, CD34+ cell selection, ex vivo HSC culture, myeloablation and ultimately, transplantation. Our approach involves HSC mobilization with G-CSF/AMD3100 andintravenous injections of a hybrid vector system consisting ofa CD46-targeting, helper-dependent adenoviral vector and the hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposase (SB100x) that mediates integration of the

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43

Albert, Kolomansky, Sahar Hiram-Bab, Naamit Deshet-Unger, et al. "Recombinant Erythropoietin and Darbepoetin Alpha Exert a Similar Dose-Dependent Osteopenic Effect Which May Advocate for "Start Low, Go Slow" Dosing Strategy in Clinical Practice." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 2445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.2445.2445.

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Abstract Background and rationale: Identifying risk factors for bone loss is of utmost importance in the prevention of osteoporotic bone fractures. We and others have recently described the dramatic erythropoietin (EPO)-induced bone loss. Recombinant EPO and its long-acting derivative, darbepoetin alpha (DA), are frequently and interchangeably used in clinical practice for similar indications including diseases (e.g. multiple myeloma) in which bone mass may be compromised already, as a part of the disease process. Here, we examined in a murine model, the dose response to the erythroid stimulat

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44

Manikkam Umakanthan, Jayadev, Lori J. Maness, Jiangtao Luo, et al. "Safety and Efficacy of Enoxaparin Prophylaxis in Adults Receiving Peg-Asparaginase Containing Induction Regimens for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 5154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5154.5154.

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Abstract Background: Peg-asparaginasecan cause dysregulationof pro-coagulant and anti-coagulant proteins, resulting in a significant risk of venous thromboembolism(VTE) in ALL, particularly in adults undergoing induction chemotherapy. In late 2014, we adopted a policy at our institution to use prophylactic dose ofenoxaparin 40 mg daily for up to 3 weeks following the administration of peg-asparaginase. Patients are also to undergo monitoring of complete blood count, and coagulation parameters including fibrinogen and anti-thrombin. Enoxaparin may be held if patients develop severe thrombocytop

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Seth Chhabra, Ekta, Nancy Moore, Chris Furcht, et al. "Evaluation of Enhanced in Vitro Plasma Stability of a Novel Long Acting Recombinant FVIIIFc-VWF-XTEN Fusion Protein." Blood 126, no. 23 (2015): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.2279.2279.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION More than 95% of circulating clotting factor VIII (FVIII) exists in a non-covalent complex with von Willebrand Factor (VWF). While VWF stabilizes and protects FVIII from its clearance pathways, it also subjects FVIII to VWF-mediated clearance. Thus, interaction with VWF imposes a limitation on the extent of FVIII half-life extension achieved by current technologies (Fc fusion, PEGylation etc.). Recombinant FVIIIFc-VWF-XTEN (rFVIIIFc-VWF-XTEN) is a novel fusion protein, consisting of the FVIII binding D'D3 domains of VWF fused to a single chain rFVIIIFc (scFVIIIFc). Append

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Vinchi, Francesca, Gregory M. Vercellotti, John D. Belcher, et al. "Systemic Heme and Iron Overload Results in Depletion of Serum Hemopexin, Haptoglobin and Transferrin and Correlates with Markers of Endothelial Activation and Lipid Oxidation in Beta Thalassemia Major and Intermedia." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 2469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.2469.2469.

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Abstract Beta thalassemia is an inherited hemoglobinopathy due to reduced synthesis of Beta globin chains and, consequently, of hemoglobin A (a2b2). The clinical manifestations are mainly the result of chronic anemia and iron overload. The latter is due to increased iron absorption, induced by accelerated but ineffective erythropoiesis, and recurrent red blood cell transfusions. Alfa-chains and iron excess promote oxidative damage of red blood cell membrane, resulting in macrophage sequestration and extravascular hemolysis, and to a lower extent, in intravascular hemolysis, with consequent rel

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Pissard, Serge, Ka Chandran, Florence Houriez, et al. "Biallelic Mutations in Hamp in Type 2b Hemochromatosis." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1279.1279.

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Abstract Introduction Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a group of genetic iron overload disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding HFE (HFE1), transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2), hepcidin (HAMP), hemojuvelin (HFE2) or ferroportin (SLC40A1), respectively. HH is classified into 4 different categories according to the gene causing the disease. Type1 is the most common form arising from homozygosity for HFE C282Y mutation at the homozygous state. Type2 HH includes type 2A caused by mutations in HJV and type 2B , caused by mutations in HAMP. Hepcidin is synthesized as a pro-peptide of 84amino aci

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48

"The Highest Subject Restriction and the Pro-drop Parameter in Arabic." International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature 5, no. 10 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2347-3134.0510012.

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49

Hees, Katrin Alexandra, Seher Podkaminskij, Jürgen Breckenkamp, et al. "Schwangere mit Gestationsdiabetes in Berlin – Perinataldatenanalyse mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Migrationsstatus." Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie, November 2, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1270-8258.

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ZusammenfassungFür Deutschland liegen bisher keine systematisch erhobenen Daten zur Betreuung von Migrantinnen mit Gestationsdiabetes (GDM) vor, obwohl die Anzahl von Migrantinnen in deutschen Geburtskliniken seit den 1980er Jahren kontinuierlich zunimmt. Methodik Auf Grundlage der Fallzahlschätzung für diese prospektive Studie wurde der Einschluss von 160 GDM-Patientinnen+/- einer Drop-Out-Rate von 10 GDM-Patientinnen pro Gruppe, 90 mit Migrationshintergrund (MH) und 90 ohne MH, angestrebt. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte mittels Fragebogen zur Erhebung soziodemografischer Daten, Migration, Akkult

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Aristizabal-Alzate, Carlos Esteban, Andrés Felipe Vargas-Ramírez, and Pedro Nel Alvarado-Torres. "Simulation of methanol production from residual biomasses in a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 packed bed reactor." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, September 23, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.20200907.

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This article aims to simulate an algorithm constructed in MATLAB to represent the catalytic conversion of SYNGAS into methanol in a packed-bed reactor, based on chemical kinetics for a heterogeneous system with a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 as a catalyst, and complementary math and phenomenological models, as a pressure drop and catalyst deactivation. Model validation is developed, comparing reference results and the results by running the algorithm in MATLAB using a reference SYNGAS composition. Also, the constructed model considers a catalyst deactivation by sintering and pressure drop along the reactor. S

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