Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Procesní pec'

The task of the diploma thesis named VBA and Maple Application on Process Engineering Problems is to show the possibilities of using these programming languages for various engineering tasks. Particularly the programming language Visual Basic for Application (VBA), which is a part of MS Office package, is very little used in practise. That´s why this thesis solves the complex task of a furnaces design process; the topic was reccomended by the supervisor prof. Ing. Josef Kohoutek, CSc. Specifically, the thesis deals with calculations of heat transfer and optimization of the height of extended surfaces of tubes in the convection section of process furnaces. The entire task is elaborated in VBA and runs in Excel. After entering the input information, the created program first calculates the size and heat output of the convection section, but it can also optimize the height of extended surfaces in different parts of the convection section and thus minimize investment costs.

This work thoroughly analyzes a previously created computational model for predicting characteristic properties of the combustion process in an experimental combustion chamber. Any found shortcomings of the original model are removed and the model is further improved prior to its application on 11 real cases of combustion tests performed at various conditions and with various fuels. Data provided by the model are confronted with the data obtained during the combustion tests and the model accuracy is evaluated, based on local heat flux along the length of the combustion chamber. Finally, the overall usefulness of the model is determined by the means of evaluating the acquired accuracy values, and further possibilities of model improvement and use are presented.

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A questão urbana tem sido objeto de estudo das Ciências Sociais há décadas, constituindo-se em terreno fértil de análise diante da multiplicidade de atores, cenários e conflitos motivados por iniquidades. Tomando-se as cidades como o local das oportunidades, não são todos aqueles que têm acesso aos recursos ofertados, sobremaneira as populações mais pobres. A impossibilidade de deslocamento pelo tecido urbano se traduz na limitação do direito de uso da cidade, o que cerceia a possibilidade de desenvolvimento dos cidadãos. Neste contexto, os movimentos sociais passam a desempenhar o papel de trazer para a agenda política, questões que são essenciais para a redução das desigualdades tão facilmente encontradas nas regiões metropolitanas brasileiras. Também aí as Ciências Sociais se debruçam para compreender questões que vão da compreensão acerca da sua morfologia até os efeitos gerados por suas ações. Este estudo se volta à análise, a partir dos conceitos centrais da Teoria do Processo Político (TPP), dos impactos gerados pelas ações de um movimento social urbano, o Movimento Passe Livre (MPL), em torno da pauta da mobilidade e do acesso à cidade. Como eixo central está a tramitação da Proposta de Emenda à Constituição (PEC) nº 90, de 2011, de autoria da deputada federal Luiza Erundina. Divide-se em três partes: i) a compreensão da dinâmica urbana, suas desigualdades e os processos de exclusão; ii) a observação das políticas de mobilidade urbana e de como a segregação se dá por meio da limitação do acesso ao transporte; e iii) a análise do repertório de ações do MPL em defesa do acesso ao transporte; a relação socioestatal e o seu impacto na tramitação da PEC.
The urban issue has been object of study of Social Sciences for decades, being in a rich field of analysis before the multiplicity of actors, scenarios and conflicts motivated by iniquities. Considering cities as a place of opportunities, not everybody has access to the resources offered, especially the poorest populations. The impossibility of urban displacement reflects in the limitation of the city right of use, which limits the possibility of citizens development. In this context, social movements are fundamental to bring to the political agenda issues that are essential for reducing the inequalities so easily found in Brazilian metropolitan regions. Thus, Social Sciences also work to assimilate questions ranging from the understanding of their morphology to the effects generated by their actions. This study is based on the central concepts of Political Process Theory (TPP), the impacts made by the actions of an urban social movement, the Free Pass Movement (MPL), on the agenda of mobility and access to the city. As central axis is the procedure of the Proposed Amendment to Constitution (PEC) No. 90, 2011, authored by federal deputy Luiza Erundina. Thus, it is divided in three parts: i) the understanding of urban dynamics, its inequalities and the processes of exclusion; ii) observation of urban mobility policies and how segregation occurs by limiting access to transport; And iii) analysis of MPL's repertoire of actions in defense of access to transportation, the socioeconomic relationship and its impact on the PEC process.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Direito, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, 2016.
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Esta dissertação examina o processo contínuo de fortalecimento do Supremo Tribunal Federal que dá sinais de um desequilíbrio político-institucional relativo à posição ocupada pela Corte. Esse problema é contraposto pelos caminhos abertos pela PEC 33/2011, que configurou uma raríssima tentativa de resposta estruturada ao referido desequilíbrio que se mostra capaz de prejudicar pontos relevantes da democracia. Nesse sentido se utiliza uma abordagem qualitativa e o desenvolvimento dessa abordagem se faz em vários domínios do espaço jurídico-político, mas em especial o da judicialização da política e do ativismo judicial. O objetivo é provocar um despertamento para a necessidade de um aperfeiçoamento democrático nesse âmbito, no Brasil, que se pretende a partir da: descrição do processo de fortalecimento político-institucional do STF; da delimitação do âmbito desse fortalecimento, ensejado por uma confluência dos demais Poderes e pelo avanço jurisprudencial do próprio STF, em um processo autoalimentado de fortalecimento político-institucional; e evidenciando, a partir do estudo da PEC nº 33/2011, que esse processo implica riscos e prejuízos à democracia.
This dissertation examines the continuous process of strengthening the Supreme Court of Brazil, which shows signs of a political-institutional imbalance on the position occupied by it. This problem is opposed by the paths opened by the PEC nº 33/2011, which sets up a rare attempt to structured response to that imbalance able to harm some relevant points to democracy. The approach taken in this research is qualitative and its development is in many areas of this legal-political space, but especially the judicialization of politics and judicial activism. The objective of this analysis is to provoke the awakening to the need for democratic improvement in this area in Brazil, based on the description of the Brazilian Supreme Court political and institutional strengthening process; and the delimitation of the scope of this strengthening, occasioned by a confluence of other branches of government and the jurisprudential advance of this Court, which creates a self-powered process of political and institutional strengthening; and also demonstrating, from the study of PEC nº 33/2011, that this process involves risks and damages to democracy.

The thesis deals with the design of the multivariable automatic control system of aftercooling process in the brick industry tunnel kiln. Theoretical part submits the facilities of controlled systems identification and the design methods of uni and multi variable systems. In the practical section is cleared up the principal of the aftercooling process and its identification based on the measured data. The output of the thesis is the design and the analysis of multivariable system with the conservation of the control circuit autonomy.

This thesis contributes to the stream of studies that indicate a transformation of the future education of medical professionals to better address patients’ needs and promote a positive attitude towards patientcentredness in medical education. The main goal is to identify the characteristics of patient-centred care (PCC) as ideas, processes, and practices from a medical student’s perspective in Portugal and Sweden. The comparative study aims to answer where the differences between these two students’ groups stand within PCC education, patient-centred beliefs, and self-perceived ability to practice PCC and, specifically, how Portuguese medical students perceive Portuguese PCC practice and potential barriers. Quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative data collection (curriculum analysis and interviews) are performed. Curriculum analysis indicates that learning about the PCC phenomena in both countries is fragmented across the various courses, considering that in Portugal a significant number (40%) of courses are elective. While the Portuguese curricula focus on the knowledge, the Swedish encourages skills development. Medical students show more caring than sharing attitudes in both countries, and female medical students have a more positive attitude toward PCC. Previous work experience does not affect the attitudes of a medical student to the PCC; nonetheless, it does affect the self-perception of medical student confidence in the information and power-sharing segment and dealing with communicative challenges. Portuguese students consider that the barriers to the implementation of the PCC in Portuguese practice come from the system, doctor, and patient. The implications of the study findings are discussed concerning both wider theoretical perspectives and practical solutions for policymakers and doctors on these aspects of their work. The present study reveals the need for developing an In-Service PCC Guide with all the key elements and activities that reflect the essence of the PCC concept in practice, and that could help medical students when they start their daily practical work with patients; RESUMO: Cuidado centrado no paciente (PCC) como ideia, processo e prática Esta tese contribui para a corrente de estudos que apontam para uma transformação, no futuro, da educação dos profissionais médicos para melhor atender às necessidades do paciente e promover uma atitude positiva em relação à centralização no paciente, da educação médica. O objetivo principal é identificar as características dos cuidados centrados no paciente (PCC), nomeadamente ideias, processos e práticas na perspetiva dos estudantes de medicina em Portugal e na Suécia. O estudo comparativo realizado visa conhecer as diferenças entre esses dois grupos de estudantes relativamente à educação/formação em PCC, as crenças centradas no paciente e capacidade auto percebida de praticar o PCC; e ainda, compreender como os estudantes de medicina portugueses percebem a prática portuguesa do PCC e as potenciais barreiras à mesma. Foram realizadas recolhas de dados quantitativos (questionários) e qualitativos (análise curricular e entrevistas). A análise curricular indica que a aprendizagem sobre o fenómeno PCC nos dois países está fragmentada nos vários cursos, sendo que em Portugal grande parte (40%) ainda integra currículos optativos. Enquanto o currículo de português se concentra no conhecimento, o sueco incentiva o desenvolvimento de habilidades. Os estudantes de medicina mostram atitudes mais carinhosas do que compartilhadas em ambos os países, e as estudantes femininas têm uma atitude mais positiva em relação à PCC. A experiência anterior de trabalho não afeta as atitudes do estudante de medicina em relação à PCC; no entanto, afeta a autopercepção da confiança do estudante de medicina no segmento de partilha de informações e poder e de lidar com os desafios comunicativos. Os estudantes Portugueses consideram que as barreiras à implementação da PCC na prática portuguesa vêm do sistema, do médico e do paciente. As implicações dos resultados do estudo são discutidas em relação a perspetivas teóricas mais amplas e soluções práticas para os formuladores de políticas e para os médicos, sobre esses aspetos de seu trabalho quotidiano. Este estudo revela a necessidade de desenvolver um “In-Service PCC Guide” com todos os elementos e atividades que refletem a essência do conceito de PCC na prática e que possam ajudar os estudantes de medicina quando iniciam o seu trabalho prático quotidiano com os pacientes.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

R-phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC) is used as a precursor for production of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which are anti-asthmatics and nasal decongestants. PAC is produced from benzaldehyde and pyruvate mediated by pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC). A strain of Rhizopus javanicus was evaluated for its production of PDC. The morphology of R. javanicus was influenced by the degree of aeration/agitation. A relatively high specific PDC activity (328 U decarboxylase g-1 mycelium) was achieved when aeration/agitation were reduced significantly in the latter stages of cultivation. The stability of partially purified PDC and crude extract from R. javanicus were evaluated by examining the enzyme deactivation kinetic in various conditions. R. javanicus PDC was less stable than Candida utilis PDC currently used in our group. A kinetic model for the deactivation of partially purified PDC extracted from C. utilis by benzaldehyde (0?00 mM) in 2.5 M MOPS buffer has been developed. An initial lag period prior to deactivation was found to occur, with first order dependencies of PDC deactivation on exposure time and on benzaldehyde concentration. A mathematical model for the enzymatic biotransformation of PAC and its associated by-products has been developed using a schematic method devised by King and Altman (1956) for deriving the rate equations. The rate equations for substrates, product and by-products have been derived from the patterns for yeast PDC and combined with a deactivation model for PDC from C. utilis. Initial rate and biotransformation studies were applied to refine and validate a mathematical model for PAC production. The rate of PAC formation was directly proportional to the enzyme activity level up to 5.0 U carboligase ml-1. Michaelis-Menten kinetics were determined for the effect of pyruvate concentration on the reaction rate. The effect of benzaldehyde on the rate of PAC production followed the sigmoidal shape of the Monod-Wyman-Changeux (MWC) model. The biotransformation model, which also included a term for PDC inactivation by benzaldehyde, was used to determine the overall rate constants for the formation of PAC, acetaldehyde and acetoin. Implementation of digital pH control for PAC production in a well-stirred organic-aqueous two-phase biotransformation system with 20 mM MOPS and 2.5 M dipropylene glycol (DPG) in aqueous phase resulted in similar level of PAC production [1.01 M (151 g l-1) in an organic phase and 115 mM (17.2 g l-1) in an aqueous phase after 47 h] to the system with a more expensive 2.5 M MOPS buffer.

Non-parametric models and techniques enjoy a growing popularity in the field of machine learning, and among these Bayesian inference for Gaussian process (GP) models has recently received significant attention. We feel that GP priors should be part of the standard toolbox for constructing models relevant to machine learning in the same way as parametric linear models are, and the results in this thesis help to remove some obstacles on the way towards this goal. In the first main chapter, we provide a distribution-free finite sample bound on the difference between generalisation and empirical (training) error for GP classification methods. While the general theorem (the PAC-Bayesian bound) is not new, we give a much simplified and somewhat generalised derivation and point out the underlying core technique (convex duality) explicitly. Furthermore, the application to GP models is novel (to our knowledge). A central feature of this bound is that its quality depends crucially on task knowledge being encoded faithfully in the model and prior distributions, so there is a mutual benefit between a sharp theoretical guarantee and empirically well-established statistical practices. Extensive simulations on real-world classification tasks indicate an impressive tightness of the bound, in spite of the fact that many previous bounds for related kernel machines fail to give non-trivial guarantees in this practically relevant regime. In the second main chapter, sparse approximations are developed to address the problem of the unfavourable scaling of most GP techniques with large training sets. Due to its high importance in practice, this problem has received a lot of attention recently. We demonstrate the tractability and usefulness of simple greedy forward selection with information-theoretic criteria previously used in active learning (or sequential design) and develop generic schemes for automatic model selection with many (hyper)parameters. We suggest two new generic schemes and evaluate some of their variants on large real-world classification and regression tasks. These schemes and their underlying principles (which are clearly stated and analysed) can be applied to obtain sparse approximations for a wide regime of GP models far beyond the special cases we studied here.

Les procédés membranaires hybrides (PMH) allient la filtration membranaire basse pression à l’usage du charbon actif en poudre (CAP). Afin de diminuer les coûts opérationnels du procédé, il a été proposé de laisser vieillir le CAP dans le PMH et donc de minimiser le dosage de CAP frais. Peu d’information est disponible quant à la capacité résiduelle d’adsorption de suspensions de CAP âgées. L’importance relative de l’adsorption et de la biodégradation dans les réacteurs à CAP âgés sur le traitement des composés dissous est inconnue, ce qui empêche notamment l’optimisation du procédé.

Le principal objectif de ce projet de recherche est de décrire la performance du contacteur à CAP du PMH pour l’enlèvement de l’azote ammoniacal, du carbone organique dissous (COD), du COD biodégradable (CODB) et des micropolluants. Dans ce projet, l’emphase est placée sur l’opération du PMH avec de hauts temps de rétention de CAP.

La première phase de ce projet a consisté en une série de développements méthodologiques, base nécessaire à l’étude du CAP âgé. Des méthodes permettant la quantification de la biomasse hétérotrophe et nitrifiante colonisant le CAP âgé ont mis en évidence des densités de biomasse similaires à celle du charbon actif en grain en surface de filtre biologiques. L’irradiation aux rayons gamma a été démontrée comme une méthode adéquate pour produire des témoins abiotiques à partir de CAP de 10 et de 60 jours.

La seconde partie de cette étude s’est concentrée sur la démonstration de l’efficacité du PMH pour l’enlèvement de l’azote ammoniacal, du COD, ainsi que d’un mélange de micropolluants. Les cinétiques d’enlèvements ayant lieu au sein de des contacteurs à CAP ont été simulées en laboratoire sous diverses conditions (température, concentration en CAP, âge de CAP, matrice d’eau variable, temps de contact). Deux modèles cinétiques prédisant l’enlèvement de l’azote ammoniacal et du COD dans le PMH ont été développés sur base des simulations en laboratoire suivies sur CAP neuf, colonisé et abiotique.

De manière générale, les travaux réalisés au cours de ce doctorat ont mis en évidence le rôle majeur de l’adsorption résiduelle sur l’enlèvement de la contamination dissoute. Alors que l’enlèvement d’azote ammoniacal a majoritairement eu lieu par nitrification, le COD et les micropollutants sont principalement adsorbés sur le CAP colonisé. Il a aussi été montré que la capacité d’adsorption résiduelle des suspensions de CAP âgées peut agir en tampon, permettant de faire face à une augmentation soudaine de la concentration en azote ammoniacal, en COD ou en micropolluants. Le suivi des cinétiques d’enlèvement a permis de démontrer que la concentration, l’âge de CAP et le temps de rétention hydraulique (TRH) sont trois paramètres clefs pour l’optimisation du procédé. D’un point de vue économique, un TRH inférieur à 15 min est néanmoins désiré pour limiter les coûts du procédé. Par ailleurs, l’intérêt économique associé à l’augmentation de l’âge du CAP peut-être atténué par le besoin d’augmenter la concentration en CAP si l’adsorption est le mécanisme visé. De façon générale, ce projet démontre qu’une optimisation à l’échelle pilote du procédé est nécessaire car les objectifs de traitement, la qualité de l’eau à traiter et le fait que les 3 paramètres d’opération soient inter-reliés complexifient l’optimisation du PMH. Étant donné l’impact du TRH sur le coût du PMH, de futures recherches devraient viser à l’optimisation du mélange.

Hybrid membrane processes (HMPs) couple membrane filtration with powdered activated carbon (PAC). In HMPs, low-pressure membranes ensure an efficient particle removal, including protozoan parasites such as Cryptosporidium, while the PAC contactor is devoted to the removal of dissolved compounds. Such processes are emerging as a promising alternative to conventional treatment chains, which no longer allow the drinking water facilities to comply with increasingly stringent regulations on the treated water quality. To decrease the operating costs associated with virgin PAC consumption, it was suggested to let the PAC age in the PAC contactor of the process. Until now, the potential of using aged PAC in HMPs has been demonstrated for ammonia and DOC removal, but the potential to remove micropollutants remains unknown. It is suggested that the biological activity in aged PAC contactors contributes significantly to the removal of the dissolved compounds. Yet, neither the extent of the biomass on the aged PAC, nor the residual adsorption capacity, was quantified. No study focused on discriminating the mechanisms responsible for the treatment when using aged PAC suspensions. Most of the data published on HMPs using aged PAC were gathered at pilot scale under warm water conditions, yet the efficiency of the process is most likely sensitive to temperature changes. There is currently little information available on the efficiency of HMPs under cold water conditions. This lack of information hinders the optimization of the HMP, leading to sub-optimal usage of aged PAC.

The main objective of this research project is to describe the performance of the PAC contactor of HMPs in removing ammonia, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC) and micropollutants. In particular, emphasis was placed on the operation of the HMP under high PAC residence times. On a more detailed level, the objectives of this project were (1) to develop and compare methods to quantify the biomass developed on aged PAC, (2) to develop a method to produce an abiotic control for aged PAC, (3) to characterize the removal kinetics of ammonia, DOC, BDOC and micropollutants occurring in the carbon contactor of an HMP, (4) to evaluate the impact of water temperature on the performance of the carbon contactor of an HMP, (5) to discriminate the relative importance of adsorption versus biological oxidation as mechanisms responsible for ammonia, DOC and micropollutants removal in the PAC contactor of an HMP, and finally (6) to differentiate the relative importance of the hydraulic retention time (HRT), the PAC age and the PAC concentration as key operating parameters on the optimization of the performance of the PAC contactor of an HMP.

To set the basis on the study of aged PACs, the first part of this research project consisted in methodological developments i) to quantify the heterotrophic and nitrifying biomass colonizing aged PAC, and ii) to create a reliable abiotic control of the colonized PAC, which is required for discriminating the mechanisms occurring on aged PAC. Heterotrophic and nitrifying biomass quantifying methods developed for colonized granular activated carbon (GAC) were successfully adapted to the aged PAC. The preferred methods were the potential 14C-glucose respiration (PGR) rate and the potential nitrifying activity (PNA), as they quantify the active heterotrophic and nitrifying biomass, which is most likely responsible for the depletion of BDOC and ammonia. An alternative method to the PGR, the potential acetate uptake (PAU) rate, was developed to alleviate the logistical and budgetary issues associated with the utilization of radio-labeled glucose. The densities (per gram of dry PAC) of both active heterotrophic and nitrifying biomasses were found comparable to that of the GAC sampled from the surface of a biological GAC filter. The gamma-irradiation was demonstrated as a reliable method to produce abiotic samples from soils, and was therefore chosen to produce abiotic colonized PAC samples in this project. In order to determine the optimized dosage of gamma-rays, increased doses were applied on PAC samples. Heterotrophic plate counts and methylene blue adsorption kinetics were used to determine respectively the lowest gamma ray dose required to inhibit the bacterial activity, and the highest dose that could be applied without affecting the aged PAC adsorption capacity and kinetics. Refractory DOC (RDOC) adsorption kinetics confirmed the accuracy of the dose chosen as the adsorptive behavior of the aged PAC was not affected. PGR rates were decreased 83% at the optimized dose. The gamma-irradiation method was therefore proven efficient and used in the following work phases of this research.

The second part of this study focused on the removal of ammonia, DOC and a mixture of micropollutants. Firstly, the PAC contactor of an HMP was simulated at lab-scale to monitor ammonia removal kinetics. Three PAC concentrations (approximately 1-5-10 g/L) of three PAC ages (0-10-60 days) were tested at two temperatures (7-22°C), in settled water with ambient influent condition (100 µg N–NH4/L) as well as under a simulated peak pollution scenario (1000 µg N–NH4/L). The kinetics evidenced that ammonia flux at pilot scale limited biomass growth (HRT = 67 min). In contrast, PAC colonization was not limited by the available surface and thus, PAC concentration was not a key operating parameter under the colonizing conditions tested (5-10 g/L). Ammonia adsorption was significant onto virgin PAC but the ammonia nitrification was crucial to reach complete ammonia removal at 22°C. When using colonized PAC, the 60-d PAC offered a better resilience to temperature decreases (78% at 7°C) as well as lower operating costs than the 10-d PAC (<10% at 7°C). Significant ammonia adsorption was also evidenced on 60-d PAC suspension, most probably due to PAC and the presence of suspended solids, but not on 10-d PAC. Adsorption and nitrifying activity were superior on 60-d PAC than on 10-d PAC at 7°C. In case of peak pollution, the process was most probably phosphate-limited but a mixed adsorption/nitrification still allowed 50% ammonia removal on 10-d and 60-d PAC at 22°C. A kinetics based model was developed to predict ammonia removals and to determine the relative importance of the adsorption and nitrification on colonized PAC under the conditions tested.

DOC, BDOC and RDOC removals occurring in the PAC contactor of an HMP were also simulated at lab-scale. Similar conditions to that of the ammonia removal kinetics were tested. The initial ammonia concentration remained untouched in the water matrices (settled water and raw water) but the BDOC-to-DOC ratio was altered by pre-ozonation (0 to 1.5 g O3/g C). The 10-d and 60-d abiotic controls were used to discriminate DOC adsorption from biodegradation. DOC biodegradation contributed marginally to DOC removal in the investigated conditions and DOC adsorption was increased at higher temperature. An original model integrating the PAC age distribution was developed to predict DOC removal in aged PAC contactors operated at steady-state. At a mean PAC residence time of 60-d, the younger PAC fraction (25-d and less) was primarily responsible for DOC adsorption (> 80%). This fraction represents 34% of the mass of PAC in the contactor. When using a water matrix with a higher initial DOC concentration (raw water) or a lower affinity for PAC (pre-ozonated settled water), the residual adsorption capacity of that older fraction was proven useful.

Lastly, a mixture of micropollutants (atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), linuron, microcystin, caffeine, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac, progesterone and medroxyprogesterone) was spiked at environmentally relevant concentrations (from 130 ng/L to 33 µg/L) in settled water (0 and 0.85 gO3/gC). The micropollutants concentration depletion was monitored over a period of 7h to 48 h on 1 g/L of 0-d, 10-d, 60-d PAC and gamma-irradiated 60-d PAC. Even in presence of NOM, the spiked micropollutants were rapidly adsorbed on aged PAC. No biodegradation was observed. Removals superior to 95% were reached within 5 minutes, and direct competition with NOM did not impact the efficiency of the process when micropollutants were spiked at environmentally relevant concentrations. Therefore, HMPs operated to remove DOC and ammonia can control transient micropollutant pollution and comply with the World health Organization recommendations for atrazine (2 µg/L) and microcystin (1 µg/L). However, the stricter European regulations for atrazine and DEA (0.1 µg/L) could not be met with 10-d and 60-d PAC under the operating conditions tested. Reaching such strict treatment objective would require a specific optimization of the process.

In general, this PhD research evidenced the role of the residual adsorption of aged PAC suspensions for the treatment of dissolved compounds. From the results obtained in this project, the potential of HMPs using aged PAC to remove micropollutants was evidenced. Additional research is however required to validate this potential under varied operating conditions. The modeling work improved the understanding of aged PACs. Finally, this research work provides original information on the optimization of HMPs. The optimization of the operating parameters will vary with the water quality targeted and the quality of the influent water. The PAC concentration, PAC age and HRT are inter-related. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the operation of HMPs at pilot scale. Seasonal variations should be accounted for. An HRT of at least 15 min is required when the biological activity is mandatory to reach the water quality objectives. Lower HRT might be applied if adsorption is favored. Finally, as the HRT has a strong impact on the total cost of the process (capital and operational expenditure), PAC contactors’ hydraulic should be the point of focus of future research.&
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Els canvis epidemiològics, de morbi-mortalitat, tecnològics i de les necessitats i expectatives socials impliquen innovacions en la gestió sanitària. Els models actuals de gestió inclouen com a requisit la gestió dels processos (GP). La GP és una filosofia capaç de canviar la visió de la gestió i s’emmarca en l’àmbit de la gestió de qualitat global. L'organització dels centres sanitaris en compartiments estancs dificulta la fluïdesa de les activitats que conformen el procés assistencial. La GP suposa un canvi radical de l'organització, en la mesura que defineix la seqüència de les activitats de persones de diverses disciplines i departaments, aportant coordinació i integració. La implementació de la GP comporta la millora continua de les activitats desenvolupades, la reducció de la variabilitat innecessària, l’eliminació de les ineficiències associades a la repetició de les activitats i l’optimització de la utilització de recursos. Tenint en compte aquestes premisses, les hipòtesis plantejades en aquest treball són: - La implementació del Procés d’Atenció Urgent (PAU) pot millorar el funcionament i l’eficàcia del Servei d’Urgències (SU) de l’Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP). - La millora del funcionament i l’eficàcia del SU de l’HUGTP pot augmentar la qualitat assistencial i la satisfacció dels pacients. Els objectius de la tesi són els següents: 1.- Descriure la implementació del Procés d’Atenció Urgent en l’HUGTP. 2.- Descriure les accions de millora implantades per millorar el funcionament del Servei d’Urgències i, en conseqüència, incrementar la qualitat de l’atenció urgent i la satisfacció dels pacients atesos a urgències. 3.- Comparar la situació inicial (els resultats previs) amb els resultats obtinguts després de la implementació del procés i les accions de millora. Es tracta d’un estudi descriptiu i retrospectiu de les activitats del Servei d'urgències durant el període 2010-2014, després de la implementació del Procés d'atenció urgent i, en conseqüència, de les accions de millora. Les accions de millora implantades estan relacionades amb: - Accions sobre els fluxos d’entrada - Accions sobre el procés assistencial ∙ Accions de millora de la gestió i organització del servei d’urgències ∙ Mesures de gestió hospitalària general ∙ Mesures per millorar la coordinació intrahospitalària - Mesures per millorar la sortida d’urgències - Millores estructurals i d’equipament - Millores dels sistemes d’informació Les accions de millora han pretès assolir els següents objectius generals: - Prioritzar adequadament les demandes d’atenció urgent mitjançant un sistema de classificació dels pacients homologat i amb nivells màxims de seguretat. - Proporcionar una assistència resolutiva, de qualitat i eficient, amb una mínima variabilitat clínica. Oferir la màxima seguretat per als pacients, minimitzant els errors i les complicacions relacionades amb els procediments. - Garantir la coordinació intrahospitalària. - Agilitar el flux dels pacients atesos cap a altres dispositius garantint la continuïtat assistencial entre els diferents àmbits d’atenció. - Aconseguir la màxima satisfacció dels pacients atesos. - Potenciar la formació i satisfacció dels professionals. Les variables analitzades són els indicadors de procés i les enquestes de satisfacció dels usuaris. L’anàlisi de l’evolució de les variables seleccionades en el present treball, durant el període 2010-2014, permet avaluar els resultats obtinguts després de la implementació del procés d’atenció urgent i les accions de millora. L'evolució dels resultats dels indicadors del procés d’atenció urgent evidència que el SU del HUGTP ha millorat el seu funcionament i ha augmentat la qualitat assistencial, fet reflectit en l’evolució dels indicadors de qualitat. La millora del funcionament del Servei d’Urgències, després de la implantació del Procés d’Atenció Urgent, ha augmentat la satisfacció dels pacients com ho demostren els resultats de les enquestes de satisfacció dels usuaris. Amb la implementació de la gestió per processos els SU poden convertir-se en àrees d'excel·lència.
The epidemiological changes of morbidity and mortality, technological and social needs and expectations involve innovations in healthcare management. Current models include a requirement of process management (PM). The PM is a philosophy capable of changing the vision of management and is included in global quality management. The organization of closed compartmentalized health centers hampers the flow of activities that make the care process. The PM represents a radical change in the organization, as defined in the sequence of the activities of people from different disciplines and departments, providing coordination and integration. The implementation of the PM involves continuous improvement of the activities, reducing unnecessary variability, eliminating the inefficiencies associated with the repetition of activities and optimize resource utilization. Given these assumptions, hypotheses raised in this paper are: - Implementation Process Urgent Care can improve the functioning and effectiveness of the Emergency Service (ES) of the University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP). - Improving the functioning and effectiveness of the ES HUGTP can increase the quality of care and patient satisfaction. The objectives of the thesis are: 1. Describe the implementation of the Process Urgent Care HUGTP. 2. Describe the improvement actions implemented to improve the functioning of the Emergency Service and, consequently, improve the quality of emergency care and the satisfaction of patients treated in emergency. 3. Compare the initial situation (previous results) with the results after the implementation of the process and the improvement actions. It is a descriptive and retrospective study of the activities of the emergency service during the period 2010-2014, after the implementation process urgent care and, consequently, of the improvement actions. Improvement actions implemented are related to: - Actions on inflows - Actions regarding treatment ∙ Measures to improve the management and organization of the emergency service ∙ Measures of general hospital management ∙ Measures to improve hospital coordination - Measures to improve the emergency outflows - Improved structures and equipment - Improved information systems Improvement actions are intended to achieve the following general objectives: - Properly prioritize urgent attention by a recognized classification system for patients with maximum levels of security. - Provide support for, quality and efficient resolution, with minimal clinical variability. Offering maximum safety for patients, minimizing errors and complications related to the procedure. - Ensure coordination within the hospital. - Expedite the flow of attended patients to other services ensuring continuity of care among different levels of care. - Achieve maximum satisfaction of patients treated. - Strengthen training and professional satisfaction. The variables are process indicators and surveys of user satisfaction. The analysis of the evolution of the variables selected in this work during the period 2010-2014, allows us to assess the results obtained after the implementation of the process of urgent attention and improvement actions. ES has improved its performance and increased quality of care, a fact reflected in the evolution of quality indicators. Improving the functioning of the Emergency Service, after the introduction of the Urgent Care Process, increased patient satisfaction as demonstrated by the results of surveys of user satisfaction. With the implementation of management, processes the ES can become areas of excellence.

Strategic procurement items, including complex engineered equipment and systems essential for project performance, are frequently designed, manufactured, and delivered by suppliers who are outside the circle of cooperation between owner, engineer, and contractor. When suppliers are excluded from the design and planning stages of a project, much of the knowledge needed for successful design and integration is lost or underutilized. This research was done as part of a Construction Industry Institute sponsored project to develop and quantify a step change to the EPC process that will bring the supplier into the circle of cooperation between the owner, engineer, and contractor. The result was a step change entitled PEpC (Procure, Engineer, procure, and Construct). This research also sought to provide implementation guidelines for the recommended step change. Through an examination of the literature, a survey of industry experts, and the review of four case studies, this research found that PEpC, the step change recommended by the Construction Industry Institute research team, may reduce both the time and cost required to complete a project. The anticipated savings in project duration is expected to fall between 10 and 15 percent, while the anticipated reduction in project direct labor cost is expected to fall between 4 and 8 percent.
Master of Science

Orientador: Edson Cocchieri Botelho
Coorientadora: Michelle Leali Costa
Banca: José Maria Fernandes Marlet
Banca: Evandro Luis Nohara
Banca: Geraldo Mauricio Candido
Banca: Maria Odila Hilario Cioffi
Resumo: As matrizes poliméricas atualmente disponíveis para compósitos avançados têm evoluído progressivamente como alternativa para a indústria aeronáutica sendo que nos últimos anos diversas matrizes termoplásticas especiais e de alto desempenho mecânico vem sendo estudadas para utilização na fabricação de compósitos avançados. Dentre as matrizes termoplásticas mais utilizadas na área aeronáutica destaca-se a poli(éter-imida) (PEI) por apresentar baixo custo, boas propriedades mecânicas e ser de fácil manuseio. Por outro lado, um dos principais problemas da utilização de compósitos termoplásticos em aplicações estruturais consiste em sua união efetiva para a integração de componentes. Entre os diversos métodos disponíveis destinados à soldagem, a utilização do processo de soldagem por resistência elétrica vem sendo considerado como um dos mais promissores para união de compósitos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a otimização do processo de soldagem por resistência elétrica utilizando compósitos de matriz constituída do polímero termoplástico PEI reforçado por fibras contínuas de vidro, carbono e por um sistema híbrido constituído de fibras de carbono e de vidro, com foco em aplicações aeronáuticas. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, foi utilizado um planejamento experimental para a determinação e otimização dos melhores parâmetros sendo aqui considerados tempo, corrente elétrica e pressão na soldagem de laminados em estudo. Além disso, foram avaliados 4 tipos de elementos resistivos (malhas metálicas de aço inox de 100, 200 e 300 mesh e fibra de carbono com bronze). Os melhores parâmetros de otimização foram determinados a partir de ensaios de Lap Shear. Baseando-se nos resultados encontrados quanto à otimização destes sistemas, foi concluído que para o compósito PEI/ fibra de vidro os melhores valores ...( Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Thermoplastic composites reinforced with continuous fibers are being studied in a wide range of applications, such as commercial use for their low cost and for engineering with higher associated value. Currently, available polymer matrices for advanced composites have been progressively developed as an alternative for the aeronautical industry and, in the latest years, several special and high performance thermoplastic matrices have been studied for their use in manufacturing advanced composites. Among the thermoplastic matrixes, the poly (ether imide) (PEI) should be highlighted due mainly to its low cost, good mechanical properties, and for being easy to be handled. Moreover, a major problem concerning the use of thermoplastic polymer composites for structural applications is their effectiveness in the integration of structural components. Among the methods available for welding these composites is the use of the electrical resistance welding process which has been considered as the most promising for joining composites. The present work aims to optimize the welding process using electrical resistance matrix composites, consisting of thermoplastic polymer PEI reinforced by glass fiber, carbon fiber and a hybrid system consisting of carbon fiber and glass fiber for aeronautical applications. For the development this work, an experimental design was carried out to determine optimal parameters of time, electrical current and pressure on the welding of the laminates used in this study. Also it was evaluate 4 types of resistive elements (metal mesh stainless steel 100, 200 and 300 mesh, and carbon fiber with bronze). The best optimization parameters were confirmed from the Lap Shear tests. From the main results of these optimization, it was concluded that, for PEI / glass fiber laminates, the best acquired experimental values of current, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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As matrizes poliméricas atualmente disponíveis para compósitos avançados têm evoluído progressivamente como alternativa para a indústria aeronáutica sendo que nos últimos anos diversas matrizes termoplásticas especiais e de alto desempenho mecânico vem sendo estudadas para utilização na fabricação de compósitos avançados. Dentre as matrizes termoplásticas mais utilizadas na área aeronáutica destaca-se a poli(éter-imida) (PEI) por apresentar baixo custo, boas propriedades mecânicas e ser de fácil manuseio. Por outro lado, um dos principais problemas da utilização de compósitos termoplásticos em aplicações estruturais consiste em sua união efetiva para a integração de componentes. Entre os diversos métodos disponíveis destinados à soldagem, a utilização do processo de soldagem por resistência elétrica vem sendo considerado como um dos mais promissores para união de compósitos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a otimização do processo de soldagem por resistência elétrica utilizando compósitos de matriz constituída do polímero termoplástico PEI reforçado por fibras contínuas de vidro, carbono e por um sistema híbrido constituído de fibras de carbono e de vidro, com foco em aplicações aeronáuticas. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, foi utilizado um planejamento experimental para a determinação e otimização dos melhores parâmetros sendo aqui considerados tempo, corrente elétrica e pressão na soldagem de laminados em estudo. Além disso, foram avaliados 4 tipos de elementos resistivos (malhas metálicas de aço inox de 100, 200 e 300 mesh e fibra de carbono com bronze). Os melhores parâmetros de otimização foram determinados a partir de ensaios de Lap Shear. Baseando-se nos resultados encontrados quanto à otimização destes sistemas, foi concluído que para o compósito PEI/ fibra de vidro os melhores valores ...( Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Thermoplastic composites reinforced with continuous fibers are being studied in a wide range of applications, such as commercial use for their low cost and for engineering with higher associated value. Currently, available polymer matrices for advanced composites have been progressively developed as an alternative for the aeronautical industry and, in the latest years, several special and high performance thermoplastic matrices have been studied for their use in manufacturing advanced composites. Among the thermoplastic matrixes, the poly (ether imide) (PEI) should be highlighted due mainly to its low cost, good mechanical properties, and for being easy to be handled. Moreover, a major problem concerning the use of thermoplastic polymer composites for structural applications is their effectiveness in the integration of structural components. Among the methods available for welding these composites is the use of the electrical resistance welding process which has been considered as the most promising for joining composites. The present work aims to optimize the welding process using electrical resistance matrix composites, consisting of thermoplastic polymer PEI reinforced by glass fiber, carbon fiber and a hybrid system consisting of carbon fiber and glass fiber for aeronautical applications. For the development this work, an experimental design was carried out to determine optimal parameters of time, electrical current and pressure on the welding of the laminates used in this study. Also it was evaluate 4 types of resistive elements (metal mesh stainless steel 100, 200 and 300 mesh, and carbon fiber with bronze). The best optimization parameters were confirmed from the Lap Shear tests. From the main results of these optimization, it was concluded that, for PEI / glass fiber laminates, the best acquired experimental values of current, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SHARLINEFMS.pdf: 1463401 bytes, checksum: ffe101fa6bbf11d2b6fe49f4d837a15c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-20
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Pectinolytic enzymes, or simply pectinases, are complex enzymes that degrade pectic polymers. They have many uses, such as fruit juice extraction and purification, textile fiber treatment and vegetal oil extraction. The aim of this work was to study the kinetics of pectinases production by solid-state fermentation, using dry cashew apple residue as substrate and the microorganism Aspergillus niger CCT 0916. The influence of the initial medium moisture and medium supplementation with a source of nitrogen and phosphorus was evaluated using the factorial experimental planning and response surface methodology. Ammonia sulphate and potassium phosphate were used as nitrogen and phosphorus source, respectively. The variables time of contact (T) and ratio volume solvent/fermented medium (RZ), in systems with and without agitation, were evaluated in order to study the best extraction condition of the produced enzyme. Washed and unwashed cashew apple residues were tested as the growth medium. The unwashed residue was obtained by drying the residue after the extraction of the juice, while the washed residue was obtained by water washing 5 times using the proportion of 1 kg pulp/2 liters of water. Samples were taken every 12 hours for moisture content, pH, protein, reducing sugars, polygalacturonase activity (PG) and viscosity reduction. The physical-chemical composition of the residues had different sugar and pectin levels. For the unwashed residue, the peak activity was reached with 40% of initial moisture content, 1% of nitrogen supplementation without phosphorus addition after 30 hours of process. These conditions led to 16 U/g of PG activity and 82% of viscosity reduction. The calculated models reached similar values to the experimental ones in the same process conditions: 15.55 U/g of PG and 79.57% of viscosity eduction. Similarly, the greatest enzyme production for washed residue was reached with 40% initial moisture content, 1% nitrogen supplementation without phosphorus addition after 22 hours of cultivation. In this condition it was obtained polygalacturonase activity of 9.84 U/g and viscosity reduction of 81.36%. These values are close to experimental values that were of 10.1 U/g and 81%, respectively. The conditions that led to the best PG activity results was the agitated one and the best extraction condition was obtained with 100 minutes of solvent/medium contact and RZ of 5 (mL/g)
As enzimas pectinol?ticas ou pectinases formam um grupo heterog?neo de enzimas que hidrolisam as subst?ncias p?cticas, s?o usadas na extra??o de suco de fruta e sua clarifica??o, tratamento de fibra t?xtil e extra??o de ?leo vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da produ??o de pectinases (cin?tica fermentativa) atrav?s da fermenta??o em estado s?lido, usando como substrato o ped?nculo de caju seco e como agente da fermenta??o o microrganismo Aspergillus niger CCT 0916. Utilizando a metodologia do planejamento experimental fatorial e an?lise de superf?cie de resposta estudou-se a influ?ncia da umidade inicial do meio, suplementa??o do meio com fonte de nitrog?nio e fonte de f?sforo. Como fonte de nitrog?nio foi utilizado o sulfato de am?nia e como fonte de f?sforo o fosfato de pot?ssio monob?sico. Estudou-se, tamb?m, a melhor condi??o de extra??o da enzima produzida do meio de fermenta??o. Neste caso, foram estudadas as vari?veis: raz?o volume de solvente/gramas de meio fermentado e tempo de contato entre as fases, utilizando-se dois sistemas de extra??o com e sem agita??o. Como meio de cultivo foram utilizados dois res?duos do ped?nculo de caju: res?duo sem lavar e res?duo lavado. Estes res?duos diferem devido ao tratamento dado antes da secagem. O sem lavar foi obtido secando o res?duo ap?s a extra??o do suco, enquanto que o lavado, foi obtido lavando-se com ?gua, cinco vezes, ap?s a extra??o do suco, na propor??o 1 kg de baga?o para 2 litros de ?gua. A caracteriza??o f?sico-qu?mica dos res?duos mostrou composi??es diferentes, principalmente em rela??o aos teores de a??cares redutores e pectina. Durante o cultivo foram analisados, em intervalos de aproximadamente 12 horas, umidade do meio, pH, teor de prote?na, a??cares redutores, atividade da poligalacturonase (PG) e o percentual de redu??o de viscosidade. Para o res?duo sem lavar o pico de atividade foi com 40% de umidade e 1% de nitrog?nio, sem adi??o de f?sforo, com 30 horas de cultivo sendo 16 U/g de atividade de PG e 82% de redu??o de viscosidade. As equa??es emp?ricas obtidas fornecem valores bem pr?ximos aos experimentais nas mesmas condi??es de processo, 15,55 U/g de PG e 79,57% de redu??o de viscosidade para o res?duo sem lavar. Assim como para o res?duo sem lavar, para o res?duo lavado os picos de produ??o da enzima ocorreram para as mesmas condi??es de processo: umidade de 40%, nitrog?nio de 1%, sem adi??o de f?sforo, com 22 horas de cultivo. Nesta condi??o, obteve-se atividade da poligalacturonase de 9,84 U/g e percentual de redu??o de viscosidade de 81,36%. Estes valores est?o bem pr?ximos aos valores experimentais que foram de 10,1 U/g de PG e 81%, respectivamente. Na extra??o da PG o sistema que apresentou os melhores resultados de atividade foi o operado com agita??o e a melhor condi??o de extra??o foi com o tempo de contato solvente com o meio de fermenta??o de 100 minutos e a raz?o volume de solvente com o meio fermentado 5 (mL/g)

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as iniciativas empreendidas no Brasil para certificar em nível superior grandes contingentes de professores da educação infantil e séries iniciais do ensino fundamental, em uma abordagem que busca contemplar tanto o nível macro como micropolítico. Para atingir tal objetivo se efetuou um levantamento dos programas especiais e cursos dessa natureza criados no Brasil entre 1990 e 2000 para certificar professores nesse nível, buscando relacionar essa configuração com o contexto internacional, sobretudo, a América Latina e a Europa (com destaque para o contexto francês). Com vistas a compreender como as políticas e iniciativas tomadas em plano governamental são traduzidas em nível local, buscou-se por meio de uma pesquisa empírica acompanhar a execução de um programa, sobretudo, para tentar compreender as apropriações que os docentes fizeram desse tipo de experiência de formação e os saberes por eles produzidos nesse contexto peculiar. O trabalho de campo, realizado nos moldes de um estudo de caso, foi desenvolvido junto a uma turma de alunos-professores do PEC Formação Universitária Municípios/São Paulo (2003-2004). Os dados foram analisados à luz dos conceitos de habitus, campo e capital simbólico de Bourdieu, da idéia de homem plural de Lahire e das concepções de tática e estratégia de Certeau. Ao enveredar por tais caminhos e análises, a investigação permitiu verificar que a formação de professores em serviço é uma preocupação internacional, alvo de iniciativas e políticas em todas as regiões analisadas. Um discurso comum tem sido adotado na área, ainda que traduzido em sentidos e ações muito diversas nos âmbitos locais. No caso específico brasileiro, do ponto de vista institucional e administrativo pode-se dizer que um sucesso relativo tem sido alcançado, já que milhares de professores foram certificados em nível superior em curto espaço de tempo. No caso do PEC Formação Universitária (São Paulo), do ponto de vista de seu funcionamento, por um lado, o estudo de caso revelou que aspectos não previstos pelos organizadores do Programa foram os principais responsáveis pela satisfação dos alunos-professores como, por exemplo, o processo de socialização profissional proporcionado, especialmente, pelo contato diário entre eles nos pólos onde se desenvolveram as atividades durante os dois anos de execução do programa. Por outro lado, ações previstas e por vezes adaptadas institucionalmente foram alvo de muitas críticas tanto por parte dos alunos-professores como dos agentes educacionais envolvidos, cujas manifestações apareceram na maioria das vezes sob a forma de resistência à academização da formação docente oferecida naqueles moldes. Entretanto, um dado importante deve ser ressaltado: a execução de programas especiais de formação em serviço, tal como se configurou no PEC Formação Universitária, permite à universidade conhecer mais de perto a escola e os professores, abrindo perspectivas de uma colaboração mais efetiva entre essas duas instituições formativas. Dentro desse escopo, a tese finaliza com propostas que visam a contribuir com projetos futuros que venham a repensar a organização e execução de programas dessa natureza e porte.
This research had as its goal to analyze the initiatives that have been undertaken in Brazil to certify at college level big contingent of teachers from childhood education and initial grades at the primary school, in an approach that tries to contemplate both the macro and the micro political level. In order to reach this goal, a survey was conducted about the special programs and courses created in Brazil from 1990 to 2000 to certify teachers at this level trying to relate this configuration with the international context, mainly Latin America and Europe (emphasizing the French context). With the purpose to understand how the policies and initiatives taken at governmental level are performed at the local level, this was searched by means of an empirical research to accompany the execution of a program, especially to try to understand the adaptations that the teachers did concerning this type of experience of formation and the knowledge produced by them in this peculiar context. The fieldwork, was done according to a case study, and was developed with a group of students- teachers of PEC College Education City Council/ São Paulo (2003- 2004). The data were examined according to the concepts of habitus, field and symbolic capital by Bourdieu, the idea of plural man by Lahire and the concepts of tactic and strategy by Certeau. In setting out for these paths and analysis, the investigation allowed to verify that the formation of teachers in-service is an international preoccupation, object of initiatives and policies in all regions analyzed. A common discourse has been adopted in the area, which was still translated in very diverse senses and actions at the local ambit. In the specific Brazilian case, in the institutional and administrative point of view it can be said that a relative success has been reached, once thousands of teachers were certified at college level within a short period of time. In the case of PEC College Education (São Paulo), from the point of view of its functioning, the case study revealed that the aspects not foreseen by the Program were principally responsible for the satisfaction of the students-teachers such as the process of professional socialization provided, specially, by the daily contact among them in the places where the activities took place during the two years of accomplishment of the program. On the other hand, the actions foreseen and sometimes adapted institutionally were the target of a lot of criticisms both by the studentsteachers and the educational agents involved, whose manifestations appeared most of the time under the form of resistance to the academification of teacher formation being offered in those patterns. However, an important fact has to be emphasized: the accomplishment of the special programs of formation in-service, as it was formed at PEC College Formation, allows the university to know the school and the teacher closer, opening perspectives of a more effective collaboration between both of these institutions which are formative. Within this purpose, the thesis ends with proposals that aim to contribute for future projects that rethink the organization and accomplishment of programs of this type and consistency.

Il potenziale che il Web ha raggiunto in termini di accessibilità, gestione e flessibilità, ha spinto i più svariati settori ad approcciarsi ad esso e ad adottarlo all’interno delle proprie organizzazioni. É stato quindi necessario applicare alle tradizionali applicazioni web, nuove soluzioni al fine di integrare gli elementi di workflow management con il modello dei dati di navigazione e di presentazione. In questo lavoro di tesi, si affrontano gli aspetti legati ai processi di business, con riferimento alla progettazione e allo sviluppo di applicazioni Web. Verranno introdotti standard di modellazione come UML e BPMN per poi descrivere soluzioni e casi di studio esistenti. Nella seconda parte dell'elaborato invece, verranno presentate le tecnologie utilizzate per il design e lo sviluppo di un framework, a supporto delle process-aware Web applications.

TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE MAGÍSTER EN POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS
La participación ciudadana es un elemento relevante y de creciente discusión en Chile, particularmente en lo relacionado a la instalación de grandes proyectos de inversión y sus distintos impactos en el territorio. El presente trabajo, de carácter exploratorio, pretende arrojar algunas luces respecto a la potencial incorporación de la participación ciudadana temprana en el contexto de la institucionalidad ambiental vigente. Específicamente, se analizan cuatro iniciativas que tienen en común la participación activa del Estado: i) La Guía de Estándares de Participación y Diálogo (Ministerio de Energía); ii) Acuerdos Voluntarios de Pre inversión (Agencia de Sustentabilidad y Cambio Climático); iii) Propuesta de Relacionamiento Temprano (SEA); e iv) Institucionalidad de Diálogo Territorial (Alianza Valor Minero). La metodología de evaluación utilizada corresponde a un enfoque mixto, combinando elementos cualitativos y cuantitativos, y un diseño del tipo exploratorio descriptivo. En resumen, los instrumentos que incluyen la participación temprana consideran la participación del Estado, las empresas y las comunidades; son de carácter voluntarias, complementarias y acotadas (considerando un espectro limitado de proyectos); se concibe participación informativa, consultiva y resolutiva; son financiados por el Estado y las empresas; no existe un costo estándar, pero en el caso del AVP se estima un costo de implementación de 30 millones por proyecto; la realización adecuada del proceso participativo permite que los proyectos de inversión consideren de mejor manera los alcances de sus principales impactos, y en consecuencia se abra la oportunidad de contar con proyectos más sustentables considerando variables económicas, sociales y ambientales. A modo de sugerencia de política pública, se propone la incorporación de la participación ciudadana temprana antes del ingreso al Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental; de carácter obligatorio, y que los acuerdos logrados sean vinculantes; se propone la instalación de una entidad que coordine las distintas iniciativas en su conjunto; que los procesos sean financiados por las empresas, y la administración de los fondos, a través de un fondo ciego, sea realizado por la institución coordinadora u otra que genere garantías al proceso; finalmente, debería ser aplicado tanto a proyectos que ingresen vía declaración de impacto ambiental como vía evaluación de impacto ambiental.

Le motivazioni alla base di questo lavoro di dottorato sono costituite dalla volontà di analizzare e applicare modelli innovativi per il ri-uso e la valorizzazione di risorse e sottoprodotti all’interno di processi industriali, integrando e ottimizzando i processi industriali stessi. L’obiettivo finale è stato quello di contribuire alla diffusione della “Cultura della Sostenibilità” in Emilia-Romagna, portando all’attenzione delle istituzioni l’esistenza di strumenti innovativi. Lo studio si è concentrato sul contesto comunitario e locale in materia di Sviluppo Sostenibile, Green Economy ed Economia Circolare (Capitolo 1), per poi analizzare e classificare i modelli di Economia Circolare e Simbiosi Industriale esistenti (Capitolo 2). In una seconda fase dell’attività di dottorato, questo è stato applicato sperimentalmente sul territorio regionale, nell’ambito di un progetto pilota finanziato da Unioncamere Emilia-Romagna e Aster, realizzato in collaborazione con ENEA UTTAMB e con il coinvolgimento dei laboratori della Rete Alta Tecnologia dell’Emilia-Romagna (Capitolo 3). L’ultima fase è consistita nell’analisi dei risultati dell’esperienza pilota, delle risposte delle imprese e dei centri di ricerca, e nell’analisi delle altre esperienze condotte in Italia in materia di simbiosi, al fine di individuare dei parametri che influiscono sull’applicabilità e sulla replicabilità di questi modelli (Capitolo 4). Tra i risultati principali ottenuti va citato l’inserimento della Simbiosi Industriale all’interno delle Smart Specialization Strategy – S3 dell’Emilia-Romagna e nel Piano Regionale di Gestione dei Rifiuti, oltre alla realizzazione di un progetto europeo in materia. Inoltre l’attività sperimentale pilota ha coinvolto 13 imprese, 7 laboratori e 2 enti, individuando 49 percorsi di simbiosi e 90 sinergie, portando alla redazione di 3 Manuali Operativi. L’attività pilota sul tema della Simbiosi Industriale ha consentito di attivare numerosi contatti con imprese e istituzioni del territorio. A questi risultati vanno aggiunti anche quelli legati alla produzione scientifica: nel complesso sono state realizzate 13 pubblicazioni scientifiche e 1 pubblicazione divulgativa.
The motivations of this PhD work are constituted by the willingness to analyze and implement innovative models for resources re-use and valorization in production processes. The ultimate goal was to help the spreading of the “sustainability culture” in Emilia-Romagna region, bringing to the attention of the institutions the existence of innovative models. The study focused on the EU and local context in matters of Sustainable Development, Green Economy and Circular Economy (Chapter 1), and on Circular Economy and Industrial Symbiosis (IS) models analysis and classification (Chapter 2). In a second phase of the PhD work, one selected model of Industrial Symbiosis was applied in Emilia-Romagna region, within the framework of a pilot project founded by Unioncamere Emilia-Romagna and Aster, realized with the collaboration of ENEA and the participation of laboratories pertaining to Emilia-Romagna High technology Network. In the last phase of the work the results of the pilot project and of other “circular economy experiences” in Emilia-Romagna were analyzed in order to identify the parameters that affect applicability and replicability of these models (Chapter 4). The main results of the work consist in the insertion of Industrial Symbiosis in Emilia-Romagna Region Smart Specialization Strategy (S3) and Waste Management Plan and in the realization of a European project on IS topic participated by Emilia-Romagna Region. The experimental pilot activity, indeed, has successfully involved 13 companies, 7 laboratories and 2 institutions, and has led to the publication of 13 scientific papers and 1 dissemination article.

A Sonata per pianoforte, composta em 2001, é o trabalho para piano solo de maior fôlego de Luciano Berio. A peça condensa diversas estratégias composicionais características de Berio e se apresenta, assim, como uma espécie de relicário da escritura desse compositor. Nesse trabalho comentaremos, a partir da Sonata, três importantes estratégias composicionais de Luciano Berio: a noção de reescritura, a noção de gesto e a noção de processo. Como veremos, essas três noções são atravessadas pela idéia de obra aberta e estarão presentes durante todo seu percurso composicional, consolidando-se como aspectos fundamentais para a construção de sua poética.
The Sonata per pianoforte, composed in 2001, is the Luciano Berio\'s solo piano work of greatest scope. The piece brings together several of Berios\'s characteristic compositional strategies and thus presents itself as a sort of a reliquary of his musical resources. In this work, we will comment, from the Sonata, three Luciano Berio\'s important compositional strategies: the notion of rewriting (réécriture), the notion of gesture and the notion of process. As we will see, these three notions are crossed by the idea of open work and will be present throughout his compositional pathway, establishing themselves as fundamental aspects for the construction of his poetry.

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O Programa de Ensino Integral (PEI) se constitui em um modelo escolar lançado como política pública no Estado de São Paulo, em 2012, para tentar atender às demandas da etapa do Ensino Médio, relacionadas especialmente ao acesso, formação e permanência dos estudantes na escola e, para tanto, propõe mudanças na abordagem pedagógica, no tempo destinado ao ensino e, sobretudo, na carreira e atuação do professor na unidade escolar. Dessa forma, apresenta uma especificidade de formação docente, dada como premissa fundamental do Programa, com vistas a possibilitar a melhora no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem e, com isso, valorizar a educação dos jovens de 15 a 17 anos. Diante disso, esse estudo analisou o referido processo formativo, com o objetivo de identificar potencialidades e desafios no que se refere à conquista de uma proposta formativa de efeito real para a atuação do professor e sua prática educativa, no sentido de tentar atender às expectativas de aprendizagem para esse nível de ensino. Assim, foi realizado um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, envolvendo a discussão e análise de conhecimentos específicos, baseado em procedimentos bibliográficos e documentais, para verificar em que medida a proposta formativa docente específica do PEI favorece a formação dos professores para o trabalho nessa modalidade educacional, especialmente no Ensino Médio. Nessa perspectiva, o trabalho discutiu a trajetória desse nível de ensino ao longo dos anos, para entender suas características atuais e as suas necessidades, tendo como norte a concepção de educação integral, vista como uma das possibilidades para a retomada de sua função enquanto fase final da educação básica, paralelamente à questão da formação dos professores. Com isso, ao verificar em que medida o processo formativo dos professores do PEI apresenta características formativas contundentes, intentou-se contribuir para com a educação proposta por essa modalidade de ensino, nos três últimos anos da educação básica, e com o desenvolvimento do profissional docente.
The Integral Education Program (PEI) is a school model launched as a public policy in São Paulo State, in 2012, to try to meet the demands of the High School stage, especially related to access, training and permanence of students in school and, to this end, proposes changes in the pedagogical approach, in the time devoted to teaching and, above all, in the career and performance of the teacher in the school unit. So, it presents a specificity of teacher education, given as a fundamental premise of the Program, to improve the teaching and learning process and, with this, to value the education of young people aged 15 to 17 years old. Therefore, this study analyzed the aforementioned formative process, aiming to identify potentialities and challenges regarding to the achievement of a formative proposal of real effect for the teacher's performance and his educational practice, in the sense of trying to meet the expectations of learning for this level of education. Thus, a qualitative study was carried out, involving the discussion and analysis of specific knowledge, based on bibliographic and documental procedures, to verify in what extent the specific educational proposal of PEI favors the teachers training for the work in this educational modality, especially in high school. In this perspective, this essay discussed the trajectory of this level of education over the years, in order to understand its current characteristics and needs, taking as its basis the concept of integral education, seen as one of the possibilities for the resumption of its function as a final phase of basic education, in parallel with the issue of teacher training.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
This work aims to study the drying of cashew-nut pulp with different lay-out of dryers using conventional and solar energy. It concerns with the use of exceeding of the regional raw material and the suitable knowledge for the applicability of the drying systems as pathway for food conservation. Besides, it used renewable sources as solar energy to dry these agroindustrial products. Runs were carried out using a conventional tray-dryer with temperature, air velocity control and cashew slice thickness of 55?C, 65?C, 75?C; 3.0; 4.5, 6.0 m s-1; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 cm, respectively, in order to compare the studied systems. To evaluate the conventional tray-dryer, it was used a diffusional model of 2nd Fick?s law, where the drying curves were quite well fitted to an infinite flat plate design. For the drying runs where the room temperature had no control, it was developed a phenomenological-mathematical model for the solar dryer with indirect radiation under natural and forced convection based on material and energy balances of the system. Besides, it was carried out assays in the in natura as well as dehydrated, statistic analysis of the experimental drying data, sensorial analysis of the final dry product and a simplified economical analysis of the systems studied
Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a secagem do ped?nculo do caju com diferentes configura??es de secadores utilizando energia convencional e solar. O prop?sito principal diz respeito ao aproveitamento do excedente de mat?ria prima regional e o conhecimento adequado para a aplicabilidade dos sistemas de secagem como rota de conserva??o dos alimentos. Buscou-se tamb?m, o aproveitamento de fontes de energia renov?veis como a solar, que atende satisfatoriamente no processo de secagem de produtos agroindustriais. Foram realizados experimentos de secagem em secador convencional de bandejas com controle de temperatura e velocidade do ar de secagem nas condi??es de 55?C, 65?C e 75?C, de 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 m/s e espessuras das fatias de caju de 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 cm. Tamb?m foram realizados experimentos com os secadores solar sob convec??o natural e convec??o for?ada nas velocidades de 3,0, 4,5 e 6,0 m/s, com espessuras do material de 1 e 2 cm, de modo a realizar uma compara??o entre os sistemas em estudo. Para avaliar o secador convencional de bandejas foi utilizado o modelo difusional da 2a lei de Fick, onde as curvas de secagem foram bem ajustadas na configura??o de placa plana infinita. Nos experimentos de secagem onde a temperatura ambiente n?o ? controlada, foi desenvolvido um modelo matem?tico fenomenol?gico, para o secador solar de radia??o indireta sob convec??o natural e for?ada, fundamentado nos balan?os de massa e de energia do sistema. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas analises f?sico-qu?micas do material "in natura" e desidratado, an?lises estat?sticas dos dados experimentais da secagem, an?lise sensorial do produto seco obtido e uma avalia??o econ?mica simplificadas dos sistemas de secagem estudados nesta tese

Il presente elaborato ha ad oggetto la direttiva PED (Pressure Equipment Directive) relativa agli apparecchi a pressione. Tale norma è stata recepita in Italia con il D.Lgs. n. 93/2000 ed è entrata in vigore definitivamente nel 2002. Essa è finalizzata alla libera circolazione delle attrezzature a pressione nella comunità europea e ne disciplina la progettazione, la costruzione, l'equipaggiamento e l'installazione in sicurezza, definendo per ciascuna delle fasi sopra elencate quali siano i documenti da presentare, gli accorgimenti da rispettare e i controlli a cui sottostare. Il presente lavoro di tesi, svolto presso lo stabilimento di Ravenna di ENI Versalis, ha avuto l’obiettivo di individuare i punti di contatto fra quanto richiesto dalla direttiva PED e quanto solitamente emerge dall’applicazione delle tecniche per l’analisi di rischio, degli standard internazionali e aziendali e delle norme di buona tecnica. Il risultato del lavoro consiste nella definizione di un iter tecnico-procedurale standardizzato ad uso dell’utilizzatore delle attrezzature a pressione tramite la quale l’azienda possa procedere alla compilazione delle Note Tecniche destinate al fabbricante delle attrezzature stesse, secondo quanto richiesto dalla direttiva. Tali Note Tecniche devono contenere le indicazioni relative ai valori progettuali di temperatura e pressione e ai Requisiti Essenziali di Sicurezza (RES) che devono essere soddisfatti, permettendo così al fabbricante di poter svolgere una corretta analisi di rischio e all’utilizzatore di ottenere la massima sicurezza negli impianti. L’elaborato è strutturato come segue. Dopo il Capitolo 1, avente carattere introduttivo, nel Capitolo 2 vengono illustrate le principali novità introdotte dalla direttiva PED e descritti i punti cardine della procedura di valutazione della conformità richiesta per le attrezzature a pressione. Nel Capitolo 3 viene esaminata l’integrazione della direttiva PED con la direttiva Macchine e la direttiva ATEX. Nel Capitolo 4 sono descritte le principali tecniche di analisi di rischio che possono essere utilizzate per rispondere ai Requisiti Essenziali di Sicurezza (RES) richiesti in fase di compilazione della Nota Tecnica. Nel Capitolo 5 si fornisce una descrizione dettagliata dell’iter tecnico-procedurale messo a punto per la valutazione di conformità delle attrezzature e degli insiemi a pressione. Nel Capitolo 6 vengono illustrati ad uno ad uno i punti che devono essere presenti in una Nota Tecnica, ciascuno dei quali costituisce un Requisito Essenziale di Sicurezza. Nel Capitolo 7 viene approfondito uno dei Requisiti più critici, l’incendio esterno. Infine nel Capitolo 8 sono riportate le considerazioni conclusive.

Le infezioni post-operatorie in campo ortopedico sono un fenomeno che si verifica frequentemente e che causa dolore nel paziente che è costretto alla sostituzione della protesi con una seconda operazione. Diventa fondamentale riuscire a prevenire tali infezioni e ciò può essere fatto migliorando le proprietà antibatteriche delle protesi grazie all’applicazione di rivestimenti superficiali. In questo lavoro sono stati sviluppati dei rivestimenti nanocompositi con attività antibatterica a base di glicole polietilenico (PEG) silanizzato e nanoparticelle di ossido di zinco (ZnO) da applicare su protesi di titanio così da diminuire la possibilità di infezioni post-operatorie nei pazienti. I coating sono stati prodotti tramite la tecnica di spray-coating su superfici di titanio. Diversi step sono serviti per la preparazione delle sospensioni usate per creare il rivestimento. Nel primo è stata utilizzata una reazione di silanizzazione per ottenere un PEG termoindurente, poi un pre-curing con una soluzione acida e, infine, aggiunta di nanoparticelle di ZnO per addizionare la proprietà antibatterica. Dopo l’applicazione sulle superfici di titanio tramite uno spray-coater, i campioni sono posti in forno per attivare il processo di reticolazione termicamente. Durante la procedura sono state effettuate alcune caratterizzazioni: lo studio della cinetica della reazione di silanizzazione tramite la spettroscopia infrarossa (FT-IR) e la valutazione del grado di reticolazione raggiunto dopo il curing termico grazie a prove gravimetriche di frazione estraibile. I coating realizzati differiscono tra loro per il diverso contenuto percentuale di nanoparticelle presenti (0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%) e per ognuno di questi sono state determinate le proprietà di resistenza, tramite Scratch Test, e le proprietà antibatteriche, grazie ai test di cinetica di Time-killing. Tutte le prove sono state effettuate nelle così dette “dark conditions”, ovvero senza l’attivazione dello ZnO tramite luce UV.

Questo è uno studio sui processi cognitivi dell'essere umano che rendono più facile la lettura delle interfacce web. Precisamente si focalizza sulle icone, su come e perché il carico cognitivo viene ridotto quando vengono usate correttamente all'interno di una interfaccia web ma anche su come l'impatto di una immagine sia molto più forte di una parola. Arrivati a interiorizzare queste argomentazioni verranno utilizzate per poter scoprire il mondo dell'e-commerce e di come un utente possa essere più o meno portato a comprare grazie alla buona creazione dell'interfaccia grafica.

la tesi si divide in tre parti. La prima parte ripercorre l'evoluzione storica della PAC. La seconda è un'analisi econometrica delle riforme McSharry e Fischler mentre la terza è un'analisi del processo di riforma attuale
Thesis is divided in three parts. The first one is an historical illustration of the CAP in its "price support" period. The second is an econometric analysis of the effectiveness of the McSharry and Fischler's reforms. The third is an anakys of the current reform process

In such territories where food production is mostly scattered in several small / medium size or even domestic farms, a lot of heterogeneous residues are produced yearly, since farmers usually carry out different activities in their properties. The amount and composition of farm residues, therefore, widely change during year, according to the single production process periodically achieved. Coupling high efficiency micro-cogeneration energy units with easy handling biomass conversion equipments, suitable to treat different materials, would provide many important advantages to the farmers and to the community as well, so that the increase in feedstock flexibility of gasification units is nowadays seen as a further paramount step towards their wide spreading in rural areas and as a real necessity for their utilization at small scale. Two main research topics were thought to be of main concern at this purpose, and they were therefore discussed in this work: the investigation of fuels properties impact on gasification process development and the technical feasibility of small scale gasification units integration with cogeneration systems. According to these two main aspects, the present work was thus divided in two main parts. The first one is focused on the biomass gasification process, that was investigated in its theoretical aspects and then analytically modelled in order to simulate thermo-chemical conversion of different biomass fuels, such as wood (park waste wood and softwood), wheat straw, sewage sludge and refuse derived fuels. The main idea is to correlate the results of reactor design procedures with the physical properties of biomasses and the corresponding working conditions of gasifiers (temperature profile, above all), in order to point out the main differences which prevent the use of the same conversion unit for different materials. At this scope, a gasification kinetic free model was initially developed in Excel sheets, considering different values of air to biomass ratio and the downdraft gasification technology as particular examined application. The differences in syngas production and working conditions (process temperatures, above all) among the considered fuels were tried to be connected to some biomass properties, such elementary composition, ash and water contents. The novelty of this analytical approach was the use of kinetic constants ratio in order to determine oxygen distribution among the different oxidation reactions (regarding volatile matter only) while equilibrium of water gas shift reaction was considered in gasification zone, by which the energy and mass balances involved in the process algorithm were linked together, as well. Moreover, the main advantage of this analytical tool is the easiness by which the input data corresponding to the particular biomass materials can be inserted into the model, so that a rapid evaluation on their own thermo-chemical conversion properties is possible to be obtained, mainly based on their chemical composition A good conformity of the model results with the other literature and experimental data was detected for almost all the considered materials (except for refuse derived fuels, because of their unfitting chemical composition with the model assumptions). Successively, a dimensioning procedure for open core downdraft gasifiers was set up, by the analysis on the fundamental thermo-physical and thermo-chemical mechanisms which are supposed to regulate the main solid conversion steps involved in the gasification process. Gasification units were schematically subdivided in four reaction zones, respectively corresponding to biomass heating, solids drying, pyrolysis and char gasification processes, and the time required for the full development of each of these steps was correlated to the kinetics rates (for pyrolysis and char gasification processes only) and to the heat and mass transfer phenomena from gas to solid phase. On the basis of this analysis and according to the kinetic free model results and biomass physical properties (particles size, above all) it was achieved that for all the considered materials char gasification step is kinetically limited and therefore temperature is the main working parameter controlling this step. Solids drying is mainly regulated by heat transfer from bulk gas to the inner layers of particles and the corresponding time especially depends on particle size. Biomass heating is almost totally achieved by the radiative heat transfer from the hot walls of reactor to the bed of material. For pyrolysis, instead, working temperature, particles size and the same nature of biomass (through its own pyrolysis heat) have all comparable weights on the process development, so that the corresponding time can be differently depending on one of these factors according to the particular fuel is gasified and the particular conditions are established inside the gasifier. The same analysis also led to the estimation of reaction zone volumes for each biomass fuel, so as a comparison among the dimensions of the differently fed gasification units was finally accomplished. Each biomass material showed a different volumes distribution, so that any dimensioned gasification unit does not seem to be suitable for more than one biomass species. Nevertheless, since reactors diameters were found out quite similar for all the examined materials, it could be envisaged to design a single units for all of them by adopting the largest diameter and by combining together the maximum heights of each reaction zone, as they were calculated for the different biomasses. A total height of gasifier as around 2400mm would be obtained in this case. Besides, by arranging air injecting nozzles at different levels along the reactor, gasification zone could be properly set up according to the particular material is in turn gasified. Finally, since gasification and pyrolysis times were found to considerably change according to even short temperature variations, it could be also envisaged to regulate air feeding rate for each gasified material (which process temperatures depend on), so as the available reactor volumes would be suitable for the complete development of solid conversion in each case, without even changing fluid dynamics behaviour of the unit as well as air/biomass ratio in noticeable measure. The second part of this work dealt with the gas cleaning systems to be adopted downstream the gasifiers in order to run high efficiency CHP units (i.e. internal engines and micro-turbines). Especially in the case multi–fuel gasifiers are assumed to be used, weightier gas cleaning lines need to be envisaged in order to reach the standard gas quality degree required to fuel cogeneration units. Indeed, as the more heterogeneous feed to the gasification unit, several contaminant species can simultaneously be present in the exit gas stream and, as a consequence, suitable gas cleaning systems have to be designed. In this work, an overall study on gas cleaning lines assessment is carried out. Differently from the other research efforts carried out in the same field, the main scope is to define general arrangements for gas cleaning lines suitable to remove several contaminants from the gas stream, independently on the feedstock material and the energy plant size The gas contaminant species taken into account in this analysis were: particulate, tars, sulphur (in H2S form), alkali metals, nitrogen (in NH3 form) and acid gases (in HCl form). For each of these species, alternative cleaning devices were designed according to three different plant sizes, respectively corresponding with 8Nm3/h, 125Nm3/h and 350Nm3/h gas flows. Their performances were examined on the basis of their optimal working conditions (efficiency, temperature and pressure drops, above all) and their own consumption of energy and materials. Successively, the designed units were combined together in different overall gas cleaning line arrangements, paths, by following some technical constraints which were mainly determined from the same performance analysis on the cleaning units and from the presumable synergic effects by contaminants on the right working of some of them (filters clogging, catalysts deactivation, etc.). One of the main issues to be stated in paths design accomplishment was the tars removal from the gas stream, preventing filters plugging and/or line pipes clogging At this scope, a catalytic tars cracking unit was envisaged as the only solution to be adopted, and, therefore, a catalytic material which is able to work at relatively low temperatures was chosen. Nevertheless, a rapid drop in tars cracking efficiency was also estimated for this same material, so that an high frequency of catalysts regeneration and a consequent relevant air consumption for this operation were calculated in all of the cases. Other difficulties had to be overcome in the abatement of alkali metals, which condense at temperatures lower than tars, but they also need to be removed in the first sections of gas cleaning line in order to avoid corrosion of materials. In this case a dry scrubber technology was envisaged, by using the same fine particles filter units and by choosing for them corrosion resistant materials, like ceramic ones. Besides these two solutions which seem to be unavoidable in gas cleaning line design, high temperature gas cleaning lines were not possible to be achieved for the two larger plant sizes, as well. Indeed, as the use of temperature control devices was precluded in the adopted design procedure, ammonia partial oxidation units (as the only considered methods for the abatement of ammonia at high temperature) were not suitable for the large scale units, because of the high increase of reactors temperature by the exothermic reactions involved in the process. In spite of these limitations, yet, overall arrangements for each considered plant size were finally designed, so that the possibility to clean the gas up to the required standard degree was technically demonstrated, even in the case several contaminants are simultaneously present in the gas stream. Moreover, all the possible paths defined for the different plant sizes were compared each others on the basis of some defined operational parameters, among which total pressure drops, total energy losses, number of units and secondary materials consumption. On the basis of this analysis, dry gas cleaning methods proved preferable to the ones including water scrubber technology in al of the cases, especially because of the high water consumption provided by water scrubber units in ammonia adsorption process. This result is yet connected to the possibility to use activated carbon units for ammonia removal and Nahcolite adsorber for chloride acid. The very high efficiency of this latter material is also remarkable. Finally, as an estimation of the overall energy loss pertaining the gas cleaning process, the total enthalpy losses estimated for the three plant sizes were compared with the respective gas streams energy contents, these latter obtained on the basis of low heating value of gas only. This overall study on gas cleaning systems is thus proposed as an analytical tool by which different gas cleaning line configurations can be evaluated, according to the particular practical application they are adopted for and the size of cogeneration unit they are connected to.

The pace at which data and information transfer and storage has shifted from PCs to mobile devices is of great concern to the digital forensics community. Android is fast becoming the operating system of choice for these hand-held devices, hence the need to develop better forensic techniques for data recovery cannot be over-emphasized. This thesis analyzes the volatile memory for Motorola Android devices with a shift from traditional physical memory extraction to carving residues of data on a “per process basis”. Each Android application runs in a separate process within its own Dalvik Virtual Machine (JVM) instance, thus, the proposed “per process basis” approach. To extract messages, we first extract the runtime memory of the MotoBlur application, then carve and reconstruct both deleted and undeleted messages (emails and chat messages). An experimental study covering two Android phones is also presented.

The contamination of process pea (Pisum sativum L.) crops by the immature fruit of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) and hairy nightshade (S. physalifolium Rusby var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter.) Edmonds) causes income losses to pea farmers in Canterbury, New Zealand. This thesis investigates the questions of whether seed dormancy, germination requirements, plant growth, reproductive phenology, or fruit growth of either nightshade species reveal specific management practices that could reduce the contamination of process peas by the fruit of these two weeds. The seed dormancy status of these weeds indicated that both species are capable of germinating to high levels (> 90%) throughout the pea sowing season when tested at an optimum germination temperature of 20/30 °C (16/8 h). However, light was required at this temperature regime to obtain maximum germination of S. nigrum. The levels of germination in the dark at 20/30 °C and at 5/20 °C, and in light at 5/20 °C, and day to 50 % germination analyses indicated that this species cycled from nondormancy to conditional dormancy throughout the period of investigation (July to December 2002). For S. physalifolium, light was not a germination requirement, and dormancy inhibited germination at 5/20 °C early in the pea sowing season (July and August). However, by October, 100% of the population was non-dormant at this test temperature. Two field trials showed that dark cultivation did not reduce the germination of either species. Growth trials with S. nigrum and S. physalifolium indicated that S. physalifolium, in a non-competitive environment, accumulated dry matter at a faster rate than S. nigrum. However, when the two species were grown with peas there was no difference in dry matter accumulation. Investigation of the flowering phenology and fruit growth of both species showed that S. physalifolium flowered (509 °Cd, base temperature (Tb) 6 °C) approximately 120 °Cd prior to S. nigrum (633 °Cd). The fruit growth rate of S. nigrum (0.62 mm/d) was significantly faster than the growth rate of S. physalifolium (0.36 mm/d). Because of the earlier flowering of S. physalifolium it was estimated that for seedlings of both species emerging on the same date that S. physalifolium could produce a fruit with a maximum diameter of 3 mm ~ 60 °Cd before S. nigrum. Overlaps in flowering between peas and nightshade were examined in four pea cultivars, of varying time to maturity, sown on six dates. Solanum physalifolium had the potential to contaminate more pea crops than S. nigrum. In particular, late sown peas were more prone to nightshade contamination, especially late sowings using mid to long duration pea cultivars (777-839 °Cd, Tb 4.5 °C). This comparison was supported by factory data, which indicated that contamination of crops sown in October and November was more common than in crops sown in August and September. Also, cultivars sown in the later two months had an ~ 100 °Cd greater maturity value than cultivars sown in August and September. Nightshade flowering and pea maturity comparisons indicated that the use of the thermal time values for the flowering of S. nigrum and S. physalifolium can be used to calculate the necessary weed free period required from pea sowing in order to prevent the flowering of these species. The earlier flowering of S. physalifolium indicates that this species is more likely to contaminate pea crops than is S. nigrum. Therefore, extra attention may be required where this species is present in process pea crops. The prevention of the flowering of both species, by the maintenance of the appropriate weed free period following pea sowing or crop emergence, was identified as potentially, the most useful means of reducing nightshade contamination in peas.

Orientadores: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei, Sergio Persio Ravagnani
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Quimica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho as análises de difusão de oxitetracilina (OTC) como espécie ativa, foram realizadas a 37 +/- 0,5 °C; em soluções tampão pH=7,4 e 1,2, condições estas similar ao trato gastro-intestinal, com microesferas de alginato de cálcio; microcápsulas de alginato de cálcio coacervado com quitosana (baixa, média e alta viscosidade); microcápsulas de alginato de cálcio coacervada com a quitosana baixa viscosidade, e revestidas com o polietileno glicol - PEG (2000, 4600 e 10000); microcápsulas de alginato de cálcio revestidas com o PEG e, finalmente, microcápsulas de alginato de cálcio revestidas com EUDRAGIT®. Na primeira parte do trabalho, priorizou-se o estudo da estrutura, sequência e composição das unidades repetitivas dos biopolímeros alginato e quitosana, as quais certamente exercem profunda influência na liberação controlada do fármaco. Na segunda parte, o coeficiente de difusão (D) de OTC foi calculado através de equações estabelecidas por Crank, para difusão em esferas, que seguem a segunda lei de Fick. Considerou-se a difusão do interior para o exterior das micropartículas, utilizando o método dos mínimos quadrados e método iterativo de Newton Raphson para ajuste dos dados. Foi verificado que o modelo matemático para a difusão de OTC tem uma representatividade muito boa em meio básico, mesmo com o efeito de disparo de OTC em forma de cristais alojados na superfície das micropartículas, conforme observado por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). No entanto, em meio ácido, o ajuste não foi o esperado, pois fatores como a alta solubilidade do fármaco no meio; além da presença de fissuras nas microesferas, devido aos cristais na superfície, contribuíram para que o perfil desviasse do obtido em outros meios, resultando em um comportamento não-Fickiano. Finalmente, observou-se a possibilidade de modulação da velocidade de liberação nos diversos tipos de microesferas
Abstract: Diffusion studies of oxytetracycline (OTC) entrapped in microbeads of calcium alginate, calcium alginate coacerved with chitosan (high, medium and low viscosity) and calcium alginate coacerved with chitosan low viscosity, covered with Poly (ethylene glycol) - PEG (2 000, 4 600 and 10 000) and alginate covered with EUORAGITI®, were carried out at 37 +/- 0.5 °C, in buffer solutions at pH 7.4 and pH 1.2, similar to the conditions of the gastric-intestinal system. The diffusion coefficient, or diffusivity (D), of OTC was calculated by equations provided by Crank for diffusion, which follows Fick's second law, considering the diffusion from the inner parts to the surface of the microbeads. The least square and the Newton Raphson methods were used to obtain the diffusion coefficients. The microbeads swelling in pH 7.4 and OTC diffusion is classically Fickian, suggesting that the OTC transport, in this case, is controlled by the exchange rates of free water and relaxation of calcium-alginate chains. In case of acid media, it was observed that the phenomenon did not follow Fick's law, due probably to the high solubility of the OTC in this environment and the presence of cracks formed during the drying process of the microbeads. It was possible to model the release rate of OTC in several types of microbeads
Doutorado
Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais
Doutor em Engenharia Química

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the 360º Assessment to know how it is understood by the principals of the schools of the Integral Education Program (PEI) of the city of São José do Rio Preto, in order to verify if it meets the objectives of the State Secretary of Education (SEE). To do that, it must verify how it is performed in the researched school units; analyze their positive and negative aspects identified by the principals, and contribute to the improvement of the teachers evaluation process, based on the suggestions identified in the research and these are their specific objectives. The 360º Assessment is an integral part of the Teachers Performance Assessment, made available biannually by the State Secretary of Education (ESS) for the school units belonging to the Integral Education Program (PEI), and its results should serve to qualify the teaching practice and the results of learning, in addition to the possible termination of assignment of the functions performed in the Program. The research was developed in four schools of the Integral Education Program (PEI) of the municipality of São José do Rio Preto and had a qualitative approach. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews with the principals of these schools. It is expected to collect and analyze the information regarding the experiences lived by the principals, to verify the effectiveness of the 360º Assessment and to investigate the difficulties encountered in order for it to achieve its real purposes of professional improvement and construction of a teaching performance of quality, reflected in better learning outcomes
O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar como a Avaliação 360º é compreendida pelos diretores das escolas do Programa de Ensino Integral (PEI) do município de São José do Rio Preto, no sentido de verificar se ela atende aos objetivos da Secretaria Estadual da Educação (SEE). Para tanto, deve verificar como ela se realiza nas unidades escolares pesquisadas; analisar seus aspectos positivos e negativos, identificados pelos diretores, e contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento do processo avaliativo docente, a partir das sugestões levantadas na pesquisa, sendo esses seus objetivos específicos. A Avaliação 360º é parte integrante da Gestão de Desempenho Docente, disponibilizada semestralmente pela Secretaria Estadual da Educação (SEE) para as unidades escolares pertencentes ao Programa de Ensino Integral (PEI), e seus resultados devem servir para a qualificação da prática docente e melhora dos índices de aprendizagem, além de possível cessação de designação das funções exercidas no Programa. A pesquisa se desenvolveu em quatro escolas do Programa de Ensino Integral (PEI) do município de São José do Rio Preto e teve uma abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas aos diretores dessas escolas. Com isso, espera-se coletar e analisar as informações referentes às experiências vivenciadas pelos diretores, para verificar a efetividade da Avaliação 360º e investigar quais as dificuldades encontradas para que ela atinja seus verdadeiros propósitos de aprimoramento profissional e construção de uma atuação docente de qualidade, desdobrada em melhores resultados de aprendizagem

This diploma thesis is dealing with researching the EU legislative and mapping the welding process of simple pressure vessel, elaborating the FMECA analysis of this process with subsequent proposal of precautional measures in critical points of this process, arising from this analysis.

Les travaux réalisés ont porté sur l’élaboration d’électrodes composites à base de polymère conducteur électronique déposé électrochimiquement sur des tapis de nanotubes de carbone verticalement alignés sur substrat d’aluminium (VACNT/Al). Ces nouveaux tapis VACNT/Al ont une densité de nanotube très élevée (10^11 - 10^12 CNT/cm²) et proposent une architecture nanométrique très intéressante pour l’élaboration d’électrode dans des dispositifs de stockage d’énergie de type supercondensateur. Le dépôt de polymère sur ces électrodes permet d’augmenter l’énergie spécifique des supercondensateurs. De plus, ces travaux ont aussi été dédiés à l’élaboration d’un procédé de dépôt en continu en vue d’une montée en échelle des synthèses du composite. Dans une première partie, les matériaux utilisés dans les électrodes composites ont été caractérisés individuellement. Ainsi, des dépôts en milieu liquide ionique des polymères poly(3-méthylthiophène) (P3MT) et polypyrrole (PPy) à la surface d’électrodes planes ont été réalisés et, des tapis VACNT ont été caractérisés. La deuxième partie de ce travail a été consacrée à l’optimisation de la synthèse électrochimique par une méthode chronoampérométrique pulsée en milieu liquide ionique.de nanocomposites P3MT/VACNT/Al avec des proportions massiques de P3MT dans l’électrode variant de 10 à 90 %. Ces composites ont par la suite été utilisés en tant qu’électrodes dans des supercondensateurs symétrique et asymétrique sous forme de pile-bouton permettant des énergies et puissances spécifiques de 52 Wh/kg et 12 kW/kg, respectivement. Dans la troisième partie, un procédé de dépôts du P3MT sur un tapis en mouvement a été mis au point pour étudier l’élaboration en continu d’électrodes composites et permettre la préparation d’électrodes de plus grande dimension, 80 cm² dans cette étude. Ces composites ont montré des capacitances spécifiques équivalentes aux composites obtenus avec des dépôts statiques. De plus, les bandes de 80 cm2 ont été utilisées pour la réalisation de supercondensateurs de type zig-zag symétrique et asymétrique et ont aussi montré des énergies et puissance spécifiques très similaire à celles des piles bouton. Dans une dernière partie, un transfert de méthode a été réalisé pour la synthèse de composite PPy/VACNT, en statique puis en procédé continu
The work carried out focused on the development of composite electrodes by electrochemically deposition of conductive polymer onto carbon nanotube vertically aligned on aluminum substrate (VACNT/Al). These new VACNT / Al have a very high nanotube density (10^11 - 10^12 CNT/cm²) and offer a very interesting nanometric architecture for the elaboration of electrodes in energy storage devices as supercapacitor. The deposition of polymer on these electrodes allows the increase of the supercapacitors’ specific energies. In addition, this work has also been dedicated to the development of a continuous deposition process for scaling syntheses of the composite. In a first part, the materials used in the composite electrodes have been characterized individually. Thus, ionic liquid medium deposits of poly (3-methylthiophene) (P3MT) and polypyrrole (PPy) polymers at the surface of planar electrodes were made and VACNT were characterized. The second part of this work was devoted to the optimization of electrochemical synthesis by a pulsed chronoamperometric method in ionic liquid medium. P3MT/VACNT/Al nanocomposites with mass proportions of P3MT in the electrode ranging from 10 to 90%. These composites have subsequently been used as electrodes in symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors in coin-cell devices allowing specifics energies and powers of 52 Wh/kg and 12 kW/kg, respectively. In the third part, a P3MT deposition process onto moving VACNT was developed to study the continuous elaboration of composite electrodes and to allow the preparation of larger electrodes, 80 cm² in this study. These composites showed specific capacitances equivalent to the composites obtained with static deposits. In addition, the 80 cm2 strips were used for the realization of symmetric and asymmetric zig-zag supercapacitors and also showed specific energies and power very similar to those of coin-cells. In a last part, a transfer of method was realized for the synthesis of composite PPy / VACNT, in static then continuous process