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Journal articles on the topic 'Proactive aggression'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Ang, Rebecca P., Vivien S. Huan, Xiang Li, and Wei Teng Chan. "Functions of Aggression and Delinquency: The Moderating Role of Parent Criminality and Friends’ Gang Membership." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 22 (March 2, 2016): 3531–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516636066.

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This study examined the relationships between two functions of aggression (i.e., reactive and proactive) and delinquency, including the moderating effects of parent criminality and friends’ gang membership, in a sample of 1,027 Singaporean adolescents from Grade 7 to Grade 9, with age ranging from 12 to 19 years ( M = 14.10, SD = 1.15). Findings suggested that both reactive aggression and proactive aggression significantly and positively predicted delinquency (after controlling for proactive aggression and reactive aggression, respectively), with proactive aggression being a stronger predictor

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2

Wrangham, Richard W. "Two types of aggression in human evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713611115.

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Two major types of aggression, proactive and reactive, are associated with contrasting expression, eliciting factors, neural pathways, development, and function. The distinction is useful for understanding the nature and evolution of human aggression. Compared with many primates, humans have a high propensity for proactive aggression, a trait shared with chimpanzees but not bonobos. By contrast, humans have a low propensity for reactive aggression compared with chimpanzees, and in this respect humans are more bonobo-like. The bimodal classification of human aggression helps solve two important

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Lokithasan, Komathi, Ai Fie Chua, Kwan Hui Ting Joanna, Raksshana Subramanian, Wirawahida Kamarul Zaman, and Sanggari Krishnan. "The Correlation between Aggression, Self-esteem and Cyberbullying among Undergraduates in Malaysia." Sains Insani 5, no. 1 (July 13, 2020): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol5no1.189.

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The prevalence of cyberbullying cases has been increasing over the years and it causes detrimental effects on one's mental health and psychological well-being. This cross-sectional research aims to determine the significant relationship between proactive aggression, reactive aggression and self-esteem on cyberbullying among undergraduates in Malaysia. 255 participants were recruited through purposive sampling. Questionnaires were distributed online via social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Twitter. Three validated and reliable self-report measures were used to gathe

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Gini, Gianluca, Robert Thornberg, Kay Bussey, Federica Angelini, and Tiziana Pozzoli. "Longitudinal Links of Individual and Collective Morality with Adolescents’ Peer Aggression." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 51, no. 3 (October 18, 2021): 524–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01518-9.

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AbstractAdolescents’ aggressive behavior has been often linked to biases in morality. However, limited knowledge is available regarding the relative strength of different moral correlates, both at the individual and class-level, in predicting different types of aggressive behavior over time. To address this gap, the present study tested the prospective associations of moral identity and moral disengagement with reactive and proactive aggression in a short-term longitudinal study. The sample consisted of 1158 Italian adolescents (48.7% females; Mage = 13.6 years, SD = 1.1). Participants complet

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Card, Noel A., and Todd D. Little. "Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment." International Journal of Behavioral Development 30, no. 5 (September 2006): 466–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025406071904.

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Aggressive behavior in childhood has long been separated into that which is proactively motivated and that which is reactive. We report a meta-analytic review of the existing empirical literature that examines the associations of each type of aggression with six indices of psychosocial adjustment: internalizing problems, emotional dysregulation and ADHD-type symptoms, delinquent behaviors, prosocial behavior, sociometric status, and peer victimization. Even though not detectable in most single studies, meta-analytic combination revealed that reactive aggression was more strongly related to mos

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Calvete, Esther, and Izaskun Orue. "Cognitive Schemas and Aggressive Behavior in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Social Information Processing." Spanish journal of psychology 13, no. 1 (May 2010): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600003772.

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This study assesses the association between cognitive schemas of justification of violence, grandiosity and abuse, and reactive and proactive aggressive behavior, and whether this association is mediated by social information processing (SIP). For this purpose, a sample of 1371 adolescents (638 girls and 580 boys) completed measures of cognitive schemas, SIP, and Reactive-Proactive Aggression. The results showed that the cognitive schemas of justification of violence and narcissism are more relevant for proactive aggression, whereas the abuse schema is more relevant for reactive aggression. SI

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Petruccelli, Filippo, Pierluigi Diotaiuti, Valeria Verrastro, Irene Petruccelli, Roberta Federico, Giovanni Martinotti, Andrea Fossati, Massimo Di Giannantonio, and Luigi Janiri. "Affective Dependence and Aggression: An Exploratory Study." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/805469.

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Introduction.Emotionally dependent subjects may engage in controlling, restrictive, and aggressive behaviours, which limit their partner’s autonomy. The underlying causes of such behaviours are not solely based on levels of aggression, but act as a mean of maintaining the subject’s own sense of self-worth, identity, and general functioning.Objective.The aim of the paper is to explore the correlation between affective dependency and reactive/proactive aggression and to evaluate individual differences as predisposing factors for aggressive behaviour and emotional dependency.Methods.TheSpouse-Spe

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Banny, Adrienne M., Wan-Ling Tseng, Dianna Murray-Close, Clio E. Pitula, and Nicki R. Crick. "Borderline personality features as a predictor of forms and functions of aggression during middle childhood: Examining the roles of gender and physiological reactivity." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 3 (July 22, 2014): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941400039x.

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AbstractThe present longitudinal investigation examined borderline personality features as a predictor of aggression 1 year later. Moderation by physiological reactivity and gender was also explored. One hundred ninety-six children (M = 10.11 years, SD = 0.64) participated in a laboratory stress protocol in which their systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and skin conductance reactivity to recounting a relational stressor (e.g., threats to relationships or exclusion) were assessed. Teachers provided reports on subtypes of aggressive behavior (i.e., reactive relational, proactive

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Rojas Zegarra, María Elena, Walter Lizandro Arias Gallegos, Renzo Rivera, Jenny Adelí Geldres García, Marlene Alejandra Starke Moscoso, and Evert Nazaret Apaza Bejarano. "Propiedades psicométricas de los cuestionarios Reactive/Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ) y How I Think Questionaire (HIT) en estudiantes peruanos." Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica 25, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rppc.24426.

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Abstract: The present study aimed to value the relationships between reactive/proactive aggression and cognitive distortion among adolescents from Arequipa City in Peru, for which it was necessary to realize a psychometric analysis of the tests used. Evaluated were 2,830 high school students (48.9% female and 51.1% male) aged between 13 and 19 years old, with the Reactive/Proactive Aggression Questionnaire and the How I Think Questionnaire. A psychometric analysis was performed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the instruments applied, as well as a correlation analysis to determine t

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Malonda-Vidal, Elisabeth, Paula Samper-García, Anna Llorca-Mestre, Roger Muñoz-Navarro, and Vicenta Mestre-Escrivá. "Traditional Masculinity and Aggression in Adolescence: Its Relationship with Emotional Processes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 9802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189802.

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Traditional masculinity includes norms that encourage many of the aggressive behaviors whereas traditional femininity emphasizes aggression very little. In addition, the lack of emotional regulation as well as a poor impulse control have been related to aggression and, in particular, with reactive and proactive aggression. The objective of this study is to examine the role of gender stereotypes (masculinity/femininity) in reactive and proactive aggression, through regulatory emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. A total of 390 adolescents participated in a longitudinal study in Valen

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Ross, Veerle, Nora Reinolsmann, Jill Lobbestael, Chantal Timmermans, Tom Brijs, Wael Alhajyaseen, and Kris Brijs. "Relating Reactive and Proactive Aggression to Trait Driving Anger in Young and Adult Males: A Pilot Study Using Explicit and Implicit Measures." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041850.

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Driving anger and aggressive driving are main contributors to crashes, especially among young males. Trait driving anger is context-specific and unique from other forms of anger. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms of trait driving anger to develop targeted interventions. Although literature conceptually distinguished reactive and proactive aggression, this distinction is uncommon in driving research. Similar, cognitive biases related to driving anger, measured by a combination of explicit and implicit measures, received little attention. This pilot study related explicit and implicit

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del Puerto-Golzarri, Nora, Aitziber Azurmendi, María Rosario Carreras, José Manuel Muñoz, Paloma Braza, Oscar Vegas, and Eider Pascual-Sagastizabal. "The Moderating Role of Surgency, Behavioral Inhibition, Negative Emotionality and Effortful Control in the Relationship between Parenting Style and Children’s Reactive and Proactive Aggression." Children 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9010104.

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The principal aim of this study is to explore the moderating role of temperament in the relationship between parenting style and the reactive and proactive aggressive behavior of 8-year-old children. The participants are 279 children (154 boys and 125 girls). To measure reactive and proactive aggression, children completed the reactive and proactive questionnaire (RPQ). Child temperament and parenting styles were evaluated by both parents using the temperament in middle childhood questionnaire (TMCQ) and the parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). The results revealed that boys w

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Persson, Gun E. B. "Developmental perspectives on prosocial and aggressive motives in preschoolers’ peer interactions." International Journal of Behavioral Development 29, no. 1 (January 2005): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000423.

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Preschoolers’ prosocial and aggressive behaviours were explored longitudinally, with a focus on the inferred underlying motives of these behaviours. Forty-four children (initially 22–40 months of age) were observed in naturalistic interactions with peers, during a 2-month period, for each of three consecutive years. Three categories of prosocial behaviour (requested, altruistic, and nonaltruistic) and three categories of aggressive behaviour (reactive, proactive instrumental, and proactive hostile aggression) were explored for: (1) internal consistency; (2) developmental changes; (3) individua

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Jung, Janis, Barbara Krahé, and Robert Busching. "Differential Risk Profiles for Reactive and Proactive Aggression." Social Psychology 48, no. 2 (March 2017): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000298.

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Abstract. This two-wave longitudinal study identified configurations of social rejection, affiliation with aggressive peers, and academic failure and examined their predictivity for reactive and proactive aggression in a sample of 1,479 children and adolescents aged between 9 and 19 years. Latent profile analysis yielded three configurations of risk factors, made up of a non-risk group, a risk group scoring high on measures of social rejection (SR), and a risk group scoring high on measures of affiliation with aggressive peers and academic failure (APAF). Latent path analysis revealed that, as

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Chester, David S. "The Role of Positive Affect in Aggression." Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 4 (August 2017): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721417700457.

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Aggressive behavior hurts us all and is studied across psychology’s subdisciplines. Classical theories discuss the causes of aggression in the context of negative affect (e.g., frustration, pain). However, more recent research implicates positive affect as an important correlate and cause of aggression. Such aggressive pleasure likely evolved from ancient predatory tendencies that later yielded reproductive benefits, holds across reactive and proactive forms of aggression, and is used strategically as an item in many people’s emotion-regulation toolkit. Findings from psychological and neural s

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Muñoz Centifanti, Luna C., Eva R. Kimonis, Paul J. Frick, and Katherine J. Aucoin. "Emotional reactivity and the association between psychopathy-linked narcissism and aggression in detained adolescent boys." Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412001186.

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AbstractDifferent patterns of emotional reactivity characterize proactive and reactive functions of aggressive behavior, and theory also suggests a link of both types with narcissism. How people with narcissistic traits respond emotionally to competitive scenarios could influence their aggressiveness. Participants were 85 adolescent boys from a detention center. Several indices of emotional functioning were assessed, including attentional bias to negative emotional stimuli and psychophysiological responding. In addition, we included self-report and laboratory measures of aggression and measure

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Raine, Adrian, Kenneth Dodge, Rolf Loeber, Lisa Gatzke-Kopp, Don Lynam, Chandra Reynolds, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, and Jianghong Liu. "The reactive–proactive aggression questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys." Aggressive Behavior 32, no. 2 (2006): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.20115.

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Lobbestael, Jill, and Maaike J. Cima. "Virtual Reality for Aggression Assessment: The Development and Preliminary Results of Two Virtual Reality Tasks to Assess Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Males." Brain Sciences 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121653.

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Validly measuring aggression is challenging because self-reports are plagued with biased answer tendencies and behavioral measures with ethical concerns and low ecological validity. The current study, therefore, introduces a novel virtual reality (VR) aggression assessment tool, differentially assessing reactive and proactive aggression. Two VR tasks were developed, one in an alley environment (N = 24, all male, Mage = 23.88, 83.3% students) and an improved second one in a bar (N = 50, all male, Mage = 22.54, 90% students). In this bar VR task, participants were randomly assigned to either the

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Fung, Annis Lai-Chu. "Sex Differences in the Relationships between Forms of Peer Victimization and Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Schoolchildren." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105443.

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The original study investigated sex differences in the relationships between multiple forms of peer victimization (physical victimization, verbal victimization, and social exclusion) and subtypes of aggression (reactive aggression and proactive aggression) in schoolchildren. A self-report questionnaire assessing levels of peer victimization and aggression was administered to 3790 schoolchildren (1916 males and 1874 females) aged 11 to 17 (M = 13.19; SD = 1.17) from 10 middle schools in Hong Kong. The pure effect of each subtype of aggression were evaluated by statistically controlling for anot

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van den Boogert, Frank, Bram Sizoo, Pascalle Spaan, Sharon Tolstra, Yvonne H. A. Bouman, Witte J. G. Hoogendijk, and Sabine J. Roza. "Sensory Processing and Aggressive Behavior in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010095.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be accompanied by aggressive behavior and is associated with sensory processing difficulties. The present study aims to investigate the direct association between sensory processing and aggressive behavior in adults with ASD. A total of 101 Dutch adult participants with ASD, treated in outpatient or inpatient facilities, completed the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP), the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ), and the Aggression Questionnaire—Short Form (AQ-SF). Results revealed that sensory processing difficulties are associated with more

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Fakhry, Karim, Helal ., and Bouchra Hussein Aboud. "Proactive Aggression in Middle School Students." Social Sciences 15, no. 1 (March 21, 2020): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36478/sscience.2020.38.44.

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Nesdale, Drew, Melanie Killen, and Amanda Duffy. "Children’s social cognition about proactive aggression." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 116, no. 3 (November 2013): 674–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.003.

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van Dijk, Anouk, Julie A. Hubbard, Peter K. H. Deschamps, Wieteke Hiemstra, and Hanneke Polman. "Do Distinct Groups of Reactively and Proactively Aggressive Children Exist? A Confirmatory Latent Profile Approach." Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 49, no. 10 (April 21, 2021): 1303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00813-0.

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AbstractThe present study examined whether there are distinct groups of children with reactive versus proactive motives for their aggressive behavior. We extended previous research by using a person-based analytical approach on data from a questionnaire assessing children’s motives independently from the severity of their aggression. Two competing hypotheses were tested. The both subtypes hypothesis holds that both reactive and proactive subtypes exist, as well as a mixed subtype. The reactive only hypothesis holds that only reactive and mixed subtypes exist. Hypotheses were tested on existing

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Juujärvi, Petri, Jukka Kaartinen, Lea Pulkkinen, Esko Vanninen, and Tomi Laitinen. "Controlling reactive aggression through cognitive evaluation of proactive aggression cues." Cognition & Emotion 20, no. 6 (September 2006): 759–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930500368022.

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Thomson, Nicholas D., and Theodore P. Beauchaine. "Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Mediates Links Between Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Both Aggressive and Violent Behavior." Journal of Personality Disorders 33, no. 4 (August 2019): 544–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_358.

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Although emotion dysregulation (ED) is a core symptom of borderline personality disorder (BPD), tests of associations between ED and aggression and violence—which are common to BPD—are sparse. The authors evaluated mediating effects of an autonomic vulnerability to ED on links between BPD symptoms and (a) reactive aggression, (b) proactive aggression, and (c) histories of interpersonal violence in a sample of young adults (N = 104), ages 18–22 years. Low baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) mediated the association between BPD symptoms and reactive aggression. In contrast, although BPD

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Fite, Paula J., Adrian Raine, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, Rolf Loeber, and Dustin A. Pardini. "Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Adolescent Males." Criminal Justice and Behavior 37, no. 2 (November 19, 2009): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854809353051.

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There is limited knowledge about the unique relations between adolescent reactive and proactive aggression and later psychosocial adjustment in early adulthood. Accordingly, this study prospectively examined associations between adolescent (mean age = 16) reactive and proactive aggression and psychopathic features, antisocial behavior, negative emotionality, and substance use measured 10 years later in early adulthood (mean age = 26). Study questions were examined in a longitudinal sample of 335 adolescent males. Path analyses indicate that after controlling for the stability of the outcome an

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Lee, Hyun-Soo, Arthur Cantos, Jami Mach, and Jennifer Wolff. "Proactive Versus Reactive Perpetrators: Aggression and Intimate Partner Violence." Partner Abuse 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.9.2.103.

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The relationship between proactive and reactive aggression could have significant implications for the conceptualization of intimate partner violence. In this study, victim statements found in police reports involving 299 unique adult male perpetrators were coded for proactive or reactive aggression content and analyzed in relation to existing measures of treatment outcomes. Family-only violent perpetrators were hypothesized to be rated as having used reactive aggression, and generally violent perpetrators were expected to have used proactive aggression. It was further predicted that proactive

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Marsee, Monica A., Paul J. Frick, Christopher T. Barry, Eva R. Kimonis, Luna C. Muñoz Centifanti, and Katherine J. Aucoin. "Profiles of the forms and functions of self-reported aggression in three adolescent samples." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 3 (July 22, 2014): 705–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000339.

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AbstractIn the current study, we addressed several issues related to the forms (physical and relational) and functions (reactive and proactive) of aggression in community (n = 307), voluntary residential (n = 1,917), and involuntarily detained (n = 659) adolescents (ages 11–19 years). Across samples, boys self-reported more physical aggression and girls reported more relational aggression, with the exception of higher levels of both forms of aggression in detained girls. Further, few boys showed high rates of relational aggression without also showing high rates of physical aggression. In cont

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Wall Myers, Tina D., Abigail Salcedo, Paul J. Frick, James V. Ray, Laura C. Thornton, Laurence Steinberg, and Elizabeth Cauffman. "Understanding the link between exposure to violence and aggression in justice-involved adolescents." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417001134.

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AbstractThe current study advanced research on the link between community violence exposure and aggression by comparing the effects of violence exposure on different functions of aggression and by testing four potential (i.e., callous–unemotional traits, consideration of others, impulse control, and anxiety) mediators of this relationship. Analyses were conducted in an ethnically/racially diverse sample of 1,216 male first-time juvenile offenders (M= 15.30 years,SD= 1.29). Our results indicated that violence exposure had direct effects on both proactive and reactive aggression 18 months later.

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Broekhof, Evelien, Marieke G. N. Bos, and Carolien Rieffe. "The Roles of Shame and Guilt in the Development of Aggression in Adolescents With and Without Hearing Loss." Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 49, no. 7 (February 24, 2021): 891–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00769-1.

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AbstractThis longitudinal study examined how shame and guilt contribute to the development of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents with and without hearing loss. Adolescents between 9 and 16 years old (adolescents with hearing loss (n = 80; Mage = 11.91) and without hearing loss (n = 227; Mage = 11.63)) completed self-reports on three occasions with an interval of 9 months. Mixed model analyses revealed that both reactive aggression and proactive aggression decreased with age, whereas shame and guilt peaked in early adolescence. Adolescents with hearing loss reported higher levels

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McCreery, Michael P., S. Kathleen Krach, Catherine A. Bacos, Jeffrey R. Laferriere, and Danielle L. Head. "Can Video Games Be Used as a Stealth Assessment of Aggression?" International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations 11, no. 2 (April 2019): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgcms.2019040103.

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The current pilot study examined how well a reflective moral-choice video game predicted the rating scale scores of aggression types. To begin, the authors used a coding system to examine in-game proactive and reactive behaviors. This analysis resulted in a tallied score for each construct. These game-based scores were then included in regression models, examining how well within-game behaviors predict scores on a pre-existing rating scale of both proactive and reactive aggression. Findings indicated that game-based proactive scores were not predictive of proactive aggression ratings; however,

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Murray, Aja Louise, Ingrid Obsuth, Jan Zirk-Sadowski, Denis Ribeaud, and Manuel Eisner. "Developmental Relations Between ADHD Symptoms and Reactive Versus Proactive Aggression Across Childhood and Adolescence." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 1701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716666323.

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Objective: Past research has provided some preliminary evidence that ADHD and reactive aggression have overlapping neurocognitive bases. Based on this, we tested the hypothesis that ADHD symptoms are closely coupled in developmental terms with reactive aggression, more so than with proactive aggression with which it has been postulated to be only indirectly linked. Method: We used latent growth curve analysis to estimate the developmental relations between ADHD symptoms and subtypes of aggressive behavior in a normative sample of 1,571 youth (761 female, 810 male) measured from ages 7 to 15. R

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Fandrem, Hildegunn, Brit Oppedal, and Thormod Idsoe. "Reactive and Proactive Aggression among Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Early Adolescents in Norway: The Relations to Emotional and Conduct Problems." Adolescent Psychiatry 10, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210676610666200327165927.

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Objective: This study explores the differences in the association between three different types of aggression (reactive aggression, power-related proactive aggression and affiliation- related proactive aggression) and emotional and conduct problems between early adolescents with immigrant and non-immigrant backgrounds in Norway. Methods: The sample comprised 1759 early adolescents in fifth to eighth grade (10- to 15- year-olds). The proportion of early adolescent immigrants with two foreign-born parents was 862, and 897 participants were adolescents with two Norwegian-born parents. The gender

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Miller, Joshua D., and Donald R. Lynam. "Reactive and proactive aggression: Similarities and differences." Personality and Individual Differences 41, no. 8 (December 2006): 1469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.004.

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Fite, Paula J., and Craig R. Colder. "Proactive and Reactive Aggression and Peer Delinquency." Journal of Early Adolescence 27, no. 2 (May 2007): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431606294838.

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Murray-Close, Dianna, Leigh Ann Holterman, Nicole L. Breslend, and Alexandra Sullivan. "Psychophysiology of proactive and reactive relational aggression." Biological Psychology 130 (December 2017): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.10.005.

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Fite, Paula J., and Michael Vitulano. "Proactive and Reactive Aggression and Physical Activity." Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 33, no. 1 (June 10, 2010): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010-9193-6.

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Tucker, Corinna Jenkins, Genevieve Cox, Erin Hiley Sharp, Karen T. Van Gundy, Cesar Rebellon, and Nena F. Stracuzzi. "Sibling Proactive and Reactive Aggression in Adolescence." Journal of Family Violence 28, no. 3 (October 26, 2012): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9483-8.

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Zhu, Wenfeng, Li He, and Ling-Xiang Xia. "The brain correlates of state proactive aggression." Neuropsychology 36, no. 3 (March 2022): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000791.

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McAdams, Charles R., and Christopher D. Schmidt. "How to Help a Bully: Recommendations for Counseling the Proactive Aggressor." Professional School Counseling 11, no. 2 (December 2007): 2156759X0701100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156759x0701100207.

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Initiatives to stop school bullying often prescribe counseling for the bullies. However, specific strategies for the counseling of bullies are not well defined. To succeed in stopping the aggressive behavior of bullies, school counselors must first understand the needs and motivations behind the behavior. This article distinguishes the characteristic type of aggression displayed by bullies–proactive aggression. Type-specific recommendations are presented for maximizing school counselors&apos; effectiveness in their direct efforts to help bullies change.

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Uz Baş, Aslı, and İrfan Yurdabakan. "The relationship between reactive and proactive Aggression and emotional and behavioral difficulties: Criterion validity of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) among preadolescents." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 3 (September 5, 2017): 2553. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i3.4494.

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The present study aimed to assess the criterion validity of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) in a Turkish sample of preadolescents. Participants consisted of 379 middle school students (190 boys and 189 girls) aged 11 to 15 years. In this study, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used as the criterion instrument. Findings from stepwise regression analysis revealed that conduct problems were the strongest predictor of both reactive and proactive aggression. Additionally, reactive aggression was uniquely predicted by emotional symptoms and hyperactivity,

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Farrell, Albert D., Sarah Pittman, Amie F. Bettencourt, Krista R. Mehari, Courtney Dunn, and Terri N. Sullivan. "Beliefs as Mediators of Relations Between Exposure to Violence and Physical Aggression During Early Adolescence." Journal of Early Adolescence 42, no. 3 (November 12, 2021): 297–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02724316211036747.

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This study examined beliefs about aggression and self-efficacy for nonviolent responses as mediators of longitudinal relations between exposure to violence and physical aggression. Participants were a predominantly African American (79%) sample of 2705 early adolescents from three middle schools within urban neighborhoods with high rates of violence. Participants completed measures across four waves (fall, winter, spring, and summer) within a school year. Beliefs supporting proactive aggression, beliefs against fighting, and self-efficacy for nonviolence partially mediated relations between wi

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Morrow, Michael T., Julie A. Hubbard, Meghan D. McAuliffe, Ronnie M. Rubin, and Karen F. Dearing. "Childhood aggression, depressive symptoms, and peer rejection: The mediational model revisited." International Journal of Behavioral Development 30, no. 3 (May 2006): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025406066757.

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The goals of the current study were to investigate whether peer rejection mediated the relation between aggression and depressive symptoms in childhood, and if so, whether this mediational pathway was specific to the reactive subtype of aggression. Participants were 57 second-grade children (22 girls and 35 boys). Data on reactive aggression, proactive aggression, depressive symptoms, and peer rejection were collected from four sources (parents, teachers, peers, and self). Results revealed that reactive aggression, but not proactive aggression, was positively related to depressive symptoms. Fu

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Dickson, Daniel J., Ashley D. Richmond, Mara Brendgen, Frank Vitaro, Brett Laursen, Ginette Dionne, and Michel Boivin. "Aggression can be contagious: Longitudinal associations between proactive aggression and reactive aggression among young twins." Aggressive Behavior 41, no. 5 (February 12, 2015): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.21582.

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Wong, Keri Ka-Yee, and Adrian Raine. "Peer Problems and Low Self-esteem Mediate the Suspicious and Non-suspicious Schizotypy–Reactive Aggression Relationship in Children and Adolescents." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 48, no. 11 (September 13, 2019): 2241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01125-9.

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Abstract The relationship between schizophrenia and violence has been well-established. Yet very little prior research exists on the factors that might explain the nature of this relationship and even fewer studies seek to clarify the etiology of aggressive behavior in adolescents with specific features of schizotypal personality that might help improve the specificity of intervention. The current study tested whether one dimension of schizotypy alone (i.e., the ‘suspicious’ feature) or the other 8 dimensions (i.e., the ‘non-suspicious’ features) were particularly associated with aggressive be

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Smithmyer, Catherine M., Julie A. Hubbard, and Robert F. Simons. "Proactive and Reactive Aggression in Delinquent Adolescents: Relations to Aggression Outcome Expectancies." Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 29, no. 1 (February 2000): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2901_9.

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García-Vázquez, Fernanda Inéz, Angel Alberto Valdés-Cuervo, and Lizeth Guadalupe Parra-Pérez. "The Effects of Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Self-Control on Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Bullying." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 5760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165760.

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The social cognitive approach to moral development posits that moral self-schemas encourage character strengths and reduce adolescents’ aggression. However, limited research has examined the influence of positive personal characteristics on proactive behaviors and reactive aggression in bullying. This study examined direct and mediational relationships between forgiveness, gratitude, self-control, and both proactive and reactive aggression in bullying. The extent to which the structural relations of this model were invariant by gender and stage of adolescence were also evaluated. Participants

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CAO, Cong, Mei-Ping WANG, Wen-Xin ZHANG, and Guang-Hui CHEN. "The Genetic Underpinning of Proactive and Reactive Aggression." Advances in Psychological Science 20, no. 12 (June 17, 2013): 2001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2012.02001.

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Xu, Yiyuan, and Zengxiu Zhang. "Distinguishing Proactive and Reactive Aggression in Chinese Children." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 36, no. 4 (December 13, 2007): 539–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9198-0.

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Dambacher, Franziska, Teresa Schuhmann, Jill Lobbestael, Arnoud Arntz, Suzanne Brugman, and Alexander T. Sack. "Reducing proactive aggression through non-invasive brain stimulation." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10, no. 10 (February 12, 2015): 1303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv018.

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