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Zwick, Marni Leigh. "Does problem-solving ability moderate the relationship between infertility related stressors and psychological distress in infertile women? /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2003. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/269.
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SAKAMOTO, JUNICHI, HIDEKI KASUYA, NODIRA ZAKIROVA, OYBEK RUSTAMOV, MD HARUN-OR-RASHID, and IZATULLA JUMAYEV. "SOCIAL CORRELATES OF FEMALE INFERTILITY IN UZBEKISTAN." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16738.
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Crawford, Katherine. "The Role of Huwe1 in Female Infertility." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1556459729604.
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Mogobe, Keitshokile Dintle. "Denying and preserving self : Batswana [sic] women's experiences of infertility /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7238.
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Okonofua, Friday Ebhodaghe. "Female and male infertility in Nigeria : studies on the epidemiology of infertility in Nigeria with special reference to the role of genital tract infections and sexual and reproductive risk factors /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-354-X/.
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Gibson, Olga. "Exploring infertility through art." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1996. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1727.
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This study, entitled "Exploring infertility through art" focuses on researching the use of art to explore the psychogenic, psychological and physiological aspects of infertility and the psychosomatic avenues of expression possibly resulting in, or contributing to, infertility. The term psychogenic means "pertaining to disorders which are functional in origin" (Chaplin, 1973, p. · 391), or "term usually employed of disorders which originate in mental conditions, though they may come to involve physiological changes, as a result of these mental conditions" (Drever, 1978, p. 231). A psychogenic disorder is ''a functional disorder which has no known organic basis and is therefore likely to be due to conflict or emotional stress" (Chaplin, 1973, p. 391). An initial literature review suggested that this specific topic has not been researched previously, and very little literature is available on the use of art therapy with clients with fertility problems. Although there is very little within art therapy literature, however, studies that exist in the wider psychological literature directly related to the subject area have been investigated. A phenomenological method of research was employed to investigate the links between creativity and fertility, and to establish the plausibility of using art therapy interventions within a medical and/or therapeutic setting treating an infertile client population. It was found that art therapy as a healing modality has much to offer women wishing to transform their feelings of loss and grief into creativity and personal power.
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Lee, Geok-ling. "Living through fertility loss the experience of Hong Kong Chinese women and men after in vitro fertilization /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43703781.
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Yang, Li-ling. "The lived experience of the marital relationship among infertile women in northern Taiwan : a phenomenological study /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Amleh, Asma. "Infertility of the B6.YTIR sex-reversed female mouse." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34500.
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When the Y chromosome of a Mus musculus domesticus mouse is placed onto the C57BL/6J (B6) inbred genetic background, the XY (B6.Y TIR) progeny develop only ovaries or ovotestes during fetal life. At puberty, while some of the hermaphroditic males become fertile, none of the XY sex-reversed females produce litters. The objective of my study was to clarify the cause of infertility in B6.YTIR females. We have previously demonstrated that the eggs ovulated from B6.YTIR ovaries undergo fertilization efficiently, but cannot develop beyond the 2-cell stage. In the present study, we collected oocytes directly from XY ovaries, and examined their maturation, fertilization and embryonic development in vitro. The results show that the majority of fertilized eggs fail to reach the blastocyst stage. To determine whether developmental incompetence of XY oocytes can be attributed to defects in the oocytes themselves or the surrounding XY somatic cells, we constructed female mouse chimera composed of B6.YTIR and XX BALB/c cells. All chimeric females produced progeny exclusively derived from XX oocytes. For comparison, most of XX ↔ XX chimeric females produced progeny derived from oocytes of either strain.<br>The ability of XY oocytes to regulate granulosa cell differentiation and functions was assessed in oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC) in vitro . Microsurgical removal of oocytes prevented cumulus cell expansion and suppressed estradiol production while it promoted progesterone production. Coculture of the oocytectomized OCC with denuded oocytes from either XX or XY ovaries resumed cumulus expansion and the normal endocrine profile. Morphometric analyses indicated that XY oocytes were significantly smaller and their zona pellucida layer thinner than XX oocytes as early as the preantral stage. Furthermore, XY oocytes were attached with fewer cumulus cells in antral follicles. To determine whether developmental incompetence of the zygotes from XY ovaries resides in the nuclear or cytoplasmic component, we exchanged the pronuclei between the zygotes derived from B6.YTIR oocytes and those from XX oocytes and examined their development in vitro. The results indicate that both compartments are defective in the B6.YTIR oocyte.<br>In conclusion, the XY oocyte becomes cell-autonomously defective in both nuclear and cytoplasmic components during early oogenesis.
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Ellender, Stacey. "Assisted reproduction defining and evaluating the multiple outcomes of technologically advanced interventions /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2005. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3193097.
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Maheshwari, Abha. "Impact of ovarian ageing on fertility." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=56245.
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Ferreira, Hendrina Jacoba. "The psychofortology of male and female patients undergoing infertility treatment." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/674.
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Infertility is a complex condition associated with the inability to conceive a child, frequently manifesting itself as a result of various biological factors. A literature review indicated that being on Artificial Reproductive Technology (ART) treatment significantly increases the stress in an individual. While some research has been done on coping processes, and stress and depression levels in individuals on infertility treatment, very little literature is available regarding the coping resources and subjective well-being of individuals on infertility treatment. This psychofortigenic study aimed to explore and describe the coping resources, sense of coherence, satisfaction with life and life happiness of individuals undergoing infertility treatment. Furthermore, this study aimed to compare the coping resources, sense of coherence, satisfaction with life and happiness of males and females undergoing infertility treatment at a privately managed unit. It is imperative to view the results of this study from a gender-based perception as a previous study by Ferreira (2005) indicated significant differences in how males and females perceived infertility treatment. The sample in this study consisted of 62 voluntary participants from a privately managed health care unit in the Nelson Mandela Metropole. Participants were given a package of questionnaires to complete under the supervision of the researcher and research coordinator of the participating health care unit. The assessment consisted of a biographical questionnaire and four standardised paper and pencil measures. The participants’ coping resources were explored using Hammer and Marting’s (1988) Coping Resource Inventory (CRI), while Antonovsky’s (1987) Orientation to Life Scale was used to measure their sense of coherence (SOC-29). Overall satisfaction with life was assessed using Diener, Emmons, Larson and Griffin’s (1985) Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), while Kamman and Flett’s (1993) Affectometer-2 (AFM-2) was utilized to measure the respondents’ subjective happiness. A quantitative, exploratory descriptive research design was employed in this study and the participants were chosen by means of a non-probability purposive sampling procedure. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and independent t-testing. Further investigations were made through Chi square tests which enabled the researcher to draw inferences about differences based on cross tabulations. The reliability coefficient was obtained by calculating Cronbach’s coefficient alpha, which measured the internal consistency of the four standardized measures utilised in the present study. The results of the study revealed that participants generally experienced average levels of coping and subjective well-being as measured by the four assessment tools utilised during this study. On comparing the results of the male group and the female group of the particular sample it was found that although both groups obtained relatively average mean scores in general, the men scored slightly higher on the Coping Resources Inventory, Sense of Coherence and Affectometer-2, while the females scored slightly higher than the males on the Satisfaction with Life Scale.
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Urbach, David Robert. "The relationship between perforation of the appendix and female tubal infertility." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0003/MQ45920.pdf.
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De, Mello Natalie Victoria. "Characterisation of osteopontin and CD44 in endometrium of infertile women." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42761.
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Cell adhesion proteins osteopontin, CD44 and integrin alphaVbeta3 interact to form an adhesion complex between the embryo and endometrial surface forming an attachment that can lead to implantation. Whilst receptivity has been investigated extensively, the expression of this adhesion complex has yet to be studied simultaneously in the endometrium. This thesis establishes the expression of the adhesion complex in fertile and infertile endometrium. In addition the regulation of the adhesion complex components by distinct signalling pathways and the key regulators estrogen receptor, nuclear factor kappa B and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 have been investigated in endometrial cell lines. Objectives: To establish the expression profile of adhesion complex components in samples obtained from fertile and infertile women. To model in vitro hormonal regulation of adhesion complex components to mimic estrogen and progesterone stimulus in the menstrual cycle. To determine if adverse environments common to poly cystic ovarian syndrome and endometriosis affect uterine expression of the adhesion complex via high glucose and pro-inflammatory cytokines. To investigate the direct regulation of Osteopontin and CD44 by estrogen and cytokine signalling through estrogen receptor ?, nuclear factor kappa B and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Methodology: Investigation of human biopsies and cell line models by immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, chromatin immunoprecipitation and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Conclusions: Adverse uterine environments including high glucose and pro-inflammatory cytokines may regulate the expression of the adhesion complex, and contribute to a lack of endometrial receptivity in endometriosis and poly cystic ovarian patients. CD44, ITGAV and ITGB3 levels may be used as markers for loss of receptivity in unexplained infertility.
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Barker, Morgan, Emily Clark, Rebecca M. A. Altschuler, and Julia Ph D. Dodd. "Association Between Time Trying to Conceive and Self-Perceptions of Female Infertility." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/87.
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Female infertility is a prevalent global health concern. Social class has been examined in relation to interpretations of formal infertility diagnoses. However, this study sought to investigate subjective self-definitions of infertility experiences. This study compared reported length of time trying to conceive and self-perceptions of infertility status, which created four groups: women who met the medical definition of infertility and considered themselves to be experiencing infertility, women who met the medical definition and did not consider themselves to be experiencing infertility, women who did not meet the medical definition but did consider themselves to be experiencing infertility, and women who did not meet the medical definition of infertility and did not consider themselves to be experiencing infertility. We were interested in examining subjective socioeconomic status as a predictor of group membership, operating on the idea that women who perceive themselves as lower SES might be less likely to acknowledge a subjective infertility status due to more limited resources for treatment. Female participants (N = 1233) were recruited from the social networking site Reddit to complete online self-report surveys created via the REDCap survey platform. A subset of female participants (n = 548) who reported they were currently trying to conceive was utilized for this study’s sample. A chi-square test of independence was conducted to examine the relationship between reported length of time trying to conceive and self-perceptions of infertility status. Results indicated a significant association between these variables, χ2 (1, N = 594) = 239.08, p < .001, indicating that women’s self-perception of whether or not they were experiencing infertility was largely in line with the medical definition of infertility. We intended to conduct logistic regression analysis to examine subjective socioeconomic status as a predictor of group membership, specifically for women who met the medical definition of infertility but did not perceive themselves as experiencing infertility. However, logistic regression was not performed due to a lack of statistical power for this group (n = 14). Future research should expand upon this rationale to inclusively investigate factors contributing to self-identification of infertility experiences. Understanding the role of psychosocial factors involved in infertility status perceptions could facilitate specific interventions to promote infertility treatment-seeking behaviors.
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Eggert, Jan. "Epidemiological and clinical aspects of fertility and diseases associated with infertility among Swedish-born and foreign-born women /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7140-814-3/.
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Sekulovski, Nikola. "TISSUE-SPECIFIC ABLATION OF INSULIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING RESULTS IN INFERTILITY IN FEMALE MICE." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1833.
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IGF1 and its receptor IGF1R have been correlated with the proliferation of granulosa cells as well as steroid synthesis. Studies have shown that conditional ablation of Igf1r in granulosa cells leads to follicular arrest at a secondary stage, absence of ovulation and infertility. With a high homology between IGF1R and INSR, the full effects of insulin signaling could be masked by just a single receptor knockout. Therefore, utilizing Esr2-iCre we generated a granulosa specific double knockout mouse model. These mice have severely disrupted follicular development, with a block at a primary stage. Granulosa cells do not proliferate, while the oocytes appear activated resulting in reduction of ovarian size, absence of estrous cyclicity and infertility. Since an early granulosa cell knockout leads to block in follicular development, it masks the receptor function during ovulation, and CL formation. With the use of Pgr-Cre, the follicular development goes undisturbed until the periovulatory stages. Pgr-Cre knockout of Insr and Igf1r results in reduced ovulation, and progesterone synthesis. Few oocytes, that do escape, get fertilized but fail to thrive, and do not implant. Pgr-Cre is also active in the uterine endometrium. Ablation of Insr and Igf1r in the uterus results in reduced endometrial proliferation during the preimplantation period, complete absence of implantation and decidualization. Collectively, these results indicate the importance of INSR and IGF1R during follicular development, and ovulation, as well as in uterine proliferation, implantation, and decidualization.
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Barrie, Anne. "The new reproductive technologies and female infertility : liberal, radical and poststructuralist feminist approaches /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armb275.pdf.
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Cheung, Wai-man. "Psychosocial responses of women and men to in-vitro fertilization." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31972834.
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Menon, Shruti. "Chlamydial infertility in women: Diagnosis, epidemiology and immune response." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/94934/1/Shruti_Menon_Thesis.pdf.
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This project primarily focused on the development of a novel, non-invasive peptide-based ELISA to diagnose C. trachomatis-related infertility in women. In this study, an in silico approach was applied to identify and design novel peptide antigens that are specific to women with C. trachomatis-related infertility. The serological assay was developed such that it could potentially replace invasive techniques for early infertility investigation. The thesis further investigated the sero-prevalence of chlamydial infertility in women from a low-resource, high prevalence setting. In addition, the thesis also identified immune markers that were associated with the C. trachomatis-related infertility in women.
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Paton, Alexis Hannahson Collins. "Autonomy and the infertility patient : exploring the limits of the criteria that identify autonomous decision making with regards to the female infertility patient." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24116.
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Autonomous decision making is the cornerstone of bioethics, as it respects every person's right to make decisions for themselves based on their own values and beliefs. Maintaining autonomy in medicine is especially important due to the long standing history of paternalism in medicine. Today best practice in medicine demands that competent patients be allowed to make autonomous decisions about their treatment. The criteria that we use to classify an individual as autonomous are crucial in medicine, where the validity of a patient's informed consent to receive treatment rests on whether they are recognized as autonomous. One area in which the classification of autonomy is most perplexing is that of infertility. The known causes of infertility are few, the number of effective diagnostic tests are limited and less than 50% of couples end up with a child. The uncertainty and limited prognosis mean that choices should be driven by personal preferences rather than paternalism. Due to the nature of infertility, the intricacies of its diagnosis and treatment as well as the heavy influence of social norms about femininity, infertile women may lose their identity as autonomous individuals, despite seeming to be autonomous in all other respects. While the traditional criteria for autonomy successfully identify those female infertility patients who are not autonomous, they give us no direction as to how to tackle the larger issue of societal influence on infertility patients. I will argue that a change in the theory used by medical professionals is necessary in order to address the concern of social influence on patient decision making. Instead we must replace the use of traditional autonomy by the medical institution as the paradigm with the theory of relational autonomy, since relational autonomy is the only theory that can properly account for societal influence on patients.
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Wong, Yim-kuk Aileen. "Stress and coping for women from infertility to assisted reproductive treatments /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22331529.
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Akande, Valentine A. "Assessment of pelvic disease with reference to fertility." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368393.
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Amleh, Asma. "Infertility of the B6.Y[superscript]t [superscript]i [superscript]r sex-reversed female mouse." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0002/NQ36953.pdf.
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Graspeuntner, Simon [Verfasser]. "The cervical microbiome in female infectious infertility : clinical trial and experimental mouse models / Simon Graspeuntner." Lübeck : Zentrale Hochschulbibliothek Lübeck, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1142648095/34.
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Savaş, Esra. "Social Anxiety, Quality of Life, and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors of Women With Infertility Problems." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7506.
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Not having a child has significant psychosocial effects on women experiencing infertility problems. There is a gap in research on social anxiety, quality of life, and healthy lifestyle behaviors of women during infertility, fertility treatment, and subsequent pregnancy. The purpose of this quantitative comparative study was to investigate the social anxiety, quality of life, and healthy lifestyle behaviors of Turkish women with infertility issues and Turkish women who conceived after infertility treatment, as measured by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the Fertility Quality of Life Questionnaire, and the Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Scale II. The social support and stress buffering theory and the health promotion model provided the framework for the study. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to evaluate 200 women undergoing infertility treatment and women who conceived after infertility treatment on social anxiety, quality of life, and healthy lifestyle behaviors. The results indicated that women undergoing infertility treatment had higher social anxiety and avoidance and higher nutritive healthy lifestyle behaviors than women who conceived after infertility treatment. There was no difference in quality of life between the groups. Findings may promote a better understanding of social anxiety, quality of life, and healthy lifestyle behaviors of women undergoing infertility treatment. This heightened awareness may be used to increase psychosocial well-being of women and may increase the success rate of infertility treatment.
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Williams, Thomas D. "An ethical analysis of the use of fertility drugs." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2000. http://www.tren.com.
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Brewis, Alexandra Avril. "Age and infertility: An ethnodemographic study from Butaritari Atoll, Kiribati." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185797.
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This biocultural study examines patterns of infertility, or failure to produce live births, by female age cohorts in the Micronesian population of Butaritari Atoll, Kiribati. Anthropological and demographic methods employed included analysis of census survey, reproductive history collection, structured and semi-structured interviews, participant observation, ethnohistorical research, vital registrations, and clinic records. Primary infertility levels are found to be extremely low in this population. This is argued to be a consequence of low risk of exposure to fertility-inhibiting disease, typically extended exposures to coital activity, and a culturally-influenced resistance to birth-limiting behavior before at least one child is born. There is little reduction in fertility, and therefore in biological capacity for conception, before women reach the end of their thirties. This pattern of high fertility is maintained because of socio-culturally defined patterns of sexual behavior within marriage which tend to maintain coital activity despite increasing marriage durations, and therefore with increasing age. In the study's conclusion infertility patterns by age for this population are discussed in relation to issues of the role of physiological aging and infertility increases in human populations. It is concluded that studies of infertility by age need to be considered as culturally-grounded and population-specific, particularly in reference to patterns observed at the population level in female age groups under forty.
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Adedeji, Adekunle. "The Combined Effects of Leptin and Coenzyme Q10 in Ameliorating Obesity- Induced Infertility in Female Rats." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3131.
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Infertility is one of the major problems of obesity. Studies have shown that administration of leptin reversed obesity-induced infertility in rats and mice. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an antioxidant and also supplies the energy needed for ovulation and embryo development. We hypothesized that leptin when combined with CoQ10 could greatly improve obesity-induced infertility. The results showed a significant decrease in food intake, body weight, and the regular estrous cycle was restored after treatment with leptin+CoQ10. There was a significant increase (p10 significantly (p10 can improve fertility in obese infertile female rats. This study could provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of infertility and formulation of new drugs for the treatment of obesity-induced infertility in females.
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Adedeji, Adekunle, Effiong Ottukonyong, Jonathan M. Peterson, and W. Andrew Clark. "The Combined Effects of Leptin And Coenzyme Q10 in Ameliorating Obesity-Induced Infertility in Female Rats." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2513.
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Infertility is one of the major complications of obesity. Studies have shown that administration of leptin modulated the expression of Β-catenin in the ovary and reversed obesity-induced infertility in rats. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), an antioxidant, supplies the energy used for ovulation, oocyte and embryo development and prevents DNA damage that causes infertility. We hypothesized that leptin when combined with CoQ10 could greatly improve fertility. Twenty-one female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study and divided into five treatments groups. Group I rats was fed rat chow diet (RCD) while groups II to V were fed High-fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks to induce infertility. Group 1 RCD and group II HFD control rats received 1 ml of saline intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice daily for 2 days, group III HFD rats received 1 ml of 100 µg of leptin i.p. twice daily for 2 days, group IV HFD rats received 10 mg/kg of CoQ10 i.p. for 2 weeks plus saline twice daily for 2 days. Group V HFD rats received 1 ml of 100 µg of leptin i.p. twice daily for 2 days plus 10 mg/kg of CoQ1o i.p. for 2 weeks. Estrous cycle was checked daily and food intake and body weight measured twice weekly before and after treatments. Fourteen days post treatment, all the animals were sacrificed. The blood and tissues were collected for analysis. The results show a significant decrease in food intake and body weight and regular estrous cycle restored in groups III and V rats. There was significant (p < 0.05) increase in spleen weight in groups IV and V. FSH level increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the leptin plus CoQ10 treated group while CoQ10 level was increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the leptin-treated group. Β-catenin expression was decreased in group IV and V, suggesting that Β-catenin expression may be downregulated by COQ10 administration. These results indicate that synergistic action of leptin and CoQ10 could delay the onset of obesity-induced infertility exhibited by the reduction of food intake and body weight. In conclusion, combinations of CoQ10 with leptin can improve fertility in obese infertile female rats and could provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of female infertility.
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Wong, Yim-kuk Aileen, and 黃艷菊. "Stress and coping for women from infertility to assisted reproductive treatments." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31250907.
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Hulot, Audrey. "Analyses de données omiques : clustering et inférence de réseaux Female ponderal index at birth and idiopathic infertility." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL034.
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Le développement des méthodes de biologie haut-débit (séquençage et spectrométrie de masse) a permis de générer de grandes masses de données, dites -omiques, qui nous aident à mieux comprendre les processus biologiques.Cependant, isolément, chaque source -omique ne permet d'expliquer que partiellement ces processus. Mettre en relation les différentes sources de donnés -omiques devrait permettre de mieux comprendre les processus biologiques mais constitue un défi considérable.Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux méthodes de clustering et d’inférence de réseaux, appliquées aux données -omiques.La première partie du manuscrit présente trois méthodes. Les deux premières méthodes sont applicables dans un contexte où les données peuvent être de nature hétérogène.La première concerne un algorithme d’agrégation d’arbres, permettant la construction d’un clustering hiérarchique consensus. La complexité sous-quadratique de cette méthode a fait l’objet d’une démonstration, et permet son application dans un contexte de grande dimension. Cette méthode est disponible dans le package R mergeTrees, accessible sur le CRAN.La seconde méthode concerne l’intégration de données provenant d’arbres ou de réseaux, en transformant les objets via la distance cophénétique ou via le plus court chemin, en matrices de distances. Elle utilise le Multidimensional Scaling et l’Analyse Factorielle Multiple et peut servir à la construction d’arbres et de réseaux consensus.Enfin, dans une troisième méthode, on se place dans le contexte des modèles graphiques gaussiens, et cherchons à estimer un graphe, ainsi que des communautés d’entités, à partir de plusieurs tables de données. Cette méthode est basée sur la combinaison d’un Stochastic Block Model, un Latent block Model et du Graphical Lasso.Cette thèse présente en deuxième partie les résultats d’une étude de données transcriptomiques et métagénomiques, réalisée dans le cadre d’un projet appliqué, sur des données concernant la Spondylarthrite ankylosante<br>The development of biological high-throughput technologies (next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry) have provided researchers with a large amount of data, also known as -omics, that help better understand the biological processes.However, each source of data separately explains only a very small part of a given process. Linking the differents -omics sources between them should help us understand more of these processes.In this manuscript, we will focus on two approaches, clustering and network inference, applied to omics data.The first part of the manuscript presents three methodological developments on this topic. The first two methods are applicable in a situation where the data are heterogeneous.The first method is an algorithm for aggregating trees, in order to create a consensus out of a set of trees. The complexity of the process is sub-quadratic, allowing to use it on data leading to a great number of leaves in the trees. This algorithm is available in an R-package named mergeTrees on the CRAN.The second method deals with the integration data from trees and networks, by transforming these objects into distance matrices using cophenetic and shortest path distances, respectively. This method relies on Multidimensional Scaling and Multiple Factor Analysis and can be also used to build consensus trees or networks.Finally, we use the Gaussian Graphical Models setting and seek to estimate a graph, as well as communities in the graph, from several tables. This method is based on a combination of Stochastic Block Model, Latent Block Model and Graphical Lasso.The second part of the manuscript presents analyses conducted on transcriptomics and metagenomics data to identify targets to gain insight into the predisposition of Ankylosing Spondylitis
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Sobirova, Kamola. "Jämförelse av effekten av letrozol och klomifen vid behandling av kvinnlig infertilitet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104462.
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Bakgrund: Infertilitet är ett sjukdomstillstånd som innebär att ett par inte kan uppnå en klinisk graviditet under mer än ett år av försök. Det är mellan 10-15 % av alla par i fertil ålder som drabbas av tillståndet i varje land. Orsaken som hittas i 90 procent av fallen är antingen manliga, kvinnliga eller gemensamma faktorer. När ingen orsak hittas kallas det för oförklarlig-, eller idiopatisk infertilitet. Innan diagnostisering och eventuell behandling utförs därför noga utredningar med analyser på både kvinnan och mannen. Behandlingen bestäms därefter utifrån orsak. Vid kvinnlig infertilitet är in vitro-fertilisering (IVF) den mest vanliga icke-farmakologiska proceduren som används framför allt vid oförklarlig infertilitet och åldersfaktorer. Antiöstrogenet klomifencitrat har i många decennier varit farmakologiska förstahandsbehandlingen vid anovulatorisk infertilitet men vid de senaste 10 åren har den ersätts med aromatashämmaren letrozol som med en liknande mekanism kunnat ge upphov till ovulationsstimulering. Syfte: Syftet med examensarbetet var att utvärdera och jämföra effekterna av antiöstrogenet klomifencitrat med aromatashämmaren letrozol vid infertilitetsbehandling hos kvinnor. Metod: För att uppnå syftet utfördes litteratursökningar av relaterade vetenskapliga studier i den medicinska databasen PubMed. Nyckelorden som användes vid sökning var “female infertility”, “clomiphene” och “letrozole” och därefter hämtades fem randomiserade kontrollerade vetenskapliga artiklar (RCT) som granskades i resultatdelen av arbetet. Resultat: Samtliga studier, utom studie 5, visade att aromatashämmaren letrozol hade bättre effekt på ovulationstimuleringen och därmed också att uppnå klinisk graviditet än vad klomifencitrat hade. Administrering av letrozol ledde också till större tjocklek av endometrium och fler antalet mogna folliklar. Å andra sidan visade sig letrozol ge högre sannolikhet till multipla graviditet i studie 5. Det förekom ett par fall av allvarliga biverkningar under administrering av samtliga läkemedel, dock var majoriteten av biverkningarna milda och förekom i form utav huvudvärk, illamående, gastrointestinala besvär, trötthet och värmevallningar. Slutsats: Resultaten tyder på att letrozol är ett mer effektivt alternativ till infertilitetsbehandling av kvinnor. Eftersom den dessutom har mycket lägre halveringstid än klomifencitrat gör den mer säker att använda då det låg östrogennivå är ej optimal hos kvinnor i fertil ålder.<br>Background: Infertility is a condition that is based on a couple not being able to achieve a clinical pregnancy for more than a year of trying. Between 10-15 % of all heterosexual couples of childbearing age are affected by the condition in each country. The cause that is found in 90 percent of cases is either male-, female- or common factors. When no cause is found, it is called unexplained or idiopathic infertility. Before diagnosis and possible treatment, careful investigations are therefore performed with analysis on both the woman and the man. The treatment is then determined based on the cause. In female infertility, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common non-pharmacological procedure used primarily for unexplained infertility and age factors. The antiestrogen clomiphene citrate has for many decades been the first-line parmacological treatment for anovulatory infertility, but in the last 10 years it has been replaced by the aromatase inhibitor letrozole, which with a similar mechanism have effect on ovulation stimulation. Aim: The aim of this thesis was to evaluate and compare the treatment effects of the antiestrogen clomiphene citrate with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole in female infertility. Method: A literature search of related scientific studies was implemented in the medical database PubMed. The keywords used in the searchfield were ”female infertility”, ”clomiphene” and ”letrozole” and then five randomized controlled trial articles (RCT) were selected to be reviewed in the results part of the thesis. Results: All studies, except for study 5, showed that the aromatase inhibitor letrozole had a better effect than clomiphene citrate on ovulation stimulation and thus also to achieve a clinical pregnancy. Administration of letrozole also led to greater endometrial thickness and increased numer of mature follicles. In study 5 on the other hand, letrozole was shown to increase the likelihood of multiple pregnancies. There were a couple of cases of serious side effects during the administration of these drugs, however, the majority of the side effects were mild and occured in the form of headaches, nausea, gastrointestinal disorders, fattigue, and hot flashes. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results suggest that letrozole is a more effective alternative to infertility treatment for women. In addition, since it has a much lower half-life than clomiphene citrate, it is safer to use as low estrogen levels are not optimal in women of childbearing potential.
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Lee, Geok-ling, and 李宜玲. "Living through fertility loss: the experienceof Hong Kong Chinese women and men after in vitro fertilization." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43703781.
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Brown, Sandra L. "Being a female concert pianist : the problems of the body /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3130415.
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Almroth, Lars. "Genital mutilation of girls in Sudan : community- and hospital-based studies on female genital cutting and its sequelae /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-236-5/.
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Malki, Marwa. "Correlations between unexplained infertility and single nucleotide polymorphism in the genes of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor and gp130." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-128921.
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<p>About 30 % of all infertile couples suffer from infertility of an unexplained cause. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a glycoprotein produced by the endometrium and is an important cytokine in the implantation process. LIF exerts its biological functions through heterodimerization of its two receptors: LIF receptor (LIFR) and gp130. Point mutations in the LIF gene have been associated with female infertility. The aim of this study was to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes of LIFR and gp130 could cause reduced fertility in women. To this end, 115 samples from women diagnosed with unexplained infertility and 191 samples from fertile women were studied. Three SNPs in the gp130 gene and two SNPs in the LIFR gene were analyzed using real-time PCR. One significant difference and a tendency to difference were detected in the gp130 gene for women with unexplained infertility. There were no differences in the LIFR gene variations. In conclusion, polymorphisms in gp130, and thereby disturbances in the LIF pathway, could be one cause for infertility in women diagnosed with unexplained infertility.</p>
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Makoba, Lerato Theodora. "The experiences of infertile married African women in South Africa a feminist narrative inquiry /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05282008-123151.
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French, Rachael Louise. "Molecular and genetic characterization of the function of tramtrack in dorsal appendage morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10277.
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Kristensen, Berlin Rebecka. "Infertilitet - Vems rätt att bestämma? : En kvalitativ intervjustudie kring barnmorskors erfarenheter av att arbeta med infertilitet." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för omvårdnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-123526.
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Abstrakt (svenska) Titel: Infertilitet – vems rätt att bestämma? En kvalitativ intervjustudie kring barnmorskors erfarenheter av att arbeta med infertilitet. Författare: Rebecka Kristensen Berlin, Umeå Universitet -Institutionen för Omvårdnad Syfte: Att undersöka hur barnmorskans erfarenheter av parens reaktioner uppfattas i samband med infertilitetsproblematik. Studiedesign: En kvalitativ intervjustudie innefattande fyra barnmorskor har genomförts på en barnmorskemottagning. Intervjumaterialet analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys, vilket i korthet innebar följande steg: Materialet transkriberades ordagrant och bröts därefter ned i meningsbärande enheter, för att kunna sortera data utifrån innehåll. Kondensering utfördes i syfte att lyfta fram kärninnehållet. Abstraktion utfördes för att få fram koder, i syfte att reducera mängden text men även för att därefter kunna sammanfoga snarlika ämnen till underkategorier, vilka sedan grupperades i huvudkategorier tillhörande ett gemensamt tema. Resultat: De fyra huvudkategorier som uppkom var känslor, kommunikation, rättighet och prevention. Känslor: Oro, stress samt nedstämdhet var vanligt förekommande. Mäns känslor var svårare att identifiera då kvinnor ibland kom ensamma till besöken, samt män ibland dolde känslor bakom aggressivitet. Kommunikation: God information skapade förtroende. Råd om livsstilsförändringar samt vidareremittering var en viktig form av stöd. Rättighet: Ingen har rätt till barn, men alla ansågs ha rätt att försöka få barn. Privatekonomi samt samhällets krav påverkar dock i stor utsträckning paren vid misslyckade försök eller önskan om ytterligare barn. Prevention: Vikten av information kring infertilitet vid undervisning i skolan, vid preventivmedelsamtal och vid cellprovtagning poängterades. Slutsats: Att vara väl införstådd med de känslor som kan uppstå i samband med infertilitet möjliggör att ge tillfredställande stöd. Särskilda ansträngningar behöver göras för att nå män, såväl emotionellt som preventivt. Stort utrymme för förbättring finns gällande preventiva åtgärder, i syfte att fördjupa allmänhetens kunskaper kring infertilitet. Nyckelord: kvinnlig infertilitet; manlig infertilitet; känslor; barnmorska; kvalitativ forskning<br>Abstract (English) Title: Infertility. Who´s right to decide? A qualitative interview study regarding midwives experiences to work with infertility. Author: Rebecka Kristensen Berlin, Umeå University- Department of nursing Objective: To investigate midwives thoughts and experiences regarding couples reactions in connection with infertility. Study design: A qualitative interview study comprising four midwives have been conducted. The resulting data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis, consisting of the following steps: The material was transcribed verbatim and then broken down into sentences, to aid in sorting the data based on content. Condensation was carried out in order to highlight the core content. Abstraction was performed to obtain codes, in order to reduce the amount of text , but also to subsequently merge similar content into subcategories , which were then grouped into categories. Results: Four main categories emerged. Feelings: anxiety, stress and depression were common. Men’s feelings were more difficult to identify since women sometimes came alone to appointments, and men sometimes concealed their feelings behind aggression. Communication: Good information created trust. Advice on lifestyle changes and referrals were important forms of support. Empowerment: No-one has the right to a child, but the right to try to have a child. Personal and societal demands, however, affect the couples at failure to conceive or desire for additional children. Prevention: The importance of information about fertility in school, at contraception counselling and routine smear exams was emphasized. Conclusion: Awareness of the feelings that infertility may give rise to, enables providing satisfactory support. Further efforts need to be made to reach males emotionally as well as preventatively. There is great possibility for improvement in regards to public awareness about infertility. Keywords: female infertility; male infertility; emotions; midwife; qualitative research
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Kanakis, Deirdre M. "Father caring and separation-individuation problems : associations with female heterosexual behaviors /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9737880.
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Beem, Charles Edward. "The lioness roared: The problems of female rule in English history." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280152.
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This dissertation examines a series of specific problems affecting England's queens regnant, which arose because of their gender. As queens regnant fulfilled the office of king, we shall refer to them as female kings, and examine their careers within the context of English kingship. The analysis offered here combines gender analysis with political history to explain how female kings were able to perform a male gendered role. The introduction surveys secondary literature concerned with European kingship and queenship, and gender studies of European women, to create an historical context within which to examine female rule in English history. While this dissertation does not include an original study of the career of Elizabeth I (1558-1603), the introduction demonstrates how gender analysis has transformed current understanding of Elizabeth I's efforts to rule a male dominant state, and seeks to apply this methodology to England's other female rulers: the empress Matilda, "Lady of the English" (1141-1148), Mary I (1553-1558), Anne (1702-1714), and Victoria (1837-1901). The main issue tying these various chapters together is the construction of female sovereignty through time. The changing social and legal status of women over the course of English history affected the strategies by which all these women attempted to mitigate social antagonisms and legal restraints to female rule, a historical problem peculiar to England's female kings. In the second chapter, the empress Matilda's efforts to create a singular identity outside the bonds of marriage are identified for the first time, while in the third chapter, Mary I's efforts to create a viable model of female rulership in her anomalous position as a single woman are explored. The fourth chapter examines the marriage of Queen Anne and her husband, Prince George of Denmark, and suggests how precedent and personality contributed to the further evolution of female kingship. The final chapter revisits Queen Victoria's Bedchamber Crisis of 1939, and suggests how gender affected the outcome of a curious and misunderstood political crisis, offering a unique example of the further evolution of female kingship in British political history.
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Thewes, Belinda Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "The fertility-and menopause-related information needs of young women with a diagnosis of early-stage breast cancer." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25212.
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Background: The use of chemotherapy and endocrine therapies in the treatment of pre-menopausal women with breast cancer may result in menopausal symptoms, permanent infertility or the need to delay pregnancy. This series of studies investigates the fertility- and menopause-related information needs of pre-menopausal women with a diagnosis of early breast cancer (Studies 1 and 2) and the benefits women need to make undergoing adjuvant endocrine therapies worthwhile (Study 3). Method: Study 1 is a qualitative study of 24 women and Study 2 a survey study amongst 228 women. Study 3 included a subset of 102 women from the sample involved in Study 2 who had been treated with endocrine therapies for a minimum of three months. To be eligible, women had to be aged 40 years or younger (Study 2 and 3) when diagnosed with early stage breast cancer, and be 6-60 months post-diagnosis at the time of participation. For Study 2, participants completed a mailed self-report questionnaire that included a fertility- and menopause-related information needs survey, and standardized measures of distress, quality-of-life, menopausal symptoms and information preferences. For Study 3, participants were asked to complete a face-to-face interview. Results: Study 1 showed that many women thought that the information they had received in the past about fertility and menopausal symptoms was either insufficient or unavailable. Some women felt that, while information on fertility and menopause issues had not been paramount at the time of diagnosis, it became increasingly important after diagnosis. Study 2 showed that 71% of participants discussed fertility-related issues with a health professional as part of their breast cancer treatment and 86% discussed menopause-related issues. Consultation with a fertility or menopause specialist was the most preferred method of obtaining this information. Study 3 demonstrated that the majority of participants considered adjuvant endocrine therapy worthwhile for a 2% absolute gain in survival rates and for a 6-month gain in life expectancy. Conclusions: The results of this series of studies suggest that younger women have unmet needs for fertility- and menopause-related information. Women with early breast cancer who had received adjuvant endocrine therapies judged modest survival gains sufficient to make adjuvant endocrine therapy worthwhile.
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Hreinsson, Julius. "Preservation of fertility through cryopreservation and in vitro maturation of human ovarian follicles and oocytes /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-698-7.
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Kantor, Barbara. "A Foucauldian discourse analysis of South African women's experience of involuntary childlessness." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_5335_1180442818.
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<p>As a consequence of positioning women within the dominant gender role of motherhood, the inability to have a child has exposed women, and more notably women in Africa, to extreme social consequences that often violate their human rights and lead to socio-economic disempowerment. The aim of this study was to consider prevailing discursive construction that position women within dominant ideologies that engender motherhood for women, and to explore how women make sense of and construct meaning regarding their experience when they desire but are not able to have a child.</p>
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Nicholls, Leanne. "Constructing female sexuality : how heterosexual women's accounts of sex and sexual difficulties correspond with contemporary classification systems for female sexual problems." Thesis, University of East London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532582.
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There has been recent debate within the field of sexology regarding the construction and classification of female sexuality and sexual difficulties. Those promoting a predominantly `bio-medical', individual and internal construction in the form of the 1998 Consensus Classification for `female sexual dysfunction' have met with specific opposition from feminist proponents through the development of `A New View of Women's Sexual Problems'. This alternative framework rejects the `medicalisation' of women's sexual experiences in favour of locating them primarily within socio-cultural and relational contexts. Based on the assumption that in order to have clinical and research utility, classification systems need to reflect the issues relevant to their subject matter. The purpose of this study was to examine the correspondence between women's accounts of their sexual difficulties and non-problematic sexual experiences with these two classification systems. A non-clinical sample of 49 heterosexual women volunteered to complete an anonymous, qualitative questionnaire survey regarding their experiences of sex and sexual difficulty. An analytic procedure was devised to assess correspondence of the women's accounts with the two classification systems, at both a categorical and conceptual level. 74% of respondents' accounts of their sexual difficultycorresponded with the New View at a categorical level, whereas 41% corresponded with the Consensus Classification. The New View also demonstrated better correspondence at a conceptual level with women's accounts of their sexual difficulty and non-problematic sexual experience. As results suggest that the New View is more able than the Consensus Classification in reflecting the issues women themselves deem as important in understanding their sexual experiences, implications for the prevailing use of the Consensus Classification and its impact on research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Cheung, Wai-man, and 張惠敏. "Psychosocial responses of women and men to in-vitro fertilization." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31972834.
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Christiansen, Naomi Lund. "Learning to Create: A Collection of Personal Essays." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd485.pdf.
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Lindberg, Alexandra, and Josefin Frank. "Män och kvinnors upplevelser av ofrivillig barnlöshet vid infertilitet : en litteraturstudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23921.
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Bakgrund: Infertilitet är när en man och kvinna under minst tolv månader av regelbundna oskyddade samlag inte lyckas åstadkomma en planerad graviditet. Det är ett vanligt problem som drabbar mellan tio till femton procent av alla par. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva män och kvinnors upplevelser av ofrivillig barnlöshet vid infertilitet. Samt att beskriva de valda artiklarnas undersökningsgrupp. Metod: En litteraturstudie. Datainsamling har skett från databaserna CINAHL, PubMED och PsycINFO. 14 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar ligger till grund för denna litteraturstudie. Resultat: Infertila män och kvinnor upplevde många olika känslor av att leva med ofrivillig barnlöshet, både som par och individuellt. De upplevde ofta en förändring i relationen, både i kommunikationen och samlivet med sin partner. Infertila män och kvinnor hade ett ökat behov av stöd från sin partner, människor i sin omgivning samt sjukvården. För att de infertila personerna skulle kunna hantera sin situation och gå vidare i livet, var det viktigt för dem att använda sig av copingstrategier som t.ex. att finna andra saker i livet som var meningsfulla. Slutsats:Ofrivillig barnlöshet vid infertilitet påverkade hela människan, både individuellt och som par. Det var vanligt att personerna drabbades av en livskris i samband med infertiliteten, vilket upplevdes på många olika sätt. Utifrån den föreliggande litteraturstudien framkom det att sjuksköterskan hade ett ökat behov av att få bättre förståelse och kunskap om infertila personers upplevelser av ofrivillig barnlöshet, för att bättre kunna bemöta, stödja och informera dem på bästa sätt.<br>Background: Infertility is when a man and a woman for at least twelve months of regular unprotected intercourse fails to conceive a planned pregnancy. Infertility is a common issue affecting ten to fifteen percent of all couples. Aim: The aim was to describe men and women's experiences of involuntary childlessness caused by infertility, and to describe the selected articles study groups. Method: A literature study. Data was collected from the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO. 14 qualitative scientific articles form the basis of this study. Result: Infertile men and women experienced many different emotions caused by their involuntary childlessness. They often experienced a change in their relationship, both in communication and intimacy with their partner. Infertile men and women often had a greater need for support from their partner, people in their surroundings and healthcare professionals. To be able to handle their situation and move on in life, it was important for infertile people to use coping strategies and find other meaningful things in life. Conclusion: Involuntary childlessness caused by infertility affected the men and women both individually as well as a couple. It was common to experience a life crisis associated with infertility, which was expressed in many ways. Based on the present literature study, nurses need to gain understanding and knowledge of the experiences infertile men and women can witness because of their involuntarily childlessness, to be able to better cherish and support these people in the best possible way.
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Marshall, Maria Sandra Gonzalez. "Sufriendo y luchando por un milagro (Suffering and fighting for a miracle: The meaning of infertility for some Mexican and Mexican American women)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186871.
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Eighteen women were interviewed using focused ethnography to discover what it meant to be infertile women of Mexican descent. Some women reported that the infertility experience and the physical diagnostic procedures and treatments for infertility resulted in physical and psychological suffering (sufrimiento). Other women believed that infertility was a punishment from God and this created spiritual suffering for them. Profound suffering came from the realization that perhaps a dream--giving birth to their biological child and experiencing parenting--would never occur. The infertility experience had eroded their identities as women; in a sense, it was destroying them. Infertility had given these women a sense of abnormality, of being personal failures as women. Infertility implied not only the personal loss of hopes and dreams for the future of a sole individual, the woman, but it also implied the loss of hopes and dreams for the future of her family group, her partner's family group, not excluding the society which the couple was part of as well. Some women withdrew from their families, their friends and other people to avoid the painful and often embarrassing interrogative remarks from others. However, it was this social isolation which also created great suffering for these women since the isolation led to a loss of interaction with friends, family, and other people at a time when these women needed most the support. Fifty-five percent of the women feared that their inability to have a baby would eventually result in future abandonment by their partners. Some women saw their husbands as unsupportive because some men were unwilling to participate in diagnostic infertility evaluations and because some men also refused infertility treatments. The women maintained an attitude of fighting (luchando) which contradicted the stereotypical view of women of Mexican descent as being submissive, passive, and undecisive about handling crucial problems in their lives. Fifty percent of the women had used a combination of medical infertility treatments and folk medicine. Their persistent faith in God, in the Virgen de Guadalupe, and other religious saints had made it possible for these women to tolerate their enormous suffering.