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Journal articles on the topic 'Proanthocyanidols'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Girard, Marion, Annika Lehtimäki, Giuseppe Bee, Frigga Dohme-Meier, Maarit Karonen, and Juha-Pekka Salminen. "Changes in Feed Proanthocyanidin Profiles during Silage Production and Digestion by Lamb." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 5887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245887.

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Proanthocyanidins are plant specialized metabolites which are beneficial to animal nutrition and health. This study determined how proanthocyanidin profiles of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) change during the forage conservation process and along the digestive tract of lamb. We determined soluble, protein- and fiber-bound proanthocyanidins by spectrophotometric methods and soluble proanthocyanidin profiles by UPLC-MS/MS. During the conservation process, the total proanthocyanidin contents reduced in both forages and the relative proportion of insoluble proanthocyanidins increased, especially in sainfoin. The soluble proanthocyanidins, their mean degree of polymerization and the relative prodelphinidin share declined in both feed species. In the abomasum of lambs fed sainfoin silage, most of the proanthocyanidins were in insoluble form bound to proteins and fibers, but in the small and large intestines, the proportion of soluble proanthocyanidins increased again. For lambs fed birdsfoot trefoil, the trend was not so clear as proanthocyanidins were already mainly soluble in the abomasum. Nevertheless, a large part of soluble proanthocyanidins was recovered in the digestive tract but could not be detected by the UPLC-MS/MS method used. This study suggests that proanthocyanidins have probably been metabolized in the digestive tract by the resident microbiota.

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2

Liu, Zhi Qiang, Qing Li Yang, Chu Shu Zhang, Yan Zhang, Shi Qing Wang, and Jie Sun. "Study on Antioxidant Activity of Proanthocyanidins from Peanut Skin." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 1582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1582.

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The research aimed to provide scientific basis for developing Proanthocyanidins from peanut skin. In this study, the antioxidant activity of Proanthocyanidins form peanut skin was studied at different system (O2-•, •OH and DPPH•) in vitro, with Vc. For O2-•, •OH and DPPH•, the IC50 of Proanthocyanidins form peanut skin was 0.143mg/mL, 0.097mg/mL and 0.274mg/mL; the IC50 of Vc was 0.163mg/mL, 0.097mg/mL and 0.306mg/mL. The result showed that proanthocyanidins from peanut skin had stronger antioxidant activity than Vc, and that Proanthocyanidins would be a effective natural free radical scavenger.

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3

Zhao, Wen, Yuc Cai Meng, Zhi Ping Yin, Wei Hua Liu, and Cui Jiao Niu. "Study on the Isolation and Purification of Proanthocyanidins from Rhodiola Rose by Macroporous Adsorbent Resin." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 2053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.2053.

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Five different macroreticular resins (S-8, HPD750, AB-8, HPD100 and D101) were evaluated for the adsorption properties of the proanthocyanidins extracted from Rhodiola rose. The results showed that AB-8 displayed the optimal adsorption and desorption properties. The adsorption of AB-8 for proanthocyanidins followed Langmuir equation and belonged monolayer adsorption. The optimal purification conditions were as follows: the sample concentration of proanthocyanidins was 4mg/mL, sample flow rate was 1.5BV/h, proanthocyanidins could be entirely eluted with 3 bed volumes of 50% ethanol. Based on the experiment, the purity of proanthocyanidins product is 64%.

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4

Chen, X., J. Xiong, Q. He, and F. Wang. "Characterization and Potential Antidiabetic Activity of Proanthocyanidins from the Barks of Acacia mangium and Larix gmelinii." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4793047.

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Proanthocyanidins in ethanol extracts from the barks of Acacia mangium and Larix gmelinii were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography, MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, and HPLC/MS. The inhibitory effects of proanthocyanidins and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of proanthocyanidins against carbolytic enzymes were also tested. A significant relationship between carbolytic enzymes inhibition and degree of polymerization was established, showing that the degree of polymerization is a major contributor to the biological activity of the proanthocyanidins from both types of woody plant bark. The results indicate that proanthocyanidins from the barks of A. mangium and L. gmelinii have potential antidiabetic properties.

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5

Levdansky, Vladimir Aleksandrovich, Irina Vladimirovna Korol'kova, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Levdanskiy, and Boris Nikolayevich Kuznetsov. "ISOLATION AND STUDY OF PROANTHOCYANIDINS FROM BARK OF PINE PÍNUS SYLVÉSTRIS L." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2020047749.

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The isolation of proanthocyanidins from bark of Scotch pine Pínus sylvéstris L. by water and water-alcohol solutions containing 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% ethanol was studied for the first time. Isolation of proanthocyanidins was carried out from the initial and deresinified (extracted with hexane) pine bark. It was shown that, compared with water extraction, the use of 15–25% aqueous ethanol solutions allows one to increase the yield of proanthocyanidins from 0.44 to 0.63%. It was established that the preliminary extraction of resinous substances from the pine bark does not significantly affect the yield of proanthocyanidins. It was shown that an increase in ethanol concentration of more than 20% in the extraction solution leads to an increase in the total yield of extractives, while the yield of proanthocyanidins does not increase. A study of proanthocyanidins by UV spectroscopy after their conversion to red anthocyanidins showed that they mainly consist of procyanidin and prodelphinidine in close concentrations. The composition of the obtained proanthocyanidins mixtures was studied by IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that the proanthocyanidins obtained from the bark of pine Pínus sylvéstris L., in contrast to isolated from other pine species, contains gallic acid residues which can increase their antiradical activity.

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6

Ni, Liwen, Fanbin Zhao, Bolun Li, Tong Wei, Hang Guan, and Shixue Ren. "Antioxidant and Fluorescence Properties of Hydrogenolyzised Polymeric Proanthocyanidins Prepared Using SO42−/ZrO2 Solid Superacids Catalyst." Molecules 23, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 2445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102445.

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Larix bark oligomeric proanthocyanidins (LOPC) were prepared from larix bark polymeric proanthocyanidins (LPPC) by catalytic hydrogenolysis using SO42−/ZrO2 solid superacid as the catalyst. The catalyst to polymeric proanthocyanidins ratio was 0.2:1 (m/m). The LOPC, obtained after hydrogenolysis at 100 °C for 4 h under 3 MPa hydrogen pressure, retained the structural characteristics of proanthocyanidins. The average degree of polymerization was reduced from 9.50% to 4.76% and the depolymerization yield was 53.85%. LOPC has good antioxidant properties and, at the same concentration, the reducing ability of LOPC was much higher than that of LPPC. The IC50 values of LOPC for scavenging DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals were 0.046 mg/mL and 0.051 mg/mL, respectively. LOPC is biocompatible and has fluorescent properties that are affected by external factors, such as solvent polarity, pH and the presence of different metal ions. These features indicate that LOPC could be developed as a new biological fluorescent marker. The depolymerization of low-value polymeric proanthocyanidins to provide high-value oligomeric proanthocyanidins and the development of new applications for proanthocyanidins represent significant advances.

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7

Yu, Dan, Ting Huang, Bin Tian, and Jicheng Zhan. "Advances in Biosynthesis and Biological Functions of Proanthocyanidins in Horticultural Plants." Foods 9, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9121774.

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Proanthocyanidins are colorless flavonoid polymers condensed from flavan-3-ol units. They are essential secondary plant metabolites that contribute to the nutritional value and sensory quality of many fruits and the related processed products. Mounting evidence has shown that the accumulation of proanthocyanidins is associated with the resistance of plants against a broad spectrum of abiotic and biotic stress conditions. The biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins has been examined extensively, allowing for identifying and characterizing the key regulators controlling the biosynthetic pathway in many plants. New findings revealed that these specific regulators were involved in the proanthocyanidins biosynthetic network in response to various environmental conditions. This paper reviews the current knowledge regarding the control of key regulators in the underlying proanthocyanidins biosynthetic and molecular mechanisms in response to environmental stress. Furthermore, it discusses the directions for future research on the metabolic engineering of proanthocyanidins production to improve food and fruit crop quality.

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8

Attia, Sabry M., Saleh A. Bakheet, and Nouf M. Al-Rasheed. "Proanthocyanidins Produce Significant Attenuation of Doxorubicin-Induced Mutagenicity via Suppression of Oxidative Stress." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 3, no. 6 (2010): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/oxim.3.6.14418.

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This study has been initiated to determine whether proanthocyanidins can protect against doxorubicin-induced mutagenicity in mice and to elucidate the potential mechanism of this protection. Pretreatment of mice with proanthocyanidins (100 mg/kg/day, orally) for 7 days and simultaneously with doxorubicin (12 mg/kg, i.p.) for another day, significantly reduced the frequency of bone marrow DNA strand breaks and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes compared to doxorubicin-treated mice alone. Furthermore, proanthocyanidins caused a reduction in bone marrow suppression induced by doxorubicin treatment. In male germline, orally administration of proanthocyanidins (100 mg/kg/day, orally) for 7 consecutive days before and 7 consecutive days after treatment with doxorubicin (12 mg/ kg, i.p.), significantly elevated the levels of sperm count and motility reduced by doxorubicin treatment. Furthermore, proanthocyanidins significantly decreased the elevated levels of spermatogonial and spermatocyte chromosomal aberrations and sperm head abnormality induced by doxorubicin. Prior administration of proanthocyanidins ahead of doxorubicin reduced the doxorubicin induced testicular lipid peroxidation and prevented the reduction in testicularnonprotein sulfhydryl significantly. Conclusively, this study provides for the first time that proanthocyanidins have a protective role in the abatement of doxorubicin-induced mutagenesis and cell proliferation changes in germinal cells of mice that reside, at least in part, in their radical scavengeractivity. Therefore, proanthocyanidins can be a promising chemopreventive agent to avert secondary malignancy and abnormal reproductive outcomes risks in cancer patients receiving doxorubicin-involved treatment.

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9

Li, Xin, Jingling Liu, Qinxiang Chang, Ziyun Zhou, Ruilian Han, and Zongsuo Liang. "Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Proanthocyanidins from Fagopyrum dibotrys." Molecules 26, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 2417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092417.

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Proanthocyanidins are natural glycosidase inhibitors with excellent antioxidant activity. This study aims to search for a new source of proanthocyanidins for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes with higher content and better activity and get their structure elucidated. First, the total proanthocyanidins contents (TOPCs), antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity of seven common Polygonaceae plants were analyzed and compared. Then proanthocyanidins from the rhizome of Fagopyrum dibotrys were purified, and the detailed structure was comprehensively analyzed by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR), reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESI-MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The rhizome of F. dibotrys showed the highest TOPCs, the strongest antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities; the TOPCs, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were all very significantly positively correlated. Proanthocyanidins purified from the rhizome of F. dibotrys showed better antidiabetic activity than grape seed proanthocyanidins (GsPs). Seventy-two proanthocyanidins from trimer to undecamer with a mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of about 5.02 ± 0.21 were identified with catechin and epicatechin as the dominant monomers. Conclusion: Proanthocyanidins are the main antioxidant and antidiabetic active substances of F. dibotrys and are expected to be developed into potential antioxidant and hypoglycemic products.

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10

Tang, Chenyu, Bing Tan, and Xiangjun Sun. "Elucidation of Interaction between Whey Proteins and Proanthocyanidins and Its Protective Effects on Proanthocyanidins during In-Vitro Digestion and Storage." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 5468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185468.

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Whey proteins and oligomeric proanthocyanidins have nutritional value and are widely used in combination as food supplements. However, the effect of the interactions between proanthocyanidins and whey proteins on their stability has not been studied in depth. In this work, we aimed to characterize the interactions between β-Lactoglobulin (β-LG) and α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and oligomeric proanthocyanidins, including A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, and C1, using multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking methods. Fluorescence spectroscopic data revealed that all of the oligomeric proanthocyanidins quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of β-LG or α-LA by binding-related fluorescence quenching. Among the six oligomeric proanthocyanidins, A1 showed the strongest affinity for β-LG (Ka = 2.951 (±0.447) × 104 L∙mol−1) and α-LA (Ka = 1.472 (±0.236) × 105 L∙mol−1) at 297 K. β-LG/α-LA and proanthocyanidins can spontaneously form complexes, which are mainly induced by hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that the secondary structures of the proteins were rearranged after binding to oligomeric proanthocyanidins. During in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, the recovery rate of A1 and A2 increased with the addition of WPI by 11.90% and 38.43%, respectively. The addition of WPI (molar ratio of 1:1) increased the retention rate of proanthocyanidins A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, and C1 during storage at room temperature by 14.01%, 23.14%, 30.09%, 62.67%, 47.92%, and 60.56%, respectively. These results are helpful for the promotion of protein–proanthocyanidin complexes as functional food ingredients in the food industry.

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11

Tie, Fangfang, Jifei Wang, Yuexin Liang, Shujun Zhu, Zhenhua Wang, Gang Li, and Honglun Wang. "Proanthocyanidins Ameliorated Deficits of Lipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Via Inhibiting Adipogenesis and Improving Mitochondrial Function." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062029.

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Proanthocyanidins are the major active compounds extracted from Iris lactea Pall. var. Chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz (I. lactea). Proanthocyanidins exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, and lowering blood lipids. However, the underlying mechanism of its regulating effect on lipid metabolism in diabetic conditions remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects of I. lactea-derived proanthocyanidins on lipid metabolism in mice of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Results demonstrated a beneficial effect of total proanthocyanidins on dysregulated lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis in high-fat-diet/streptozocin (STZ)-induced T2DM. To identify the mechanisms, six flavan-3-ols were isolated from proanthocyanidins of I. lacteal and their effects on adipogenesis and dexamethasone (Dex)-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were determined. In vitro studies showed flavan-3-ols inhibited adipogenesis and restored mitochondrial function after Dex-induced insulin resistance, being suggested by increased mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular ATP contents, mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial biogenesis, and reduced reactive oxygen species. Among the six flavan-3-ols, procyanidin B3 and procyanidin B1 exhibited the strongest effects. Our study suggests potential of proanthocyanidins as therapeutic target for diabetes.

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12

Stankovic, Miroslava, and Anica Horvat. "Properties of grape seed proanthocyanidins and quercetin in human lymphocytes." Archives of Biological Sciences 60, no. 3 (2008): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0803367s.

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This study addresses the in vitro protective effects of proanthocyanidins and quercetin on the frequency of micronuclei with reference to the antioxidant status of cultured human lymphocytes also subjected to 2 Gy of ?-radiation. Treatment of lymphocytes with proanthocyanidins induced a significant decrease in the frequency of micronuclei and reduction of malonyldialdehyde production, as well as increased catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity. Quercetin induces a higher incidence of micronuclei and production of malonyldialdehyde. The seven-fold increase of micronuclei frequency induced by a therapeutic dose of ?-radiation was decreased in the presence of proanthocyanidins. These results demonstrate that proanthocyanidins may be important in the prevention of ROS-induced oxidative lymphocyte damage by decreasing DNA damage, lowering membrane lipid peroxidation, and increasing the activity AOP enzymes, as well as by reducing the level of ?-radiation-induced DNA damage. Our results support the potential benefits of proanthocyanidins as efficient antioxidants and radioprotectors.

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13

Izumi, Toru, and Masakazu Terauchi. "The Diverse Efficacy of Food-Derived Proanthocyanidins for Middle-Aged and Elderly Women." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 3833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123833.

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Middle-aged and elderly women are affected by various symptoms and diseases induced by estrogen deficiency. Proanthocyanidins, widely present in many kinds of fruits and berries, have many beneficial effects, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. We researched the effects of proanthocyanidins for middle-aged and elderly women, finding that it has been revealed in many clinical trials and cohort studies that proanthocyanidins contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, cancer, osteoporosis, and urinary tract infection, as well as the improvement of menopausal symptoms, renal function, and skin damage. Thus, proanthocyanidins can be considered one of the potent representatives of complementary alternative therapy.

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14

Zhong, Huairong, Yong Xue, Xiaoyuan Lu, Qiang Shao, Yuelei Cao, Zhaoxia Wu, and Gao Chen. "The Effects of Different Degrees of Procyanidin Polymerization on the Nutrient Absorption and Digestive Enzyme Activity in Mice." Molecules 23, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 2916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112916.

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Proanthocyanidins, including polymers with both low and high degrees of polymerization, are the focus of intensive research worldwide due to their high antioxidant activity, medicinal applications, and pharmacological properties. However, the nutritional value of these compounds is limited because they readily form complexes with proteins, polysaccharides, and metal ions when consumed. In this study, we examined the effects of proanthocyanidins with different degrees of polymerization on white mice. Twenty-four male white mice were randomly divided into three groups of eight mice each and fed proanthocyanidins with a low degree of polymerization or a high degree of polymerization or a distilled water control via oral gavage over a 56-day period. We examined the effects of these proanthocyanidins on digestive enzyme activity and nutrient absorption. Compared to the control group, the group fed high-polymer proanthocyanidins exhibited a significant reduction in net body mass, total food intake, food utility rate, amylase activity, protease activity, and major nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05), while the group fed low-polymerization proanthocyanidins only exhibited significant reductions in total food intake, α-amylase activity, and apparent digestibility of calcium and zinc (p < 0.05). Therefore, proanthocyanidins with a high degree of polymerization had a greater effect on digestive enzyme activity and nutrient absorption than did those with a low degree of polymerization. This study lays the foundation for elucidating the relationship between procyanidin polymerization and nutrient uptake, with the aim of reducing or eliminating the antinutritional effects of polyphenols.

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15

Chen, Xiao, Jia Xiong, Shenlin Huang, Xun Li, Yu Zhang, Liping Zhang, and Fei Wang. "Analytical Profiling of Proanthocyanidins from Acacia mearnsii Bark and In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential." Molecules 23, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 2891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112891.

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The proanthocyanidins from ethanol extracts (80%, v/v) of Acacia mearnsii (A. mearnsii) bark on chemical-based and cellular antioxidant activity assays as well as carbolytic enzyme inhibitory activities were studied. About 77% of oligomeric proanthocyanidins in ethanol extracts of A. mearnsii bark were found by using normal-phase HPLC. In addition, HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analyses indicated that proanthocyanidins from A. mearnsii bark exhibited with a degree of polymerization ranging from 1 to 11. These results of combined antioxidant activity assays, as well as carbolytic enzyme inhibitory activities of proanthocyanidins from A. mearnsii bark, indicated an encouraging antioxidant capacity for the high polyphenol content and a potential for use as alternative drugs for lowering the glycemic response.

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16

Qu, Wenjuan, Shuangqian Shi, Pingping Li, Zhongli Pan, and Chandrasekar Venkitasamy. "Extraction Kinetics and Properties of Proanthocyanidins from Pomegranate Peel." International Journal of Food Engineering 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2014-0034.

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Abstract With an objective of developing a safe and efficient method to extract proanthocyanidins products from pomegranate peel for use in nutraceuticals or as food additives, the effects of extraction parameters on the production efficiency, product properties, and extraction kinetics were systematically studied. The results showed that both extraction temperature and water–material ratio had significant effects on the proanthocyanidins content, but the yield was significantly affected only by temperature. The moderate temperature and water–material ratio were beneficial to maintain high proanthocyanidins scavenging activity and good product quality. The second-order extraction and Arrhenius kinetic models were developed and successfully used to predict the proanthocyanidins yield for given conditions tested. Extraction temperature of 60°C, water–material ratio of 30:1 g g−1, and time of 10 min are recommended for proanthocyanidins extraction from pomegranate peel, which corresponded to the highest yield of 40.6 mg g−1 and content of 89.1 mg g−1 having a scavenging activity of 31.5 g g−1, and an attractive reddish yellow color.

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17

Pallenbach, Ernst, Eberhard Scholz, Martin König, and Horst Rimpler. "Proanthocyanidins fromQuercus petraeaBark." Planta Medica 59, no. 03 (June 1993): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-959666.

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18

Hümmer, Wolfgang, and Peter Schreier. "Analysis of proanthocyanidins." Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 52, no. 12 (December 2008): 1381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700463.

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19

Lin, Lie-Chwen, Yuh-Chi Kuo, and Cheng-Jen Chou. "Immunomodulatory Proanthocyanidins fromEcdysantherautilis." Journal of Natural Products 65, no. 4 (April 2002): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np010414l.

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20

Scholz, Eberhard, and Horst Rimpler. "Proanthocyanidins fromKrameria triandraRoot." Planta Medica 55, no. 04 (August 1989): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962032.

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21

Xiaozhong, Liang, and Xiao Peigen. "Proanthocyanidins fromAntenoron neofiliforme." Planta Medica 55, no. 04 (August 1989): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962048.

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22

Pallenbach, E., E. Scholz, M. König, D. Hunkler, and H. Rimpler. "Proanthocyanidins fromQuercus petraeaBark." Planta Medica 57, S 2 (December 1991): A127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960423.

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23

Malik, A., Z. A. Kuliev, Yu A. Akhmedov, A. D. Vdovin, and N. D. Abdullaev. "Proanthocyanidins ofZiziphus jujuba." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 33, no. 2 (March 1997): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02291535.

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24

Yu, C. L., and B. Swaminathan. "Mutagenicity of proanthocyanidins." Food and Chemical Toxicology 25, no. 2 (February 1987): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(87)90146-3.

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25

Głąbska, Dominika, Dominika Guzek, Karolina Gałązka, and Gustaw Lech. "Therapeutic Potential of Proanthocyanidins in Ulcerative Colitis in Remission." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030771.

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A number of bioactive components of diet are indicated as potential dietary factors for the management of ulcerative colitis, while the recent study conducted in an animal model revealed that proanthocyanidins from grape seeds exert a broadly positive impact. The aim of the study was to verify the influence of dietary proanthocyanidins intake on the symptoms of ulcerative colitis in remission in human subjects. The study was conducted in a group of 55 participants (19 males, 36 females) in remission of ulcerative colitis confirmed based on both the Mayo Scoring system and Rachmilewitz index. Their habitual dietary intake of proanthocyanidins and intake recalculated per 1000 kcal of diet was assessed and it was verified whether they are associated with symptoms of ulcerative colitis. The energy value of diet and intake of other nutrients were analyzed as potential interfering factors. Participants declaring the presence of mucus in their stool compared with other participants were characterized by higher proanthocyanidins intake (142 vs. 75 mg; p = 0.0441) and intake per 1000 kcal (91 vs. 37 mg/1000 kcal; p = 0.0092), while for no other nutrient such association was stated. Participants declaring constipation compared with other participants were characterized by higher proanthocyanidins intake (214 vs. 82 mg; p = 0.0289) and intake per 1000 kcal (118 vs. 41 mg/1000 kcal; p = 0.0194). Similar association for constipation was observed in the case of energy value of diet and protein intake, but only for proanthocyanidins intake, it was confirmed in the logistic regression model (p = 0.0183; OR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.00–1.02). The positive influence of habitual dietary intake of proanthocyanidins was confirmed in the studied group of patients with ulcerative colitis in remission, as this intake may have increased the production of mucus, which is beneficial for intestinal healing, and may have reduced the frequency of bowel movements. However, further experimental human studies are necessary to confirm the potential influence of proanthocyanidins intake in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission.

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Keneshov, B. M., Z. A. Kuliev, A. D. Vdovin, N. D. Abdullaev, A. B. Makhmatkulov, and A. A. Nishanov. "Proanthocyanidins ofPolygonum coriarium III. Structures of proanthocyanidins T1 and T2." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 33, no. 4 (July 1997): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02282364.

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27

Keneshov, B. M., Z. A. Kuliev, A. D. Vdovin, N. D. Abdullaev, and A. A. Nishanov. "Proanthocyanidins ofPolygonum coriarium. IV. Structures of proanthocyanidins T3 and T4." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 33, no. 5 (September 1997): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02254802.

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28

Li, Song Lin, Xiao Ming Chen, and Jing Lin. "Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extracting of Proanthocyanidins from Purple Cabbage and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity In Vitro." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3500–3504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3500.

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A central composite rotatable design combined with response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) conditions namely microwave power, extraction time, liquid-solid ratio and ethanol proportion on the proanthocyanidins extraction from purple cabbage. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: microwave power, 260 W; extraction time, 54s; liquid to solid ratio, 43; and ethanol concentration, 57%. The results showed proanthocyanidins had a significant effect on scavenging of DPPH radicals. At last, proanthocyanidins were identified by thin layer chromatography.

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Tang, Ran, Dehai Xian, Jixiang Xu, Huiling Peng, Shihong Pan, and Jianqiao Zhong. "Proanthocyanidins as a Potential Novel Way for the Treatment of Hemangioma." BioMed Research International 2021 (January 2, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5695378.

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Hemangioma, the most common benign vascular tumor, not only affects the appearance and psychology but also has a life-threatening potential. It is considered that clonal vascular endothelial cell proliferation and excessive angiogenesis are responsible for hemangioma pathogenesis, in which abnormal cytokines/pathways are closely implicated, primarily including high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as their downstream pathways, especially phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt). These further stimulate the migration and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and promote the formation of new vessels, ultimately leading to the occurrence and development of hemangioma. Proanthocyanidins are naturally active substance from plants and fruits. They possess multiple functions like antiproliferation, antiangiogenesis, and antitumor. It has been demonstrated that proanthocyanidins effectively work in various diseases via inhibiting the expression of various factors, e.g., HIF-1α, VEGF, PI3K, and Akt. Considering the pathogenesis of hemangioma and the effect of proanthocyanidins, we hold a hypothesis that proanthocyanidins would be applied in hemangioma via downregulating cytokine/pathway expression, suppressing vascular cell proliferation and arrest abnormal angiogenesis. Taken together, proanthocyanidins may be a potential novel way for the treatment of hemangioma.

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Jurikova, Tunde, Sona Skrovankova, Jiri Mlcek, Stefan Balla, and Lukas Snopek. "Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and Biological Effects of European Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos)." Molecules 24, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010024.

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Lesser known fruits or underutilized fruit species are recently of great research interest due to the presence of phytochemicals that manifest many biological effects. European cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos fruit, as an important representative of this group, is a valuable source of antioxidants and other biologically active substances, similar to American cranberry (V. macrocarpon) which is well known and studied. European cranberry fruit is rich especially in polyphenolic compounds anthocyanins (12.4–207.3 mg/100 g fw), proanthocyanins (1.5–5.3 mg/100 g fw), and flavonols, especially quercetin (0.52–15.4 mg/100 g fw), which mostly contribute to the antioxidant activity of the fruit. Small cranberry is also important due to its various biological effects such as urinary tract protection (proanthocyanidins), antibacterial and antifungal properties (quercetin, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins), cardioprotective (proanthocyanidins) and anticancer activities (proanthocyanidins), and utilization in food (juice drinks, jams, jellies, sauces, additive to meat products) and pharmacological industries, and in folk medicine.

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Kelm, Mark A., John F. Hammerstone, and Harold H. Schmitz. "Identification and Quantitation of Flavanols and Proanthocyanidins in Foods: How Good are the Datas?" Clinical and Developmental Immunology 12, no. 1 (2005): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10446670410001722177.

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Evidence suggesting that dietary polyphenols, flavanols, and proanthocyanidins in particular offer significant cardiovascular health benefits is rapidly increasing. Accordingly, reliable and accurate methods are needed to provide qualitative and quantitative food composition data necessary for high quality epidemiological and clinical research. Measurements for flavonoids and proanthocyanidins have employed a range of analytical techniques, with various colorimetric assays still being popular for estimating total polyphenolic content in foods and other biological samples despite advances made with more sophisticated analyses. More crudely, estimations of polyphenol content as well as antioxidant activity are also reported with values relating to radical scavenging activity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the method of choice for quantitative analysis of individual polyphenols such as flavanols and proanthocyanidins. Qualitative information regarding proanthocyanidin structure has been determined by chemical methods such as thiolysis and by HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) techniques at present. The lack of appropriate standards is the single most important factor that limits the aforementioned analyses. However, with ever expanding research in the arena of flavanols, proanthocyanidins, and health and the importance of their future inclusion in food composition databases, the need for standards becomes more critical. At present, sufficiently well-characterized standard material is available for selective flavanols and proanthocyanidins, and construction of at least a limited food composition database is feasible.

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Savickiene, Nijole, Aiste Jekabsone, Lina Raudone, Asmaa Abdelgeliel, Andrea Cochis, Lia Rimondini, Elina Makarova, et al. "Efficacy of Proanthocyanidins from Pelargonium sidoides Root Extract in Reducing P. gingivalis Viability While Preserving Oral Commensal S. salivarius." Materials 11, no. 9 (August 22, 2018): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091499.

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Bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the disruption of beneficial microbiota are key problems in contemporary medicine and make the search for new, more efficient infection treatment strategies among the most important tasks in medicine. Multicomponent plant-derived preparations with mild antibacterial activity created by many simultaneous mechanisms together with anti-inflammatory, innate immune and regenerative capacity-stimulating properties are good candidates for this therapy, and proanthocyanidins are among the most promising compounds of this sort. In this study, we have isolated proanthocyanidins from Pelargonium sidoides DC root extract and characterized and compared the composition, antioxidant properties and antibacterial activity of the proanthocyanidin fraction with those of the whole extract. The results revealed that proanthocyanidins had significantly stronger antioxidant capacity compared to the root extract and exhibited a unique antibacterial action profile that selectively targets Gram-negative keystone periodontal and peri-implant pathogenic strains, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, while preserving the viability of beneficial oral commensal Streptococcus salivarius. The finding suggests that proanthocyanidins from Pelargonium sidoides root extract are good candidates for the prolonged and harmless treatment of infectious diseases.

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Makabe, Hidefumi. "Recent Syntheses of Proanthocyanidins." HETEROCYCLES 87, no. 11 (2013): 2225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/rev-13-782.

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SATO, Masashi, Syed Q. ISLAM, Shinobu AWATA, and Toru YAMASAKI. "Flavanonol Glucoside and Proanthocyanidins." Journal of Pesticide Science 24, no. 2 (1999): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.24.123.

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Danne, Andreas, Frank Petereit, and Adolf Nahrstedt. "Proanthocyanidins from Cistus incanus." Phytochemistry 34, no. 4 (November 1993): 1129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90729-5.

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Foo, L. Y., Y. Lu, W. C. McNabb, G. Waghorn, and M. J. Ulyatt. "Proanthocyanidins from Lotus pedunculatus." Phytochemistry 45, no. 8 (August 1997): 1689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00198-2.

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de la Iglesia, Rocío, Fermín I. Milagro, Javier Campión, Noemí Boqué, and J. Alfredo Martínez. "Healthy properties of proanthocyanidins." BioFactors 36, no. 3 (March 15, 2010): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biof.79.

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Huo, Qing, Xiangye Kong, Xiaofang Yang, Yue Wang, Lingling Ma, Min Luo, and Diandou Xu. "Molecular modification of proanthocyanidins." Bioengineered 7, no. 4 (July 3, 2016): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2016.1197745.

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Foo, L. Y., R. Newman, G. Waghorn, W. C. McNabb, and M. J. Ulyatt. "Proanthocyanidins from Lotus corniculatus." Phytochemistry 41, no. 2 (February 1996): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00602-8.

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Rauf, Abdur, Muhammad Imran, Tareq Abu-Izneid, Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, Seema Patel, Xiandao Pan, Saima Naz, Ana Sanches Silva, Farhan Saeed, and Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria. "Proanthocyanidins: A comprehensive review." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 116 (August 2019): 108999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108999.

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Khi, Kim Khvan, Z. A. Kuliev, A. D. Vdovin, M. R. Yagudaev, and V. M. Malikov. "Proanthocyanidins of Rhodiola semenovii." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 27, no. 6 (November 1991): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00629925.

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Makhmatkulov, A. B., Z. A. Kuliev, A. D. Vdovin, and V. M. Malikov. "Proanthocyanidins ofPolygonum corarium. II." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 30, no. 2 (March 1994): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00630009.

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43

Chen, Siqi, Jie Song, Liuping Du, Yanli Ma, Shixue Ren, Junxue Ren, and Shujun Li. "Quantitative Analysis of Solubility Parameters and Surface Properties of Larch Bark Proanthocyanidins." Polymers 12, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 2800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122800.

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Quantitative characterization of the solubility parameters and surface properties of larch bark proanthocyanidins will lay the foundation for quantitative studies of the interfacial interactions of proanthocyanidin/polymer composites and will improve the compatibility of components, with important practical and scientific significance. Here, the solubility parameters of highly polymerized larch polymeric proanthocyanidins (LPPCs) and less highly polymerized larch oligomeric proanthocyanidins (LOPCs) were determined experimentally by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). These values were then compared with the solubility parameters obtained using molecular dynamics simulations. The experimentally measured solubility parameters of LPPCs and LOPCs (20.5 and 22.09 (J/m−3)0.5, respectively) were in good agreement with the solubility parameters determined by molecular dynamics simulations (20.57 and 22.35 (J/m−3)0.5, respectively. IGC was also used to experimentally determine the total surface energy, which includes the dispersive component of surface energy γsd and the specific component of surface energy γssp, together with the surface acidity and basicity parameters of LPPCs and LOPCs at different temperatures. The surface properties of proanthocyanidins can be quickly and accurately evaluated by IGC, and both LPPCs and LOPCs were shown to be amphoteric materials. This study provides theoretical and technical support for the use of larch bark proanthocyanidins, which are non-toxic, renewable, and have good ultraviolet resistance, in the field of blending composites. The study also provides a reference for other studies on the interfacial interactions of wood fiber polymer composites.

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Oršolić, Nada, Johann Nemrava, Željko Jeleč, Marina Kukolj, Dyana Odeh, Svjetlana Terzić, Rajko Fureš, Tomica Bagatin, and Dinko Bagatin. "The Beneficial Effect of Proanthocyanidins and Icariin on Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 2746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092746.

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Nutrition is an important factor that influences bone metabolism, the endocrine and/or paracrine system, and bone-active mineral elements homeostasis. We studied antiosteoporotic effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins extract, icariin or alendronate (ALN) in retinoic acid-induced (13cRA) bone loss in rats. Proanthocyanidins and icariin have beneficial effects on bone health; they have improved the bone weight reduction, the length and the diameter of the bone, calcium, and phosphorus content in bone ash, bone mineral density (BMD), the biochemical markers of bone turnover and uterus atrophy induced by 13cRA. All results suggest that proanthocyanidins and icariin reverse osteoporosis in 13cRA rats by stimulating bone formation or regulating bone resorption by their antioxidative and estrogenic-like activity without toxic side-effects observed in ALN treatment.

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Arapitsas, Panagiotis, Daniele Perenzoni, Graziano Guella, and Fulvio Mattivi. "Improving the Phloroglucinolysis Protocol and Characterization of Sagrantino Wines Proanthocyanidins." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041087.

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Proanthocyanidins are key metabolites that explain wine sensorial character (bitterness and astringency) and red wine color changes during aging. Therefore, a fast and accurate method to evaluate the degree of polymerization and the structural composition of the polymeric proanthocyanidins is a crucial analytical tool. Phloroglucinolysis is the most used method for this analysis but, unfortunately, the phloroglucinol adducts of the monomeric flavan-3-ols are not commercially available, making the results less accurate. The aim of this work was the isolation by semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of these non-commercial compounds and their use for the development of an accurate UHPLC-MS/MS protocol. The purity of each adduct was established via quantitative 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements with 3-trimethylsilyl-propionic-d4 acid sodium salt as the calibration standard. The developed method was applied to evaluate the proanthocyanidins profile of Sagrantino di Montefalco wines in comparison to other well-known tannic wines. Commercial, 6–8 years old Sagrantino wines were demonstrated to be very rich in epicatechin type B procyanidins, to have low galloylation %, and to have a high mean degree of polymerization of the proanthocyanidins with respect to the other analyzed wines.

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Bensa, Maja, Vesna Glavnik, and Irena Vovk. "Leaves of Invasive Plants—Japanese, Bohemian and Giant Knotweed—The Promising New Source of Flavan-3-ols and Proanthocyanidins." Plants 9, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010118.

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This is the first report on identification of all B-type proanthocyanidins from monomers to decamers (monomers—flavan-3-ols, dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, octamers, nonamers, and decamers) and some of their gallates in leaves of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica Houtt.), giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis F. Schmidt) and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtkova) J.P. Bailey). Flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins were investigated using high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to densitometry, image analysis, and mass spectrometry (HPTLC–MS/MS). All species contained (−)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2, while (+)-catechin was only detected in Bohemian and giant knotweed. (−)-Epicatechin gallate, procyanidin B1 and procyanidin C1 was only confirmed in giant knotweed. Leaves of all three knotweeds have the same chemical profiles of proanthocyanidins with respect to the degree of polymerization but differ with respect to gallates. Therefore, chromatographic fingerprint profiles of proanthocyanidins enabled differentiation among leaves of studied knotweeds, and between Japanese knotweed leaves and rhizomes. Leaves of all three species proved to be a rich source of proanthocyanidins (based on the total peak areas), with the highest content in giant and the lowest in Japanese knotweed. The contents of monomers in Japanese, Bohemian and giant knotweed were 0.84 kg/t of dry weight (DW), 1.39 kg/t DW, 2.36 kg/t, respectively, while the contents of dimers were 0.99 kg/t DW, 1.40 kg/t, 2.06 kg/t, respectively. Giant knotweed leaves showed the highest variety of gallates (dimer gallates, dimer digallates, trimer gallates, tetramer gallates, pentamer gallates, and hexamer gallates), while only monomer gallates and dimer gallates were confirmed in Japanese knotweed and monomer gallates, dimer gallates, and dimer digallates were detected in leaves of Bohemian knotweed. The profile of the Bohemian knotweed clearly showed the traits inherited from Japanese and giant knotweed from which it originated.

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Baba, Asami, Tomohiro Hoshino, Sosuke Ogawa, and Tsuyoshi Takara. "Improvement of glucose metabolism and safety of acacia bark-derived proanthocyanidins in healthy Japanese adults: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Trial." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v11i9.822.

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Objective: Acacia bark-derived proanthocyanidins exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypotensive effects, and improving skin condition, in addition to beneficial effects on blood glucose. Herein, we evaluated the effects of acacia bark-derived proanthocyanidins on fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels in healthy Japanese adults with fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels between 110–125 mg/dL.Methods: Subjects were randomly allocated into 2 groups (n = 33 per group) and consumed 6 tablets/day of either tablets of acacia bark extract containing proanthocyanidins (Acacia group) or placebo for 12 weeks. Evaluation points were at the screening, and after 4-week (4w), 8-week (8w), and 12-week intervention (12w). The primary outcome was FBG level at 12 w, whereas the secondary outcomes were FBG level at 4w and 8w, the FBG changes from Scr to each-week intervention, the percentage of subjects with FBG levels below 110 mg/dL after 12 w, the measured value and the change value from Scr to each-week intervention of HbA1c, the measured value and the change value from Scr to each-week intervention of postprandial blood glucose levels.Results: A total of 33 subjects (18 men, 15 women) from each group were analyzed. The Acacia group had significantly lower FBG levels at 8 and 12 w than the placebo group (P = 0.030 and P = 0.014, respectively). The percentage of subjects with FBG <110 mg/dL at 12 w was marginally higher in the Acacia group than in the placebo group (P = 0.079). HbA1c at 12 w was significantly lowered in the Acacia group compared to the placebo group (P = 0.015).Conclusions: Acacia bark-derived proanthocyanidins were confirmed to have FBG-lowering effects.Trial registration: UMIN000039414Foundation: Acacia-No-Ki Co.,Ltd.Keywords: Acacia bark extract, Proanthocyanidins, Fasting blood glucose level, HbA1c

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Cheng, A., X. Chen, W. Wang, Z. Gong, and L. Liu. "Contents of extractable and non-extractable polyphenols in the leaves of blueberry." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 3 (May 22, 2013): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/272/2012-cjfs.

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The contents of extractable polyphenols (EPP), non-extractable polyphenols (NEPP), extractable proanthocyanidins (EPAC), non-extractable proanthocyanidins (NEPAC) and extractable anthocyanidins (EAC) in blueberry leaves were investigated. An experiment was conducted to analyse the effect of solvent types (methanol and ethanol), concentration (50 and 70%) and pH (2 and 6) on the extraction of bioactive compounds. Total extractable polyphenols (TEPP), total extractable proanthocyanidins (TEPAC), and total extractable anthocyanidins (TEAC) were analysed in methanol/ethanol/water extracts, NEPP were determined in acidic hydrolysates and NEPAC were quantified by depolymerisation in HCl/butanol. The results showed that ethanol and methanol did not affect the extraction of TEPP, while methanol was better for TEPAC and TEAC. The contents of TEPP and TEAC in 50% solvent were higher than those in 70% solvent. When solvent pH dropped to 2, the contents of EPP and EPAC were increased, while the EAC content was decreased.  

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Kulciţki, V., P. F. Vlad, Gh Duca, and T. Lupaşcu. "Investigation of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins. Achievements and Perspectives." Chemistry Journal of Moldova 2, no. 1 (December 2007): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2007.02(1).16.

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The present paper provides an account of the basic technuques employed in the investigation of the grape seeds proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins). The importance and biological activity properties of these compounds are considered briefly in the introductory part, while isolation and structural investigation of grape seeds proanthocyanidins represent the basic part of the review. The references cover mostly the recent publications related to implementation of modern techniques of investigation, like high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS).

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de Moura, Patricia Homobono Brito, Amaryllis Almeida de Sousa, Andrea Porzel, Ludger A. Wessjohann, Ivana Correa Ramos Leal, and Roberto Carlos Campos Martins. "Characterization of Antibacterial Proanthocyanidins of Dalbergia monetaria, an Amazonian Medicinal Plant, by UHPLC-HRMS/MS." Planta Medica 86, no. 12 (May 29, 2020): 858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1170-8016.

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Abstract Dalbergia monetaria is an Amazonian plant whose bark is widely used to treat urinary tract infections. This paper describes a bio-guided study of ethanolic extracts from the bark and leaves of D. monetaria, in a search for metabolites active against human pathogenic bacteria. In vitro assays were performed against 10 bacterial strains, highlighting methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fractioning of the extracts was performed using instrumental and classical techniques, and samples were characterized by UHPLC-HRMS/MS. Ethyl acetate fractions from bark and leaves showed similar antibacterial activities. EAFB is enriched in isoflavone C-glucosides and EAFL enriched in proanthocyanidins. Subfractions from EAFL presented higher activity and showed a complex profile of proanthocyanidins constructed by (epi)-cassiaflavan and (epi)-catechin units, including dimers, trimers and tetramers. The fragmentation pattern emphasized the neutral loss of cassiaflavan units by quinone-methide fission. Fraction SL7-6, constituted by (ent)-cassiaflavan-(ent)-cassiaflavan-(epi)-catechin isomers, showed the lowest MIC against the S. aureus and P. aeruginosa with values corresponding to 64 and 32 µg/mL, respectively. Cassiaflavan-proanthocyanidins have not been found previously in another botanical genus, except in Cassia, and the traditional medicinal use of D. monetaria might be related to the antibacterial activity of proanthocyanidins characterized in the species.

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