Academic literature on the topic 'Procedures of simplification'

Introdução: O licenciamento sanitário é o ato legal que permite o funcionamento de estabelecimentos que desempenhem atividades sujeitas à vigilância sanitária, sendo competência dos estados, do Distrito Federal e dos municípios. A publicação da RDC Anvisa nº 153, de 26 de abril de 2017, estabeleceu critérios nacionais para classificação de risco, simplificação e harmonização para o licenciamento sanitário. Objetivo: Obter informações sobre o processo de licenciamento sanitário adotado nos municípios brasileiros e avaliar a implementação e adoção dos critérios da RDC nº 153/2017 pelas Vigilâncias Sanitárias (Visa) municipais. Método: As informações foram obtidas por meio de um formulário virtual semiestruturado enviado por e-mail aos órgãos de Visa municipais. Resultados: Ao todo, 2.111 municípios enviaram informações acerca do conhecimento e da implementação da normativa, além dos procedimentos adotados para o licenciamento sanitário, tais como: momento de análise documental e inspeção sanitária, cobrança de taxa, tempo médio para concessão de licença sanitária, informatização e integração à Rede Nacional para a Simplificação do Registro e da Legalização de Empresas e Negócios (Redesim). Conclusões: Apesar de a normativa ser amplamente conhecida, apenas 15,4% dos órgãos de Visa municipais respondentes adotam procedimentos simplificados para concessão da licença sanitária para atividades econômicas até então denominadas de baixo risco. Além disso, ratificou-se a relevância estadual na coordenação das Visa municipais e, considerando a cobrança de taxa para emissão da licença sanitária pela maioria dos municípios brasileiros, verificou-se potencial impacto na arrecadação destes com a publicação da Lei da Liberdade Econômica. À Anvisa cabe a articulação com o Governo Federal e a proposição de programas que auxiliem a articulação entre os órgãos locais, para que promovam a troca de experiências, cooperação mútua e fortalecimento do Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária.

A rapid, easy to handling and sensitive RNA preparation procedure, RNA release protocol was described here for the detection of Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) and Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) by RT-PCR. Comparing total RNA extraction protocol, RNA release protocol give raised similar rate of ASPV and ASGV detection within the field-grown apple cultivars. Among sampling plant tissues, the bud leaf and leaf (during blossom) were showed efficient tissues for the routine detection, regardless the using RNA preparation procedures.

The article is devoted to the substantiation of the structure of the decision support system for the simplification of control procedures at road checkpoints across the state border. As a result of the research, the structure of the decision support system for simplification of control procedures at road checkpoints is proposed. The structure is based on the analysis of the border control process at road checkpoints and technological features of its simplification, analysis of decision support models for the organization and technology of border control simplification, as well as analysis of problematic aspects of their implementation and identification of possible solutions. The article substantiates that the basis of the database management system models of the studied decision support system should be a model for determining the need for simplification of border control at road checkpoints, a model for determining the duration of simplification of border control and a model for selecting appropriate control actions for individuals and vehicles. queues. The basis of the database management system of the studied decision support system should be databases relating to the situation at the checkpoint, which changes dynamically over time, the characteristics of the queue of vehicles, tactical and technical characteristics of those vehicles from which the queue may be formed. car checkpoint, departmental database "Gart - 1 P", a database concerning the rules of crossing the state border, a database of information signs of offenses at the state border and risk profiles.

This paper describes the use of computational geometry concepts in the digital cartography. It presents an importance of 2D geometric structures, geometric operations and procedures for automated or semi automated simplification process. This article is focused on automated building simplification procedures, some techniques are illustrated and discussed. Concrete examples with the requirements to the lowest time complexity, emphasis on the smallest area enclosing rectangle, convex hull or self intersection procedures, are given. Presented results illustrate the relationship of digital cartography and computational geometry.

The Institute of simplified proceedings was introduced into the civil procedure legislation in March 2016 and was to increase justice availability, court procedures optimization, its precipitation and simplification. It certainly corresponds to the basic postulates of procedural economy principles, which in turn imply the effectiveness of the court’s protection of citizens’ violated rights and freedoms by saving financial and necessary for the case consideration time resources. This article is devoted to analysis of the Institute of simplified proceedings, problems associated with procedural rules application in the context of the procedural economy principle, as well as improving this procedural institution ability.

The recent review of the eia Directive was launched as part of the ‘better regulation’ agenda with the purpose to simplify procedures and reduce administrative burdens. This was combined with an attempt to further harmonise procedures in order address shortcomings in the Directive and to overcome implementation gaps in the Member States. Yet, the result illustrates the difficulties of reconciling simplification and harmonisation considering also the need for flexibility at Member State level. Despite some elements of harmonisation and potential simplification the revised Directive leaves room for different interpretations on core issues. This is likely to result in diverging practices in the Member States as well as in further litigation on eia matters. It is argued that at least from the outset the review of the eia Directive missed out on a more thorough discussion of fundamental issues linked to the character and scope of eia such as the important distinction between the procedural functions of information gathering and participation as opposed to the substantive outcomes in terms of reducing or avoiding adverse effects. A careful discussion of the basics of eia might have provided a better option for reconciling the objectives of simplification, harmonisation and flexibility rather than lumping everything together as simplification under the ‘better regulation’ label.

Introduction. The article emphasizes that the current features of the implementation of foreign economic activity require consideration of two factors that are contradictory to each other. In particular, on the one hand, the growth of external threats is forcing the governments of many countries to tighten control measures when crossing the state border of goods and commercial vehicles. On the other hand, according to international conventions and agreements (Kyoto Convention, WMO Framework Standards for Security, WTO Facilitation Agreement), measures to reduce the interference of regulatory authorities in the operational activities of economic operators are envisaged. In this context, the use of risk-oriented customs control tools, which allow simplifying business without reducing the level of national security, is becoming especially important. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to generalize and systematize foreign and domestic approaches to simplification of customs procedures through the use of risk-oriented instruments of customs control, as well as to develop their own proposals for simplification of foreign trade entities in the domestic regulatory field by using subject-oriented criteria. Results. The authors analyzed the provisions of the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures, the Framework Standards for Security and Facilitation of International Trade, the WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation, which are provided for significant simplification of international trade procedures by reducing the share of customs inspections and controls. Сustoms security, customs clearance of goods and vehicles on the territory of the subjects of foreign economic activity or in another place permitted by the customs, without the direct participation of customs officials. These measures are based on the widespread use of risk-oriented instruments of customs control. It is noted that some of the provisions of international conventions and agreements on the use of risk-oriented instruments of customs control and simplification of economic operators have been implemented in domestic customs legislation, namely Art. 320 of the Customs Code of Ukraine introduced selective customs control, it is determined that the forms and scope of control sufficient to ensure compliance with legislation on state customs and international treaties of Ukraine in customs clearance are selected by customs (customs posts) based on the results of risk management. Conclusion. The study analyzes the peculiarities of the customs risk management system application in customs control in Ukraine, and offers proposals for the use of subject-oriented criteria of customs control as a simplification for honest economic operators to reduce the selectivity of risk profiles ASUR.

This study was an attempt to comparatively investigate the effects of lexical modification models (simplification vs. elaboration) on developing EFL learners‟ vocabulary knowledge in relation to their language proficiency level. To this end, 40 EFL learners were divided into two levels (i.e. elementary and pre-intermediate) based on their performance on the Nelson proficiency test. They were further categorized into two simplification and elaboration groups. The pertinent treatments were rendered through simplification and elaboration models of modification. Two-way ANOVA was run to address the research questions. The findings revealed that not only do input modification procedures significantly affect vocabulary development but also the elaboration group outperformed the simplification group. Moreover, it was revealed that language proficiency level plays a significant role in determining the effects of modification procedures as the pre-intermediate group significantly outperformed the elementary one; then, elaboration in both groups and pre-intermediate as a proficiency level proved to play a significant role in the process of modification-based vocabulary development.

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This research has as objective to get a systematic diagnosis of the main errors and difficulties revealed for pupils of Basic Ensino and Average Ensino in the simplification of arithmetical and algebraic fractions. They had been selected, for the inquiry, one 8ª series of Basic Ensino and one 1ª series of Average Ensino of two public schools of the Region West, of the city of São Paulo. We assume as referencial theoretician the happened ones of research where Algebra, in these levels of education, must search its beddings in the laws of the Arithmetic. However, it does not reduce it to a generalization of these laws, a time that algebraic the conceptual system incorporates elements and Inter-relations with proper characteristics. The data had been gotten by means of period of training in a classroom of each one of the mentioned series, application of a test and interviews. The main conclusions point with respect to one high number of errors in the simplification of algebraic fractions that disclose a incompreensão of the formal rules that regulate these transformations. Between these, a predominance of errors due to a generalization of rules of a situation for another one occurs, without an analysis of the conditions that validate this generalization. They disclose in the treatment of the arithmetical expressions a predominance of automatically carried through computational procedures, without a reflection on the nature of the task proposal; they indicate, still, an absence of integration between the arithmetical and algebraic conceptual domínios
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo obter um diagnóstico sistemático dos principais erros e dificuldades manifestados por alunos do Ensino Fundamental e do Ensino Médio na simplificação de frações aritméticas e algébricas. Foram selecionadas, para a investigação, uma 8ª série do Ensino Fundamental e uma 1ª série do Ensino Médio de duas escolas públicas da Região Oeste, da cidade de São Paulo. Assumimos como referencial teórico os advindos de pesquisas em que a Álgebra, nesses níveis de ensino, deve buscar seus fundamentos nas leis da Aritmética. Entretanto, não o reduz a uma generalização dessas leis, uma vez que o sistema conceitual algébrico incorpora elementos e inter-relações com características próprias. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de estágio em uma classe de cada uma das séries mencionadas, de aplicação de uma prova e de entrevistas. As principais conclusões apontam para um elevado número de erros na simplificação de frações algébricas que revelam uma incompreensão das regras formais que regulamentam essas transformações. Entre esses, ocorre uma predominância de erros devidos a uma generalização de regras de uma situação para outra, sem uma análise das condições que validam essa generalização. Revelam no tratamento das expressões aritméticas um predomínio de procedimentos computacionais realizados automaticamente, sem uma reflexão sobre a natureza da tarefa proposta; indicam, ainda, uma ausência de integração entre os domínios conceituais aritméticos e algébricos

La modélisation intégrée du système d’assainissement urbain offre la flexibilité nécessaire pour développer des solutions qui bénéficient le plus au système global, en mettant l'accent sur la quantité et la qualité de l'eau, Les modèles intégrés offrent des avantages par rapport aux modèles traditionnels des sous-systèmes individuels en facilitant l’analyse efficace des interactions entre ces différents systèmes individuels (c.-à-d. les bassins versants, les égouts, les stations d’épuration et les eaux réceptrices) dans une seule plateforme de modélisation. La complexité réduite de ce type de modèle diminue le fardeau de calcul par rapport à leurs homologues détaillés, ce qui permet une plus large gamme d'évaluations telles que l'analyse de scénarios, l'optimisation par contrôle en temps réel et l’analyse d'incertitude par approche Monte Carlo. Le potentiel de créer ces types de modèles intégrés représentatifs a été démontré dans de multiples études, mais les méthodes existantes pour développer ces modèles ne sont pas bien établies ni bien documentées et nécessitent donc un grand effort pour chaque nouveau cas d’étude. De plus, l'absence d'une méthode standardisée pour représenter la partie du modèle qui simule la quantité d'eau limite l'application de ces modèles pour des études de qualité de l'eau. Bien que la recherche soit nécessaire pour développer et optimiser toutes les méthodologies impliquées dans le développement de modèles intégrés de systèmes d'eaux usées urbaines, ce projet se concentre sur les modèles conceptuels simplifiés des bassins versants et des égouts pour la quantité d'eau. L'objectif de cette étude était de développer une procédure structurée pour traduire des modèles hydrologiques et hydrauliques détaillés en modèles conceptuels simplifiés utilisés dans la modélisation du système intégré des eaux usées urbaines. L'objectif était d'améliorer la répétabilité, la flexibilité et l'efficacité de l'approche générale, indépendamment de la plateforme de modélisation choisie. Cette tâche a été réalisée en extrayant les principales étapes et considérations tout en construisant deux modèles conceptuels simplifiés d'une étude de cas au centre d'Ottawa, au Canada. La partie urbaine centrale (6 400 ha) d'un modèle détaillé PCSWMM de la Ville d'Ottawa, contenant une combinaison d'égouts séparés, partiellement séparés et combinés, a été utilisée comme modèle de référence dans cette étude de cas. La tâche principale consistait à déterminer comment traduire ce modèle détaillé en modèle conceptuel simplifié de manière structurée, systématique et répétable en utilisant WEST comme plateforme. La procédure développée suit une séquence similaire à celle des protocoles examinés dans la revue de la littérature, tout en tenant compte des spécificités liées à l'agrégation des bassins versants et des égouts. Les quatre phases principales sont la définition du projet, le développement du modèle, la calibration et la validation. Deux versions du modèle conceptuel ont été créées : le premier a d'abord été créé avec un certain niveau d'agrégation, tandis que le deuxième était plus agrégé que le premier modèle, avec environ la moitié du nombre de bloques et de réservoirs. Les deux modèles ont été calibrés et comparés au modèle détaillé. Les résultats des simulations ont montré que le volume total et la dynamique des débits calculés par les modèles conceptuels ont bien émulé ceux du modèle détaillé (< < 10% de différence), tout en fournissant une réduction significative du temps de calcul (10 à 80 fois). La réduction du temps de simulation pour le modèle le plus agrégé n'était pas équivalente au niveau d'agrégation augmentée, principalement parce qu’il y a une quantité de code qui est présente dans les deux codes et prend donc le même temps de calcul. Comme généralement anticipé, des différences plus grandes, mais acceptables, ont été observées en validation. Ces différences ont été attribuées à plusieurs facteurs, tels que le manque de calibration avec des données sur une période longue, les représentations simplifiées des structures spéciales, les différences entre les mécanismes utilisés dans les modèles détaillés et conceptuels pour représenter le durée de pluie, et la configuration du code de modèle. Dans l'ensemble, la validation a été une réussite étant donné que la calibration a été effectuée à l'aide d'événements de courte durée alors que la validation a utilisé une longue série de données. En général, la procédure conçue a permis de réduire le travail manuel associé à la construction d'un modèle et à bien structurer la façon de construire des modèles conceptuels. Des connaissances pour chacune des différentes phases de modélisation ont également été acquises tout au long du processus du développement des deux modèles. Dans la phase ‹‹ Définition du projet ››, les objectifs du modèle conceptuel ont guidé la méthode de développement et de calibration du modèle. Les bassins versants et les égouts ont été délimités simultanément dans la phase de ‹‹ Développement du modèle ››, tout en tenant compte des emplacements des structures hydrauliques clés, des pluviomètres et des structures de débordement. La phase de ‹‹ Calibration ›› a permis l'avancement le plus systématique étant donné qu'un bon ordre de calibration a été défini et un ensemble limité de paramètres a été ciblé pour chacune des étapes de calibration. La phase de ‹‹ Validation ›› s'est révélée essentielle pour repérer des lacunes dans les hypothèses de base et les valeurs calibrées, afin de déterminer si le modèle est prêt à être utilisé ou doit être modifié. Une procédure efficace et structurée qui traduit les représentations des bassins versants urbains et des égouts de modèles détaillés en modèles intégrés conceptuels a été développée et appliquée avec succès à une étude de cas. Comme démontré dans ce projet, l'application de la procédure structurée mènera au développement efficace de modèles intégrés représentatifs, ce qui augmentera leur utilisation potentielle pour tester des scénarios réalistes. Pour raffiner et améliorer la procédure formulée, il est recommandé de l'appliquer à d’autres études de cas.
Modelling urban wastewater networks within integrated systems, focusing on both water quantity and quality, introduces flexibility to develop solutions with greatest benefit to the overall system. Integrated models provide benefits over traditional single sub-system models by facilitating efficient analysis of interactions between the individual components of urban water systems (i.e. catchments, sewers, treatment plants, and receiving waters) within a single modelling platform. The reduced complexity of this type of model decreases the computational burden compared to their detailed counterparts. This allows for a wider range of assessments such as scenario-testing, RTC optimization, and Monte Carlo uncertainty analyses. The potential to create these types of representative integrated models was proven in multiple studies, however, the current methods to develop these models are not well-established nor well documented, and therefore require significant work for each case study. Furthermore, the lack of a standardized method to represent the water quantity portion limits the wide-scale application of such models for water quality studies. Although research is required to further develop and optimize all methodologies involved with building Integrated Urban Wastewater System (IUWS) models, this project focuses on the simplified catchment and sewer conceptual models for water quantity. The objective of this study was to develop a structured procedure to translate detailed hydrologic and hydraulic models into the simplified conceptual models used in IUWS modelling. The aim was to improve repeatability, flexibility and efficiency of the general approach, regardless of chosen modelling platforms. This task was achieved by extracting the key steps and considerations while building two simplified conceptual models of a case study in central Ottawa, Canada. The central urban portion (6,400 ha) of a calibrated detailed PCSWMM model of the City of Ottawa, containing a mix of separated, partially-separated and combined sewer areas, was used as the reference model in this case study. The main task involved determining how to translate this detailed model into simplified conceptual models, using WEST as the platform, in a structured, systematic and repeatable way. The resultant developed procedure follows a similar sequence as the protocols reviewed in the literature review, while taking into consideration specifics related to aggregating catchments and sewers. The four main phases of this thesis are Project Definition, Model Development, Calibration and Validation. Two versions of the lumped model were created; the first was created with a certain level of aggregation, while the second was a further aggregation of the first model, resulting in about half the number of blocks and reservoirs. Both models were calibrated and compared to the detailed model as well as to each other. The simulation results showed that the volume and dynamics (ie. the shape of the hydrographs) of the conceptual models emulated those of the detailed model well (< < 10% differences), while providing a significant reduction in simulation-time speed-up (10 to 80 times faster than the detailed model). The simulation time reduction in the more aggregated model was not equivalent to the increased level of aggregation, mostly due to the fixed amount of basic calculation required in each model. As generally expected, larger but acceptable differences were found during the validation period compared to the calibration period. These differences were attributed to several factors, such as the lack of a long-time series calibration, oversimplified representations of special structures, the different mechanisms in the detailed and conceptual models used to represent wet weather flow, and the configuration of the model code. Overall, the validation was successful given the fact that the calibration was performed using events whereas the validation used an extended time series of 45 days. In general, the devised procedure helped reduce the manual labour associated with building a model and structured the approach to build the conceptual models. General findings from the various identified phases were also documented throughout the model building process. In the Project Definition phase, the conceptual model’s objectives guided the method of model development and calibration. The catchments and sewers were delineated concurrently in the Model Development phase, while taking into consideration the locations of the key hydraulic structures, raingauges and overflows. The Calibration phase allowed for the most systematic advancement of the model build, given that a good calibration order was defined and a limited set of parameters was targeted in each successive run. The Validation phase proved critical in pinpointing deficiencies in the initial assumptions and calibrated values, thus determining whether the model is ready for use or needs to be modified through one of the preceding phases. An efficient and structured procedure that translates catchment and sewer representations from detailed to conceptual models in IUWS was developed and successfully applied to a case study. As demonstrated in this project, applying the proposed structured procedure will lead to the efficient development of representative IUWS models, thus increasing their potential use to test real-life scenarios. To challenge and improve the formulated procedure, applying it to multiple case studies is recommended.

The video games, simulators and virtual reality industry increasingly demands more complex and realistic natural environments, which makes manual generation difficult. To solve it, procedural techniques have been developed, but the lack of control of the result is a problem. In addition, these environments need real-time visualization techniques that allow managing the result. The main objective of this thesis is to present several methods to control the result of procedural generation and improve its visualization. On the one hand, a noise-based procedural terrain generation method is presented, which allows the result to be controlled by height restrictions. In addition, an automatic method of distribution of plant elements is introduced that respects their biological restrictions. Finally, a multiresolution model is presented that allows real-time visualization of the environment. The model includes a foliage simplification technique based on mutual information between points of view.
La industria de los videojuegos, simuladores y realidad virtual cada vez demanda entornos naturales más complejos y realistas, lo que dificulta la generación manual. Para resolverlo, se han desarrollado técnicas procedurales, pero la falta de control del resultado es un problema. Además, estos entornos necesitan técnicas de visualización en tiempo real que permitan manejar el resultado. El principal objetivo de esta tesis es presentar varios métodos para controlar el resultado de la generación procedimental y mejorar su visualización. Por un lado, se presenta un método de generación de terrenos procedimental basado en ruido, que permite controlar el resultado mediante restricciones de altura. Además, se introduce un método automático de distribución de elementos vegetales que respeta sus restricciones biológicas. Finalmente, se presenta un modelo multirresolución que permite la visualización en tiempo real del entorno. El modelo incluye una técnica de simplificación de follaje basada en información mutua entre puntos de vista.

L’étude de l’agrément en droit des sociétés révèle que les règles l’encadrant ne sont pas exemptes de lacunes ou d’incohérences. Ces dernières résultent notamment de leur édiction dispersée, dans des textes légaux ou réglementaires, au cas par cas, individuellement pour chaque forme sociale. En outre, leur intelligibilité est amoindrie par la corrélation parfois faite par la loi entre les règles de son domaine et ses formalités procédurales. De cet ensemble découle une certaine complexité, incompatible avec le besoin de sécurité juridique requise pour exécuter toute procédure. En l’occurrence, l’atteinte à la liberté ne réside plus dans l’absence de forme protectrice mais, paradoxalement, dans un formalisme trop pointilleux, dont l’application suscite un important contentieux. Néanmoins, le constat de la présence éventuelle de l’intuitu personae dans l’ensemble des sociétés suggère la possibilité d’unifier le domaine de l’agrément et, corrélativement, de simplifier sa mise en œuvre, grâce à l’élaboration d’un droit commun. À cette fin, une conception contractuelle des rapports sociaux donne de nombreuses clés de résolution des problèmes posés actuellement par son régime. Cette analyse faite du droit positif ne remet pas pour autant en cause le juste équilibre établi par la loi au nom de l’ordre public sociétaire. Celui-ci s’exprime par l’exigence du respect de formalités et d’obligations visant à protéger tant la société que son associé cédant. Au contraire même, ce point de vue permet de dégager les champs d’intervention réservés au législateur ne portant atteinte ni à la substance des droits de l’associé, ni aux concepts juridiques de droit commun. Cette méthode de traitement des difficultés soulevées aboutit à une reconstruction de la législation de l’agrément, davantage intelligible, augurant par là-même, une perspective concrète de création d’un droit français des sociétés fermées
The study of corporate law certification reveals that the rules governing it are not free from gaps or inconsistencies. The latter result notably from their dispersed enactment, in legal or regulatory texts, on a case by case basis, individually for each social form. In addition, their intelligibility is diminished by the correlation sometimes made between the rules of his field and his procedural formalities. From this set flows a certain complexity, incompatible with the need for legal certainty required to execute any procedure. In this case, the infringement of liberty does not lie in the absence of a protective form but, paradoxically, in a formalism that is too fussy, the application of which gives rise to a serious dispute. Nevertheless, the observation of the possible presence of intuitu personae in all societies suggests the possibility of unifying the field of accreditation and, correspondingly, of simplifying its implementation, thanks to the elaboration of a common right. To this end, a contractual conception of social relations gives many keys to solving the problems currently posed by his regime. This analysis of positive law does not, however, call into question the proper balance established by law, aimed at protecting both society and its assigning partner, in the name of public societal order. Quite to the contrary, this point of view reinforces the effectiveness of the rule since the fields of intervention reserved to the legislator do not infringe either the substance of the rights of the partner or the legal concepts of the law. common right. This method of dealing with the difficulties raised leads to a reconstruction of the legislation of accreditation, which is more intelligible, thus auguring a concrete perspective of creation of a French law of closed companies, independent of any political instrumentalization

O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar como o consenso tem sido utilizado para abreviar, interromper ou encerrar antecipadamente o procedimento criminal. A inserção do consenso ou dos acordos entre acusação e defesa nos sistemas jurídicos de civil law exigiu a abertura de espaços de oportunidade ao exercício da ação penal (princípio da legalidade), e tem contribuído para a superação da ideia de que todo o processo penal deve contar sempre com as fases preliminar, intermediária e decisória. O estudo de Direito Comparado revela como Itália, Alemanha e Espanha incorporaram as soluções negociadas norte-americanas em seus respectivos ordenamentos, ora oferecendo soluções diversionistas à aplicação da lei penal, ora admitindo que a declaração de culpa e a consequente aplicação da pena tomem em conta o acordo firmado entre acusação e defesa. A pesquisa prossegue com a averiguação dos principais óbices à admissibilidade dos acordos no processo penal, notadamente a eventual violação aos direitos ao silêncio e de não produzir prova contra si mesmo, e a suposta privatização do processo com a admissão de uma verdade consensuada. Diante deste cenário internacional, analisam-se as alterações legislativas levadas a efeito pelo Brasil para admitir os acordos em seu processo penal, bem como a principal inovação no projeto de novo Código Processual Penal brasileiro: os acordos penais. O estudo conclui que o consenso não é incompatível com os princípios e valores do devido processo legal, mas reconhece a necessidade de aprimoramento dos mecanismos de controle judicial daquele, salvaguardas essas que não só protegem o acusado mas também reforçam a natureza pública e indisponível do processo penal.
The purpose of the present study is to analyze how the consensus has been used to shorten, interrupt or close the criminal procedure in advance. The insertion of consensus or agreements between prosecution and defense in the civil law legal systems has required the opening of opportunities for criminal prosecution (the principle of legality), and has contributed to overcoming the idea that all criminal proceedings must always have the preliminary, intermediate and decision-making phases. The Comparative Law Study reveals how Italy, Germany, and Spain incorporated US negotiated solutions into their respective jurisdictions, sometimes offering diversionary solutions to the application of criminal law, or assuming that the guilty plea and the consequent application of the penalty take into account the agreement between accusation and defense. The investigation proceeds with the investigation of the main obstacles to the admissibility of the agreements in criminal proceedings, namely the possible violation of the rights to silence and of not producing evidence against itself, and the supposed privatization of the process with the admission of a truth agreed upon. In view of this international scenario, we analyze the legislative changes carried out in Brazil to admit the agreements in the criminal process, as well as the main innovation present in the draft new Brazilian Criminal Procedure Code: penal agreements. The study concludes that consensus is not inconsistent with the principles and values of due process, but recognizes the need to improve judicial control mechanisms, which safeguards not only protect the accused but also reinforce the public nature and unavailability of criminal proceedings.

The opening of Peru to foreign markets in the past 20 years is a consequence of the signature of several Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with our main partners in business, both on a bilateral and multilateral level. In this article, on the one hand, important changes to customs regulations concerning obligations arose from the signature of several FTA will be analyzed and, on the other hand, a comparative analysis regarding regulations about facilitation of commerce and customs procedures contained in FTA signed with our main Asian partners in business will be developed.
La política de apertura comercial que el Perú ha venido impulsando desde hace más de 20 años ha originado la suscripción de sendos acuerdos comerciales con nuestros principales socios comerciales tanto a nivel bilateral como multilateral. En el presente artículo, de un lado, se desarrollan los importantes cambios generados en la normativa aduanera con ocasión de las obligaciones emanadas de la suscripción por parte del Perú de diversos TLC; y, de otro, se efectúa un análisis comparativo de las disposiciones en materia de facilitación del comercio y procedimientos aduaneros contenidas en los TLC suscritos con nuestros principales socios comerciales del Asia.

In this academic article, the author analyzes the administrative simplification mechanisms implemented in the Law of General Administrative Procedure, 27444, as amended by Legislative Decree 1272, and in the recent Law of Prevention and Elimination of Bureaucratic Barriers, Legislative Decree 1256. Thus, it can be seen that both laws have taken into account the recommendations of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in order to (i) alleviate the burdens imposed on the citizens in the development of administrative procedures, (ii) empower the Office of the President of the Council of Ministers in order to implement administrative simplification measures and to monitor compliance by entities, and (iii) eliminate bureaucratic barriers in our legal framework.
En el presente artículo, la autora analiza los mecanismos de simplificación administrativa implementados en la Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General, Ley 27444, modificada por el Decreto Legislativo 1272, y en la reciente Ley de Prevención y Eliminación de Barreras Burocráticas, Decreto Legislativo 1256. Así, se podrá evidenciar que ambas normas han tomado en consideración las recomendaciones de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) para (i) alivianar las cargas impuestas a los administrados en el desarrollo de los procedimientos administrativos, (ii) empoderar a la Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros para que implemente medidas adicionales de simplificación administrativa y supervise el cumplimiento por parte de las entidades, y (iii) eliminar las barreras burocráticas en nuestro ordenamiento.

A promoção da justiça é determinada por inúmeras variáveis, dentre as quais a dinâmica de seu exercício. No Brasil, as críticas referentes à morosidade processual culminaram em reformas no Código de Processo Civil (CPC), desde seu surgimento, na década de 1930, até à contemporaneidade. O objetivo de criar institutos para proporcionar a celeridade foi um dos principais motivos de sua reforma, alçada na simplificação e eficiência, portanto, relacionado com a economicidade. A partir desse contexto tem-se como objetivo desta dissertação apresentar os aspectos da lei processual civil brasileira ao longo de sua história, coadunados com a dinâmica processual e estabelecendo comparação contemporânea com a aplicação do Código de Processo Civil de 2013, no âmbito do ordenamento jurídico de Portugal. Como metodologia para o desenvolvimento deste estudo se recorre à pesquisa bibliográfica na doutrina e legislação, a saber: os Códigos de Processo Civil brasileiros de 1939, 1973 e 2015, além de jurisprudência correlata, no contexto do direito português atual empregando-se a Lei n.º 41/2013, de 26 de junho1 (novo Código de Processo Civil), a Lei n.º 42/2016, de 28 de dezembro. O estudo aponta, como resultado, que ao longo da história processual brasileira e portuguesa, o ordenamento jurídico procurou alcançar o interesse social na promoção de uma justiça mais célere e econômica. A conclusão do estudo mostrou que inúmeros institutos foram criados ou sofisticados para atender essa perspectiva, a exemplo das astreintes, com vias à simplificação processual e multas no panorama do ordenamento jurídico português.

This study investigates the possibilities and implications for the teaching of the solving of polynomial equations. It is historically directed and also focusses on the working procedures in algebra which target the cognitive and affective domains. The teaching implications of the development of representational styles of equations and their solving procedures are noted. Since concepts in algebra can be conceived as processes or objects this leads to cognitive obstacles, for example: a limited view of the equal sign, which result in learning and reasoning problems. The roles of sense-making, visual imagery, mental schemata and networks in promoting meaningful understanding are scrutinised. Questions and problems to solve are formulated to promote the processes associated with the solving of polynomial equations, and the solving procedures used by a group of college students are analysed. A teaching model/method, which targets the cognitive and affective domains, is presented.
Mathematics Education
M.A. (Mathematics Education)

碩士
國立中正大學
政治學研究所
100
Public management theories boomed in the 1980’s, claiming that public sector shall learn from administration at private businesses in order to improve the poor performances. In light of motor vehicle office institutes, Ministry of Transportation and Communications consigned Jin Zhan Co., Ltd. to conduct “report on satisfaction survey on service quality of motor and vehicle offices, Directorate-General of Highways. From which, one can see performances from efforts of the government. The public was satisfied with better efficiency and service quality. Yet, Directorate-General of Highways governs vehicles and drivers in Taiwan and has direct contact with vehicle owners and road users, which has much to do with security of transportation in daily life. Therefore, services at motor and vehicle offices significantly affect viewpoints and impressions of the public on the government. Since the 1980’s, technical innovation has been introduced to simplify the work. Cognition and evaluation is required to know if such measures do satisfy needs of the public to be reference of improving service quality. Suggestions are given to the government subject to comments of the public, results and people’s suggestions: 1. to exert the spirit of navigator in place of controller of the government, 2. principles of openness and transparency, and 3. principles of due audit and supervision. Suggestions to motor and vehicle offices: 1. due promotion on innovation in work by personnel to develop individuals’ potential and innovation abilities, 2. improving personnel’s service quality and job satisfaction for better overall service performance for the public, 3. distracting people’s attention while waiting, 4. enhancing services of voice, network, transfer, communication, fax and consignment, 5. higher budget for required facilities, 6. improving outside traffic of offices, 7. completing outsourcing supervision and audit system on vehicles, 8. amending inappropriate laws and regulations, 9. simplifying procedures by brainstorming, 10. enhancing publicity of new measures, and 11. training positive attitudes of personnel due to “downsizing”issues from outsourcing. Suggestions to personnel: 1. aggressive participation in R&D to develop potential and improve innovation at work, 2. improving innovation thoughts in job commitment and 3. having appropriate leisure activities to release pressure. Keywords: simplified procedures, facilitating services for people, service quality

AbstractUnlike other methods for theorem proving modulo with constrained clauses [12, 13], equational theorem proving modulo with constrained clauses along with its simplification techniques has not been well studied. We introduce a basic paramodulation calculus modulo equational theories E satisfying certain properties of E and present a new framework for equational theorem proving modulo E with constrained clauses. We propose an inference rule called Generalized E-Parallel for constrained clauses, which makes our inference system completely basic, meaning that we do not need to allow any paramodulation in the constraint part of a constrained clause for refutational completeness. We present a saturation procedure for constrained clauses based on relative reducibility and show that our inference system including our contraction rules is refutationally complete.

Procurement reform, launched in the last few years, offers prospects of consistent and permanent expense saving. The urgency to reduce expenses and achieve a recuperation of efficiency of the public sector suggests the intervention of modernization and reorganization of the acquiring procedures of goods and services of the public administration. This work describes how the new models function, which indicates an important step forward in the reorganization process of the procurement procedure of the public administration, not only in terms of a “new model of management,” but also relative to the “burden,” in terms of contributions towards saving, which is foreseen. The results obtained in terms of savings, the simplification of the procedures of procurement, and initially the levels of service of the State Sector suggest the extension of the new procedure even to other compartments of public expenses, amongst which the healthcare system, whose reform of the policies of acquisition is called upon to combine with both the objectives of public finance and the objectives of re-qualification of the health authority.

Inward and outward processing are customs procedures of considerable economic importance to the EU, as can be seen from the fact that the Annexes to the original Kyoto Convention which dealt with them (E6 and E8 respectively) were amongst some of the earliest accepted by it in 1977. The EU legislation on processing is extensive, but was first considerably simplified in 2001. The process of simplification has been continued under the UCC. The concern to simplify customs law and to align customs procedures with commercial activity has led to processing under the UCC being considerably different from processing under the CCC.

The integration of close-range photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanner enables reality-based modeling procedures that can help BIM modeling for existing buildings. The restitution of virtual models from high-resolution surveys is a complex process that requires much expertise. It incorporates concepts of resolution, accuracy, and precision in the acquisition phase; filtering, registration, and decimation for point cloud elaboration; and meshing, texturing, simplification, segmentation, and feature extraction in the final modeling stage. The previous steps are the same whether the ultimate goal is a classic 2D representation or a 3D one. For BIM modeling, the job becomes challenging because the necessary simplification of the model cannot be automatized and apparently collides with the high resolution and fidelity of original surveyed data. This chapter presents the process of surveying and 3D modeling of the Ghesc village, following the whole path from data acquisition to BIM modeling, discussing strengths and weakness, issues, and recent solutions for restoration interventions.

Model calibration remains a significant topic for both researchers and practitioners in the HVAC field although calibrated building and air handling unit (AHU) models have been used for “measuring” building energy retrofit/commissioning savings, identifying operational problems, and optimizing system operation and control schedules for more than decades. This paper discusses the modeling and simplification of building and AHU systems used in the simplified model calibration process. The paper presents a two-level calibration procedure integrated with energy signatures for simplified building and AHU heating and cooling energy consumption models. The procedures are demonstrated using a detailed example. This procedure can be implemented into computer simulation programs to allow automatic calibration and fault detection in many HVAC engineering processes.

With water lubricated shafts, the point of sealing the shaft needed to be positioned for access and that required a connecting tube to the sealing gland location. With oil lubricated bearings, a tube was required to contain the oil. As more ships are now being fitted with water lubricated bearings, the need for the ubiquitous stern tube becomes questionable. This paper will address the potential for fundamental design changes to vessel construction from the perspective of material cost reduction and the simplification of ship-building procedures, based on elimination of the stern tube. As propulsion systems evolve into increasingly complex packages this initiative toward simplification may have appeal.

The AP1000 is two-loop 1100 MWe advanced pressurized water reactor (PWR) that uses passive safety features to enhance plant safety and to provide significant and measurable improvements in plant simplification, reliability, investment protection and plant costs. The AP1000 uses proven technology, which builds on over 30 years of operating PWR experience. The AP1000 final design certification was approved by the NRC in December, 2005. A total of 34 Emergency Operating Procedures (EOPs) for operation of the AP1000 simulator have been prepared based on the AP1000 Emergency Response Guidelines (ERGs), background information documents and detailed plant information. These include 28 EOPs at power and 6 EOPs during shutdown. The AP1000 ERGs were developed by using the generic ERGs for the low pressure reference PWR plant as a basis. The AP1000 design differences from the reference plant were reviewed and reflected in the process of developing operational steps in each ERG. The provisions of the AP1000 PRA were also reviewed and incorporated into the ERGs. Although the AP1000 design does not require operator actions for the first 72 hours after accidents, the operator actions with both safety-related and nonsafety-related equipment have an important role to mitigate the consequence of accidents. In the event of a steam generator tube rupture (SGTR), although the AP1000 is designed so that no operator actions are required to recover from the event, there are actions that can be taken by the operator to limit the release of radioactive effluents from the ruptured SG. These actions include isolation of the ruptured SG and depressurization of the reactor coolant system (RCS) to terminate primary-to-secondary leakage, restoring reactor coolant inventory to ensure adequate core cooling and plant pressure control. It is expected that these operator actions should be incorporated into the ERG to reduce the fission product release. To support the development of the AP1000 ERGs, several transient and accident analyses were performed. These include analyses for LOCA, post-LOCA cooldown and depressurization, passive safety system termination, SGTR and faulted SG isolation. These analyses results were incorporated into the ERG background information documents. In the event of SGTR, several cases were analyzed, including consideration of operator recovery actions. These cases were modeled using the best-estimate state-of-art RELAP5 code. The analyses results show that operator recovery actions are effective for SGTR to be placed under operator control.

Abstract This paper presents a polynomial solution to the five-position synthesis of spatial cylindrical-cylindrical dyads. The solution procedures start with the simplification of the synthesis equations derived by Tsai and Roth. The simplified equations are solved by Sylvester’s dialytic elimination method to obtain a univariate polynomial equation of degree six, which gives at most 6 CC dyads for the five-position synthesis. A numerical example with six real solutions is provided.

The seamless flow of goods, people and investments across the Mediterranean necessitates a well-functioning port and transport system. More efficient port operations enhance seamless logistics and promote safety, efficiency, interoperability and interconnectivity of transport networks in the Mediterranean area.To promote the exchange of knowledge and expertise relevant to port and customs procedures and simplification of clearance for vessels and cargoes in the Mediterranean, the MEDNET project was launched. As part of the project a common evaluation framework for the performance of ports in the form of a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) together with a list of the best practices in terms of operations and customs procedures was developed.In total, 50 ports were analyzed and given a KPI regarding traffic, financial, operational and human resources, sustainability and customs procedures. The values were latter crossed with the current good practices on operation in terms of customs procedures. And a small correlation between KPIs performance and implantation degree of good practices in customs procedures was found. This presentation exposes the methodology to assess the ports’ performance and the best practices identification.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4221

Hemming is a manufacturing process to fold a sheet onto itself or another sheet. The dimensional defects (roll-in/rollout, warp/recoil, distortion due to springback, etc.) of hems critically impact the perceived quality of automotive exteriors. This paper summarizes the procedures and the results of three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations on curved edge-curved surface hemming of aluminum alloy AA6111-T4PD. A solid-element model is built in ABAQUS using explicit quasi-static finite element (FE) procedure for flanging, pre-hemming and final hemming, and implicit procedure for the corresponding preloading and resulting springback at high simulation cost. Aiming at improving the computational efficiency, various approaches have been taken and tested including using shell elements as alternatives, developing simplified simulation procedure by combining pre- and final hemming in explicit scheme, and further simplification by neglecting intermediate springback analysis. The same conditions are analyzed using shell elements in LS-DYNA, but only final hemming springback is considered. The results of the simplified models are compared with the results of ABAQUS solid-element model with complete procedure. Both accuracy and efficiency of the models are presented and discussed.

Abstract In a failure event, circuit schematic analysis usually follows after fault isolation to increase the success rate. However, analyzing an extracted netlist of the isolated sub-circuit can be messy. Manual circuit translation from layout where the analyst is in control of the cell instance placement is one way to overcome this challenge. Although it is neater and intuitive for analysis, it can be time consuming to create the schematic. To analyze circuits in a systematic manner, cross-mapping between layout and schematic contents is the most commonly recognized approach. However, at times, cross-mapping alone is insufficient and some further simplification procedures are favorable. This paper describes the challenges and illustrates using real case studies, how schematics re-ordering and substitutions can be useful to simplify and enhance circuit analysis. These procedures can be implemented in an automated manner to enhance turnaround time for analysis.

Disassembly sequence planning at the early conceptual stage of design leads to enormous benefits including simplification of products, lower assembly and disassembly costs, and design modifications which result in increased potential profitability of end-of-life salvaging operations. However, in the early design stage, determining the best disassembly sequence is challenging. First, the required information is not readily available and very time-consuming to gather. In addition, the best solution is sometimes counterintuitive, even to those with experience and expertise in disassembly procedures. Integrating analytical models with Immersive Computing Technology (ICT) can help designers overcome these issues. A two-stage procedure for doing so is introduced in this paper. In the first stage, a stochastic programming model together with the information obtained through immersive simulation is applied to determine the optimal disassembly sequence, while considering uncertain outcomes, such as time, cost and the probability of causing damage. In the second stage, ICT is applied as a tool to explore alternative disassembly sequence solutions in an intuitive way. The benefit of using this procedure is to determine the best disassembly sequence, not only by solving the analytic model, but also by capturing human expertise. The designer can apply the obtained results from these two stages to analyze and modify the product design. An example of a Burr puzzle is used to illustrate the application of the method.

Modeling of rotor dynamics is one of the most important parts of gas turbine engine creation process. But the need to understand the system response to design predictable, low maintenance, cost-effective, and optimal systems has driven rotor dynamics to large-order complex rotor system models. These models contain more intricate geometric complexities, bearings, seals, and attached components such as disks, blades, fans, and couplings. All this makes vibration processes more complicated and so they require more calculation resources. That makes such iterative procedures as model updating and optimization difficult. Possible solution for this problem is substructuring. Partitioning of the model to substructures opens up a possibility to verify and update parts of the model independently using modern modal analysis experimental techniques like 3D scanning vibrometry. And then they can be condensed using reduction methods to simplify the whole model. This work demonstrates the possible way of rotor system model updating based on experimental modal analysis via 3D scanning vibrometry and reduction using CMS method. Demonstration of the method is made on a special rotor test rig. The quality of updating and reduction is evaluated by comparing of critical speeds obtained numerically and experimentally. The comparison shows that proposed method is adequate for rotor system model creation and simplification but for constructions with a lot of connections updating procedure should be improved.

Purpose – improving the efficiency of international supply chains via optimizing the functioning of customs terminals. Research methodology – analysis of the performance of customs terminals. Findings – simplification of customs control and customs clearance through the application of electronic customs (e-customs) declarations; brings customs procedures in Ukraine closer to European and world standards and significantly facilitates the work of law-abiding foreign economic entities. Research limitations – today, Ukraine’s customs legislation makes it possible to use electronic declarations (e-declarations) without any restrictions by all willing companies that are registered with the customs authorities and pro-vides for the possibility of filing an e-declaration in all customs regimes without exception. The declarant only needs an electronic digital (e-digital) signature. Upon request, an enterprise may obtain an electronic digital key in the territorial units of the Accredited Key Certification Center for free. Practical implications – a reduction of customs clearance time. Originality/Value – an analysis of the work of customs in the territory of Ukraine was conducted, and measures were proposed to optimize the functioning of customs terminals