Journal articles: 'Probe spacing'

1

HASEGAWA, SHUJI, ICHIRO SHIRAKI, FUHITO TANABE, REI HOBARA, TAIZO KANAGAWA, TAKEHIRO TANIKAWA, IWAO MATSUDA, et al. "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION THROUGH SURFACE SUPERSTRUCTURES MEASURED BY MICROSCOPIC FOUR-POINT PROBES." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 06 (December 2003): 963–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03005736.

Full text

Abstract:

For in-situ measurements of the local electrical conductivity of well-defined crystal surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum, we have developed two kinds of microscopic four-point probe methods. One involves a "four-tip STM prober," in which four independently driven tips of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) are used for measurements of four-point probe conductivity. The probe spacing can be changed from 500 nm to 1 mm. The other method involves monolithic micro-four-point probes, fabricated on silicon chips, whose probe spacing is fixed around several μm. These probes are installed in scanning-electron-microscopy/electron-diffraction chambers, in which the structures of sample surfaces and probe positions are observed in situ. The probes can be positioned precisely on aimed areas on the sample with the aid of piezoactuators. By the use of these machines, the surface sensitivity in conductivity measurements has been greatly enhanced compared with the macroscopic four-point probe method. Then the conduction through the topmost atomic layers (surface-state conductivity) and the influence of atomic steps on conductivity can be directly measured.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

You, Ilhwan, Seung-Jung Lee, Goangseup Zi, and Daehyun Lim. "Influence of Carbon Fiber Incorporation on Electrical Conductivity of Cement Composites." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 8993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248993.

Full text

Abstract:

This study investigated the effects of carbon fiber (CF) length, electrode spacing, and probe configuration on the electrical conductivity of cement composites. Accordingly, 57 different types of samples were prepared, considering three different CF lengths, five different CF contents, three different electrode spacings, and two different probe configurations. This research found that the influence of CF length on the electrical resistivity of cement composite depends electrode spacing. For the cement composite with wide electrode spacing of 40 mm, its resistivity decreased as increasing CF length as in the previous study. However, when the electrode spacing is 10 mm, which is narrow (10 mm), the resistivity of the cement composite rather increased with increasing CF length. The results implied that when an electrode is designed for the cement composite incorporating CF, the CF length should be short compared to the electrode spacing. The percolation threshold of CF measured by the two-probe configuration was 2% or more. This is higher than that measured by the four-probe configuration (1%). At a lower CF content than 2%, the two-probe configuration gave higher resistivity of the cement composite than the four-probe configuration. However, the difference coming from the different probe configurations was marginal as increasing the CF content.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Onoda, Jo, Doug Vick, Mark Salomons, Robert Wolkow, and Jason Pitters. "Consistent probe spacing in multi-probe STM experiments." AIP Advances 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 105213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0021739.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

SHIRAKI, ICHIRO, TADAAKI NAGAO, SHUJI HASEGAWA, CHRISTIAN L. PETERSEN, PETER BØGGILD, TORBEN M. HANSEN, and FRANÇOIS HANSEN. "MICRO-FOUR-POINT PROBES IN A UHV SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE FOR IN-SITU SURFACE-CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS." Surface Review and Letters 07, no. 05n06 (October 2000): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x00000592.

Full text

Abstract:

For in-situ measurements of surface conductivity in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), we have installed micro-four-point probes (probe spacings down to 4 μm) in a UHV scanning electron microscope (SEM) combined with scanning reflection–high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). With the aid of piezoactuators for precise positioning of the probes, local conductivity of selected surface domains of well-defined superstructures could be measured during SEM and RHEED observations. It was found that the surface sensitivity of the conductivity measurements was enhanced by reducing the probe spacing, enabling the unambiguous detection of surface-state conductivity and the influence of surface defects on the electrical conduction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Sumner, David. "A Comparison of Data-Reduction Methods for a Seven-Hole Probe." Journal of Fluids Engineering 124, no. 2 (May 28, 2002): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1455033.

Full text

Abstract:

Two data-reduction methods were compared for the calibration of a seven-hole conical pressure probe in incompressible flow. The polynomial curve-fit method of Gallington and the direct-interpolation method of Zilliac were applied to the same set of calibration data, for a range of calibration grid spacings. The results showed that the choice of data-reduction method and the choice of calibration grid spacing each have an influence on the measurement uncertainty. At high flow angles, greater than 30 deg, where flow may separate from the leeward side of the probe, the direct-interpolation method was preferable. At low flow angles, less than 30 deg, where flow remains attached about the probe, neither data-reduction method had any advantage. For both methods, a calibration grid with a maximum interval of 10 deg was recommended. The Reynolds-number sensitivity of the probe began at Re=5000, based on probe diameter, and was independent of the data-reduction method or calibration grid spacing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Feng, Wei, Alexander Y. Bigazzi, Sirisha Kothuri, and Robert L. Bertini. "Freeway Sensor Spacing and Probe Vehicle Penetration." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2178, no. 1 (January 2010): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2178-08.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Kjølerbakken, Kai Morgan, Wojciech J. Miloch, and Ketil Røed. "The influence of probe spacing and probe bias in a double Langmuir probe setup." AIP Advances 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 085007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0058540.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Chen, Xi, Changku Sun, Changjie Liu, and Luhua Fu. "A Four-Probe Method Using Different Probe Spacings for Measurement and Exact Reconstruction of Parallel Profiles." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 30, 2019): 5216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235216.

Full text

Abstract:

To realize the measurement and exact reconstruction of a pair of parallel profiles, a new scanning method using four displacement sensors as probes and different probe spacings has been invented with the advantage of preventing data processing error. The measuring device is placed between the measured objects and moved by a scanning stage to collect measurement data of both measured profiles. Considering many existing methods, the high lateral resolution of the reconstruction result and the rejection of the data processing error cannot always be achieved at the same time. When the measured profiles are in the short wavelength range, data processing errors are often on the same order of magnitude as the height difference of the measured profiles. The new method can eliminate both the straightness error of the measurement reference and the data processing error. The exact reconstruction retaining the high lateral resolution and without data processing error can be realized by rational position arrangement of sensors and corresponding processing method of the measurement data. The new method possesses the following advantages: (i) achievement of the exact reconstruction without data processing error; (ii) high lateral resolution not limited by probe spacing; (iii) concise operation without zero calibration of probes; and (iv) suitability for on-machine measurement. The feasibility and advantages of the new method were demonstrated by theoretical analyses, simulations, and experimental results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Wang, Minjie, and Caiwen Ma. "Optical spectrum evolution induced by altering input light wavelength spacing." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 01 (January 10, 2016): 1550259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915502590.

Full text

Abstract:

This study explored the optical spectrum evolution process using a pump-modulated light and a continuous-wave probe, launched simultaneously into a 1 km highly nonlinear fiber. A total of 70 optical spectra were obtained by each changing the wavelength spacing (0.4 nm) between the probe and pump lights. Simulation results indicated that wavelength spacing between the two beams caused a cyclical optical spectrum evolution process induced by cross-phase modulation. As input light wavelength spacing increased, the coupling between the two optical fields showed obvious attenuation in each neat, multi-peak cycle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Liu, Gang, Minmin Wen, Ruiqi Ren, Bing Si, Robert Horton, and Kelin Hu. "A general in situ probe spacing correction method for dual probe heat pulse sensor." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 226-227 (October 2016): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.05.011.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Yu, Kwang Min, Jeon Hong Kang, Han Jun Kim, Kwon Soo Han, and Je Cheon Ryu. "Uncertainty Improvements of Metallic Resistivity Measurements by the Four-Point Probe Method." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1470.

Full text

Abstract:

Besides well-known destructive methods for material degradation, the electrical resistivity method has been used as one of nondestructive evaluation methods because of easy measurement. To use the method, however, careful geometrical corrections and thickness measurements are required. The high current probe assembly and accurate thickness measurement device were developed to improve overall measurement uncertainty. If dual configuration Four-Point Probe method with the developed devices is used, overall measurement uncertainty of electrical resistivity could be reduced to 0.44 % at 95 % confidence level. Proper selection of the probe spacing matched with sample thickness is very important to determine accurate electrical resistivity. When sample thickness is less than probe spacing, it is expected that dual configuration Four-Point Probe technique can be used in nondestructive evaluation of plant equipment materials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Yang, Chris, Anatoly Zharin, and Steven Danyluk. "Surface Characterization with an Ionization Probe." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.518.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper discusses the application of an ionizing source coupled with galvanic differences between metals in a measure of the work function difference between the metal surfaces. The electrical field generated from the contact potential difference (CPD) between two electrodes will cause the gaseous ions to discharge at both surfaces, creating a measurable current. The current depends on the surface size, spacing, and ionizing source power. One of the surfaces (probe) can vary in shape and size, and if inert, can be used to obtain the work function or surface potential of the second surface. The ionic current is proportional to ion mobility, ion generation rate, CPD, and the probe size, but inversely proportional to the spacing between the probe and the sample. It is found, as expected, that there is an approximate linear relationship between the ionization probe signal and the work function of the surfaces of metals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Hsu, W. H., M. C. Chou, and H. Y. Tsai. "Design and Fabrication of Anisotropic Conductive Film for Application of Probe Card." Journal of Mechanics 33, no. 5 (April 10, 2017): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2017.18.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractPrior to integrated circuit (IC) packaging, die performance must be verified using probe cards to screen for defective products. With the decrease in IC line width, the dimensions of the pads used for performance verification and the spacing between adjacent pads have also decreased. However, when the pad pitch is reduced to less than 30 μm, commonly used probe cards will face manufacturing problems in miniaturization. To resolve probe card manufacturing problems caused by the miniaturization of IC components, the use of an anisotropic conductive film (ACF) in probe cards was proposed in this study. Theoretical calculations and experimental testing of this probe structure were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of this concept.In theoretical calculations, composite material and buckling theory were utilized to evaluate the buckling behavior of the ACF. In experimental testing, photolithography and electroplating techniques were used to control the line width and spacing intervals of the micron-scale metal wires in the ACF. After the ACF was fabricated, the mechanical properties of the ACF during wafer testing were assessed. Theoretical analyses and experimental testing verified that ACFs can potentially be applied to the performance verification of IC products. In the ACF structure, multiple probes came into contact with each pad. Therefore, ACFs can potentially be applied to the performance verification of IC components with pad diameters of less than 20 μm. The results of this study directly benefit the miniaturization of ICs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Liu, Gang, Minmin Wen, Xupei Chang, Tusheng Ren, and Robert Horton. "A Self-Calibrated Dual Probe Heat Pulse Sensor for In Situ Calibrating the Probe Spacing." Soil Science Society of America Journal 77, no. 2 (February 25, 2013): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2012.0434n.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Kinar, Nicholas J., John W. Pomeroy, and Bing Si. "Signal processing for in situ detection of effective heat pulse probe spacing radius as the basis of a self-calibrating heat pulse probe." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 9, no. 2 (July 16, 2020): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-293-2020.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. A sensor comprised of an electronic circuit and a hybrid single and dual heat pulse probe was constructed and tested along with a novel signal processing procedure to determine changes in the effective dual-probe spacing radius over the time of measurement. The circuit utilized a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller to control heat inputs into the soil medium in lieu of a variable resistor. The system was designed for onboard signal processing and implemented USB, RS-232, and SDI-12 interfaces for machine-to-machine (M2M) exchange of data, thereby enabling heat inputs to be adjusted to soil conditions and data availability shortly after the time of experiment. Signal processing was introduced to provide a simplified single-probe model to determine thermal conductivity instead of reliance on late-time logarithmic curve fitting. Homomorphic and derivative filters were used with a dual-probe model to detect changes in the effective probe spacing radius over the time of experiment to compensate for physical changes in radius as well as model and experimental error. Theoretical constraints were developed for an efficient inverse of the exponential integral on an embedded system. Application of the signal processing to experiments on sand and peat improved the estimates of soil water content and bulk density compared to methods of curve fitting nominally used for heat pulse probe experiments. Applications of the technology may be especially useful for soil and environmental conditions under which effective changes in probe spacing radius need to be detected and compensated for over the time of experiment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

YUAN, WEI-LI, DING-YAO LIN, and SEN-CHI CHIANG. "CONDUCTIVITY CHARACTERIZATION USING STM OF POLYPYRROLE ULTRATHIN FILMS PREPARED FROM ADMICELLAR POLYMERIZATION." International Journal of Nanoscience 02, no. 04n05 (August 2003): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x03001267.

Full text

Abstract:

Recently admicellar polymerization (AP) has been used to prepare polypyrrole (PPy) ultrathin films of a few nanometers on graphite and mica with success. Surface morphologies of films characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed interlinked islands of PPy. The electron transport inside such an ultrathin film is believed to take both molecular conduction along the polymer backbones and tunneling conduction between the islands. Conductivity measurement of films formed on insulating mica and conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) glass was performed at controlled humidity using two probes, the needle tip of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and a specially designed "enclosing" electrode. The effects of probe spacing and configuration over thick and thin films on the I–V characteristic were studied. Ring configuration of outer electrode was found to form more conduction paths than gird and tube ones at the same probe spacing. Electroconducting films were compared in conductivity with insulating polystyrene (PS) films, showing the latter were without conductance. A model of power law for measuring PPy film conductivity was proposed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Chandler, Darrell P., Gregory J. Newton, Jonathan A. Small, and Don S. Daly. "Sequence versus Structure for the Direct Detection of 16S rRNA on Planar Oligonucleotide Microarrays." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 5 (May 2003): 2950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.5.2950-2958.2003.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT A two-probe proximal chaperone detection system consisting of a species-specific capture probe for the microarray and a labeled, proximal chaperone probe for detection was recently described for direct detection of intact rRNAs from environmental samples on oligonucleotide arrays. In this study, we investigated the physical spacing and nucleotide mismatch tolerance between capture and proximal chaperone detector probes that are required to achieve species-specific 16S rRNA detection for the dissimilatory metal and sulfate reducer 16S rRNAs. Microarray specificity was deduced by analyzing signal intensities across replicate microarrays with a statistical analysis-of-variance model that accommodates well-to-well and slide-to-slide variations in microarray signal intensity. Chaperone detector probes located in immediate proximity to the capture probe resulted in detectable, nonspecific binding of nontarget rRNA, presumably due to base-stacking effects. Species-specific rRNA detection was achieved by using a 22-nt capture probe and a 15-nt detector probe separated by 10 to 14 nt along the primary sequence. Chaperone detector probes with up to three mismatched nucleotides still resulted in species-specific capture of 16S rRNAs. There was no obvious relationship between position or number of mismatches and within- or between-genus hybridization specificity. From these results, we conclude that relieving secondary structure is of principal concern for the successful capture and detection of 16S rRNAs on planar surfaces but that the sequence of the capture probe is more important than relieving secondary structure for achieving specific hybridization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Wen, Minmin, Gang Liu, and Robert Horton. "Simplified Computational Approach for Determining In Situ Probe Spacing of a Dual Probe Heat Pulse Sensor." Soil Science Society of America Journal 82, no. 5 (August 30, 2018): 1113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2017.11.0402.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Guy, R. W., and H. Luchian. "Probe Reversal and Pressure Based Bias Error Correction Procedures Applied to Intensity Measurements in Planar Standing Waves." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 117, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2873867.

Full text

Abstract:

An analytical application of probe reversal and pressure correction strategies to minimize channel phase errors in P-P intensity measurements within discrete frequency standing waves is made. Two potential error sources, error of position upon reversal and error of pressure correction, are examined and found negligible at low frequencies but likely to be problematic at high frequencies. It is predicted that pressure correction or probe reversal can lead to superior performance when compared with measures without correction at modest and higher standing wave ratios in true intensity assessment; the frequency range for a given probe spacing is also extended. The correction procedures are then applied to low frequency measurements (63 Hz and 125 Hz) for a range of standing wave ratios. It is found that correction procedures generally lead to better results than uncorrected measures, but beyond a standing wave ratio of about 30 dB at 63 Hz additional error source arises which renders inaccurate the result of correction procedures, particularly for smaller probe spacing measures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Konukcu, F., J. W. Gowing, and D. A. Rose. "Simple sensors to achieve fine spatial resolution in continuous measurements of soil moisture and salinity." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 6 (December 31, 2002): 1043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-1043-2002.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. It is increasingly necessary to be able to measure, simultaneously, continuously and at fine spatial resolution, the salinity and water content of soil. This paper reports the design, construction, calibration and laboratory testing of two simple but robust instruments that enable this to be achieved. Salinity in solution was measured reliably, at 10-mm spacing, by multi-electrode resistivity probes up to saturation with NaCl (c. 6 mol l–1), though these probes required individual calibration and were unable to detect precipitated salt. Volumetric water content was measured with great sensitivity over a wide range, from air-dryness (0.06 m3m–3) to saturation (0.55 m3m–3) in a sandy loam, using thermal-conductivity probes that used a common calibration and were unaffected by the salinity of the soil solution, by temperature and by ageing. Keywords: soil moisture, soil salinity, thermal-conductivity moisture probe, four-electrode salinity probe

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Arai, Yoshikazu, Wei Gao, S. Kiyono, and Tsunemoto Kuriyagawa. "Measurement of the Straightness of a Leadscrew-Driven Precision Stage." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.259.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper describes a multi-probe method for measuring the straightness error of a leadscrew-driven stage. Two displacement probes are employed to scan a flat artifact mounted on the stage. The surface profile error of the flat artifact is separated from the straightness error of the stage in a differential output of the probes. The straightness error can thus be obtained accurately from an integration operation of the differential output without the influence of the surface profile error. An improved technique of data processing is adopted for measurement of straightness error components with periodicity shorter than the probe spacing. The influence of the angular error of the stage is compensated for by using the result measured by an autocollimator. Experiments of straightness measurement of a leadscrew-driven stage with a lead of 1 mm were carried out by using two flat artifacts with different degrees of precision. The successful detection of the short-periodicity component of the straightness error with a periodicity equal to the lead indicated the feasibility of the multi-probe method.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Ren, Ruiqi, Gang Liu, Minmin Wen, Robert Horton, Baoguo Li, and Bingcheng Si. "The effects of probe misalignment on sap flux density measurements and in situ probe spacing correction methods." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 232 (January 2017): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.08.009.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Seo, Toru, Takahiko Kusakabe, and Yasuo Asakura. "Estimation of flow and density using probe vehicles with spacing measurement equipment." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 53 (April 2015): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2015.01.033.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Fischer, Lukas, Alexander K. Strzelczyk, Nils Wedler, Christian Kropf, Stephan Schmidt, and Laura Hartmann. "Sequence-defined positioning of amine and amide residues to control catechol driven wet adhesion." Chemical Science 11, no. 36 (2020): 9919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc03457f.

Full text

Abstract:

The catechol driven adhesion of precision macromolecules on glass surfaces is quantified by soft colloidal probe readout. Catechol moieties are shown to synergize with amine and amide residues depending on residue spacing and residue order.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Zhao, Cuilian, Lihong Qiu, Peng Lv, Ailing Han, Guozhen Fang, Jifeng Liu, and Shuo Wang. "AuNP-peptide probe for caspase-3 detection in living cells by SERS." Analyst 144, no. 4 (2019): 1275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an02145g.

Full text

Abstract:

Colloidal nanoparticles can be used as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates because the very close spacing between particles existing in these colloidal systems is beneficial for the generation of extremely strong and highly spatially localized electric field enhancements.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Zainal, Farah Farhana, Kamarudin Hussin, Azmi Rahmat, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Shaiful Rizam, Mohammad Tamizi Selimin, and Andrei Victor Sandu. "The Electrical Resistivity of Geopolymer Paste by Using Wenner Four Probe Method." Key Engineering Materials 660 (August 2015): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.660.28.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents an experimental study of the electrical resistivity of geopolymer paste by using a non-destructive test employing Wenner four probe method. Geopolymer is produced from a combination mixture of aluminosilicate materials which is rich in Si and Al such as fly ash with an alkaline activator. Geopolymer paste in this study was made from a mixture of class F fly ash, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) solution. An alkaline activator was prepared 24 hrs prior to use with the ratio mixture of Na2SiO3/NaOH being 2.5. Then, the prepared alkaline activator was mixed with the fly ash for about 30 minutes. After that, the mixture was placed in a 100 mm x 103 mm x 495 mm mould. After 24 hrs, the sample was taken out from the mould and cured at 60°C in the oven for 24 hrs. The sample was then tested after 7, 14 and 28 days. The current applied in this study was from 0.01 mA to 1.00 mA and the electrode spacing used were 0.02 m, 0.04 m, 0.06 m, 0.08 m and 0.10 m. The results showed that the geopolymer paste after 28 days with the current of 0.01 mA and 0.10 m electrode spacing showed the highest resistivity with 61575 Ω.m while the geopolymer paste after 7 days with 0.95 mA and 0.02 m electrode spacing showed the lowest resistivity with 537 Ω.m. Hence, the corrosion rate of geopolymer paste in this study was negligible and if occur, was very low.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Gupta, Ayushman, Lisheng Shao, and Roy H. Borden. "Radial Strain Measurements in Resonant Column and Torsional Shear Tests." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1548, no. 1 (January 1996): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154800104.

Full text

Abstract:

During resonant column and torsional shear tests using a Stokoe device, conventionally only the change in height of the specimen is measured. To obtain the change in diameter of the specimen, a relationship between radial strain and longitudinal strain is assumed. In this study, the Stokoe device was modified to enable the measurement of change in diameter of the specimen along with the change in its height during resonant column and torsional shear tests. The diameter change measurement system comprises three proximity probes, coaxial cables, proximitor conditioners, and DC power supply. The probes (7.9 mm diameter) are capable of making noncontact displacement measurements with a resolution of 0.025 mm using a metallic target. These probes are fixed along the circumference of the outer chamber at equal 120 degree spacing. The vertical location of these probes is such that they correspond to the midheight of the specimen. Each probe is mounted on a micrometer to enable accurate adjustment of the probe. This system gives a linear output for a distance range of 0.38 to 2 mm between the probe tip and the metallic target. During the tests, the targets (circular copper foils 26 mm in diameter) are fixed on the soil specimen, and output voltage from each of the three proximity probes is recorded directly by a computer. The average readings of the three probes are used to calculate the change in diameter of the specimen. This paper will present the results of tests on seven residual soil specimens.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Prat, V., S. Mathis, F. Lignières, J. Ballot, and P. M. Culpin. "Period spacing of gravity modes strongly affected by rotation." Astronomy & Astrophysics 598 (February 2017): A105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629637.

Full text

Abstract:

Context. As of today, asteroseismology mainly allows us to probe the internal rotation of stars when modes are only weakly affected by rotation using perturbative methods. Such methods cannot be applied to rapidly rotating stars, which exhibit complex oscillation spectra. In this context, the so-called traditional approximation, which neglects the terms associated with the latitudinal component of the rotation vector, describes modes that are strongly affected by rotation. This approximation is sometimes used for interpreting asteroseismic data, however, its domain of validity is not established yet. Aims. We aim at deriving analytical prescriptions for period spacings of low-frequency gravity modes strongly affected by rotation through the full Coriolis acceleration (i.e. without neglecting any component of the rotation vector), which can be used to probe stellar internal structure and rotation. Methods. We approximated the asymptotic theory of gravito-inertial waves in uniformly rotating stars using ray theory described in a previous paper in the low-frequency regime, where waves are trapped near the equatorial plane. We put the equations of ray dynamics into a separable form and used the Einstein-Brillouin-Keller (EBK) quantisation method to compute modes frequencies from rays. Results. Two spectral patterns that depend on stratification and rotation are predicted within this new approximation: one for axisymmetric modes and one for non-axisymmetric modes. Conclusions. The detection of the predicted patterns in observed oscillation spectra would give constraints on internal rotation and chemical stratification of rapidly rotating stars exhibiting gravity modes, such as γ Doradus, SPB, or Be stars. The obtained results have a mathematical form that is similar to that of the traditional approximation, but the new approximation takes the full Coriolis, which allows for propagation near the centre, and centrifugal accelerations into account.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

SEO, Toru, Takahiko KUSAKABE, and Yasuo ASAKURA. "ESTIMATION OF TRAFFIC STATE USING PROBE VEHICLES THAT EQUIPPED WITH SPACING MEASUREMENT DEVICES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. D3 (Infrastructure Planning and Management) 69, no. 5 (2013): I_809—I_818. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejipm.69.i_809.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Seo, Toru, and Takahiko Kusakabe. "Probe vehicle-based traffic state estimation method with spacing information and conservation law." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 59 (October 2015): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2015.05.019.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Russell, P. E. "Resolution Issues in Scanned Probe Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 1187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600012824.

Full text

Abstract:

Scanned Probe Microscopy first received widespread recognition in the form of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images clearly showing atomic resolution of the Si 111 surface in the characteristic 7×7 surface reconstruction. For this sample, STM imaging under carefully controlled ultrahigh vacuum conditions reveals the clear image of each atom position within the surface unit cell with excellent contrast and clearly atomic resolution. Over the past few years, versions of scanning force microscopy (commonly referred to as atomic force microscopy or AFM) have become much more widespread than STM. A very common, and very difficult question, is: What is the resolution of AFM? The simple answer is that SPM in general, and STM and AFM in particular, routinely obtain sub-angstrom resolution—in the z axis, or the sample height direction. This high resolution capability is easily demonstrated by scanning a cleaved crystal of known lattice spacing and observing single and multiple atomic steps.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Hayman, Matthew, Katie J. McMenamin, and Jørgen B. Jensen. "Response Time Characteristics of the Fast-2D Optical Array Probe Detector Board." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 12 (December 2016): 2569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0062.1.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractTwo-dimensional optical array probes are commonly used for imaging raindrops and ice particles on research aircraft. The ability of these probes to accurately measure particle concentration and size partly depends on the response characteristics of the detection system. If the response characteristics are too slow, then small particles are less likely to be detected and the associated effective sample volume decreases. In an effort to better understand the sample volumes of optical array probes at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the temporal response of the Fast-2D optical array probe detector board from optical input on the detector to digitization was characterized. The analysis suggests that the board electronics have a response time constant consistently near 50 ns. However, there is also a slow decay term that conforms to a decay rate. The amplitude of this slow function can impact the probe response, varying the minimum detectable pulse width between 60 and 150 ns. Also, the amplitude of the slow function is largely dictated by the illumination angle of incidence. The effects of the response time characteristics are analyzed using a simulator for a 2D cloud (2D-C) probe with 25-μm photodiode spacing. The results show the greatest sensitivity to response time characteristics when particles are smaller than 150 μm, where 10% uncertainty in the slow fraction is likely to produce sample volume uncertainties near 10%. Ignoring response time effects may bias sample volume estimates in the small size regime by as much as 25%.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Lin, Yu Li, Gin Shin Chen, Hsin Chih Liu, and Yu Cheng Lin. "Effect of Inter-Rod Coupling on 1-3 Piezocomposite High-Power Ultrasonic Transducers." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 2105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.2105.

Full text

Abstract:

Efficiency is a critical performance for a high-power ultrasonic transducer composed of 1-3 piezocomposites and geometric parameters of the composites can influence the efficiency of the transducer. The effect of inter-rod responses in the composite matrix on the efficiency was experimentally investigated in this study. For analyses, four PZT4-epoxy composite ultrasonic transducers with various volume fractions and inter-rod spacing were fabricated in-house. The experimental results demonstrated that the inter-rod coupling of the 0.1-mm spacing could significantly degrade the efficiency of the composite probe at about 1.0 MHz resonance since the 0.1-mm spacing between PZT4 rods was so small as to cause a high interference. At the same volume fraction, the transducer engineer should take the inter-rod coupling into account for the design of the high-power ultrasonic transducer.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Dou, Xinyu, Huaqing Liang, and Yang Liu. "Anticollision Method of Active Magnetic Guidance Ranging for Cluster Wells." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7583425.

Full text

Abstract:

Conventional adjacent wells range scanning calculations cannot meet the accuracy demands of the anticollision measurement of borehole distances any longer. Current techniques commonly employ electromagnetic detection tools while drilling; this requires putting equipment down adjacent wells to avoid collision risks, which adds more workload and costs and sometimes even affects the normal production of the producing wells. Measuring and tracking adjacent borehole distances while drilling is an essential process that guides the drill bit and effectively avoids collisions with existing wells. This paper proposes an active anticollision method of rotating magnetic ranging based on double symmetrical magnetic sources with opposite magnetic moments. First, the proposed method uses magnetic sources in the drilling well that are built into the probe tube to generate a magnetic field; then, the ferromagnetic casing of the existing well would be magnetized by the abovementioned magnetic field; finally, the magnetization field of the ferromagnetic casing is measured by a triaxial magnetometer built into the probe tube to determine the spacing and position of the existing well. Simultaneously, the calculation models of magnetic flux density around the casing of the existing well and magnetic sources are established, the calculation formulae of the relative distance and position of two adjacent wells are deduced, and a new variable interval section segmentation is proposed based on the Cosine theorem. The simulation results demonstrate that the spacing and position of the existing well are determined based on the magnetic sources’ spacing inside the probe, the magnetic moment of the magnetic sources, the relative permeability of the casing, the diameter of the casing, and the inclination between the drilling well and the existing well. The validity and accuracy of the active magnetization model are confirmed, providing theoretical support for the further development of electromagnetic anticollision devices.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Spehr, Carsten, Daniel Ernst, and Hans-Georg Raumer. "MEMS microphone intensity array for cabin noise measurements." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 3023–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2288.

Full text

Abstract:

Aircraft cabin noise measurements in flight are used toto quantify the noise level, and to identify the entry point of acoustic energy into the cabin. Sound intensity probes are the state-of-the-art measurement technique for this task. During measurements, additional sound absorbing material is used to ease the rather harsh acoustic measurement environment inside the cabin. In order to decrease the expensive in-flight measurement time, an intensity array approach was chosen. This intensity probe consists of 512 MEMS-Microphones. Depending on the frequency, these microphones can be combined as an array of hundreds of 3D- intensity probes. The acoustic velocity is estimated using a high order 3D finite difference stencil. At low frequencies, a larger spacing is used to reduce the requirement of accurate phase match of the microphone sensors. Measurements were conducted in the ground-based Dornier 728 cabin noise simulation as well as in-flight.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Anonymous. "Peer review report 1 on “The effects of probe misalignment on sap flux density measurements and in situ probe spacing correction methods”." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 217 (January 2016): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.11.203.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Dzikiti, Sebinasi. "Peer review report 2 on “The effects of probe misalignment on sap flux density measurements and in situ probe spacing correction methods”." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 217 (January 2016): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.11.204.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Wen, M. M., G. Liu, R. Horton, and K. Noborio. "An in situ probe-spacing-correction thermo-TDR sensor to measure soil water content accurately." European Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 6 (September 19, 2018): 1030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12718.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Shie, N. C., T. L. Chen, and Kai Yuan Cheng. "Use of Fiber Interferometer for AFM Cantilever Probe Displacement Control." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.77.

Full text

Abstract:

This investigation presents a fibre-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer as a displacement sensor in an atomic force microsope (AFM). A simple model of light wave transmission between two fibres with the same core diameter is proposed to determine the theoretical equation of light intensity of interference fringes from the fibre-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer. By replacing an AFM cantilever with a movable reflective mirror, the variations of relative light intensity of the interference fringes with the spacing between the fibre and the mirror were recorded. The theoretical equation for the light intensity of interference fringes was close to those obtained experimentally. Finally, a fibre-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer was operated in an AFM to image a two-dimensional phase array with a pitch of 4 µm and a depth of 150 nm.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Islam, M. S. "INFLUENCE OF POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION ON THE EFFECT OF CROSS-PHASE MODULATION IN INTENSITY MODULATION-DIRECT DETECTION WDM TRANSMISSION SYSTEM." IIUM Engineering Journal 10, no. 2 (March 2, 2010): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v10i2.7.

Full text

Abstract:

Cross-phase modulation (XPM) changes the state-of-polarization (SOP) of the channels through nonlinear polarization rotation and induces nonlinear time dependent phase shift for polarization components that leads to amplitude modulation of the propagating waves in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. Due to the presence of birefringence, the angle between the SOP changes randomly and as a result polarization mode dispersion (PMD) causes XPM modulation amplitude fluctuation random in the perturbed channel. In this paper we analytically determine the probability density function of the random angle between the SOP of pump and probe, and evaluate the impact of polarization mode dispersion on XPM in terms of bit error rate, channel spacing etc for a two channel intensity modulation-direct detection WDM system at 10 Gb/s. It is found that the XPM induced crosstalk is polarization independent for channel spacing greater than 3 nm or PMD coefficient larger than 2 ps/√km. We also investigate the dependence of SOP variance on PMD coefficient and channel spacing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Selig, H., D. Vaknin, D. Davidov, and Y. Yeshurun. "Layer spacing as a probe for charge transfer in graphite intercalation compounds with transition metal hexafluorides." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 23 (1985): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39850001689.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Cao, Peng, Qiaochu Fan, and Xiaobo Liu. "Real-time detection of end-of-queue shockwaves on freeways using probe vehicles with spacing equipment." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 12, no. 10 (December 1, 2018): 1227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2018.5124.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Little, Michael C., Jeffrey Andrews, Richard Moore, Silvia Bustos, Lynda Jones, Chris Embres, Gerard Durmowicz, et al. "Strand Displacement Amplification and Homogeneous Real-Time Detection Incorporated in a Second-Generation DNA Probe System, BDProbeTecET." Clinical Chemistry 45, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/45.6.777.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background: Amplified DNA probes provide powerful tools for the detection of infectious diseases, cancer, and genetic diseases. Commercially available amplification systems suffer from low throughput and require decontamination schemes, significant hands-on time, and specially trained laboratory staff. Our objective was to develop a DNA probe system to overcome these limitations. Methods: We developed a DNA probe system, the BDProbeTecTMET, based on simultaneous strand displacement amplification and real-time fluorescence detection. The system uses sealed microwells to minimize the release of amplicons to the environment. To avoid the need for specially trained labor, the system uses a simple workflow with predispensed reagent devices; a programmable, expandable-spacing pipettor; and the 96-microwell format. Amplification and detection time was 1 h, with potential throughput up to 564 patient results per shift. We tested 122 total patient specimens obtained from a family practice clinic with the BD ProbeTecET and the Abbott LCx® amplified system for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Results: Based on reportable results, the BDProbeTecET results for both organisms were 100% sensitive and 100% specific relative to the LCx. Conclusions: The BDProbeTecET is an easy-to-use, high-throughput, closed amplification system for the detection of nucleic acid from C.trachomatis and N.gonorrhoeae and other organisms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Ageenkov, E. V., A. A. Sitnikov, and E. N. Vodneva. "Influence of the probe dimensions on the display of the low-frequency dispersion of the earth’s electromagnetic properties for measure-ments in marine waters up to 100 m deep." Earth sciences and subsoil use 43, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2020-43-3-325-338.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of the study is to show the effect of the probe dimensions on the display of the low-frequency dispersion of the geological formations’ electromagnetic properties in transient measurements by electric lines in the axial area of the source for the water areas up to 100 m deep. The study analyzes the change in the transient signal, the finite difference, and the transform (the ratio of the above two) as a function of the length of the source (a horizontal grounded electric line (AB) 50 to 2,000 m), the receiver (a three-electrode electric line (MON) 50 to 2,000 m), and the distance between their centers (spacing) 100 to 4,000 m. The values obtained from the conductive and conductive polarizing models are compared for the identical probes installed at the same depth. The grounded electric line is located within the conducting medium with a conductive polarizable base. The conducting medium is associated with the seawater thickness in the marine shelves up to 100 m deep. The conductive polarizable base is a geological environment (earth) covered with a layer of water. The polarizability of the base is registered by introducing frequency-dependent electrical resistivity by the Cole-Cole formula. The calculations show the display of different transient components associated with the transient buildup and the earth’s low-dispersion properties caused by both galvanic and eddy currents. These components manifest themselves differently for the probes with different dimensions of the source line, receiving line, and spacing. Based on the calculations, it can be argued that in the time range from 1 ms to 16 s, at the probes that have different dimensions and are immersed in the water layer up to 100 m thick, the signal changes depending on the immersion depth for “small” installations (AB of 50 and 100 m), while there is no such dependence for the rest of the probes used in the calculations (AB of 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 m).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Elliott, Aaron M., Kristi A. Hohenstein Elliott, and Anja Kammesheidt. "High-Resolution Genomic Profiling of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Human Stem Cells Using the 135 K StemArray." Stem Cells International 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/431534.

Full text

Abstract:

Culturing stem cells for an extended period of time can lead to acquired chromosomal aberrations. Determining the copy number variant (CNV) profile of stem cell lines is critical since CNVs can have dramatic effects on gene expression and tumorigenic potential. Here, we describe an improved version of our StemArray, a stem-cell-focused comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) microarray, which contains 135,000 probes and covers over 270 stem cell and cancer related genes at the exon level. We have dramatically increased the median probe spacing throughout the genome in order to obtain a higher resolution genetic profile of the cell lines. To illustrate the importance of using the StemArray, we describe a karyotypically normal iPSC line in which we detected acquired chromosomal variations that could affect the cellular phenotype of the cells. Identifying adaptive chromosomal aberrations in stem cell lines is essential if they are to be used in regenerative medicine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Moalic, H., J. A. Fitzpatrick, and A. A. Torrance. "A Spectral Approach to the Analysis of Rough Surfaces." Journal of Tribology 111, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261924.

Full text

Abstract:

A brief summary of the methods commonly used for the analysis of rough surfaces and the errors associated with these techniques is given. A frequency domain digital differentiator is shown to reduce the bias errors for estimates of the properties of slopes and curvatures for a sample spacing determined by the profilometer probe size. A comparison of this “spectral” approach with finite difference methods for calculating slope and curvature characteristics for a ground surface show substantial underestimates for the latter methods.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Kumar, N., and A. M. Jayannavar. "Statistics of Mesoscopic Fluctuations of Quantum Capacitance." Modern Physics Letters B 11, no. 02n03 (January 30, 1997): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984997000086.

Full text

Abstract:

The Thouless formula (G = (e2/h)(E c /Δ) for the two-probe dc conductance G of a d-dimensional mesoscopic cube is re-analysed to relate its quantum capacitance C Q to the reciprocal of the level spacing Δ. To this end, the escape time-scale τ occurring in the Thouless correlation energy (E c = ℏ/τ) is interpreted as the time constantτ = RC Q with RG ≡ 1, giving at once C Q = (e2/2π Δ). Thus, the statistics of the quantum capacitance is directly related to that of the level spacing, which is well known from the Random Matrix Theory for all the three universality classes of statistical ensembles. The basic questions of how intrinsic this quantum capacitance can arise purely quantum-resistively, and of its observability vis-à-vis the external geometric capacitance that combines with it in series, are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Kawasaki, Takeshi, Junji Endo, Tsuyoshi Matsuda, and Akira Tonomura. "Development of A 350-KV Holography Electron Microscope and its Applications." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (August 12, 1990): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100179865.

Full text

Abstract:

The 350 kV field-emission electron microscope shown in Fig.1 has been developed to widen the applications of electron holography. A field emission beam is used because it is very bright at first and monochromatic. However, its brightness deteriorates while passing through accelerating electrodes and condenser lenses because of their spherical and chromatic aberrations. A magnetic lens is installed just below a (310)-oriented tungsten tip. A magnetic lens is used so that the electron source image can be located at the most favorable position between the accelerating tube and the first condenser lens to minimize the aberrations and to increase brightness. The measured brightness (probe current) ranges from 1.4x109 A/cm2/sr (0.37 nA) to 6.7x108 A/cm2/sr (2.2 nA) with 10 μA total emission current at 300 kV.These increased brightness and narrow energy spread of the electron beam enable observing fine spacing lattice fringes in a gold thin film. Lattice fringes of 0.065 nm spacing were actually observed in the electron micrograph shown in Fig. 2. The incident electron beam was along the [001] axis, and the (400) and reflected beams were used to form the fringes. A 0.055 nm spacing lattice image is shown in Fig. 3. These fringes resulted from the interference of the electron beam, with an incident axis from the [111] direction into the gold thin film, by the and diffracted beams. This spacing is the shortest observed to date.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Bryla, David, and Bernadine Strik. "(372) Water Requirements of High bush Blueberry Cultivars Planted at Normal and High Density Spacings." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1058E—1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1058e.

Full text

Abstract:

Many growers in the Pacific Northwest are planting blueberry fields at higher densities to improve yields and increase the number of berries harvested per acre in the first few years after planting. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of high-density planting on blueberry water requirements. Although close spacing reduces individual plant size, we expected that plants spaced closer together would require more irrigation per unit land area than those spaced further apart due to increased canopy coverage within rows. The study utilized a 5-year-old planting of highbush blueberry, consisting of three cultivars, `Duke', `Bluecrop', and `Elliott', planted at 0.5- and 1.2-m in-row spacings. Plant water use was calculated from changes in soil water content measured using TDR probes for shallow depths and a neutron probe and access tubes for deeper depths. Stem water potentials were also measured periodically using a pressure chamber to determine how well irrigation was meeting crop water demands throughout the season. Surprisingly, plants spaced 0.5 m apart required only slightly more water than those spaced 1.2 m apart. They did, however, require more frequent irrigations due to their smaller root systems, especially during fruit filling. Water use by each cultivar increased during fruit filling and then rapidly decreased after harvest. `Duke' required the most water among cultivars, using 5–10 mm/day from mid-May to mid-August, while `Elliott' required the least, using 3–5 mm/day.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Cheirsirikul, Somsak, and Tosnus Mongkolkiartichai. "Diamond Microelectrodes for Amperometric Oxygen Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 911 (March 2014): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.911.276.

Full text

Abstract:

This report Studied and development of diamond microelectrodes for Amperometric oxygen sensor. Boron-doped diamond film was Synthesized on a Si substrate by Hot-Filament CVD with the optimization Condition for film thickness 5 μm. This diamond film has the active area of electrode Control dimensions by technique uses SiO2be a mask Protecting diamond film formation. Four-point probe in additional and Hall Effect technique were used to measure the resistivity, and to measure carriers concentrations of the respectively. Study electrochemistry characteristics of diamond electrodes using Cyclic Voltammetry method. These B/C 10,000 PPM Boron doped diamond electrodes are used as working electrodes of Amperometric oxygen sensor for various of this gas levels detection. These electrodes are packaged with 0.1M KCl solution. The experiment show that current density of the diamond microelectrodes with 100 μm spacing was greater than the current density of the diamond microelectrodes with 40 μm spacing and the planar diamond electrode.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Probe spacing'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles