Relevant bibliographies by topics / ProBase Cold/ProBase Hot

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'ProBase Cold/ProBase Hot'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 2 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "ProBase Cold/ProBase Hot"

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Pina, Cátia, Joana Carvalho, Jorge Caldeira, and Sérgio Félix. "HPLC characterization of two resins used in removable prosthodontics: ProBase® hot and ProBase® cold." Annals of Medicine 51, sup1 (2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2018.1562703.

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Costa, Marta, Sara Neves, Joana Carvalho, Sofia Arantes-Oliveira, and Sérgio Félix. "In Vitro Comparative Study of Microhardness and Flexural Strength of Acrylic Resins Used in Removable Dentures." Medical Sciences Forum 5, no. 1 (2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/msf2021005045.

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Polymethylmethacrylate is the material of choice for prosthetic bases. Depending on the type of polymerization, acrylic resins may present some mechanical weaknesses that may lead to the failure of a prosthesis. The microhardness and flexural strength of a dental material determine its applicability. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the in vitro Knoop microhardness and flexural strength of a thermopolymerizable (Probase Hot) and an autopolymerizable (Probase Cold) resin, according to ISO 20759-1: 2013.
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Рузиева, С.С., та Ш. Ж. Хамдамов. "Восстановление небной кости и верхней челюсти после осложнений COVID-19". Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology 5, № 5 (2025): 1507–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15563620.

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Во время пандемии COVID-19 было зарегистрировано значительное количество случаев мукормикоза, многие из которых требовали хирургического вмешательства. Чтобы предотвратить летальный исход, часто удаляли части челюстно-лицевой области, такие как альвеолярный отросток верхней челюсти, нёбо, содержимое глазницы и полость носа. В двух возрастных группах — 16–32 и 43–70 лет — наблюдался рост числа ранее недиагностированных и прогрессирующих дефектов челюстно-лицевой области. В клинике TMA общее число пролеченных пациентов увеличилось на 61,36%, при этом число первичных случа
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Meng, Thomas R., and Mark A. Latta. "Physical Properties of Four Acrylic Denture Base Resisns." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 6, no. 4 (2005): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-6-4-93.

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Abstract Resistance to impact fracture and high flexural strength are desirable properties of denture base acrylics. The purpose of this laboratory study was to determine the Izod impact strength, the flexural strength, the flexural modulus, and the yield distance for four premium denture resins. Bar specimens 86 x 11 x 3 mm of Lucitone 199, Fricke Hi-I, ProBase Hot, and Sledgehammer Maxipack were fabricated following the manufacturer's instructions for heat processing. The bars were surface finished using silicon carbide paper to 600 grit. Ten specimens from three lots of each material were m
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Nascimento, Inês, Nuno Rodrigues dos Santos, Vitor Anes, Cristina Bettencourt Neves, and Virgínia Santos. "Effect of Thermal Aging and Chemical Disinfection on the Microhardness and Flexural Strength of Flexible Resins." Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (2023): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14010361.

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This article examines the effects of thermal aging and chemical disinfection on the microhardness and flexural strength of flexible resins. The influence of the resin type on the mechanical properties was also investigated. Two flexible resins, Deflex Classic SR and Deflex Supra SF, produced by the injection method, and a thermopolymerizable acrylic resin—ProBase Hot, produced by the flasking method, were subjected to 1000 cycles of thermal aging and three chemical disinfection protocols (n = 8), with daily immersion and during a recommended time, in Corega Whitening, Corega Oxygen Bio-Active,
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Maillet, Christina, Serge Odof, Mikaël Meuret, Florian Le Bras, Frédéric Velard, and Marie-Paule Gelle. "Non-Thermal O2 Plasma Efficacy on C. albicans and Its Effect on Denture Base Resin Color." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (2021): 10367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110367.

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Denture stomatitis is a disease involving C. albicans, which can affect elderly and immuno-compromised people. To avoid any recurrence of this pathology, it is necessary to treat patients regularly and disinfect dentures. However, the denture cleansers’ efficacy is not optimal and often leads to adverse color effects on the denture base resins. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a low-pressure non-thermal O2 plasma (NTP) treatment on C. albicans seeded on ProBase®Hot resin (Ivoclar Vivadent). The viability reduction of C. albicans was assessed by colony forming units (CFU
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Prpic, Vladimir, Filipa Spehar, Dominik Stajdohar, Roko Bjelica, Samir Cimic, and Matej Par. "Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Occlusal Splint Materials." Dentistry Journal 11, no. 8 (2023): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj11080199.

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Data regarding the mechanical properties of three-dimensionally (3D) printed materials for occlusal splint manufacturing are scarce. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the flexural strength and surface hardness of modern 3D-printed occlusal splint materials and compare them with two control groups, namely, milled and conventional cold-polymerized occlusal splint materials. A total of 140 rectangular specimens were manufactured for the present study. The specimens were prepared in accordance with the International Organization for Standardization standards (ISO 20795-1:2013). Five 3D-
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Neves, Cristina B., Joana Costa, Jaime Portugal, and Ana F. Bettencourt. "Understanding the Mechanical, Surface, and Color Behavior of Oral Bioactive Prosthetic Polymers under Biodegradation Processes." Polymers 15, no. 11 (2023): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112549.

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Changes in the properties of resin-based polymers exposed to the oral environment can emerge when chlorhexidine (CHX) is incorporated to develop bioactive systems for treating denture stomatitis. Three reline resins loaded with CHX were prepared: 2.5 wt% in Kooliner (K), 5 wt% in Ufi Gel Hard (UFI), and Probase Cold (PC). A total of 60 specimens were submitted to physical aging (1000 cycles of thermal fluctuations, 5–55 °C) or chemical aging (28 days of pH fluctuations in artificial saliva, 6 h at pH = 3, 18 h at pH = 7). Knoop microhardness (30 s, 98 mN), 3-point flexural strength (5 mm/min),
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AlAzzam, Njood F., Salwa O. Bajunaid, Heba A. Mitwalli, Bashayer H. Baras, Michael D. Weir, and Hockin H. K. Xu. "The Effect of Incorporating Dimethylaminohexadecyl Methacrylate and/or 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine on Flexural Strength and Surface Hardness of Heat Polymerized and 3D-Printed Denture Base Materials." Materials 17, no. 18 (2024): 4625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17184625.

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Background: A major disadvantage of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic resins is susceptibility to biofilm accumulation. The incorporation of antimicrobial agents is a reliable prevention technique. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of incorporating dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and/or 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) into heat-polymerized (HP) and 3D-printed (3DP) denture base materials on the flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and surface hardness. Methods: DMAHDM and/or MPC were mixed with the acrylic resin liquid of a heat-polyme
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KUMAR, SATISH, RAJ K. GUPTA, and WERNER SCHEID. "SUPER-ASYMMETRIC COLD FISSION AND EXOTIC CLUSTER-DECAY." International Journal of Modern Physics E 03, no. 01 (1994): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301394000085.

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Cold fission of radioactive nuclei is studied in the super-asymmetric mass region of exotic cluster radioactivity, using the quantum-mechanical fragmentation theory (QMFT) based saddle-point fission (SPF) model for calculating the decay half-life times. The calculations show that cold fission also prefers light fragments like 24–26Ne, 28,30Mg, 32,34,36Si, 37P 38S, 46Ar and 48,50Ca, some of which are observed in exotic cluster radioactivity. The predictions of the SPF model calculations are compared with the available exotic cluster-decay experimental data and the calculations based on the pref
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ProBase Cold/ProBase Hot"

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Pina, Cátia Alexandra Almeida Fernandes. "Caracterização por HPLC dos monómeros de duas resinas utilizadas em prótese removível : Probase® Hot e Probase® Cold." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/20188.

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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz<br>Introdução: As resinas acrílicas utilizadas em bases protéticas libertam monómeros residuais resultantes de uma reação de polimerização incompleta. Tendo em conta o seu poder citotóxico e constante contacto com as mucosas orais, é importante analisar a composição destas resinas. Objetivo: Identificar e comparar os monómeros libertados por duas resinas acrílicas com diferentes métodos de polimerização, utilizadas em Prótese Removível. Métodos: Os espécimes de cada resina foram preparados segun
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Arruda, Diogo Alexandre Moreira. "Efeito citotóxico de duas resinas utilizadas em prótese removível : ProBase® Hot VS ProBase® Cold : um estudo in vitro." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/25548.

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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz<br>Introdução: As resinas de polimetilmetacrilato são materiais essenciais no campo da Reabilitação Oral. No entanto, o seu uso tem sido posto em causa, uma vez que podem originar reações adversas nos tecidos adjacentes. Trabalhos anteriores mostraram que as resinas autopolimerizáveis libertam maiores quantidades de monómeros residuais, quando comparadas com as termopolimerizáveis. Assim, torna-se importante perceber se os métodos de polimerização têm influência na citotoxicidade desses materiais. Objetivos: Aval
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Books on the topic "ProBase Cold/ProBase Hot"

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Lobanov, Aleksey. Medical and biological bases of safety. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1439619.

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The textbook considers the subject and tasks of the discipline, highlights the medical and biological foundations of ensuring human security in the conditions of natural, man-made and biological-social emergencies, as well as when using modern weapons of destruction by a probable enemy. &#x0D; Briefly, but quite informative, the structure of the human body and the basics of its functioning are described. The specificity and mechanism of the toxic effect of harmful substances on a person, the energy effect and the combined effect of the main damaging factors of the sources of emergency situatio
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St John, Taylor. Layering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0007.

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Chapter six probes how investor–state arbitration was layered into investment treaties. The ICSID Secretariat played a pivotal role in the initial spread of clauses providing access to arbitration in treaties, and the available evidence does not bring forth any other actors that could have played this role. Shortly after the ICSID Convention came into force, the ICSID Secretariat released Model Clauses providing guidance on how to consent to ICSID’s jurisdiction, and as part of the World Bank, the Secretariat had privileged access to governments. At the Secretariat’s recommendation, government
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Kaplan, Marion. Hitler's Jewish Refugees. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300244250.001.0001.

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This book describes the experience of Jewish refugees as they fled Hitler to live in limbo in Portugal until they could reach safer havens abroad. As the Nazis launched the Holocaust, Lisbon emerged as the best way station for Jews to escape Europe for North and South America. Jewish refugees had begun fleeing the continent in the mid-1930s from ports closer to home. But after Germany defeated Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France, and Italy joined the war, all in the spring of 1940, Lisbon became the port of departure from Europe. Jewish refugees from western and eastern Europe aim
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Austerweil, Joseph L., Samuel J. Gershman, and Thomas L. Griffiths. Structure and Flexibility in Bayesian Models of Cognition. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.9.

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Probability theory forms a natural framework for explaining the impressive success of people at solving many difficult inductive problems, such as learning words and categories, inferring the relevant features of objects, and identifying functional relationships. Probabilistic models of cognition use Bayes’s rule to identify probable structures or representations that could have generated a set of observations, whether the observations are sensory input or the output of other psychological processes. In this chapter we address an important question that arises within this framework: How do peo
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Minto, David. Queering Law’s Empire. Edited by Markus D. Dubber and Christopher Tomlins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198794356.013.34.

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This chapter suggests two broad and distinctive directions that could benefit the field of queer legal history. The first direction relates to the historical circumstances in which queerness presented a ‘hard case’ for those charged with making or enforcing law, sometimes strengthening their existing understandings of law and the legal system, but in other instances provoking a crisis of administration and adjudication or even a jurisprudential paradigm shift. This first direction, in other words, probes the ways in which queerness challenged the law of police officers, politicians, advocates,
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Lepora, Nathan F. Touch. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0016.

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Touch is the ability to perceive the world through physical contact. This article describes three principles underlying biological touch sensing and how these principles can result in biomimetic devices. First, that cutaneous touch is superresolved, in that the accuracy of perceiving fine stimulus detail is finer than the spacing between individual sensory mechanoreceptors. Second, that touch is active, in that animals actively select and refine sensations in a purposive manner. Third, that touch is exploratory, in that animals deploy purposive action patterns to encode properties of objects v
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Robb, Thomas K., and David James Gill. Divided Allies. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501741845.001.0001.

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By directly challenging existing accounts of post-World War II relations among the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, this book is a significant contribution to transnational and diplomatic history. At its heart, the book examines why strategic cooperation among these closely allied Western powers in the Asia-Pacific region was limited during the early Cold War. The book probes the difficulties of security cooperation as the leadership of these four states balanced intramural competition with the need to develop a common strategy against the Soviet Union
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Cordesman, Anthony H., Aram Nerguizian, and Inout C. Popescu. Israel and Syria. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400673078.

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Israel and Syria: The Military Balance and Prospects of War provides a detailed and current picture of the military capabilities of Israel and Syria, reflecting the changes and lessons of the Israel-Hezbollah War in 2006 and other recent conflicts. It offers extensive analysis, supported by tables and charts, on the trends in military spending, arms imports and technology transfers, military manpower, weapons, and orders of battle. By going beyond military balance analysis, Cordesman examines the probable nature and results of a future war and how the readiness, capability, tactics, and techno
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Zabecki, David, ed. Germany at War. ABC-CLIO, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400656798.

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Written by experts for use by nonexperts, this monumental work probes Germany's "Genius for War" and the unmistakable pattern of tactical and operational innovation and excellence evident throughout the nation's military history. Despite having the best military forces in the world, some of the most advanced weapons available, and unparalleled tactical proficiency, Germany still lost both World Wars. This landmark, four-volume encyclopedia explores how and why that happened, at the same time examining Germany as a military power from the start of the Thirty Years' War in 1618 to the present da
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Schramm, Jan-Melissa. Censorship and the Representation of the Sacred in Nineteenth-Century England. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826064.001.0001.

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In the early nineteenth century, the biblical sublime found expression in the visual arts, the novel, the oratorio, and poetry, but spoken drama remained secular by force of precedent and law. The maintenance of this ban on religious theatrical representation was underpinned by Protestant anxieties about impersonation, performance, and the power of the image that persisted long after the Reformation. But by mid-century, the turn towards medievalism in visual culture, antiquarianism in literary history, and the ‘popular’ in constitutional reform placed England’s pre-Reformation past at the cent
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Book chapters on the topic "ProBase Cold/ProBase Hot"

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Peichl, Jonas, Andreas Schwab, Markus Selzer, Hannah Böhrk, and Jens von Wolfersdorf. "Innovative Cooling for Rocket Combustion Chambers." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_3.

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Abstract Transpiration cooling in combination with permeable ceramic-matrix composite materials is an innovative cooling method for rocket engine combustion chambers, while providing high cooling efficiency as well as enhancing engine life time as demanded for future space transportation systems. In order to develop methods and tools for designing transpiration cooled systems, fundamental experimental investigations were performed. An experimental setup consisting of a serial arrangement of four porous carbon fiber reinforced carbon (C/C) samples is exposed to a hot gas flow. Perfused with col
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Thiyagarajan Magesh and Waldbeser Lillian. "Portable Plasma Medical Device for Infection Treatment." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-022-2-518.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of plasma treatment on bacteria in liquid phases. We predict that the plasma gas can penetrate the liquid culture media and plasma treatment will efficiently kill the bacteria at unique time and distance parameters. It is also hypothesized that less stringent plasma treatment will negatively affect the growth rate of some species of bacteria and possibly their pathogenicity. The bacteria were exposed to hot and cold plasma at various time lengths and distance parameters. Our results indicated that 2 minutes of hot plasma treatment with the
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Rodríguez-Alegría, Enrique. "How to Link Wealth and Consumption, or Not." In How to Make a New Spain. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197682296.003.0008.

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Abstract A study of the probate inventories compared the net worth of each inventory with the origin of the different items in it. It provides empirical data that challenge the idea that wealthier colonizers consumed European and Asian imports, while poorer colonizers could only purchase local, Indigenous goods. In fact, there is no correlation between wealth and patterns of consumption of imported or Indigenous goods. There is a stronger correlation between consumption of imported items and time: toward the end of the sixteenth century, as trade became regular and reliable, all colonizers beg
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Best, Geoffrey. "The Iron Curtain." In Churchill: A Study in Greatness. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195161397.003.0022.

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Abstract When several years later Churchill got to writing the final volume of his war memoirs, the volume running from D-Day, 6 June 1944, to the Potsdam summit in July 1945, he set out its theme thus: ‘How the Great Democracies Triumphed, and so were able to Resume the Follies which had so nearly Cost them their Life.’ By the early 1950s it was all too clear to everyone that the Second World War had no more brought about a safer world than had the First. Cold War had succeeded to hot, Europe was once again divided between two hostile groups of states, and hot war itself was soon to be back i
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Johnson, R. T., C. S. Downes, and R. E. Meyn. "The Synchronization Of Mammalian Cells." In The Cell Cycle. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199633951.003.0001.

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Abstract Once upon a time most cell biologists could synchronize mammalian cells in different stages of the cell cycle, albeit with different degrees of success. However, few molecular probes were then available. Now, with the great resurgence of interest in cell-cycle control and the beginnings of molecular understanding, many workers who have recently entered the field require tightly synchronized cells for their experiments. This chapter presents a selection of protocols which should provide synchronized cells in each cycle phase, and in most instances, cells from different parts of each ph
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Klinger, Julie Michelle. "Outer Space Infrastructures." In The Rise of the Infrastructure State. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529220773.003.0020.

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This chapter is about outer space infrastructures in Eurasia in the overlapping contexts of the BRI, the final years of the US-led occupation of Afghanistan, and diverse approaches to development within and among Central Eurasian states. These contexts are situated within multiple histories: the footprint of Soviet-era space infrastructure, shifts in global extractive politics, and the more recent increase of public and private actors using outer space-based and space-linked technologies for a variety of purposes. This chapter probes several contexts in Central Eurasia to complexify the actors
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Shahid, Imran, and Qaiser Jabeen. "WHO Hepatitis C Elimination Goal by 2030: Feasible or not?" In Hepatitis C Virus-Host Interactions and Therapeutics: Current Insights and Future Perspectives. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815123432123010015.

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To put an end to hepatitis C from the world, the quality and equity of hepatitis C screening, diagnosis, and treatment must be accessible to everyone infected with the virus, regardless of age, sex, racism, nationalism, and religious differences. If several key strategies are successfully implemented, countries could collectively meet the WHO target of reducing new HCV infections by around 80% by 2030, compared with 2015. But even with successful implementation, the target of reducing HCV mortality by 65% would take until 2032, according to recent data. To evaluate the power of several interve
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Rahim, Nazahah. "Bibliometric Analysis of Cyber Threat and Cyber Attack Literature: Exploring the Higher Education Context." In Cybersecurity Threats with New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98038.

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In nearly all procedures involving students and faculty, higher education organizations make substantial use of computers and the internet. Little is known on the progress and development of literature on cyber threats and cyber attacks in this sector. This chapter fills this gap by examining the trends of literature on cyber threats and cyber attacks focusing on the higher education. Bibliometric analysis through Scopus database was employed to offer research ideas and trigger debates. Analyzed parameters include the number of document types, publications, authorship, citation, and subject ar
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Fisher, David. "Meanwhile, Back at Brookhaven." In Much Ado about (Practically) Nothing. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195393965.003.0012.

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At the end of the Nineteenth century William Ramsay, searching for minerals that might concentrate argon or helium, wrote, “One mineral—malacone—gave appreciable quantities of argon; and it is noteworthy that argon was not found except in it (and, curiously, in much larger amount than helium), and in a specimen of meteoric iron. Other specimens of meteoric iron were examined, but were found to contain mainly hydrogen, with no trace of either argon or helium. It is probable that the sources of meteorites might be traced in this manner, and that each could be relegated to its particular swarm.”
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Kosiv, Ruslana. "DIETARY FIBERS: STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES, APPLICATION IN SOFT DRINK TECHNOLOGY." In Science, technology and innovation in the modern world. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-364-4-2.

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The rapid growth of the market of functional food products, and at the same time the growth in popularity and expansion of the assortment of food additives of a polysaccharide nature, is accompanied by the emergence of difficulties associated with the necessary selection of such additives to solve specific technological tasks.The purpose of the work is to generalize the data of modern scientific literature on the technological aspects of the use of dietary fibers in the production of soft drinks. The work pays attention to soluble dietary fibers, as their use in the technology of soft drinks i
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Conference papers on the topic "ProBase Cold/ProBase Hot"

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Fitzgerald, John H. "Use of Corrosion Measurement Probes to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Cathodic Protection on the Exterior Bottoms of Aboveground Asphalt Storage Tanks." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98668.

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Abstract The effectiveness of cathodic protection on the exterior bottoms of aboveground storage tanks is best measured with permanent zinc or copper-copper sulfate reference electrodes placed under the tank bottom. The use of these electrodes is preferable to measurements taken at the periphery of the tank since peripheral measurements do not reflect the potentials deep under the tank. The asphalt storage tanks were maintained at a temperature of about 350F (175C) to keep the asphalt in a liquid state. The temperature of the soil at electrode depth was about 300F (150C), too hot for the use o
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Soundararajan, Sudharsanan. "Failure Analysis of High Temperature Plate Heat Exchangers in Converter Section of Sulfuric Acid Regeneration [SAR] Unit." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19420.

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Abstract In Sulfuric Acid Regeneration [SAR] Unit, the spent sulfuric acid [H2SO4] from Alkylation Unit is regenerated to produce a clean Sulfuric Acid of 99.2%. As part of regeneration process the spent acid is decomposed to sulfur dioxide (SO2) at 1066°C [1950°F]. After cooling and purification the conversion of SO2 to Sulfur trioxide (SO3) occurs with the presence of Oxygen in the Convertor section of the unit. The conversion process is an exothermic reaction in nature and the converted Hot gas is used to heat the inlet cold gas to the 1st Converter in Hot Gas-Gas Plate type heat exchanger.
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Islam, Moavin, Abdul Razzaq Al-Shamari, Saleh Al-Sulaiman, Surya Prakash, and Allen Biedermann. "Premature Failure of Access Fittings Installed on High Pressure Effluent Water Lines Due to Microbiologically Induced Corrosion." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07367.

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Abstract Access fittings (AFs), which are made to standard specifications and manufactured by different vendors, are precision fabricated components, usually made of carbon steel, that are welded on to pipelines or process vessels for the installation of internal Online Corrosion Monitoring (OCM) devices such as corrosion coupons, probes, etc. The AF is first attached to the pipeline or vessel by welding and after subsequent weld integrity checks, an appropriate hole is ‘hot-tapped’ or drilled in the section of pipeline or vessel encompassed within the AF for the installation of the OCM device
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Zhang, Bong June, Chae-Seon Lim, Byung Chul Kim, and Dai Gil Lee. "Stress Analysis and Evaluation of Cracks Developed on the Coatings for Welded Joints of Water Ballast Tanks." In CORROSION 2005. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05015.

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Abstract Ballast tanks are vulnerable to corrosion, this is due to the severe environmental conditions, when compared to other parts of the vessel. Normally durable epoxy coatings are applied to the ballast tanks to prevent corrosion. The complicated structure of ballast tanks makes it extremely difficult for the coating applicator to achieve perfect coating, this due to their complex structural geometry and awkward areas to coat properly. This is especially the case in the region of welding seams in the ballast tanks, and the whole process tends to slow down production and is a draw back to a
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Fernandez, Monica, Badar Habsi, Malik Shereiqi, and Samuel Jarratt. "Novel Solution for Corrosion Coupon Access Fitting Abandonment." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-18107.

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Abstract The use of access fitting for intrusive corrosion monitoring tools is a common practice in the Oil &amp; Gas industry; however, the Company has faced several difficulties including a recent incident during retrieval operations which has led to suspend, or significantly reduced the use of corrosion coupons and probes, decreasing the frequency of retrieval, and eliminating its use in new projects. In order to reduce the risk, it was decided to decrease 91% the use of corrosion coupons, hence suspending the retrieval activities in those locations. Therefore, more than 300 access fittings
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Dénos, R., and C. H. Sieverding. "Assessment of the Cold Wire Resistance Thermometer for High Speed Turbomachinery Applications." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-175.

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The paper first describes the fundamentals of cold wire resistance thermometry. The transfer function with and without wire-prong heat conduction effects are discussed and a new method for the description of complicated transfer functions describing both the prongs and wire frequency response is proposed. The experimental part of the paper starts with an investigation of the transfer function of various probes differing by the wire diameter, the l/d ratio and the wire-prong connection using two simple methods: (1) electrical heating of the wire by a sine current and (2) a temperature step test
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Fischer, Lukas, Michael Straußwald, and Michael Pfitzner. "Analysis of LES and 1D Hot-Wire Data to Determine Actively Generated Main Flow Turbulence in a Film Cooling Test Rig." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58661.

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Abstract A vortex generator was incorporated into a wind tunnel to investigate more realistic inflow conditions for film cooling test rigs. The flow field signals are sampled numerically by probes in LES simulations and experimentally by using 1D hot-wire measurements to determine turbulence quantities. The LES shows that the turbulence is anisotropic which cannot be detected by the 1D hot-wire. Furthermore, the integral length scale which shall provide insight into the sizes of the turbulent eddies is determined using two approaches. The first uses the one probe at two times correlation metho
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Babazzi, G., T. Bacci, A. Picchi, et al. "Development and Application of a Concentration Probe for Mixing Flows Tracking in Turbomachinery Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59634.

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Abstract Modern gas turbines present important temperature distortions in the core-engine flowpath, mainly in the form of hot and cold streaks imputed to combustor burners and components cooling systems. As they highly influence turbines performance and lifetime, the precise knowledge of the thermal field evolution through the combustor and the high-pressure turbine is fundamental. The majority of past studies investigated streaks migrations directly examining the thermal field, while a limited amount of experimental work employed approaches based on the detection of tracer gases. The latter a
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Massini, Michela, Robert J. Miller, Howard P. Hodson, and Nick Collings. "A Novel Technique for Measuring Stagnation Quantities and Gas Composition in High Temperature Flows." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22920.

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A new probe has been developed to measure the time averaged stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure and gas composition. This probe can be used in the high temperature regions of gas turbines, including downstream of the combustor and in the first stages of the high pressure turbines, as well as in other environments. The principal benefits of the new probe are that it overcomes the limitations of the standard methods that are used to measure temperature in high temperature environments and that it replaces three separate probes, for the three quantities mentioned above, with one single pr
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Cardone, M., V. Cioffi, R. Fiorenza, P. Gaudino, A. Senatore, and E. Torella. "A “Hot and Cold” Experimental Analysis of Flow Distribution in a “Close Coupled” Catalytic Converter." In ASME 2002 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2002-454.

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The tighter limits introduced by EURO3 and EURO4 regulations involve the adoption of exhaust configurations, in which the converter is located close to the manifold, in order to reduce light off time, and so to obtain lower emissions. This type of configuration introduces new problems relative to optimisation of the exhaust manifold geometry, which is no longer only linked to engine performance, but also has to guarantee the best possible operation of the exhaust gas treatment system. Critical parameters include lambda probe positioning and impingement of the gas flow, along with establishment
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Reports on the topic "ProBase Cold/ProBase Hot"

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Aguiar, Brandon, Paul Bianco, and Arvind Agarwal. Using High-Speed Imaging and Machine Learning to Capture Ultrasonic Treatment Cavitation Area at Different Amplitudes. Florida International University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009773.

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The ultrasonic treatment process strengthens metals by increasing nucleation and decreasing grain size in an energy efficient way, without having to add anything to the material. The goal of this research endeavor was to use machine learning to automatically measure cavitation area in the Ultrasonic Treatment process to understand how amplitude influences cavitation area. For this experiment, a probe was placed into a container filled with turpentine because it has a similar viscosity to liquid aluminum. The probe gyrates up and down tens of micrometers at a frequency of 20 kHz, which causes c
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Li, Howell, Enrique Saldivar-Carranza, Jijo K. Mathew, et al. Extraction of Vehicle CAN Bus Data for Roadway Condition Monitoring. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317212.

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Obtaining timely information across the state roadway network is important for monitoring the condition of the roads and operating characteristics of traffic. One of the most significant challenges in winter roadway maintenance is identifying emerging or deteriorating conditions before significant crashes occur. For instance, almost all modern vehicles have accelerometers, anti-lock brake (ABS) and traction control systems. This data can be read from the Controller Area Network (CAN) of the vehicle, and combined with GPS coordinates and cellular connectivity, can provide valuable on-the-ground
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Crouch, Luis, and Deborah Spindelman. Purpose-Driven Education System Transformations: History Lessons from Korea and Japan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2023/139.

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This paper is an essay in comparative educational history and its possible relevance to educational development today. It addresses the question of whether Japan and Korea’s history in using educational development to further national development can be useful as (partial) models for dealing with the educational challenges of today’s lower- and lower-middle income countries. The hypothesis of the paper is that there is much to learn from these countries, but that the lessons one could learn are not at all obvious or superficial, and are only partially about what was done (specific education po
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McMahan, Tara, Bill Amend, Ken Evans, Tom Bubenik, and Michael Rosenfeld. PR186-223601-R01 Evaluation of Selective Seam Weld Corrosion Susceptibility. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0000065.

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Selective seam weld corrosion (SSWC) in autogenous welds is characterized by accelerated corrosion of or near the bondline which results in a groove-like feature that often coincides with shallower corrosion that can extend beyond the limits of the longitudinal seam. Historically, SSWC has been referred to as "grooving corrosion", "knife-line attack", or "trench-like corrosion". In 2021, the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI) funded a project, PRCI Project EC-2-12, to evaluate SSWC as a threat to gas and liquid pipeline systems. The project included a literature review of key
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Zhao, Bingyu, Saul Burdman, Ronald Walcott, and Gregory E. Welbaum. Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits Using the Maize Non-Host Disease Resistance Gene Rxo1. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699843.bard.

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The specific objectives of this BARD proposal were: (1) To determine whether Rxol can recognize AacavrRxo1 to trigger BFB disease resistance in stable transgenic watermelon plants. (2) To determine the distribution of Aac-avrRxo1 in a global population of Aae and to characterize the biological function of Aac-avrRxo1. (3) To characterize other TIS effectors of Aae and to identify plant R gene(s) that can recognize conserved TIS effectors of this pathogen. Background to the topic: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aae), is a devastating dise
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Taylor, Bea, Heather Wardle, and Isabel Taylor. Exploring the problem gambling health-harm paradox. Greo Evidence Insights, 2022. https://doi.org/10.33684/2024.002.

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Purpose: Previous research by NatCen identified a potential health-harm paradox for mental wellbeing and gambling, finding that those with poor mental wellbeing or a diagnosed mental health condition were more likely to experience problem gambling despite being less likely to gamble at all. This report aimed to explore this further, testing three specific hypothesis which could account for this association: 1. That people with poorer mental wellbeing who gamble do so more frequently and it is this increased frequency of gambling that drives elevated rates of gambling severity. 2. That people w
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Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.

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Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its h
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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Cunming Duan. GH-IGF Axis in Sparus aurata: Possible Applications to Genetic Selection. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580665.bard.

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Many factors affect growth rate in fish: environmental, nutritional, genetics and endogenous (physiological) factors. Endogenous control of growth is very complex and many hormone systems are involved. Nevertheless, it is well accepted that growth hormone (GH) plays a major role in stimulating somatic growth. Although it is now clear that most, if not all, components of the GH-IGF axis exist in fish, we are still far from understanding how fish grow. In our project we used as the experimental system a marine fish, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which inhabits lagoons along the Mediter
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of
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