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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Procedural language

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Academic literature on the topic 'Procedural language'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Procedural language"

1

Leskina, E. I. "Language and Civil Procedural Law." Herald of Civil Procedure 7, no. 2 (2017): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24031/2226-0781-2017-7-2-56-64.

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Robinson, Peter J. "Procedural vocabulary and language learning." Journal of Pragmatics 13, no. 4 (August 1989): 523–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(89)90039-8.

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Lee, Joanna C., and J. Bruce Tomblin. "Procedural Learning and Individual Differences in Language." Language Learning and Development 11, no. 3 (April 18, 2014): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15475441.2014.904168.

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FÄHNDRICH, MANUEL, and JAKOB REHOF. "Type-based flow analysis and context-free language reachability." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 18, no. 5 (October 2008): 823–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129508006968.

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We present a novel approach to computing the context-sensitive flow of values through procedures and data structures. Our approach combines and extends techniques from two seemingly disparate areas: polymorphic subtyping and interprocedural dataflow analysis based on context-free language reachability. The resulting technique offers several advantages over previous approaches: it works directly on higher-order programs; provides demand-driven interprocedural queries; and improves the asymptotic complexity of a known algorithm based on polymorphic subtyping fromO(n8) toO(n3) for computing all queries. For intra-procedural flow restricted to equivalence classes, our algorithm yields linear inter-procedural flow queries.

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Ade, Nilesh, Noor Quddus, Trent Parker, and S. Camille Peres. "ProBot – A Procedure Chatbot for Digital Procedural Adherence." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641054.

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One of the major implications of Industry 4.0 will be the application of digital procedures in process industries. Digital procedures are procedures that are accessed through a smart gadget such as a tablet or a phone. However, like paper-based procedures their usability is limited by their access. The issue of accessibility is magnified in tasks such as loading a hopper car with plastic pellets wherein the operators typically place the procedure at a safe distance from the worksite. This drawback can be tackled in the case of digital procedures using artificial intelligence-based voice enabled conversational agent (chatbot). As a part of this study, we have developed a chatbot for assisting digital procedure adherence. The chatbot is trained using the possible set of queries from the operator and text from the digital procedures through deep learning and provides responses using natural language generation. The testing of the chatbot is performed using a simulated conversation with an operator performing the task of loading a hopper car.

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Pârv, Bazil, Ioan Lazăr, and Simona Motogna. "COMDEVALCO framework - the modeling language for procedural paradigm." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2008.2.2386.

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This work is part of a series referring to COMDEVALCO - a framework for Software Component Definition, Validation, and Composition. Its constituents are: a modeling language, a component repository and a set of tools. This is the first paper describing the object-oriented modeling language, which contains finegrained constructions, aimed to give a precise description of software components. The current status of the language reflects the procedural paradigm constructs.

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Multhaup, Uwe. "Mental networks, procedural knowledge and foreign language teaching." Language Awareness 6, no. 2-3 (January 1997): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658416.1997.9959919.

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Kobayashi, Ikunori, Takeshi Fujiwara, Junji Nakano, and Yoshikazu Yamamoto. "A Procedural and Object-Oriented Statistical Scripting Language." Computational Statistics 17, no. 3 (September 2002): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001800200115.

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Gordon, Jean K. "Procedural learning in language: Introduction to special issue." Journal of Communication Disorders 83 (January 2020): 105953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.105953.

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Buchweitz, Augusto. "Brain and Language: an overview of neuroimaging studies of bilingual language processing." Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 5, no. 2 (2005): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982005000200004.

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Six articles combining the study of bilinguals and neuroimaging techniques are discussed. The objective is to seek for contributions from neuroimaging studies for the understanding of what goes on in the bilingual brain that processes two languages, and of what goes on, comparatively, in terms of brain activation of each language. Studies show that highly proficient bilinguals activate the same areas in the brain for both the first and second languages. This indicates that the second language becomes part of the speaker's procedural knowledge.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Procedural language"

1

Wu, Kelvin K. "Procedural or non-procedural that is the question /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Sutyanyong, Nattavut. "Procedural abstraction in a relational database programming language." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55531.

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This thesis introduces the notion of procedural abstraction in a relational database system. Procedures are treated as special forms of relations, and called computations.
Like relations, a computation is defined over a set of attributes. Subset of attributes can be defined as input attributes and the remaining attributes are output. Beyond the notion of procedures that a procedure can have only one set of input and output parameters, computations are symmetric: a computation may have a number of different subsets of input attributes.
Computations can be recursive and called by other computations.
States are introduced so that computations can remember values from previous evaluation and use them in next invocations. Stateful computations may be instantiated to have new sets of states.
This thesis contains the design and implementation of a parser for compiling computations as well as operations to evaluate them. All operations are coincident with relational algebra, a set of operations for manipulating relations.

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Merlo, Ettore. "An artificial intelligence language to describe extended procedural networks /." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75954.

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Speaker-independence and large lexicon access are still two of the greatest problems in automatic speech recognition. Cognitive and information-theory approaches try to solve the recognition problem by proceeding in almost opposite directions. The former rely on knowledge representation, reasoning and perceptual analysis, while the latter is in general based on highly numerical and mathematical algorithms.
Progress arises from the integration of the two mentioned approaches. Artificial intelligence techniques are often used in the cognitive approach, but these techniques usually lack sophisticated numerical support. The Extended Procedural Network constitutes a general AI framework which supports powerful numerical strategies which include stochastic techniques.
The model has been tested on difficult problems in speech recognition, including speaker-independent letter and digit recognition, speaker-independent vowel and diphthong recognition, and access to a large lexicon.
Various experiments and comparisons have been run on a large number of speakers and the results are reported.
A discussion of further research advancements and investigations is provided.

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West, Gillian. "Procedural and declarative memory and language ability in children." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10046062/.

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Impaired procedural learning has been suggested as a possible cause of developmental language disorder and dyslexia (Nicolson & Fawcett, 2007; Ullman & Pierpont, 2005). However, studies investigating this hypothesis have so far delivered inconsistent results. These studies typically use extreme group designs, frequently with small sample sizes and measures of procedural learning with unreported reliability. This thesis first used a meta-analysis to examine the existing evidence for a procedural deficit in language disorders. The experimental studies then took a different approach to previous studies, using a concurrent correlational design to test large samples of children unselected for ability on a wide range of implicit (serial reaction time, Hebb serial learning, contextual cueing and probabilistic category learning) and declarative learning tasks and literacy, language and arithmetic attainment measures. The reliability of the tasks was also carefully assessed. A final study explored the hypothesis from an extreme group design perspective, comparing a typically developing sample with a group of dyslexic children matched for reading ability. None of the studies found evidence of a relationship between procedural learning and language-related abilities. By contrast, a relationship between verbal declarative learning and attainment was found replicating earlier studies. Crucially, the first large-scale study showed that procedural learning tasks of a similar length to those typically used in earlier studies had unacceptably low reliability and correlated poorly with each other and with attainment. The second large-scale study, used extended procedural learning tasks that had proved reliable in adults, but found similar low levels of reliability in children. Additionally, the level of attention children paid during these extended tasks accounted entirely for the relationship between procedural learning and attainment. The results in this thesis highlight the importance of establishing task reliability, as well as considering the potential effects of individual differences in basic cognitive processes such as attention in all investigations of procedural learning.

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McKinnon, Maija Leena. "A procedural account of some English modals." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20010.

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Spinillo, Carla Galvao. "An analytical approach to procedural pictorial sequences." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365424.

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Dzikovska, Myroslava O., Charles B. Callaway, Matthew Stone, and Johanna D. Moore. "Understanding student input for tutorial dialogue in procedural domains." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/1019/.

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We present an analysis of student language input in a corpus of tutoring dialogue in the domain of symbolic differentiation. Our focus on procedural tutoring makes the dialogue comparable to collaborative problem-solving (CPS). Existing CPS models describe the process of negotiating plans and goals, which also fits procedural tutoring.
However, we provide a classification of student utterances and corpus annotation which shows that approximately 28% of non-trivial student language in this corpus is not accounted for by existing models, and addresses other functions, such as evaluating past actions or correcting mistakes.
Our analysis can be used as a foundation for improving models of tutoring dialogue.

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Humphrey, Matthew Cameron. "Comparison of an object-oriented programming language to a procedural programming language for effectiveness in program maintenance." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45161.

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New software tools and methodologies make claims that managers often believe intuitively without evidence. Many unsupported claims have been made about object-oriented programming. However, without rigorous scientific evidence, it is impossible to accept these claims as valid. Although experimentation has been done in the past, most of the research is very recent and the most relevant research has serious drawbacks. This study attempts to empirically verify the claim that object-oriented languages produce programs that are more easily maintained than those programmed with procedural languages. Measurements of subjects performing maintenance tasks onto two identical programs, one object-oriented and the other procedure-oriented show the object-oriented version to be more maintainable.
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Gao, Dengfeng. "Supporting the Procedural Component of Query Languages over Time-Varying Data." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195841.

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As everything in the real world changes over time, the ability to model thistemporal dimension of the real world is essential to many computerapplications. Almost every database application involves the management oftemporal data. This applies not only to relational data but also to any datathat models the real world including XML data. Expressing queries ontime-varying (relational or XML) data by using standard query language (SQLor XQuery) is more difficult than writing queries on nontemporal data.In this dissertation, we present minimal valid-time extensions to XQueryand SQL/PSM, focusing on the procedural aspect of the two query languagesand efficient evaluation of sequenced queries.For XQuery, we add valid time support to it by minimally extendingthe syntax and semantics of XQuery. We adopt a stratum approach which maps a&tauXQuery query to a conventional XQuery. The first part of the dissertationfocuses on how to performthis mapping, in particular, on mapping sequenced queries, which are byfar the most challenging. The critical issue of supporting sequenced queries(in any query language) is time-slicing the input data while retaining periodtimestamping. Timestamps are distributed throughout anXML document, rather than uniformly in tuples, complicating the temporalslicing while also providing opportunities for optimization. We propose fiveoptimizations of our initial maximally-fragmented time-slicing approach:selected node slicing, copy-based per-expression slicing, in-placeper-expression slicing, and idiomatic slicing, each of which reducesthe number of constant periods over which the query is evaluated.We also extend a conventional XML query benchmark to effect a temporal XMLquery benchmark. Experiments on this benchmark show that in-place slicingis the best. We then apply the approaches used in &tauXQuery to temporal SQL/PSM.The stratum architecture and most of the time-slicing techniques work fortemporal SQL/PSM. Empirical comparison is performed by running a variety of temporalqueries.

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Hedenius, Martina. "Procedural and Declarative Memory in Children with Developmental Disorders of Language and Literacy." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Logopedi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-204245.

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The procedural deficit hypothesis (PDH) posits that a range of language, cognitive and motor impairments associated with specific language impairment (SLI) and developmental dyslexia (DD) may be explained by an underlying domain-general dysfunction of the procedural memory system. In contrast, declarative memory is hypothesized to remain intact and to play a compensatory role in the two disorders. The studies in the present thesis were designed to test this hypothesis. Study I examined non-language procedural memory, specifically implicit sequence learning, in children with SLI. It was shown that children with poor performance on tests of grammar were impaired at consolidation of procedural memory compared to children with normal grammar. These findings support the PDH and are line with previous studies suggesting a link between grammar processing and procedural memory. In Study II, the same implicit sequence learning paradigm was used to test procedural memory in children with DD. The DD group showed a learning profile that was similar to that of children with SLI in Study I, with a significant impairment emerging late in learning, after extended practice and including an overnight interval. Further analyses suggested that the DD impairment may not be related to overnight consolidation but to the effects of further practice beyond the initial practice session. In contrast to the predictions of the PDH, the sequence learning deficit was unrelated to phonological processing skills as assessed with a nonword repetition task. Study III examined declarative memory in DD. The performance of the DD group was found to be not only intact, but even enhanced, compared to that of the control children. The results encourage further studies on the potential of declarative memory to compensate for the reading problems in DD. In sum, the results lend partial support for the PDH and suggest further refinements to the theory. Collectively, the studies emphasize the importance of going beyond a narrow focus on language learning and memory functions in the characterization of the two disorders. Such a broader cognitive, motor and language approach may inform the development of future clinical and pedagogical assessment and intervention practices for SLI and DD.

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Books on the topic "Procedural language"

1

Cameron, Peter John. Osiris: A non-procedural command language for computer operating systems. [s.l.]: typescript, 1988.

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2

Declarative and procedural determinants of second languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2009.

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Paradis, Michel. Declarative and procedural determinants of second languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2009.

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Sequeiros, Xosé Rosales. Non-truth-conditional semantics in Spanish: Conceptual and procedural meaning. München: Lincom Europa, 2007.

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5

Burrus, Victoria. A procedural manual for entry establishment in the Dictionary of the Old Spanish language. 3rd ed. Madison: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1987.

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So, Helen Wing Hung. A study on the development of object-oriented information system using procedural programming language. [s.l: The Author], 1992.

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Bronson, Gary. Introduction to programming using Visual Basic 5.0: An integrated visual/procedural approach. El Granada, California: Scott/Jones, Inc., 1998.

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Bronson, Gary J. Introduction to programming using Visual Basic 6.0: An integrated visual/procedural approach. 2nd ed. El Granada, Calif: Scott/Jones, Inc., 1999.

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M, Traynor Robert, ed. Strategic practice management: Business and procedural considerations. 2nd ed. San Diego: Plural Pub., 2014.

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10

Bjørn, Jespersen, Materna Pavel, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Procedural Semantics for Hyperintensional Logic: Foundations and Applications of Transparent Intensional Logic. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Procedural language"

1

Weik, Martin H. "procedural language." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1338. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_14728.

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Fensel, Dieter. "Procedural-KARL." In The Knowledge Acquisition and Representation Language, KARL, 63–70. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2275-1_3.

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Dixon, Peter. "Actions and procedural directions." In Typological Studies in Language, 69. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.11.05dix.

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Spranger, Michael, Simon Pauw, Martin Loetzsch, and Luc Steels. "Open-ended Procedural Semantics." In Language Grounding in Robots, 153–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3064-3_8.

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Ullman, Michael T. "The Declarative/Procedural Model." In Theories in Second Language Acquisition, 128–61. Third edition. | New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Second language acquisition research: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429503986-7.

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Lian, Arild. "Dialogues as Procedural Skills." In Language Evolution and Developmental Impairments, 131–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58746-6_4.

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Kempson, Ruth, Wilfried Meyer Viol, and Dov Gabbay. "Language understanding: A procedural perspective." In Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics, 228–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0052160.

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van Schaik, Paul. "Modelling Procedural Knowledge." In Cognitive Modelling and Interactive Environments in Language Learning, 113–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77575-8_14.

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Larsen, Steen Folke. "Computer Literacy and Procedural Knowledge." In Springer Series in Language and Communication, 84–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72877-8_6.

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Fontan, Lionel, and Patrick Saint-Dizier. "Analyzing Argumentative Structures in Procedural Texts." In Advances in Natural Language Processing, 366–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85287-2_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "Procedural language"

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Amac, Mustafa Sercan, Semih Yagcioglu, Aykut Erdem, and Erkut Erdem. "Procedural Reasoning Networks for Understanding Multimodal Procedures." In Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/k19-1041.

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Krull, Robert. "Embodied Language and Procedural Documentation." In 2007 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipcc.2007.4464057.

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Freiknecht, Jonas, and Wolfgang Effelsberg. "Procedural Generation of Interactive Stories using Language Models." In FDG '20: International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3402942.3409599.

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Ayres, José Eduardo, Pedro Arthur, Vitor Rolla, and Luiz Velho. "Procedural Music in Games." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação Musical. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbcm.2019.10462.

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This workshop will bring to the audience an introduction to the Chuck audio programming language, to the Unity game engine within a hands-on experience how one can use such technologies to achieve a new level of immersion through procedural generated sounds responding to game events and visual effects. The workshop is intended to a broad audience ranging from programmers to ones with little to no knowledge in the field.

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Nishimura, Taichi, Atsushi Hashimoto, and Shinsuke Mori. "Procedural Text Generation from a Photo Sequence." In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Generation. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-8650.

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Martinolle, Françoise, Charles Dawson, Debra Corlette, and Mike Floyd. "Interoperability of Verilog/VHDL procedural language interfaces to build a mixed language GUI." In the conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/307418.307521.

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Dummel, Nikita, Bernhard Westfechtel, and Matthias Ehmann. "MuLE – a Multiparadigm Language for Education. The Procedural Sublanguage." In 2020 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/educon45650.2020.9125327.

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Belloeil, Sophie, Damien Dupuis, Christian Masson, Jean-Paul Chaput, and Habib Mehrez. "Stratus: A procedural circuit description language based upon Python." In 2007 International Conference on Microelectronics - ICM. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icm.2007.4497707.

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Mujtaba, Dena, and Nihar Mahapatra. "Recent Trends in Natural Language Understanding for Procedural Knowledge." In 2019 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csci49370.2019.00082.

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Tang, Jizhi, Yansong Feng, and Dongyan Zhao. "Understanding Procedural Text using Interactive Entity Networks." In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.591.

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Reports on the topic "Procedural language"

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Shaw, Mary. Procedure Calls are the Assembly Language of Software Interconnection: Connectors Deserve First-Class Status. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada281026.

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Harold, W. Using Extensible Markup Language-Remote Procedure Calling (XML-RPC) in Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol (BEEP). RFC Editor, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3529.

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Apicella, M. L., J. Slaton, and B. Levi. Integrated Information Support System (IISS). Volume 5. Common Data Model Subsystem. Part 12. Neutral Data Manipulation Language (NDML) Precompiler Parse Procedure Division Product Specification. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada250452.

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Apicella, M. L., J. Slaton, and B. Levi. Integrated Information Support System (IISS). Volume 5. Common Data Model Subsystem. Part 11. Neutral Data Manipulation Language (NDML) Precompiler Parse Application Procedure Division Product Specification. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada252452.

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Lumpkin, Shamsie, Isaac Parrish, Austin Terrell, and Dwayne Accardo. Pain Control: Opioid vs. Nonopioid Analgesia During the Immediate Postoperative Period. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0008.

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Background Opioid analgesia has become the mainstay for acute pain management in the postoperative setting. However, the use of opioid medications comes with significant risks and side effects. Due to increasing numbers of prescriptions to those with chronic pain, opioid medications have become more expensive while becoming less effective due to the buildup of patient tolerance. The idea of opioid-free analgesic techniques has rarely been breached in many hospitals. Emerging research has shown that opioid-sparing approaches have resulted in lower reported pain scores across the board, as well as significant cost reductions to hospitals and insurance agencies. In addition to providing adequate pain relief, the predicted cost burden of an opioid-free or opioid-sparing approach is significantly less than traditional methods. Methods The following groups were considered in our inclusion criteria: those who speak the English language, all races and ethnicities, male or female, home medications, those who are at least 18 years of age and able to provide written informed consent, those undergoing inpatient or same-day surgical procedures. In addition, our scoping review includes the following exclusion criteria: those who are non-English speaking, those who are less than 18 years of age, those who are not undergoing surgical procedures while admitted, those who are unable to provide numeric pain score due to clinical status, those who are unable to provide written informed consent, and those who decline participation in the study. Data was extracted by one reviewer and verified by the remaining two group members. Extraction was divided as equally as possible among the 11 listed references. Discrepancies in data extraction were discussed between the article reviewer, project editor, and group leader. Results We identified nine primary sources addressing the use of ketamine as an alternative to opioid analgesia and post-operative pain control. Our findings indicate a positive correlation between perioperative ketamine administration and postoperative pain control. While this information provides insight on opioid-free analgesia, it also revealed the limited amount of research conducted in this area of practice. The strategies for several of the clinical trials limited ketamine administration to a small niche of patients. The included studies provided evidence for lower pain scores, reductions in opioid consumption, and better patient outcomes. Implications for Nursing Practice Based on the results of the studies’ randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, the effects of ketamine are shown as an adequate analgesic alternative to opioids postoperatively. The cited resources showed that ketamine can be used as a sole agent, or combined effectively with reduced doses of opioids for multimodal therapy. There were noted limitations in some of the research articles. Not all of the cited studies were able to include definitive evidence of proper blinding techniques or randomization methods. Small sample sizes and the inclusion of specific patient populations identified within several of the studies can skew data in one direction or another; therefore, significant clinical results cannot be generalized to patient populations across the board.

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