Journal articles: 'Problem framing'

1

Euchner, Jim. "Problem Framing." Research-Technology Management 62, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2019.1563433.

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Sleet, David A., and Daphne B. Moffett. "Framing the Problem." Family & Community Health 32, no. 2 (April 2009): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.fch.0000347985.67681.9d.

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Park, Chan Hyung, and Markus Baer. "Problem Framing and Formulation." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 14811. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.14811abstract.

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Lormand, Eric. "Framing the frame problem." Synthese 82, no. 3 (March 1990): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00413881.

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Kvan, Thomas, and Song Gao. "Problem Framing in Multiple Settings." International Journal of Architectural Computing 2, no. 4 (December 2004): 443–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1478077042906186.

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C. Payne, Troy, Kathleen Gallagher, John E. Eck, and James Frank. "Problem framing in problem solving: a case study." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 36, no. 4 (November 4, 2013): 670–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-01-2012-0081.

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Bardwell, Lisa V. "Problem-Framing: A perspective on environmental problem-solving." Environmental Management 15, no. 5 (September 1991): 603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02589620.

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Copland, Michael Aaron. "Developing Prospective Principals’ Problem-Framing Skills." Journal of School Leadership 13, no. 5 (September 2003): 529–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105268460301300502.

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This article reports on a study that inquired about the teaching and learning of administrative problem-framing skills in a problem-based learning (PBL) administrator preparation program. A literature-based definition of problem-framing ability is developed and a theoretical rationale for the study, based on elements of a social-psychological framework, is introduced. Employing a one-group pretest–posttest design, the problem-framing ability of students in one program cohort was measured prior to exposure to any PBL experiences and again at the end of their preparation program after repeated exposure to PBL. A statistical analysis reveals students’ problem-framing ability improves significantly over time, associated with their level of exposure to PBL. In postprogram qualitative data, graduates suggest PBL preparation develops their ability to frame problems encountered in practice. Finally, the implications of the findings for instructional practice and future research on administrator preparation are explored.

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Haase, Louise Møller, and Linda Nhu Laursen. "Meaning Frames: The Structure of Problem Frames and Solution Frames." Design Issues 35, no. 3 (July 2019): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00547.

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In recent years, focus on the designer's ability to frame wicked problems has underlined the important positioning of the designer as a key player in the early phases of innovation. However, further clarification and development of the theory and terminology of framing are needed in order to understand and support the rather complex framing process that the design team engages in during the early phases of innovation. There is a need to understand how design teams move from an overall framing of the wicked problem, in literature termed the “ problem frame,” to creating a meaningful solution. Through in-depth case studies of the framing processes at five design companies, we learn how designers use the overall problem frame as a stepping-stone to constructing a set of “ solution frames” in order to move toward a meaningful solution that integrates different perspectives. Together with the problem frame these sets of additional solution frames constitute an overall framing of the meaningful product—a “ meaning frame.” This overall meaning frame clarifies and sets the boundaries, the values and goals, and the criteria for evaluation of a proposed solution. As such, the study sheds light on the otherwise hidden reasoning process of framing toward a meaningful solution, rather than framing the problem, which a majority of current literature discusses.

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Moor, Timothy Nicholas, and Stuart Gerald English. "Reflections on Multiple Perspective Problem Framing." International Journal of Design Management and Professional Practice 6, no. 2 (2013): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2325-162x/cgp/v06i02/38575.

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Chambers, Michael R. "Framing the Problem: China's Threat Environment." Asia Policy 4, no. 1 (2007): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asp.2007.0038.

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Johnston, Anne, Barbara Friedman, and Autumn Shafer. "Framing the Problem of Sex Trafficking." Feminist Media Studies 14, no. 3 (December 11, 2012): 419–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2012.740492.

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Copland, Michael Aaron. "Problem-Based Learning and Prospective Principals’ Problem-Framing Ability." Educational Administration Quarterly 36, no. 4 (October 2000): 585–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00131610021969119.

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Bhandarkar, Damodar. "Framing Effects: Implications in Complex Problem Solving Tasks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100424.

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In decision-making literature, framing effects have been studied in a wide number of task and context conditions. In much of these studies, there is strong support that decision framing can result in inconsistent behavior among individuals. While much of the literature has been in static, one-time tasks, there is a dearth of studies in decision framing in complex problem solving tasks. This dearth in part can be attributed to an assumption that operators in complex environments are often well trained in decision-making routines, and as such, may not be vulnerable to framing effects. However, what is still unclear is whether trained operators are resistant to the effects of framing when they operate under non-routine conditions, and more importantly, what relation, information processing changes caused due to framing may have on the task performance of operators. The study reported here was conducted to answer these two questions. The outcome of this work is expected to have both theoretical and practical implication towards understanding individual's adaptive behavior and design of real time complex systems.

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Greco, Gian Maria, and Anna Jankowska. "Framing Media Accessibility Quality." Journal of Audiovisual Translation 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47476/jat.v2i2.114.

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The article provides an initial general overview of the status of quality in media accessibility. After highlighting some of the reasons behind the importance of addressing quality in media accessibility, the article discusses some problems that undermine the potential for full maturation of research and practices on quality. Then, it presents some possible solutions and proposes to use “media accessibility quality” to refer to the overarching problem of quality in media accessibility. The article concludes by listing a set of actions that constitutes a first draft of an agenda for the future of media accessibility quality.

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Pelczer, Ildikó, Florence Mihaela Singer, and Cristian Voica. "Cognitive Framing: A Case in Problem Posing." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 78 (May 2013): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.278.

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Gray, Colin M. "Revealing Students’ Ethical Awareness during Problem Framing." International Journal of Art & Design Education 38, no. 2 (September 23, 2018): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jade.12190.

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Hubert, Bernard. "“Problem framing in inter- and transdisciplinary research”." Natures Sciences Sociétés 17, no. 3 (July 2009): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/nss/2009050.

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Sales, André Luis Leite F., Flávio F. Fontes, and Silvio Yasui. "(Re)Framing a Problem: Militancy in Question." Temas em Psicologia 26, no. 2 (2018): 579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.9788/tp2018.2-02en.

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Caravita, Silvia, and Ola Halldén. "Re-framing the problem of conceptual change." Learning and Instruction 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-4752(94)90020-5.

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Hanna, Jason. "Consent and the Problem of Framing Effects." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 14, no. 5 (February 18, 2011): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-011-9266-y.

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Evangelista, Matthew. "Chechnya's Russia Problem." Current History 102, no. 666 (October 1, 2003): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2003.102.666.313.

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As long as President Putin insists on framing the war in Chechnya as a struggle with international terrorism … and as long as the West tacitly acquiesces to his approach, there may be no end to the bloodshed.

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Cook, Kay, Lara Corr, and Rhonda Breitkreuz. "The framing of Australian childcare policy problems and their solutions." Critical Social Policy 37, no. 1 (June 23, 2016): 42–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018316653952.

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Using discursive policy analysis, we analyse recent Australian childcare policy reform. By examining the policy framings of two successive governments and a childcare union, we demonstrate how the value of care work was strategically positioned by each of the three actors, constructing differing problems with different policy solutions. We argue that women’s care work was recognised by one government as valuable and professional when it aligned with an educational investment framing of enhanced productivity. This framing was capitalised upon by a union campaign for ‘professional’ wages, resulting in a government childcare worker wage subsidy. However, prior to implementation, a change of government re-framed the problem. The new government cast mandatory quality standards as placing unnecessary financial pressure on families and business. Within this frame, the remedy was to instead subsidise employer staff-development costs without increasing workers’ wages.

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Norris, Robert J. "Framing DNA." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 33, no. 1 (October 22, 2016): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986216673014.

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The “innocence movement” has often been mentioned, but rarely explored in depth. In particular, scholars have yet to study the beginning of the movement thoroughly. This article explores the early history of the innocence movement, referred to as the “foundations” of the movement, suggesting that the common focus solely on DNA as the source of the movement is an overly narrow historical focus. Based on archival research and interviews with key movement participants, this article draws on social movement theory to better understand the roots of the innocence movement, including its organizational foundation, early leadership, and the identification of the “problem” of wrongful conviction as a cause worthy of collective action. These three developments re-framed DNA as a tool to seek justice through post-conviction exonerations, thus creating the foundation on which the innocence movement was built.

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Schäfer, Martina, and Melanie Kröger. "Joint problem framing in sustainable land use research." Land Use Policy 57 (November 2016): 526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.013.

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Bijl-Brouwer, Mieke van der. "Problem Framing Expertise in Public and Social Innovation." She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation 5, no. 1 (2019): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2019.01.003.

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Young, Michelle D., Ann O'Doherty, Mark A. Gooden, and Elisabeth Goodnow. "Measuring Change in Leadership Identity and Problem Framing." Journal of School Leadership 21, no. 5 (September 2011): 704–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105268461102100504.

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Nespor, Jan, and Susan L. Groenke. "Ethics, Problem Framing, and Training in Qualitative Inquiry." Qualitative Inquiry 15, no. 6 (May 8, 2009): 996–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800409334188.

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Beer, Colin, and Celeste Lawson. "Framing attrition in higher education: a complex problem." Journal of Further and Higher Education 42, no. 4 (April 24, 2017): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0309877x.2017.1301402.

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Pennington, Deana, Shirley Vincent, David Gosselin, and Kate Thompson. "Learning across disciplines in socio-environmental problem framing." Socio-Environmental Systems Modelling 3 (May 24, 2021): 17895. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/sesmo.2021a17895.

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Modelling complex socio-environmental problems requires integration of knowledge across disparate fields of expertise. A key challenge is understanding how social learning across disciplines occurs in scientific research teams, in order that integrated knowledge is co-created. This article introduces a new framework for training researchers to integrate their knowledge across disciplines, based on current understanding of how inter- and transdisciplinary learning in research teams occurs. The framework was generated from a synthesis of learning, cognitive, and social science theories, and combines facilitated, structured negotiation processes with co-creation of boundary objects. It was used in two, 9 to 10-day intensive training workshops for doctoral students. This article describes the framework, workshop design, analysis of data collected during the workshops related to knowledge integration processes, what has been learned from the results, and the impact on participants. All participants indicated the experience was transformative, provided knowledge and skills unavailable elsewhere, filled gaps in their graduate education programs, and improving confidence in their capacity for inter- and transdisciplinary research. Pre- and post-workshop surveys confirm that the framework changed participants’ knowledge, behaviors, and competencies for engaging across disciplines. Many students have reported they have used the framework in a variety of other research and education settings, indicating they are able to transfer their new competencies to other contexts. Findings contribute to understanding of how to more effectively train researchers to integrate knowledge across disciplines for complex societal problem solving.

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Pape, Ulla. "Framing the Epidemic: NGOs and the Fight Against HIV/AIDS in Russia." Russian Politics 3, no. 4 (November 8, 2018): 486–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00304003.

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With more than one million people living with HIV, Russia is facing the biggest HIV epidemic in Europe and is one of the few countries in the world where infection rates are increasing. The response to the epidemic is shaped by the way Russian state actors and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) view the issue of HIV and how they define policy priorities. In order to understand the factors that underlie HIV policies in Russia, this contribution analyses the framing of HIV. It thereby makes use of framing theory. Based on document analysis and interviews with NGO experts, the article differentiates between four main framings in Russia: the framing of HIV as a medical issue, as a security threat, as a moral problem or as a human rights concern. In Russia, the moral framing of HIV has become dominant over the past decade. The epidemic is increasingly viewed as the result of harmful influences from the West which need to be overcome. As a result, Russia has departed from evidence-based approaches to HIV. Instead, it solely focuses on strengthening so-called “traditional values”, e.g. by engaging in healthy lifestyle promotion. The moral framing of HIV has also impacted the mobilization potential of Russian NGOs, as it favour those organizations that relate to the dominant framing of HIV and support government priorities.

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GOLD, NATALIE, and CHRISTIAN LIST. "Framing as Path Dependence." Economics and Philosophy 20, no. 2 (October 2004): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267104000203.

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A framing effect occurs when an agent's choices are not invariant under changes in the way a decision problem is presented, e.g. changes in the way options are described (violation of description invariance) or preferences are elicited (violation of procedure invariance). Here we identify those rationality violations that underlie framing effects. We attribute to the agent a sequential decision process in which a “target” proposition and several “background” propositions are considered. We suggest that the agent exhibits a framing effect if and only if two conditions are met. First, different presentations of the decision problem lead the agent to consider the propositions in a different order (the empirical condition). Second, different such “decision paths” lead to different decisions on the target proposition (the logical condition). The second condition holds when the agent's initial dispositions on the propositions are “implicitly inconsistent,” which may be caused by violations of “deductive closure.” Our account is consistent with some observations made by psychologists and provides a unified framework for explaining violations of description and procedure invariance.

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Müller, Wibke. "Drought Victims Demand Justice: Politicization of Drought by Farmers in Southern Germany over Time." Water 12, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030871.

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Farmers have an important role in problematizing and politicizing drought. Following the argumentative turn in policy analysis, the paper analyzes the process of problem definition by means of a framing analysis, zooming in on four major drought events covered in German farming sector journals that are published by farmers’ associations. The article compares the framing of the four most-cited drought events—1947, 1975–76, 2003, and 2011–12—in order to better understand how problematization has changed over time, and how farmers justify and rationalize calls for political action. Three research questions are answered: What problems are named by farmers journals when describing drought events, and what solutions are proposed? Who is considered responsible for problems and solutions? How has framing of drought changed over time? The paper shows that farmers frame drought as a matter of justice and assert their perceived right to subsidies, compensation, farmer-friendly tax policies, and market regulations by the state. From 2003, drought has been framed in association with climate change. The data findings suggest that there is no post-productivist, post-exceptionalist paradigm shift connected to proposed drought policy solutions. Drought framings appear to be persistent, giving priority to assured farmers’ incomes, not water distribution. Considering the lobby power of farmers’ associations in Germany, this finding helps to understand why state interventions remain the same over time.

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Musi, Elena, and Mark Aakhus. "Framing fracking." Journal of Argumentation in Context 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 112–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.18016.mus.

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Abstract This article offers a first large scale analysis of argumentative polylogues in the fracking controversy. It provides an empirical methodology (macroscope) that identifies, from large quantities of text data through semantic frame analysis, the many players, positions and places presumed relevant to argumentation in a controversy. It goes beyond the usual study of framing in communication research because it considers that a controversy’s communicative context is shaped, and in turn conditions, the making and defending of standpoints. To achieve these novels aims, theoretical insights from frame semantics, knowledge driven argument mining, and argumentative polylogues are combined. The macroscope is implemented using the Semafor parser to retrieve all the semantic frames present in a large corpus about fracking and then observing the distribution of those frames that semantically presuppose argumentative features of polylogue (meta-argumentative indicators). The prominent indicators are Taking_sides (indicator of “having an argument”), Evidence and Reasoning (indicators of “making an argument”). The automatic retrieval of the words associated with the core elements of the semantic frame enables the mapping of how different players, positions, and discussion venues are assembled around what is treated as disagreeable in the controversy. This knowledge driven approach to argument mining reveals prototypical traits of polylogues related to environmental issues. Moreover, it addresses a problem in conventional frame analysis common in environmental communication that focuses on the way individual arguments are presented without effective consideration of the argumentative relevance the semantics and pragmatics of certain frames operating across discourses.

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E Fulford, James. "A NOTE ON THE CYBERSECURITY PROBLEM SPACE IN 2018." Muma Case Review 3 (2018): 001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4203.

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Zhang, Ran, Luming Zhao, Lin Wu, Hongxu Chen, Gaoxing Zhou, Xiaoqing Zhang, Peng Fang, and Xufeng Liu. "The effects of optimism on self-framing and risky decision making." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 48, no. 10 (October 7, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9409.

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The framing effect is a key topic that has been insufficiently studied in research on behavioral decision making. In our study we explored the effects of optimism on self-framing and risky decision making. Participants were 416 undergraduates who responded to the Life Orientation Test and a self-framing test based on the Asian disease problem. The results demonstrate that, compared with people low in optimism, highly optimistic individuals tended to use more positive words to describe problems, generate more positive frames, and choose more risky options. There was also a significant self-framing effect: Participants with a negative frame tended to be risk-seeking, whereas those with a positive frame tended to avoid risks. Additionally, selfframing suppressed the effect of optimism on risky decision making. We can conclude that optimism has significant effects on self-framing and risky decision making.

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Rachev, Nikolay R., Hyemin Han, David Lacko, Rebekah Gelpí, Yuki Yamada, and Andreas Lieberoth. "Replicating the Disease framing problem during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic: A study of stress, worry, trust, and choice under risk." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): e0257151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257151.

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In the risky-choice framing effect, different wording of the same options leads to predictably different choices. In a large-scale survey conducted from March to May 2020 and including 88,181 participants from 47 countries, we investigated how stress, concerns, and trust moderated the effect in the Disease problem, a prominent framing problem highly evocative of the COVID-19 pandemic. As predicted by the appraisal-tendency framework, risk aversion and the framing effect in our study were larger than under typical circumstances. Furthermore, perceived stress and concerns over coronavirus were positively associated with the framing effect. Contrary to predictions, however, they were not related to risk aversion. Trust in the government’s efforts to handle the coronavirus was associated with neither risk aversion nor the framing effect. The proportion of risky choices and the framing effect varied substantially across nations. Additional exploratory analyses showed that the framing effect was unrelated to reported compliance with safety measures, suggesting, along with similar findings during the pandemic and beyond, that the effectiveness of framing manipulations in public messages might be limited. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, along with directions for further investigations.

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Askanius, Tina, and Jannie Møller Hartley. "Framing Gender Justice." Nordicom Review 40, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nor-2019-0022.

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Abstract This study examines the media coverage of the #metoo movement in neighbouring countries Denmark and Sweden. A comparative content analysis shows differences in genres, sources and themes across the two samples. Further, the analysis shows that the coverage predominantly positioned #metoo within an individual action frame portraying sexual assault as a personal rather than societal problem in both countries. However, the individual action frame and a delegitimising frame focused on critique of #metoo were more prevalent in the Danish coverage. A framing analysis revealed four different news frames in the coverage: #metoo as (1) an online campaign connecting networked individuals, (2) part of a broader and long-standing social movement for gender justice, (3) an unnecessary campaign fuelled by cultures of political correctness and, finally, (4) a witch hunt and “kangaroo court”. Finally, we discuss and relate these findings to the political and cultural contexts of the two countries and their different historical trajectories for the institutionalisation of feminism and implementation of gender equality policies.

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Stein, Janice Gross. "International Co-operation and Loss Avoidance: Framing the Problem." International Journal 47, no. 2 (1992): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40202759.

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Joseph Skovira, Robert. "Framing the Corporate Security Problem: The Ecology of Security." Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology 4 (2007): 045–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/931.

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JÖNSON, HÅKAN. "Framing scandalous nursing home care: what is the problem?" Ageing and Society 36, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 400–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x14001287.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is to investigate different ways in which nursing home scandals in Sweden have been framed, to discuss the relations between these existing frameworks, and to identify ways of describing the problem that are absent in the current debates. Data for the study consisted of media articles, television documentaries and internet debates, expert reports and court hearings, and interviews with representatives of organisations dealing with the issue of mistreatment in care services for older people. An analytical tool developed within social movement research was used to identify three ‘debates’ on such mistreatment in Sweden, where competing ways of framing the problem have been used: (a) a debate where staff are cast as either perpetrators or victims, (b) a debate on privatisation and profit as the motive for neglect of care recipients, and (c) a debate on deserving and non-deserving recipients of socially provided care centred around populist claims. The analysis highlights a need to introduce an alternative frame for interpretation where mistreatment in care for older people is regarded as involving scandalous cases of ageism. This anti-ageism frame would provide older people with a lead role in the drama – not just as victims but as stakeholders in relation to the problem.

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Yusko *, Brian P. "Promoting Reflective Teaching Conversations: Framing and reframing the problem." Teaching Education 15, no. 4 (December 2004): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047621042000304493.

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Cao, Fei, Jiaxi Zhang, Lei Song, Shoupeng Wang, Danmin Miao, and Jiaxi Peng. "Framing Effect in the Trolley Problem and Footbridge Dilemma." Psychological Reports 120, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294116685866.

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The present study investigated the effect of dilemma type, framing, and number of saved lives on moral decision making. A total of 591 undergraduates, with a mean age of 20.56 (SD = 1.37) were randomly assigned to 12 groups on the basis of a grid of two dilemma types (the trolley problem or the footbridge dilemma) by three frames (positive, neutral, or negative frame) by two different numbers of workers (5 or 15 people). The main effects of dilemma type, frame, and number of saved workers were all significant. The interaction of dilemma type and number of saved workers and the interaction of the three independent factors were significant. Results indicated that moral judgment is affected by framing. Specifically, people were more inclined to utilitarianism in the positive or neutral frame and more inclined to intuitionism in the negative frame. Furthermore, this effect can be moderated by dilemma type and number of saved lives. Implications of our results are discussed.

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Stein, Janice Gross. "International Co-Operation and Loss Avoidance: Framing the Problem." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 47, no. 2 (June 1992): 202–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070209204700202.

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Klabbers, Jan H. G. "Problem Framing through Gaming: A Rebuttal to Law-Yone." Simulation & Gaming 27, no. 1 (March 1996): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878196271006.

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Nguyen, Hai D., Deepa N. Chari, and Eleanor C. Sayre. "Dynamics of students’ epistemological framing in group problem solving." European Journal of Physics 37, no. 6 (September 20, 2016): 065706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/37/6/065706.

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Stanton, Patricia, and David Tweed. "Evaluation of small business failure and the framing problem." International Journal of Economics and Business Research 1, no. 4 (2009): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijebr.2009.024686.

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Martin, James N. "Problem Framing: Identifying the Right Models for the Job." INCOSE International Symposium 29, no. 1 (July 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2019.00586.x.

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Mitchell, Pamela H., and Norma M. Lang. "Framing the Problem of Measuring and Improving Healthcare Quality." Medical Care 42, Suppl (February 2004): II—4—II—11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000109122.92479.fe.

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Neale, Ian. "Re-framing ‘The Annuity Problem’: Can we afford retirement?" Pensions: An International Journal 5, no. 4 (September 2000): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pm.5940131.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Problem framing'

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