Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Procedural language'

This thesis introduces the notion of procedural abstraction in a relational database system. Procedures are treated as special forms of relations, and called computations.
Like relations, a computation is defined over a set of attributes. Subset of attributes can be defined as input attributes and the remaining attributes are output. Beyond the notion of procedures that a procedure can have only one set of input and output parameters, computations are symmetric: a computation may have a number of different subsets of input attributes.
Computations can be recursive and called by other computations.
States are introduced so that computations can remember values from previous evaluation and use them in next invocations. Stateful computations may be instantiated to have new sets of states.
This thesis contains the design and implementation of a parser for compiling computations as well as operations to evaluate them. All operations are coincident with relational algebra, a set of operations for manipulating relations.

Speaker-independence and large lexicon access are still two of the greatest problems in automatic speech recognition. Cognitive and information-theory approaches try to solve the recognition problem by proceeding in almost opposite directions. The former rely on knowledge representation, reasoning and perceptual analysis, while the latter is in general based on highly numerical and mathematical algorithms.
Progress arises from the integration of the two mentioned approaches. Artificial intelligence techniques are often used in the cognitive approach, but these techniques usually lack sophisticated numerical support. The Extended Procedural Network constitutes a general AI framework which supports powerful numerical strategies which include stochastic techniques.
The model has been tested on difficult problems in speech recognition, including speaker-independent letter and digit recognition, speaker-independent vowel and diphthong recognition, and access to a large lexicon.
Various experiments and comparisons have been run on a large number of speakers and the results are reported.
A discussion of further research advancements and investigations is provided.

Impaired procedural learning has been suggested as a possible cause of developmental language disorder and dyslexia (Nicolson & Fawcett, 2007; Ullman & Pierpont, 2005). However, studies investigating this hypothesis have so far delivered inconsistent results. These studies typically use extreme group designs, frequently with small sample sizes and measures of procedural learning with unreported reliability. This thesis first used a meta-analysis to examine the existing evidence for a procedural deficit in language disorders. The experimental studies then took a different approach to previous studies, using a concurrent correlational design to test large samples of children unselected for ability on a wide range of implicit (serial reaction time, Hebb serial learning, contextual cueing and probabilistic category learning) and declarative learning tasks and literacy, language and arithmetic attainment measures. The reliability of the tasks was also carefully assessed. A final study explored the hypothesis from an extreme group design perspective, comparing a typically developing sample with a group of dyslexic children matched for reading ability. None of the studies found evidence of a relationship between procedural learning and language-related abilities. By contrast, a relationship between verbal declarative learning and attainment was found replicating earlier studies. Crucially, the first large-scale study showed that procedural learning tasks of a similar length to those typically used in earlier studies had unacceptably low reliability and correlated poorly with each other and with attainment. The second large-scale study, used extended procedural learning tasks that had proved reliable in adults, but found similar low levels of reliability in children. Additionally, the level of attention children paid during these extended tasks accounted entirely for the relationship between procedural learning and attainment. The results in this thesis highlight the importance of establishing task reliability, as well as considering the potential effects of individual differences in basic cognitive processes such as attention in all investigations of procedural learning.

We present an analysis of student language input in a corpus of tutoring dialogue in the domain of symbolic differentiation. Our focus on procedural tutoring makes the dialogue comparable to collaborative problem-solving (CPS). Existing CPS models describe the process of negotiating plans and goals, which also fits procedural tutoring.
However, we provide a classification of student utterances and corpus annotation which shows that approximately 28% of non-trivial student language in this corpus is not accounted for by existing models, and addresses other functions, such as evaluating past actions or correcting mistakes.
Our analysis can be used as a foundation for improving models of tutoring dialogue.

New software tools and methodologies make claims that managers often believe intuitively without evidence. Many unsupported claims have been made about object-oriented programming. However, without rigorous scientific evidence, it is impossible to accept these claims as valid. Although experimentation has been done in the past, most of the research is very recent and the most relevant research has serious drawbacks. This study attempts to empirically verify the claim that object-oriented languages produce programs that are more easily maintained than those programmed with procedural languages. Measurements of subjects performing maintenance tasks onto two identical programs, one object-oriented and the other procedure-oriented show the object-oriented version to be more maintainable.
Master of Science

As everything in the real world changes over time, the ability to model thistemporal dimension of the real world is essential to many computerapplications. Almost every database application involves the management oftemporal data. This applies not only to relational data but also to any datathat models the real world including XML data. Expressing queries ontime-varying (relational or XML) data by using standard query language (SQLor XQuery) is more difficult than writing queries on nontemporal data.In this dissertation, we present minimal valid-time extensions to XQueryand SQL/PSM, focusing on the procedural aspect of the two query languagesand efficient evaluation of sequenced queries.For XQuery, we add valid time support to it by minimally extendingthe syntax and semantics of XQuery. We adopt a stratum approach which maps a&tauXQuery query to a conventional XQuery. The first part of the dissertationfocuses on how to performthis mapping, in particular, on mapping sequenced queries, which are byfar the most challenging. The critical issue of supporting sequenced queries(in any query language) is time-slicing the input data while retaining periodtimestamping. Timestamps are distributed throughout anXML document, rather than uniformly in tuples, complicating the temporalslicing while also providing opportunities for optimization. We propose fiveoptimizations of our initial maximally-fragmented time-slicing approach:selected node slicing, copy-based per-expression slicing, in-placeper-expression slicing, and idiomatic slicing, each of which reducesthe number of constant periods over which the query is evaluated.We also extend a conventional XML query benchmark to effect a temporal XMLquery benchmark. Experiments on this benchmark show that in-place slicingis the best. We then apply the approaches used in &tauXQuery to temporal SQL/PSM.The stratum architecture and most of the time-slicing techniques work fortemporal SQL/PSM. Empirical comparison is performed by running a variety of temporalqueries.

The procedural deficit hypothesis (PDH) posits that a range of language, cognitive and motor impairments associated with specific language impairment (SLI) and developmental dyslexia (DD) may be explained by an underlying domain-general dysfunction of the procedural memory system. In contrast, declarative memory is hypothesized to remain intact and to play a compensatory role in the two disorders. The studies in the present thesis were designed to test this hypothesis. Study I examined non-language procedural memory, specifically implicit sequence learning, in children with SLI. It was shown that children with poor performance on tests of grammar were impaired at consolidation of procedural memory compared to children with normal grammar. These findings support the PDH and are line with previous studies suggesting a link between grammar processing and procedural memory. In Study II, the same implicit sequence learning paradigm was used to test procedural memory in children with DD. The DD group showed a learning profile that was similar to that of children with SLI in Study I, with a significant impairment emerging late in learning, after extended practice and including an overnight interval. Further analyses suggested that the DD impairment may not be related to overnight consolidation but to the effects of further practice beyond the initial practice session. In contrast to the predictions of the PDH, the sequence learning deficit was unrelated to phonological processing skills as assessed with a nonword repetition task. Study III examined declarative memory in DD. The performance of the DD group was found to be not only intact, but even enhanced, compared to that of the control children. The results encourage further studies on the potential of declarative memory to compensate for the reading problems in DD. In sum, the results lend partial support for the PDH and suggest further refinements to the theory. Collectively, the studies emphasize the importance of going beyond a narrow focus on language learning and memory functions in the characterization of the two disorders. Such a broader cognitive, motor and language approach may inform the development of future clinical and pedagogical assessment and intervention practices for SLI and DD.

Context. Game development is a costly process and with today's advanced hardware the customers are asking for more playable content, and at higher quality. For many years providing this content procedurally has been done for level creation, modeling, and animation. However, there are games that require content in other forms, such as executable quests that progress the game forward. Quests have been procedurally generated to some extent, but not in enough detail to be usable for game development without providing a handwritten description of the quest. Objectives. In this study we combine a procedural content generation structure for quests with a natural language generation approach to generate a descriptive summarized text for quests, and examine whether the resulting texts are viable as quest prototypes for use in game development. Methods. A number of articles on the area of natural language generation is used to determine an appropriate way of validating the generated texts produced in this study, which concludes that a user case study is appropriate to evaluate each text for a set of statements. Results. 30 texts were generated and evaluated from ten different quest structures, where the majority of the texts were found to be good enough to be used for game development purposes. Conclusions. We conclude that quests can be procedurally generated in more detail by incorporating natural language generation. However, the quest structure used for this study needs to expand into more detail at certain structure components in order to fully support an automated system in a flexible manner. Furthermore due to semantics and grammatics being key components in the flow and usability of a text, a more sophisticated system needs to be implemented using more advanced techniques of natural language generation.

Applied Linguistics
Ph.D.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude on second language (L2) procedural knowledge. Three lines of inquiry were undertaken: (a) confirming the factorial structure of metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude; (b) testing the relative effects of metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude on L2 procedural knowledge; and (c) assessing the relative contributions of receptive and productive metalinguistic knowledge and components of language learning aptitude to L2 procedural knowledge. Two-hundred-forty-nine Japanese university students participated. One receptive and two productive tests of metalinguistic knowledge related to metalinguistic terminology and English grammatical rules were administered. Learners' language learning aptitude was measured using the Lunic Language Marathon, which consisted of four scales: number learning, sound-symbol association, vocabulary learning, and language analytical ability. Participants' L2 procedural knowledge was assessed through performance on a timed writing task. The writing samples were scored for overall quality, L2 complexity, accuracy, and fluency. The scores from each test were subjected to Rasch analyses to investigate the construct validity and unidimensionality of the instruments. The results of the Rasch analyses indicated that the test items fit the Rasch model, supporting the construct validity of the instruments. The unidimensionality of each instrument was established through Rasch principal component analyses. Interval-level Rasch measures were used for the subsequent analyses. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude were distinct constructs. A two-factor model showed good model fit and explained the relationship between the two constructs. Structural equation modeling revealed that metalinguistic knowledge significantly predicted L2 procedural knowledge, complexity, accuracy, and fluency. Language learning aptitude, however, was not a statistically significant predictor of the L2 procedural knowledge variables. The results of a path model analysis indicated that productive metalinguistic knowledge was the strongest predictor of L2 procedural knowledge, language analytical ability predicted receptive metalinguistic knowledge, and number learning was negatively associated with L2 procedural knowledge. The findings point to the facilitative role of metalinguistic knowledge in L2 learning and the viability of L2 declarative knowledge becoming proceduralized through practice.
Temple University--Theses

From 2006-2008, both New Brunswick and Nova Scotia proposed changes to their French second language (FSL) policies and programs. In observing the cases, it becomes clear that government officials made use of policy instruments to both implement policy and navigated the policy process. This work builds off existing literature that seeks to understand the instrument selection process, as well as the impact of policy tools on the policy-making process and more specifically, on the actors involved directly and indirectly in it. Using a framework that incorporates components of Contextual Interaction Theory and elements of procedural policy instrument scholarship, the project endeavours to identify what instruments were used to develop and implement FSL policy in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, as well as to comprehend why the tools were selected. The dissertation relies on document analysis and semi-structured interviews conducted with government officials and stakeholders to determine that instrument selection is based on the actors’ cognitions, motivations, and available/accessible resources. Furthermore, legitimacy plays an integral role in the selection of instruments. Government policymakers are faced with varying degrees of legitimacy, as expressed by actors indirectly involved in the policy process. Inevitably, these actors react to policy content and the policy process, which leads to sometimes contentious interactions. The current research expands on the educational policy literature by using a lens that accounts for the role of instruments in the policy process and provides a nuanced understanding of how the actors’ interactions shape and influence policy-making. It makes an original contribution to the policy instruments literature by developing a framework that accounts for the selection criteria used by both policymakers and stakeholders when choosing policy tools and resources. This dissertation contributes to the discipline of public administration and the field of public policy primarily by expounding the explanatory value of policy instruments regarding what they can tell us about the policy process, policy-making and policy outcomes. It does this by looking at how it is actors both directly and indirectly involved in the policy process interpret policy instruments and shows how government’s policy-making capacity is constrained not only by the resources available to it but by the resources accessible to actors indirectly involved in the policy process. Looking at the reciprocal nature of tool selection and tool implementation helps to explain policy-making and outcomes, as well as accounts for the roles of actors both proximately and peripherally involved in the process.

The overall aim of the current research was to investigate the corticostriatal system in developmental language impairment (DLI) at the behavioral and neuroanatomical levels. Two groups of young adults, one with DLI (N = 25) and the other without (N = 23), participated in the behavioral study. A sample of procedural learning and reinforcement learning (RL) tasks was selected. Each task represents a unique aspect of procedural memory, and learning processes during these tasks have been linked, at least partially, to the functionality of the corticostriatal system. Findings showed that individuals with DLI demonstrated relatively poor performance on different aspects of procedural learning and on RL. Correlation results provide further evidence for a close relationship between individual differences in implicit learning and individual differences in language. These results implicate an abnormal corticostriatal system in DLI. In the structural imaging study, two subgroups of participants from the first study, one with DLI (n = 10) and the other without (n = 10), were matched on age, gender, and handedness. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were used to investigate the subcortical components of the corticostriatal system in individuals with DLI. Results showed pathological enlargement in the bilateral putamen, the right globus pallidus, and the bilateral nucleus accumbens of individuals with DLI. In addition, the DLI group revealed decreased FA in the globus pallidus and in the thalamus, indicating abnormal white matter integrity in the two subcortical regions. These imaging results underpin the behavioral results, showing corticostriatal abnormalities in DLI at both macrostructural and microstructural levels. In addition to subcortical regions, the four cerebral lobes were also included for an exploratory analysis. Findings showed that individuals with DLI had global diffusion abnormalities in cerebral white matters in the absence of volumetric alterations, and these abnormalities were closely associated with impaired language performance. The results support a role of white matter integrity in language function. In conclusion, individuals with DLI have an abnormal corticostriatal system, which may lead to compromise of a wide variety of cognitive learning, including procedural learning, RL, and certain aspects of language learning.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第21866号
人博第895号
新制||人||214(附属図書館)
2018||人博||895(吉田南総合図書館)
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻
(主査)准教授 中森 誉之, 教授 服部 文昭, 准教授 PETERSON Mark
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Esta tese de doutorado apresenta um modelo de especificação, textual e grafico, para sistemas transacionais em banco de dados (ER/T+) e, também, um modelo de implementação desta especificação. Sugere uma técnica de proceduralização de especificações declarativas, usando um grafo de dependencia de fluxos de dados para estabelecer a relação de precedecia entre os fluxos do diagrama da linguagem gráfica de especificação. Apresenta, também, os mecanismos de execução da linguagem de especificação proposta e as regras de mapeamento da linguagem de especificação, em seus aspectos estruturais (dados) e comportamentais (transações), para correspondentes construções na linguagem de implementação (C e SQL). Adicionalmente, são discutidos aspectos de otimização de consultas no âmbito da linguagem de especificação de transações e, também, aspectos de aninhamento de consultas para combinar diversos fluxos do diagrama ER/T+ em expressões complexas de consultas SQL.
This Ph.D thesis presents a graphic and textual specification model for database transactions systems (ER/T+) and, also, an implementation model for this specification. Suggest a proceduralization technique for declarative specifications using a data flow dependency graph to establish a precedence relation between the diagram flows of the graphics specification language. Furthermore it presents the execution mechanism of the proposal specification language and the behavioral and structural rules for mapping the specification language into corresponding implementation language (C and SQL) constructions. Additionaly, are discussed query optimization aspects for transaction specification language and aspects of nested queries to combine various ER/T+ diagram flows into complex SQL query expressions

The specialised literature has suggested the intermediate position of television dialogue and subtitling along the continuum from spoken to written language (e.g. Díaz-Cintas 2003; Quaglio 2009; Forchini 2012). This dissertation adopts a corpus-driven methodology to tackle this issue from a descriptive, contrastive point of view. It reports on results of the analysis of the Corpus of Police Procedurals (CoPP), a corpus containing the transcribed dialogue (EN) and the DVD subtitling (ES) of fifteen episodes of three contemporary police procedurals, namely Dexter (Showtime, 2006), The Mentalist (Warner Bros, 2008), and Castle (ABC, 2009). A selection of syntactic and lexical features typically attributed to either poles of the continuum have been scrutinized from a quantitative and a qualitative approach. The statistical basis of the quantitative study allows identification of patterns of behaviour (i.e. norms) on the dialogue creators’ and the subtitlers’ part. Qualitative lexical analysis adapts the corpus pattern analysis (CPA) methodology proposed by Hanks (esp. 2004, 2013a), to date used for lexicographic purposes only, for the study of lexical exploitation, i.e. creativity, in this type of texts.
La bibliografía especializada ha sugerido la posición del diálogo televisivo y del subtitulado como géneros intermedios en el continuo oralidad-escritura (p. ej. Díaz-Cintas 2003, Quaglio 2009; Forchini 2012). Esta tesis adopta la metodología corpus-driven (‘dirigida por el corpus’) para abordar esta cuestión desde un punto de vista descriptivo y contrastivo, a partir del análisis del Corpus of Police Procedurals (CoPP), un corpus compilado para los propósitos de esta investigación que contiene, alineados, el diálogo (EN) y el subtitulado para DVD (ES) de quince capítulos de tres series de ficción policíaca procesal contemporáneas: Dexter (Showtime, 2006), El mentalista (Warner Bros, 2008) y Castle (ABC, 2009). Una selección de rasgos sintácticos y léxicos prototípicamente atribuidos a ambos polos del continuo han sido examinados tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente. La base estadística de los análisis cuantitativos llevados a cabo revela patrones de comportamiento (normas) en los creadores del diálogo ficcional y en sus traductores. El análisis cualitativo del léxico adapta la metodología lexicográfica de análisis de patrones de corpus (CPA) propuesta por Hanks (esp. 2004, 2013a) para el estudio de la explotación léxica (creatividad) en este tipo de textos.

Ce travail porte sur la production de code séquentiel à partir du langage flot de données synchrone Lustre. La difficulté essentielle provient de l'aspect déclaratif du langage. En effet, il n'y a pas d'instruction de contrôle dans le langage Lustre ; toute la structure de contrôle du code objet doit donc être synthétisée par le compilateur. Cette synthèse consiste à construire un automate fini en simulant exhaustivement le comportement des variables booléennes du programme. Le code produit est particulièrement rapide ; en effet, la plupart des calculs booléens sont effectués une fois pour toute dès la compilation. En contrepartie, l'aspect exhaustif de cette démarche provoque parfois une véritable explosion de la taille du code. Ce problème peut être dû à la complexité intrinsèque du programme source ; il faut dans ce cas chercher un compromis entre rapidité et taille mémoire. Mais l'explosion peut être causée par la méthode de construction, qui produit très souvent des automates non minimaux ; nous avons donc étudié et développé un algorithme original qui construit à coup sûr des automates minimaux. Cet algorithme fait appel à de nombreuses manipulations symboliques de fonctions booléennes, que nous avons pu implémenter efficacement grâce à une représentation basée sur les graphes binaires de décision.

Persons with Swedish as their first language often find it hard to learn subject-verb agreement when studying English. In Swedish this grammatical difficulty does not exist and it is therefore hard to introduce to learners that have Swedish as their native language.This investigation is based on the texts of 28 ninth graders of whom four were interviewed. My interest was in finding out how the students reflect on their own written work with a focus on subject-verb agreement with a particular focus on the third person singular s.My study shows that the four interviewed students claim that they never reflect on grammar in their spontaneous writing and that they never consciously try to apply rules that they have studied in school through being offered grammatical explanations. Instead they make their grammatical choices intuitively, using their procedural knowledge.

Although service oriented architecture has reached a particular maturity level especially in the technological dimension, there is a lack of common and acceptable approach to design a software system through composition and integration of web services. In this thesis, a service oriented system design approach for Service Oriented Architecture based software development is introduced to fill this gap. This new methodology basically offers a procedural top-down decomposition of a given software system allowing several abstraction levels. At the higher levels of the decomposition, the system is divided into abstract nodes that correspond to process models in the decomposition tree. Any node is a process and keeps the sequence and the state information for the possible sub-processes in this decomposition tree. Nodes which are defined as process models may include some sub-nodes to present details for the intermediate levels of the model. Eventually at the leaf level, process models are decomposed into existing web services as the atomic units of system execution. All processes constructing the system decomposition tree are modeled with BPEL (Business Process Execution Language) to expose the algorithmic details of the design. This modeling technique is also supported with a graphical modeling language referred to as SOSEML (Service Oriented Software Engineering Modeling Language) that is also newly introduced in this thesis.

Učenje o načelima postupka je jedno od karakteristika germanske procesualistike, pod čijim uticajem postaje i neodvojivi deo domaće doktrine. U teoriji se veoma rano se za oblast prikupljanja procesnog materijala formiraju dva antipodna načela – raspravno i istražno. Prvo podrazumeva da su samo stranke ovlašćene da unose procesni materijal, odnosno da su samo one odgovorne za to. Drugo stavlja u dužnost sudu pribavljanje procesnog materijala i prebacuje odgovornost sa stranaka na njega.Od promena u srpskom parničnom postupku koje su usledile 2004. g. tvrdi se da je raspravno načelo afirmisano, a donošenjem Zakona o parničnom postupku iz 2011. g. i da je promenjen koncept parničenja u smislu uloge suda. On je sada pasivan, i gotovo neodgovoran na planu prikupljanja procesnog materijala. Predmet istraživanja u disertaciji je postojanje raspravnog načela u sadašnjem srpskom parničnom postupku.Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se ne može govoriti o raspravnom načelu kao važećem u srpskom parničnom postupku. Takav zaključak je, pre svega, uslovljen teoretskim određenjem pojma raspravnog načela i njegovog odnosa prema sudijskoj dužnosti pitanja. Raspravno načelo zaista podrazumeva da samo stranke unose procesni materijal u postupak i da u tom pogledu imaju slobodu, odnosno odgovornost. U tom smislu njegova nužna posledica su tri instituta: teret tvrdnje, priznanje tvrdnji koje vezuje sud i subjektivni teret dokazivanja. Međutim, ukoliko uz ova tri instituta postoji i sudijska dužnost pitanja, onda se odgovornost delom prebacuje i na sud, što dovodi do postojanja sasvim drugog načela – ublaženog raspravnog načela.Na osnovu rečenog, promene koje su se desile napuštanjem načela materijalne istine, i to pre svega ukidanjem ovlašćenja suda da izvodi dokaze po službenoj dužnosti, nisu dovele do uspostave raspravnog načela. Sud i dalje ima dužnost da postavljanjem pitanja ukazuje strankama na deficite procesnog materijala; presuda na osnovu tereta tvrdnje, kao i presuđenje uprkos nepredlaganju dokaza može da usledi samo ako sud prethodno ispuni svoju dužnost. Sud je i u srpskom postupku saodgovorni subjekat postupka, i to ne proizilazi samo iz redakcije ZPP, već je takav smisao u skladu sa vrednovanjima slobode i odgovornosti stranaka, sa ciljem postupka, i na kraju sa osnovnim ljudskim procesnim pravima zagarantovanim Ustavom.Određenje da raspravno načelo nije važeće, već da je to ublaženo raspravno, utiče na shvatanje niza instituta koji se tiču procesa formiranja činjeničnog stanja,a spram toga se i svi drugi instituti koji se tiču procesa formiranja činjeničnog stanja moraju prosuđivati.Veoma važan deo istraživanja, koji je i prethodio zauzimanju stavova, je uporednopravno istraživanje fokusirano na germanski pravni krug – Nemačku i Austriju. S obzirom da su srpsko procesno pravo i dogmatika gotovo pod isključivim germanskim uticajem, bilo je potrebno da se temeljno istraži pitanje raspravnog načela u ovim sistemima. Rezultati ovog dela su pokazali da je ideja o raspravnom načelu koje podrazumeva pasivan i neodgovoran sud davno prevladana; upravo obratno, moderan germanski model postupka podrazumeva saodgovornost suda i stranaka.
The doctrine of civil litigation principles is one of the key characteristics of the Germanic procedural theory. Under its influence the doctrine of the principles grew into the essential part of the Serbian theory as well. The theory has rather early developed two conflicting principles with regard to responsibility for collecting the facts and and evidence – the principle of party control of facts and means of proof (Verhandlungsmaxime) and principle of investigation by the court (Untersuchungsmaxime). First one entails that the parties only can provide facts and means of proof in litigation; court can not render its judgment upon facts or proof which are not introduced by the parties. Second one implies a duty of the court to ascertain and clarify the facts; by the same token, court has responsibility to do so.It is the common opinion that principle of party control over facts and means of proof is effectuated in Serbian civil litigation since legislative changes in 2004. Moreover, after the introduction of the new Civil Procedure Act in 2011it is widely accepted that the paradigm of litigation is radically changed so the court is now rather passive and almost without any responsibility for gathering facts and means of proof. The subject matter of this doctoral thesis is the existence of principle of party control of facts and means of proof in current Serbian civil litigation.The results of analysis show that the principle of party control of facts and means of proof does not exists in Serbian civil litigation. This conclusion is first of all determined by dogmatic examination of the principle’s notion. Indeed it signifies that only parties produce facts and means of proof, and in that sense that they have disposition and, accordingly, responsibility for that. By the same token, its necessary consequence are three institutes: burden of facts, binding effect of non disputed facts and burden of production of proof. However, if these three institutes exist with the court’s parallel duty to provide hints and feedback, then the responsibility is shifted partly to the court, which results in existence of a new principle – principle of soften party control of facts and means of proof.Regarding to what is said earlier, the changes which resulted in abandoning the principle of seeking of material truth, basically abrogating the court’s obligation to take the proofs ex offo, did not lead to the creation of principle of party control of facts and means of proof. The court still has a duty to give hints and feebacks, i. e. to suggest to the parties that they clarify or supplement their pleadings; dismissing the claim or striking defense as insufficient due to the lack of factual pleadings or production of means of proof can take place only if the court previously fulfills its duty. The court is also in Serbian civil litigation jointly responsible procedural subject. That conclusion is not warranted only by interpretation of wording of the Civil Procedure Code’s provision, but rather and predominantly by evaluation of party autonomy and responsibility in Serbian civil procedure, purpose of a civil procedure, and last but not least, by basic procedural constitutional rights.The conclusion that the principle of party control of facts and means of proof does not exist and that its place is taken by the principle of softened party control has fundamental consequences on set of institutes which refer to the process of determination of facts. In that sense all these institutes are analyzed by the virtue of existing principle of Serbian civil procedure.Particularly important part of the thesis, which indeed precedes the main part, is a comparative study of the Germanic legal systems – Germany and Austria. Regarding the fact that Serbian procedural law and doctrine was and still is under almost entirely Germanic influence, it was necessary to conduct a thorough analysis of these systems. Results show that the idea of principle of party control of facts and means of proof, i. e. idea of passive and unliable court is abendoned. Directly opposite, modern Germanic procedural model is distinguished by joint responsibility of court and parties.

This thesis documents the design and implementation of procedures in a database programming language. The purpose of this thesis is to integrate procedure facilities into an existing relational database system.
A relation is defined over a set of attributes. Given the values of a subset of attributes as input, a selection operation looks up the relation and outputs the values of the remaining attributes. Our proposed procedure construct supports this concept: a procedure is defined over a set of parameters, and the procedure can be invoked with different subsets of input parameters. This is accomplished by allowing procedures to have a sequence of blocks within the procedure body. Each block abstracts a sequence of actions which requires a subset of parameters as input. Users can select different blocks to be activated by supplying different subsets of input parameters. While a relation can be selected with any subset of input attributes, a procedure can only be invoked with defined subsets of parameters.
Our proposed procedures also support the usual properties of procedural abstraction: encapsulation and parameterization. A procedure declaration defines the procedure name, formal parameters, and the body. Procedure invocation is through the use of a stand-alone procedure call statement which specifies the procedure name and a list of actual parameters. Before a procedure is activated, the formal parameters within the procedure body are replaced by the corresponding actual parameters. Moreover, a procedure can be printed, shown, deleted, called by itself or other procedures, and passed as a parameter.

UVOD: Uspešnost revaskularizacije aortoilijačne bolesti procenjuje se prohodnošću (patentnošću) nakon revaskularizacije i brojem komplikacija. Osnovni cilj ove studije je bio utvrditi da li postoji razlika u učestalosti komplikacija, prohodnosti (patentnosti) i uticaj prohodnosti arterija donjeg vaskularnog korita na rekonstrukcije aortoilijačne bolesti nakon lečenja endovaskularnim i klasičnim hirurškim pristupom. MATERIJAL I METODOLOGIJA: uzorak je činilo 229 bolesnika lečenih od aortoilijačne bolesti koji su pripadali TASC-u B i C a nakon procene prohodnosti femoropoplitealnog segmenta kao i broja prohodnih potkolenih arterija, bolesnici su stratifikovani u dve glavne grupe a svaka grupa od po tri podgrupe prema kvalitetu utočnog korita. Prvu grupu čine bolesnici sa jednoetažnom ili multiplim kraćim lezijama aortoilijačne signifikantne stenoze, sa ne signifikantnom aortoilijačnom stenozom i sa aortoilijačnom okluzijom. Drugu grupu čine bolesnici sa višeetažnom aortoilijačnom signifikantnom stenozom uz signifikantnu femoropoplitealnu stenozu i/ili popliteokruralnu stenozu. Studija je kreirana kao retrospektivna i prospektivna gde smo pratili rezultate revaskularizacije endovaskularnim procedurama i klasičnim hirurškim pristupom. REZULTATI: Računanjem Mahalanobisove distance između homogenost jednoetažne, multiplih kraćih lezija i višeetažne aortoilijačne bolesti kod ispitivanih bolesnika dobija se najmanje rastojanje između homogenost jednoetažne, multiplih kraćih lezija i višeetažne aortoilijačne bolesti zato smo se i rukovodili da jednoetažne lezije, multiple kraće lezije tretiramo endovaskularnim procedurama a višeetažne lezije klasičnim hirurškim pristupom. Nije bilo statističke značajne razlike među komplikacijama endovaskularnih procedura i klasičnog hirurškog pristupa p>0,1. U lečenju aortoilijačne bolesti endovakularne procedure imaju manji broj bolničkih dana, podjednaku primarnu asistiranu patentnost ali nešto slabiju primarnu patentnost u odnosu na klasični hirurški pristup dok je sekundarna patentnost neznatno lošija od klasičnog hirurškog pristupa. Da bi smo odreditli uticaj prohodnosti arterija donjeg vaskularnog korita na rekonstrukcije aortoilijačne bolesti kreirali smo matematički model kome smo dali obeležja prema kome bi mogli prognozirati smanjenje primarne patenosti nakon aortoilijačne revaskularizacije endovaskularnim procedurama i klasičnim hirurškim pristupom. Postojanjem značajnih razlika između stepena patentnosti u odnosu na obeležja faktora rizika, definisali smo funkciju razgraničenja svih mogućih kombinacija od dva stepena patentnosti. Na osnovu te funkicije (x) moguće je izvršiti prognozu kom stepenu patentnosti pripada (dobra,solidna, loša) za bolesnike koji nisu obuhvaćeni ovom studijom, kao i pouzdanost tom stepenu. ZAKLJUČAK: Aortoilijačna bolest je u većini slučajeva udružena sa bolešću donjeg vaskularnog korita. Bez obzira na ekstenzivnost aortoilijačne bolesti endovaskularne procedure su efektivna i bezbedna, adekvatna alternativa klasičnom hirurškom pristupu. Ova studija pokazuje da su endovaskularne procedure i klasični hirurški pristup u lečenju aortoilijačne bolesti komplementarne a ne komparativne metode.
BACKGROUND. The effectiveness of revascularization aortoiliac occlusive disease is the estimated patency after revascularization and is connected to the number of complications. The main objective of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the incidence of complications and patency of lower artery vascular tree on the reconstruction aortoiliac occlusive disease after treatment of endovascular and conventional surgical approach. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: The sample consisted of 229 patients treated for the aortoiliac occlusive disease who belonged in TASC B and C after a mobility assessment of the femoropopliteal segment and the number of walk-on below knee arteries, patients were stratified into two groups and each group of three subgroups according to the quality of the inflow. The first group consists of patients with one storey or multiple shorter lesions, and aortoiliac significant stenosis with aortoiliac not as significant stenosis and occlusion aortoiliac. The second group consists of patients with multi-floor aortoiliac significant stenosis with a significant femoropopliteal stenosis and/or popliteocrural stenosis. The study was designed as a retrospective and prospective study, where we track the results of endovascular revascularization procedures and compare to the conventional surgical approach. RESULTS: By calculating the Mahalanobis distance between the homogeneity of one story, multiple lesions and multi-storey short aortoiliac occlusive disease the studied patients received a minimum distance between the homogeneity of one story, multiple lesions and multi-storey short aortoiliac disease, multiple lesions treated fewer endovascular procedures and multi-storey lesions than a classical surgical approach. There were no statistically significant differences among the complications of endovascular procedures and classic surgical approach p> 0.1. The patients treated with aortoiliac (endovascular) procedure have fewer hospital days, equal-assisted primary patent protection or slightly less primary patent protection compared to a traditional surgical approach while secondary patent protection is slightly worse than the classic surgical approach. In order to determine the impact of vascular patency of the arteries of the lower stories to the reconstruction treatment of aortoiliac occlusive diseases, we have created a mathematical model to which we gave the characteristics by with which it could predict the reduction of primary patency of aortoiliac revascularization after endovascular procedures and the conventional surgical approach. The existence of significant differences between the degree of patent protection in relation to the characteristics of the risk factors, we have defined the function of the demarcation of all possible combinations of two degrees of patent protection. Based on this function of (x) it is possible to forecast to what extent patent protection belongs (good, solid‚ bad) for patients who are not included in this study, as well as the reliability of this level. CONCLUSION: the aortoiliac occlusive disease is in most cases associated with vascular disease of the lower artery vascular tree. Regardless of the extensiveness of the disease, aortoiliac occlusive disease endovascular procedures are safe and effective, an adequate alternative to the conventional surgical approach. This study shows that endovascular procedures and the conventional surgical approach in the treatment of aortoiliac occlusive diseases with a complementary rather than competitive method.

This quant-QUAL sequential explanatory mixed methods study describes a framework for evaluating the communicative competence (Canale & Swain, 1980; Canale, 1983) of non-beginner students of Chinese for placement purposes at U.S. four-year postsecondary institutions. A pragmatic lens was used to collect and analyze data that generated a descriptive portrait of current Chinese placement procedures. Three data sources informed this study: (1) a sample of randomly-selected institutional websites on Chinese placement procedures (n1 = 226), (2) an online survey of program coordinators’ perceptions (n2 = 27), and (3) a follow-up semi-structured individual interview with Chinese program coordinators (n3 = 20). Findings revealed that five procedures are commonly used: (a) written test, (b) oral interview, (c) background questionnaire, (d) standardized tests (Advanced Placement, and International Baccalaureate), and (e) seat-time equivalency. An individual oral interview is the most appropriate procedure that fits many characteristics as the literature suggested (Bloom and Allison, 1949; Heilenman, 1983; Shohamy, 1998; Bernhardt, Rivera, and Kamil, 2004; O’Sullivan, 2011; Kane, 2012). These procedures encompassed all the four phases in the history of foreign or world language placement procedures at U.S. postsecondary institutions (Latoja, 2001; Spolsky, 2000). A fifth phase using individual interviews and background questionnaires is proposed in the present study. In addition, three types of accommodation strategies for placing students are identified: (a) student-oriented, (b) class-oriented, and (c) other resources. Student heterogeneity and placement policies are also identified to affect the Chinese placement procedures.

It appears that only those well-developed programs with seasoned coordinators have placement procedures mapped to the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) Proficiency Guidelines, but not to the other ACTFL standards. Accordingly, six models are recommended for Chinese programs with different characteristics. These programs should: (a) adapt placement models to meet demands and leverage resources of institutions and student population, (b) apply localized accommodation strategies and relevant placement policies to facilitate individual student articulation from one program to another, and (c) diversify curriculum and engage faculty in professional development related to the ACTFL standards and professional learning communities. This study concludes with implications for researchers, practitioners, and students.

 U okviru ove doktorske disertacije posmatrani su zakoni održanja sa funkcijom fluksa koja ima prekid u x = 0, pri čemu delovi fluksa levo i desno od x = 0 imaju smo po jedan ekstrem. U prvoj glavi se može naći pregled osnovnih pojmova, definicija i teorema. U drugoj  glavi su opisani hiperbolični sistemi zakona održanja, slaba rešenja, kao i numerički postupci za njihovo rešavanje. U trećoj glavi su predstavljeni  diskretni profili darnih talasa. U četvrtoj glavi su opisani zakoni održanja  sa prekidnom funkcijom fluksa i ukratko su predstvaljeni rezultati drugih autora iz ove oblasti. U petoj glavi je najpre analizirana tzv. jednačina sa dva fluksa u slučaju kada oba dela fluksa levo i desno od  x = 0 imaju minimum, a pri tome se seku u najviše jednoj tačci unutar intervala. Primenom regularizacije na intervalu [−ε, ε], za ε > 0 dovoljno malo, dokazano je postojanje diskretnih udarnih profila za postupak Godunova za zakone održanja sa promenljivom funkcijom fluksa. Definisan je i odgovarajući diskretan uslov entropije, a postojanje entropijskog diskretnog  udarnog profila je postavljen kao kriterijum za dopustivost udarnih talasa. Potom je analizirana ista jednačina u slucaju kada deo fluksa levo  od x = 0 ima maksimum, a deo fluksa desno od x = 0 minimum, dok se oba dela fluksa seku na  krajevima posmatranog intervala. U ovom slučaju, uopšten je uslov entropije. U okviru ove glave je prikazano nekoliko numeričkih primera za oba opisana slučaja. Numerički rezultati  su dobijeni korišcenjem softvera razvijenog za potrebe ove teze u programskom paketu Mathematica.
We consider conservation laws with a flux discontinuity at x = 0, where the flux parts from both left and right hand side of x = 0 have at most one extreme on the  observed  domain. The first chapter provides elementary definitions and theorems..The second chapter refers to hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, their solutions, and  numerical procedures. The third chapter is devoted to discrete  shock profiles. The fourth chapter describes conservation laws with discontinuous flux functions and provides basic information upon known results in this field. In the  fifth chapter, we first  analyse the two-flux equation when both flux parts have a minimum and cross at most    at one point in the interior of the domain. Using a flux regularization on the interval [−ε,   ε], for ε > 0 small enough, we show the existence of discrete shock profiles for Godunov’s scheme for conservation laws with discontinuous flux functions. We also define a discrete entropy condition accordingly, and use the existence of an entropy discrete shock profile as an entropy criterion for shocks. Then we analyse the same problem in the case when the flux part on the left of x = 0 has a maximum and the part on the right of x = 0 has a minimum, whereas the fluxes cross at the edges of the interval. We derive a more general discrete entropy condition in this case. We provide several numerical examples in both of the above mentioned flux cases. All the  presented numerical results are obtained using a program written in Mathematica. Finally, in chapter six, we prove the existence of  singular shock waves in the case when the graph of one of the flux parts is above the graph of the other one on the entire domain. For that purpose, we use the shadow wave technique. At the end of this chapter, we provide a numerical verification of the obtained singular solution.

Uvod. Usled kompromitovanja strukturnog integriteta, rekonstruktivne procedure na endodontski lečenim zubima moraju se veoma pažljivo isplanirati, pogotovo u specifičnoj grupi zuba kao što su premolari. U stomatološkoj naučnoj i stručnoj javnosti ne postoji usaglašen stav o tome koja endodontska instrumentacija i rekonstruktivna procedura primenjena u slučajevima ekstenzivnog gubitka zubne supstance predstavlja metodu izbora sa biomehaničkog aspekta. U okviru prezentovane doktorske disertacije ispitivan je uticaj varijacija u endodontskoj instrumentaciji i restaurativnim procedurama na promene naponskih stanja u zubnim tkivima i rekonstruktivnim materijalima kod premolara sa ekstenzivnim gubitkom zubne strukture. Metode. Osnovni 3D model je kreiran pomoću CT snimaka zdravog drugog gornjeg premolara u SolidWorks programu za modelovanje. Kreirano je 135 različitih modela, u kojima su metodom konačnih elemenata proračunati fon Mizesovi naponi u položaju maksimalne interkuspidacije pod dejstvom sile od 150 N. Statistička analiza je izvršena koristeći Opšti linearni model. Rezultati. Indirektne zubne rekonstrukcije imaju povoljniji uticaj na naponska stanja u zubnim tkivima. Ukoliko se koristi direktna restauracija, povoljniji su naponi u dentinu i gleđi ukoliko se redukuje palatinalna kvržca. Upotreba kočića uz ispun snižava napone u zubnim tkivima samo u slučaju MOD kaviteta. Naponi u dentinu su niži pri apikalnom terminusu 0,5 mm i instrumentaciji instrumentima manje veličine (kod modela sa kočićem i indirektnim nadoknadama). Uglavnom procedure koje su povoljne za napone u dentinu, nepovoljne su za napone u zubnoj nadoknadi i obratno. Zaključci. Kod opsežnih MOD kaviteta a samo ukoliko se ne redukuje visina palatinalne kvržice, preporučuje se upotreba kompozitnog kočića. Smanjenje površine zubnih tkiva u kojima su naponi visoki (iako su najviše vrednosti napona slične), moglo bi da utiče na dugotrajnost endodontski lečenih i rekonstruisanih zuba. Krući rekonstruktivni materijali povoljnije utiču na napone u zubnim tkivima biomehanički kompromitovanih endodontski lečenih zuba. Čini se da je optimalnije, u rekonstruktivnim rešenjima koja podrazumevaju upotrebu kočića, postaviti apikalni terminus bliže vrhu korena i koristiti instrumente srednje širine.
Background. Restoration of an endodontically treated premolar with a wide and deep mesial-occlusal-distal (MOD) cavity is often complex due to biomechanical weakening of the tooth. There are no definitive recommendations on the optimal restoration in these cases. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different endodontic and restorative procedures on von Mises stress values and distribution in dental tissues and restorative materials using finite element analysis (FEA). Methods. Based on CT scans of an second upper premolar, extracted for orthodontic reasons, 135 3D endodontically treated tooth models were created. Each model was subjected to a summary force of 150 N on the occlusal surface simulating the normal biting pattern and maximal von Mises stresses were calculated. Results. MODP cavity design seems to reduce von Mises stress values in dental tissues and P seems to transfer some of the stresses from dental tissues to the composite filling in the MOD cavity when direct restorations are used. Indirect restorations caused lower stresses within dentin. Apical terminus of 0.5 mm induces lower, while the terminus of 1.5 mm induces the highest stresses in dentin in models restored with direct composite and post. It seems that from the aspect of the tooth tissue, it is more recommended to use smaller endodontic instruments sizes. Conclusions. Stiffer restorative materials cause lower stresses in dentin of an endodontically treated structurally weakened tooth, and if a direct restoration is to be used, palatal cuspal reduction could be beneficial for the longevity of the tooth and the restoration. Further, in a wide and deep MOD cavity, without cuspal reduction, the use of a FRC post is recommended in order to reduce the stresses in the enamel and dentin. Moreover, it seems that it is beneficial for the stresses in the tooth tissue to place the apical terminus closer to the root apex as well as to use smaller size endodontic instruments.

Sve veća potreba za izvođenjem kolonoskopije u dijagnostičke ili terapijske svrhe nameće potrebu za usavršavanjem ove endoskopske procedure. Izvođenje kolonoskopije u opštoj, intravenskoj anesteziji, moglo bi u značajnoj meri olakšati njeno izvođenje, poboljšati podnošenje ove procedure od strane ispitanika i omogućiti otkrivanje većeg broja pacijenata sa potencijalno malignim bolestima debelog creva. Cilj ispitivanja je bio utvrditi da li primena opšte intravenske anestezije tokom kolonoskopije povećava broj totalnih kolonoskopija i skraćuje vreme intubacije cekuma, povećava broj viđenih patoloških procesa i smanjuje osećaj bola i učestalost neželjenih reakcija. Primena opšte intravenske anestezije značajno je povećala broj totalnih kolonoskopija u 94.3% ispitanika u odnosu na 78.7% totalnih kolonoskopija kontrolne grupe i skratila vreme intubacije cekuma, značajno je povećala broj viđenih patoloških promena u 46.7% ispitanika u odnosu na broj viđenih patoloških promena u 28.8% ispitanika kontrolne grupe i značajno je smanjila intenzitet bola i učestalost neželjenih reakcija. U kontrolnoj grupi ispitanika skalom bola nakon kolonoskopije ustanovljen je značajno veći intenzitet bola u poređenju sa ispitanicima ekperimentalne grupe. Na Likertovoj skali zadovoljstva ustanovljena je značajno bolja kontrola bola i lični stav lekara u ekperimentalnoj grupi, dok su poseta ustanovi i procedura, razumevanje procedure, tehnička veština lekara, lični stav medicinskih sestara i drugog tehničkog osoblja značajno bolje ocenjeni u kontrolnoj grupi. Od svih ispitivanih faktora na zadovoljstvo obe grupe pacijenata značajno su uticali: način izvođenja procedure, bol, uočene patološke promene i intubacija cekuma. U kontrolnoj grupi ispitanika između skale zadovoljstva i skale bola ustanovljena je značajna negativna korelacija. U kontrolnoj grupi se 80,1% pacijenata izjasnilo da bi ponovnu kolonoskopiju uradili u opštoj intravenskoj anesteziji u poređenju sa svim pacijentima eksperimentalne grupe koji ne bi menjali način izvođenja ponovne procedure. Primena opšte intravenske anestezije tokom kolonoskopije povećava broj totalnih kolonoskopija i uočenih patoloških promena, smanjuje učestalost i intenzitet neželjenih reakcija povećavajući zadovoljstvo pacijenata, što bi prevashodno moglo imati značaja u skriningu karcinoma debelog creva. Potrebno je proširiti ispitivanje primene opšte intravenske anestezije u drugim endoskopskim procedurama kako bi bila uvedena u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi.
An increasing need to perform colonoscopy for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes imposed the need for mastering this endoscopic procedure. Performing colonoscopy in general intravenous anesthesia could greatly ease the procedure, make it more comfortable for patients and it could enable detecting a higher number of patients with occult malignant diseases of the colon. The aim of this paper was to determine if the implementation of general intravenous anesthesia during colonoscopy increases the number of total colonoscopies and shortens the time of cecum intubation, increases the number of familiar pathological processes and decreases the sensation of pain as well as the frequency of side reactions. The implementation of general intravenous anesthesia has significantly increased the number of total colonoscopies in 94.3% of examined patients in relation to 78.7% of total colonoscopies of the control group and shortened the time of cecum intubation. It has significantly increased the number of familiar pathological changes in 46.7% of the patients in relation to the number of familiar pathological changes in 28.8% patients of the control group and significantly decreased pain intensity and the frequency of side reactions. A statistically greater pain intensity after colonoscopy was determined by the pain scale in the control group in comparison to the examinees of the experimental group. Likert satisfaction scale has shown that the experiment group assessed pain control and doctors’ opinion as significantly better, while the institution visits and the procedure, understanding the procedure, doctors’ technical skills, nurses’ and technical personnel’s personal opinions were assessed as significantly better in the control group. Out of all the examined factors on the satisfaction of both groups, the following ones had a significant inluence: the way the procedure was done, the level of pain, detected pathological changes and cecum intubation. A significanlty negative correlation was determined between the scale of satisfaction and the scale of pain in the control group. 80.1% of the control group patients stated that they would undergo a general anesthesia colonoscopy again in comparison to all the patients of the experimental group who would not change the way the procedure was previously done. The implementation of general intravenous anesthesia in the course of colonoscopy increases the number of total colonoscopies and detected pathological changes, decreases the frequency and intensity of side-effects therefore it enhances patients' sastisfaction, which could play a major role in colon cancer screening. It is necessary to extend the implementation of general intravenous anesthesia in other endoscopic procedures in order to introduce it in everyday clinical practice.

The purpose of this project is to examine how educationalists work with children’s language development in a Reggie Emilia- and in one Montessori preschool. I am going to compare these two educational philosophies and search for differences and similarities in how they approach language development. The background of the study is the key role that language development plays when preparing children for later studies in comprehensive school. Information has been gathered both through present specialist literature as well as through interviews with educationalists from the different educational philosophies.  I have also made direct observations of some of the different activities performed by the educationalists. It was harder than I thought to get answers for the questions at issue because language developement in preschool is an extensive field of study and there is much to examine. The analysis and result has been carried out and presented according to language expert Veli Tuomelas principles in language. The study shows that there are some differences but that the preschools mainly operate in similar ways.

Disertacije je u najširem smislu usmerena na ispitivanje faktora koji doprinose povišenju preoprativne anksioznosti kod dece. Teorijski okvir rada predstavlja Proksimo-distalni model ponašanja dece tokom akutnih medicinskih procedura (Blount, Bunke, & Zaff, 2000a; 2000b; Varni, Blount, Waldon, & Smith, 1995). Prema modelu, sva ponašanja, kako roditeljska tako i dečija, mogu da se podele na ona koja produbljuju uznemirenost (“distress” ponašanja), i ona koja olakšavaju prevladavanje stresne situacije (“coping” ponašanja). Takođe se naglašava da interakciju između deteta i roditelja za vreme akutnih medicinskih procedura treba posmatrati u širem kontekstu, uz isticanje da veliki broj faktora utiče na suočavanje sa akutnim medicinskim stresom. Proveravano je na koji način su osobine dece (ankioznost i temperament), osobine roditelja (anksioznosti) i ponašanja dece i roditelja („coping“ i „distress“) povezani sa stepenom izraženosti preoperativne anksioznosti i procenom bola kod dece. Dodatno, proveravan je efekat psihološke preoperativne pripreme na roditelje različitog stepena izraženosti osobine anksioznosti.
Uzorak u istraživanju je činilo 99 dece predškolskog uzrasta (3-6 godina) koja su imala zakazanu operaciju krajnika (Dg Tonsillectomia i/ili Adenoidectomia) na Institutu za zdravstvenu zaštitu dece i omladine Vojvodine u Novom Sadu. Interakcija između roditelja i dece, kao i preoperativna anksiozna ponašanja kod dece su snimana video kamerom i merena u sedam situacija: prilikom prijema u bolnicu, po ulasku u prostoriju premedikacije, pre primljenog sedativa, za vreme primanja sedativa, nakon primljenog sedativa, prilikom separacije od roditelja i za vreme stavljanja maske kod uvoda u anesteziju. Posmatran je međusobni uticaj roditeljskog i dečijeg ponašanja kroz različite vremenske tačke pri čemu su podaci analizirani tzv. “Actor-Partner Interdependence modelom” (APIM; Cook & Kenny, 2005).
Rezultati pokazuju da mlađa deca sa izraženijom separacionom anksioznošću u odnosu na stariju i mlađu decu sa slabije izraženom separacionom anksioznošću imaju viši stepen preoperativne anksioznosti u svim situacijama, ali je ta razlika posebno izražena u situaciji separacije i stavljanja maske kod uvoda u anesteziju. Deca će intenzivnije procenjivati bol nakon injekcije ukoliko imaju viši stepen preoperativne anksioznosti, kada su pored njih roditelji koji imaju visoko izraženu osobinu anksioznosti i pokazuju viši stepen ponašanja kojim podstiču „distress“ dece. Prilikom procene interakcije između roditelja i dece u pojedinačnim fazama procedure rezultati pokazuju da ispoljena ponašanja u prethodnim fazama utiču na ponašanja u sledećim fazama procedure. Viši stepen preoprativne anksioznosti kod dece u prethodnim fazama procedure utiče na ponašanja roditelja u sledećim fazama procedure. Ukoliko se ponašanja dece i roditelja iz različitih faza sumiraju, rezultati pokazuju da su „coping“ ponašanja dece i roditelja u vezi sa nižim stepenom preoperativne anksioznosti, dok su „distress“ ponašanja u vezi sa višim stepenom preoperativne anksioznosti. Rezultati sugerišu da neposredno nakon psihološke preoperativne pripreme, dan pre operacije, dolazi do pada situacione anksioznosti kod roditelja nezavisno u kom stepenu imaju izraženu osobinu anksioznosti. Na dan operacije, efekat pripreme se smanjuje i anksioznost se vraća gotovo na nivo pre psihološke pripreme.
Praktične i teorijske implikacije rezultata će biti predstavljene u radu.

Gubitak tvrdih zubnih struktura usled karijesne lezije, traume ili ekstenzivne preparacije dovodi do smanjenja otpornosti preostalih zubnih struktura na dejstvo sila prilikom žvakanja. Osnovni zadatak restaurativne procedure je da se ponovo uspostavi anatomo-morfološka funkcija zuba i da se preostale zdrave zubne strukture zaštite od nepovoljnog odgovora na dejstvo sila. Cilj doktorske disertacije bio je da se ispita uticaj različitih restaurativnih procedura na biomehaničke karakteristike premolara sa ekstenzivnim kavitetima. Materijal i metode: Trodimenzionalni model intaktnog drugog gornjeg premolara kreiran je u SolidWorks računarskom programu, na osnovu snimaka ekstrahovanog zuba primenom višeslojnog spiralnog kompjuterizovanog tomografa. Na osnovu ovog modela potom je kreirano ukupno 48 modela, koji su podeljeni u dve grupe: modeli vitalnog premolara sa MOD kavitetom (I grupa) i modeli premolara sa endodontski lečenim kanalom korena sa MOD kavitetom (II grupa). U svakoj grupi ispitivan je uticaj 4 vrste restaurativnog materijala (direktan kompozitni ispun, direktan kompozitni ispun sa smolom modifikovanim glas-jonomer cementom u vidu podloge, indirektan kompozitni ispun, keramički ispun), 3 dizajna preparacije kaviteta (bez skraćivanja kvržica, sa skraćivanjem palatinalne kvržice 2mm, sa skraćivanjem palatinalne i bukalne kvržice 2mm) i 2 širine istmusa (1/2 i 2/3 interkuspalnog razmaka). Primenom metode konačnih elemenata proračunate su vrednosti von Mises napona u zubnim strukturama i ispunu za sve modele pri dejstvu statičke sile od 200N. Rezultati: Dizajn preparacije kaviteta je pokazao najveći uticaj na vrednosti von Mises napona u zubnim strukturama. Pri tome, postupak skraćivanja palatinalne, kao i obe kvržice, doprineo je smanjenju vrednosti von Mises napona u gleđi na modelima obe grupe; dok je postupak skraćivanja bukalne i palatinalne kvržice doprineo smanjenju vrednosti von Mises napona u dentinu na modelima vitalnog premolara. U obe grupe, vrsta restaurativnog materijala pokazala je uticaj na vrednosti von Mises napona u gleđi, pri čemu je keramički ispun doveo do pojave napona značajno manjih vrednosti u odnosu na direktan i indirektan kompozitni ispun.Vrsta restaurativnog materijala je uticala i na vrednosti von Mises napona u dentinu, ali samo na modelima vitalnog premolara; pri tome su indirektni kompozitni i keramički ispun podjednako doprineli pojavi napona manjih vrednosti. Širina istmusa je uticala na vrednosti von Mises napona u gleđi i dentinu na modelima vitalnog premolara. Širina istmusa 1/2 interkuspalnog razmaka dovela je do pojave napona manjih vrednosti u gleđi, dok je širina istmusa 2/3 interkuspalnog razmaka dovela do pojave napona manjih vrednosti u dentinu.
Loss of tooth structure from caries, trauma or extensive preparation decreases fracture resistance of tooth. The main goal of restorative procedure is to rebuild lost structures and to protect remaining tooth structures from unfavorable responses from masticatory forces. Aim of thesis was to investigate the influence of different restorative procedures on biomechanical properties of premolar with extensive cavities. Materials and Methods: Three dimensional model of intact maxillary second premolar, based on computerized tomography scan images of extracted tooth, was designed using SolidWorks software. Using this model, 48 models were designed and divided in two groups: models of vital premolars with MOD cavities (group I), and models of premolars with root canal treatment with MOD cavities (group II). In each group use of four restorative materials (direct composite resin restoration, direct composite resin restoration with resin modified glass-ionomer cement as base, indirect composite resin restoration, ceramic restoration), three cavity preparation designs (without cusp coverage, 2mm palatal cusp coverage, 2mm palatal and buccal cusp coverage) and two isthmus width (1/2 and 2/3 intercuspal width) were simulated. After applying static load of 200N, von Mises stresses in enamel, dentin and restoration were calculated using finite element analysis. Results: Cavity preparation design showed the most significant influence on von Mises stress values in tooth structures. Cusp coverage in general decreased stress values in enamel, while palatal and buccal cusp coverage decreased stress values in dentin only in group I. Restorative material affected stress values in enamel, were ceramic restoration contributed to minimal stress values. In dentin, indirect composite resin and ceramic restoration showed no difference in reducing von Mises stress values, but only for models in group I. Cavity isthmus width had influence on stress values in tooth structures only in group I. 1/2 isthmus width decreased stress values in enamel, while 2/3 isthmus width showed same effect in dentin. Conclusion: In order to provide optimal biomechanical characteristics of tooth structures, premolars with MOD cavity should be restored with ceramic overlay covering both palatal and buccal cusp.

Design by contract, abbreviated as DBC, is a software development methodology that aims to increase the reliability and robustness of software components. While a fair amount of research has been done around how DbC can be utilised in an in-process object-oriented system, not much is known about how DbC concepts can be applied to systems that predominantly communicate over the network by way of remote procedure calls. With the recent increase in popularity of service-oriented and microservice system architectures, the ability to develop robust networked components at scale is highly relevant. This study applies the DbC notion of software contracts to remote procedure calls by developing an interface definition language that can be used in conjunction with JSON-RPC and JSON Schema. The results demonstrate that it is possible to leverage DbC concepts when implementing networked software services, but that it may in many cases be impractical to do so due to the resulting concurrency issues and increased complexity.
Design genom kontrakt, abbrevierat ned till DbC, är en metodik för mjukvaruutveckling vars syfte är att öka pålitlighet och robusthet av programvara. Medan en ansenlig mängd har forskats för att bedöma hur DbC kan utnyttjas i ett objekt-orentierad sammanhang, det är fortsatt ovetandes om hur DbC konceptet kan appliceras till system som huvudsakligen kommunicerar över nätverket. Med den ökade populariteten av service-orienterad mjukvaruarkitektur, förmågan att utveckla robusta nätverkskomponenter är högst relevant. Denna studie applicerar en DbC förståelse av mjukvarukontrakt till gränssnittav av avlägsna proceduranropp genom att använda JSON-RPC och JSON Schema. Resultatet visar att det finns möjlighet att verkställa DbC koncepter när man implementerar mjukvara som kommunicerar över nätverket, men detta kan vara opraktiskt pga ökad komplexitet och resulterande samtidighetsproblem.

Uvod: Primarna fokalna hiperhidroza (PFH) je poremećaj nepoznate etiologije koji se karakteriše prekomernim znojenjem na predilekcionim mestima. Podjednako se javlja kod osoba muškog i ženskog pola tokom dvadesetih i početkom tridesetih godina života, pri čemu se smatra da je učestalos PFH oko 2,8% u ukupnoj populaciji. Nastaje kao posledica hiperaktivnosti simaptičkog nervnog sistema ka znojnim žlezdama. Karakteristično je za PFH da se ne javlja noću, što sugeriše da emocionalni stimulus igra bitnu ulogu u nastanku ovog poremećaja. Bilateralna torakoskopska simpatektomija (BTS) je minimalno invazivna hirurška procedura koja se danas primenjuje u trajnom lečenju PFH, sa niskom stopom komplikacija i omogućava lečenje kao jednodnevne hirurške procedure. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su bili: a) da se ispita ukupna efikasnost BTS na trajno smanjenje PFH predilekcionih delova tela - dlanova, pazušnih jama, lica i stopala; b) da se ispita efiksanost BTS kod osoba sa PFH u odnosu na različite nivoe transekcije simpatičkog lanca; c) da se ispita uticaj BTS na plućnu i srčanu funkciju kod operisanih osoba sa PFH; d) da se ispita pojava, trajanje i intenzitet kompenzatornog znojenja nakon BTS kod operisanih osoba sa PFH; e) da se ispita pojava, trajanje, lokalizacija i tretman postoperativnog bola nakon BTS kod osoba sa PFH; f) da se utvrde postoperativne komplikacije BTS kod osoba sa PFH; i g) da se ispita uticaj BTS na kvalitet života kod operisanih osoba sa PFH. Radna hipoteza istraživanja je bila da hirurška procedura - minimlano invazivna BTS ima značajan efekat na prekomerno znojenje na predilekcionim mestima kod osoba sa PFH, da je praćena sa minimalnim morbiditetom, bez kliničkog uticaja na plućnu i srčanu funkciju i da značajno poboljšava kvalitet života operisanih osoba. Materijal i metod: Urađena je prospektivna klinička studija koja je uključila 435 osoba sa PFH, koji su operisani bilateralnom torakoskopskom simpatektomijom, na Klinici za grudnu hirurgiju, Instituta za plućne bolesti Vojvodine u Sremskoj Kamenici između 2010 i 2014 godine. Kriterijumi za uključivanje u studiju bili su: a) da su osobe sa utvrđenom i procenjenom PFH pristale da učestvuju u istraživanju ispunjavajući preoperativno i postoperativno upitnike o efektima BTS i kvalitetu života nakon operacije; b) da nisu imali prethodne grudno hirurške intervencije, frakture rebara, masivne pneumonije ili empijem pleure; c) da nisu imali teški poremećaj plućne ili srčane funkcije; d) da ne boluju od sekundarne hiperhidroze. Primarna fokalna hiperhidroza je bila ustanovljena i procenjena anamnestičkim podacima, kliničkom slikom i pregledom koji je bio fokusiran na kvalitativno ispitivanje. Bilateralna torakoskopska simpatektomija izvođena je u opštoj anesteziji, a transekcija simpatičkog lanca je rađena pomoću ultrazvučno aktiviranog skalpela. Osobe sa izvedenom BTS zbog PFH bile su klasifikovane u tri grupe, u zavisnosti od nivoa transekcije simpatičkog lanca: a) transekcija na nivou drugog do četvrtog torakalnog gangliona (T2-T4); b) transekcija na nivou trećeg do četvrtog torakalnog gangliona (T3-T4); i c) transekcija na nivou drugog do trećeg torakalnog gangliona (T2-T3). Za procenu kompenzatornog znojenja i kvaliteta života korišćene je: Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) za intenzitet kompenzatornog znojenja i kvaliteta života nakon BTS. Rezultati: Od 435 osoba sa PFH kod kojih je urađena BTS, bilo je 142 (32,64%) osobe muškog pola i 293 (67,36%) osoba ženskog pola, prosečne starosti od 29,68±7,6 godina. Pozitivan nasledni faktor navelo je 167 osoba (38,62%). Najčešća lokalizacija prekomernog znojenja kod osoba u ovom istraživanju je bila kombinacija dlanova, pazušnih jama i tabana, koju je imalo 167 osoba (38,39%). Pre operacije, preko 60% ispitivanih osoba je navelo da im je kvalitet života loš ili izuzetno loš. Kod svih operisanih osoba u ovom istraživanju, operacija je izvedena uspešno obostrano. Nije bilo smrtnih ishoda. Od intraoperativnih komplikacija zabeležena je jedna konverzija (0,23%) u minitorakotomiju zbog krvavljenja iz interkostalne vene. Neposredni postoperativni uspeh BTS kod operisanih osoba zbog PFH, a na osnovu prve kontrole posle nedelju dana bio je zabeležen kod svih (99,54%), osim kod dve osobe (0,46%) koje su imale postoperativne komplikacije: pareza n. ulnarisa i Hornerov sindrom kod jedne osobe i Horner sindrom kod druge osobe. Postoperativni morbiditet nakon BTS bio je zabeležen kod 32 osobe (7,35%). Izrazito poboljšanje, odnosno značajno smanjenje znojenja kod osoba sa PFH zabeleženo je kod 428 operisanih (98,39%). Osobe sa transekcijom simpatičkog lanca na nivou gangliona T3-T4 imali su najbolji rezultat sa poboljšanjem kvaliteta života u 85,03% operisanih. Kompenzatorno znojenje se nakon BTS javilo kod 316 (72,64%) operisanih osoba, a samo 2,53% je navelo da je postoperativno kompenzatorno znojenje izuzetno jakog intenziteta. Postoperativni bol bio je prisutan kod 79,77% operisanih osoba, sa prosečnim trajanjem do dve nedelje. Analgetike je postoperativno koristilo 24,21% anketiranih osoba. Od 287 operisanih osoba u ovom istraživanju, koji su pre operacije naveli da su imali i prekomerno znojenje tabana, nakon 6 meseci 185 osoba (64,46%) je navelo da se prekomerno znojenje tabana smanjilo. Iako postoji statistička značajnost u promeni vitalnog kapaciteta u smislu njegovog povećanja šest meseci nakon BTS (sa 4,49±1,15 L na 4,54±1,11 L), ta promena nije bila klinički relevantna. Promene u krvnom pritisku i srčanom pulsu, iako zabeležene, takođe nisu imale klinički značaj. Kvalitet života, pre BTS ocenjen kao loš (i izuzetno loš) bio je prisutan kod 265 osoba (60, 92%), a 6 meseci posle operacije ocenjen je kao odličan i dobar kod 428 osoba (98,39%). Zaključak: BTS kao minimalno invazivna hirurška procedura kod osoba sa PFH ima minimalni morbiditet, a visoku uspešnost u smanjenju prekomernog znojenja na predilekcionim mestima, sa poboljšanjem kvaliteta života kod 98,39% operisanih, sa minimalnim promenama plućne i srčane funkcije koje nisu klinički relevantne.
Primary focal hyperhidrosis (PFH) is a disorder of an unknown etiology, characterized by excessive sweating of predilective parts of the body. It affects men and women equally, with a peak incidence in the later second and early third decades of life, with incidence of up to 2,8% of the world population. It is caused by hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system to the sweat glands. It has been shown that PFH does not occur during the sleeping times, which suggests that emotional stimuli play an important role in this disorder. Bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy (BTS) is minimal invasive surgical procedure, which has evolved into an effective and permanent treatment for severe PFH, with low rate of morbidity and it can be performed as the one day surgical procedure. The aims of this investigation were: a) to examine the overall efficiency of BTS on permanent reduction of PFH of predilective parts of the body-palms, armpits, faces and soles; b) to examine the efficiency of BTS with different levels of transection among the persons with the PFH; c) to examine the influence of BTS on cardio-pulmonary function tests in persons with PFH after the operation; d) to examine the incidence, duration and intensity of compensatory sweating after BTS among persons with PFH; e) to examine the incidence, duration, localization and treatment of postoperative pain after BTS among persons with PFH; f) to determine postoperative complications of BTS among persons with PFH; g) to examine the influence of BTS on quality of life among persons with PFH. The working hypothesis of this investigation is that surgical procedure – minimal invasive BTS has the permanent effect on excessive sweating of predilective parts of the body among persons with PFH, followed by minimal morbidity, without clinical influence on cardio-pulmonary function and significantly improves the quality of life among persons with PFH. This was a prospective clinical study which included 435 patients with PFH, who have been operated with BTS, at the Clinic for Thoracic surgery, the Institute for pulmonary diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, between 2010 and 2014. The including criteria for the investigation were: a) persons with confirmed and estimated PFH accepted to participate in this investigation, fulfilling pre and postoperatively questionnaire about BTS effects and quality of life after the operation; b) absence of previous thoracic surgical procedures, rib fractures, massive pneumonias or pleural empyema; c) satisfactory cardio-respiratory function; d) absence of secondary hyperhidrosis. Primary focal hyperhidrosis was confirmed and estimated by anamnesis, clinical examination focused on qualitatively examination. Bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy was performed with general anesthesia, using harmonic scalpel for transection of sympathetic chain. Persons with PFH who underwent the BTS were classified into three groups, depending the level of transaction of sympathetic chain: a) transection at the level from the second to the forth thoracic sympathetic ganglion (T2-T4); b) transection at the level from the third to the forth thoracic sympathetic ganglion (T3-T4); c) transection at the level from the second to the third thoracic sympathetic ganglion (T2-T3). For the assessment of postoperative pain, compensatory sweating and quality of life next scales have been used: standardized numeric pain rating scale and Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) for intensity of compensatory sweating and quality of life. Among 435 persons with PFH who underwent the BTS in this investigation, 142 (32,64%) were male and 293 (67,36%) female persons, with mean age of 29,68±7,6. There was no mortality or serious intraoperative complications that required operative conversio from minimal invasive surgical procedure to thoracotomy. Among 435 persons with PFH who underwent the BTS in this investigation, 142 (32,64%) were male and 293 (67,36%) female persons, with mean age of 29,68±7,6. Positive genetic factor has been found in 167 persons (38,62%). The most common localisation of excessive sweating in this investigation was the combination of palms, armpits and soles in 167 persons (38,39%). Before the operation, over 60% of persons estimated their quallity of life as bad or very bad. The operation was successfully performed in all patients bilaterally. There was no mortality in this investigation. There was one intraoperative complication, bleeding from intercostal vein, requiring conversion to minithoracotomy. Immediatelly postoperative success after BTS seven days after the operation was achieved in all persons accepted in two persons (0,46%) due to the postoperative complications: nervous ulnaris paresis and Horner syndrome in one person and Horener syndome in the other person. Postoperative morbidity after the BTS was recoreded in 32 persons (7,35%). Marked improvement, as significant reduction of sweating in persons with PFH was achieved in 428 operated persons (98,39%). Transection of sympathetic chain on level T3-T4 achieved improvement of quality of life in 85,03% operated persons with PFH. Compensatory sweating after the BTS has occurred in 316 (72,64%) operated persons, but only 2,53% operated persons declared compensatory sweating as severe. Postoperative pain was presented in 79,77% operated persons, with average duration of two weeks. Analgetics used only 24,21% of operated persons. There were 287 operated persons in this investigation, who claimed to have plantar hyperhidrosis before the operation and six months after the operation 185 persons (64,46%) claimed to have a reduction of plantar sweating. Although there was a clinical significance in changes of vital capacity after the BTS (from 4,49±1,15 L to 4,54±1,11 L), ther was no clinical significance. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate, although recoreded, had no clinical significance. Quality of life, before the BTS was recorded as bad or very bad in 265 persons (60,92%), and six months after the operation as excellent or good in 428 persons (98,39%) persons. Conclusion: In patients with PFH, BTS as minimal invasive surgical procedure, has a minimal morbidity and high success in treatment of excessive sweating, with improvemnet of quality of life in 98,39% operated person, with changes in cardio-pulmonary functions that are not clinical relevant.

Cloze procedure involves the skills of thinking, understanding , reading and writing based on the learners underlying knowledge of reading comprehension and writing subskills such as grammar and sentence construction. It is regarded as a very efficient test for measuring students integrative competence in English, and has been used in most of the important English tests in China. It is also used as a teaching instrument to help students to improve their reading competence. However, a majority of students perform poorly in cloze tests and they regard it as the most difficult and most unpopular part of the English test. The aim of this study was to find out the problem that Chinese students have with cloze tests and to determine whether they are associated with the inefficient use of reading strategies.

Foreign language students experience added difficulty when they are isolated from native speakers and from the culture of the target language. It has been posited that MOOs (Multiuser domain Object Oriented) may help to overcome the geographical isolation of these students. MOOs are Internet-based virtual worlds in which people from all over the real world meet for synchronous textual conversations and can interact with asynchronous textual objects found there. Students who enjoy a MOO site may identify with its virtual target language community and find integrative motivation which the literature suggests is necessary for advanced language acquisition. This study focused on the affective nature of MOO. An experimental group of Israeli high school EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students experienced 12 academic hours at schMOOze University, a MOO site for students of English as a Second/Foreign Language. A control group employed normal EFL procedures, including reading comprehension passages, taped songs, class discussions, and grammar exercises. Using pretest and posttest questionnaires, participants indicated their anxiety about and motivation towards various EFL procedures and English class in general. (Motivation was divided into course-specific subconstructs: interest, relevance, expectation of success, and satisfaction.) The findings demonstrated some significantly positive attitudes towards using MOO as an EFL procedure, particularly for male students and those who felt proficient with computers. Nevertheless, the findings did not match the enthusiasm found in various position papers about MOO in Second/Foreign Language instruction. The experimental group gave significantly higher scores for relevance and expected success in regard to general EFL instruction. However, it gave MOO significantly lower scores in relevance and satisfaction as an EFL procedure when compared to the overall averages of the 13 other EFL procedures. No other major significant differences were found. External factors, which could not be compensated for by the experimental design, may have caused the discrepancy between tile position papers and the findings, Repeated, long interruptions of the research may well have produced feelings of discontinuity and frustration, rather than greater motivation, for students unfamiliar with the technology. Therefore, recommendations for further research include an experimental design with a more concentrated MOO experience.

Urođeni rascep sa naborom u prednjoj srednjoj liniji vrata (UR-N PSLV) je retka anomalija sa oko 100-150 bolesnika opisanih u literaturi. Tipičan rascep se sastoji od atrofične, ružičaste kože u obliku žleba, kožne prominencije na gornjem kraju i potkožnog sinusa na donjem kraju tzv. rascepa. Ispod ovih elemenata nalazi se potkožna vezivno-mišićna traka koja izaziva nabor na vratu. Izolovani nabor vrata, kao jedan od tipova rascepa, ima samo potkožnu traku i podbradnu kožnu izraslinu. U radu analiziramo seriju od 11 bolesnika sa UR-N PSLV operisanih u periodu od 12 godina (jul 1998. - jun 2010.). Rezultati lečenja sagledani su u pogledu preciznosti postavljanja dijagnoze (diferencijalna dijagnoza anomalija i oboljenja PSLV) i analize posleoperativnih funkcionalnih i estetskih karakteristika (vrednost cervikomentalnog ugla-CMU, veličina ekstenzije glave i vrata-EGV i karakteristike ožiljka). Rezultati operativnog lečenja rascepa primenom multiple „Z” plastike sa 4-10 kožnih režnjeva poređeni su sa Sistrunkovom operacijom kod bolesnika sa cistom tiroglosnog duktusa-TGDC (ukupno 128 bolesnika u seriji). S obzirom na veliki broj bolesnika sa različitim izgledom anomalije učinjena je podela UR-N PSLV na tipove (I-IV) i podtipove. Rascep se po embriopatogenezi, izgledu i patohistološkim (PH) karakteristikama jasno razlikuje od TGDC. Deskriptivnom embriologijom rascep se definiše kao poremećaj u spajanju prednjih krajeva II (nekad i I) ždrelnih lukova. Kompresija srca u razvoju i odloženo ispravljanje vrata imaju značajnu ulogu. Kožna izraslina je rabdomiomatozni mezenhimalni hamartom kod svih naših bolesnika. Kaudalni sinus po PH izgledu ukazuje na bronhogeno poreklo. Operacijom rascepa vrata ne postiže se normalan CMU i potpuna EGV. Operacijom TGDC više se menja CMU nego EGV, ali su vrednosti bliže kontrolnoj grupi nego kod dece sa rascepom. Ožiljci, posebno kosi delovi „Z” plastike, posle operacije UR-N su lošije  ocenjeni nego posle operacije TGDC (parametrijski testovi pokazuju manju razliku). Na estetiku i funkcionalnost vrata i glave posle operacije rascepa veoma mnogo utiču hipoplazija donje vilice i deficit mekih struktura prednje strane vrata. Nova operativna tehnika (poprečna eliptična ekscizija i incizija u dva nivoa ili step incision, sa dodatnom „Z” plastikom na platizmi) primenjena kod dva bolesnika (pri kraju analize rezultata u studiji) daje nadu u dobijanje boljih posleoperativnih rezultata.
Congenital midline cervical cleft and web (CMCC-W) is a rare anomaly with about 100-150 cases described in the literature. The typical CMCC consists of midline groove of atrophic, erythematous skin with a skin protuberance cranially, and a subcutaneous blind sinus tract on the lower end of so-called cleft. Subcutaneous fibro-muscular band is located underneath, causing the web. Isolated CMCW, as one of the cleft types, includes only subcutaneous band and submental skin prominence. We analyzed a series of 11 patients with CMCC-W during the 12-year period (July 1998-June 2010). Treatment outcomes were evaluated according to precisely established diagnosis (differential diagnosis of anomalies and diseases of midline neck) and analysis of postoperative functional and aesthetic features (value of cervico-mental angle (CMA), head and neck extension (HNE) and characteristics of the scar). The results of the surgical treatment using multiple Z-plasty technique with 4-10 skin flaps were compared with Sistrunk procedure in patients with thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) (total of 128 patients in the series). Since a great number of patients had different forms of anomaly, the cases were divided into types (I-IV) and subtypes. Regarding embryo pathogenesis, appearance and histopathology, there was a clear difference between CMCC and TGDC. A cleft is defined, due to descriptive embryology, as a failure of the second (sometimes and first) pharyngeal arches to fuse in the midline. Compression of the heart and postponed extension of the neck played an important role during development period. Skin prominence was a rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma in all our patients. Histopathology of the caudal sinus indicated the bronchogenic origin. The normal CMA and complete HNE were not achieved by the operation of CMCC-W. TGDC operation effects more CMA than HNE, but the values are closer to control group than in children having a cleft. Scars, especially oblique parts of Z plasty, after the operation CMCC-W were worse than after TGDC (parametric tests showed lesser difference). Hypoplasia of the mandible and vertical soft-tissue deficit of the anterior neck have a great impact on aesthetics and functionality of the head and neck after cleft surgery. New operative technique (two level transverse elliptical excision and incision or step incision – with the additional Z-plasty of platysma) was applied in two patients (at the end of the analysis of the results in the study) gives a new hope regarding better postoperative results.

L'etude dont il est question s'interesse, d'une part aux caracteristiques intrinseques du discours procedural, d'autre part aux divers facteurs pouvant expliquer la construction de la coherence par differents types de locuteurs adultes qui resolvent cette tache verbale complexe en langue maternelle (lm) et en langue etrangere (le). Il s'agissait pour tous les locuteurs de faire assembler des objets en bois presents dans la situation. Les donnees collectees ont ete etablies de la maniere suivante : un groupe a resolu la tache verbale complexe en francais, un autre groupe en anglais. A l'interieur de chaque groupe, certains ont resolu la tache en langue maternelle et d'autres en langue etrangere. Enfin chaque locuteur a resolu la meme tache dans deux situations d'interaction differentes, en presence de son interlocuteur, puis seul devant un magnetophone cette triple comparaison a permis d'etablir quelles sont les grandes composantes du discours procedural, ainsi que les contraintes qui prevalent dans la constitution de la trame, squelette du discours. Par ailleurs, la comparaison des realisations des francais et des americains a mis en evidence une difference dans la conceptualisation de la tache. Ceci implique que dans une meme langue, les locuteurs francophones et anglophones operent une selection distincte de moyens linguistiques. Enfin, la comparaison des realisations des natifs (lm) et des alloglottes (le) met en lumiere differentes strategies : si dans un premier temps, les alloglottes montrent des principes de structuration neutres par rapport aux specificites des langues en contact, dans les stades plus avances la combinatoire est d'abord influencee par la langue maternelle pour ensuite s'approcher progressivement de celle operee par les natifs. Il reste que l'influence de la langue maternelle lors de la conceptualisation de la tache reste pertinente meme a des stades tres avances. Ces resultats doivent contribuer a une meilleure comprehension des liens entre conceptualisation et formulation en production langagiere, et ceci a differents niveaux de maitrise de la langue, et egalement a l'elaboration d'un modele d'analyse du discours
The present study focusses on the use of grammatical means to establish coherence in a specific verbal task -giving instructions to assemble wooden blocks by means of wooden knots and bolts. Specifically a comparaison is made between the productions of native and non native speakers in english and french. Speakers of french and american english show preferences for different discourse organisation principles. These preferences result from the specific constraints imposed by the code at different levels of the language production process : in particular the interaction between concpetualisation and formulation (levelt). The productions of non native speakers display different strategies at work. Less advanced learners are capable of organizing such a task in a language neutral way, and only in more advanced stages does one find learners using discourse organisational means, transferred either from their source language, or approximating the specific organisation of the target language. The results underline the methodological necessity for acquisition studies to take into consideration both native speaker performances and the specific constraints imposed by the verbal task itself, and also contributes to the analysis of the specific type of discourse required