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1

Fogel, Robert William. Changes in the process of aging during the twentieth century: Findings and procedures of the early indicators project. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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2

New York (State). Legislature. Assembly. Committee on Children & Families. State Assembly public hearing on the effectiveness of the child fatality review process in New York State: To assess the child fatality review process in New York State in order to determine whether the existing systems to review child fatalities are adequate to ensure timely and effective investigations. EN-DE Reporting Services, Ltd., 2005.

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3

Cornish, Victoria R. Development of a process for the long-term monitoring of MMPA Category I and II commercial fisheries: Proceedings of a workshop held in Silver Spring, Maryland, June 15-16, 1998. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, [Office of Protected Resources, 1999.

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4

W, Holland Walter, and EC Working Group on Health Services and "Avoidable Deaths", eds. European Community atlas of 'avoidable death' 1985-89. Oxford University Press, 1997.

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5

W, Holland Walter, and EC Working Group on Health Services and "Avoidable Deaths"., eds. European Community atlas of "avoidable death". 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1991.

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6

Misselhorn, Mark. Measurement of Poverty, Undernutrition and Child Mortality. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 2018.

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7

Misselhorn, Mark. Measurement of poverty, undernutrition and child mortality. Lang, 2008.

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8

Office, General Accounting. Foreign assistance: U.S. Russia Fund is following its investment selection process and criteria : report to congressional requesters. The Office, 2000.

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9

Yamin, Alicia Ely. Castillos de arena en el camino hacia la modernidad: Una perspectiva desde los derechos humanos sobre el proceso de reforma del sector salud en el Perú, 1990-2000 y sus implicancias en la muerte materna. Centro de la Mujer Peruana Flora Tristán, 2003.

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10

Nigh, Gordon Donald. A process oriented approach to modelling forest tree mortality. 1994.

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11

Dolter, Kathryn J. IDENTIFYING PROCESS VARIATION VIA RISK-ADJUSTED OUTCOME (CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT, MORTALITY). 1995.

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12

Enhancing the value of your medical practice. American Medical Association, Dept. of Practice Development Resources, 1990.

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13

Holland, W. W. European Community Atlas of "Avoidable Death": Volume Two (Oxford Medical Publications). 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 1993.

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14

European Community Atlas of "Avoidable Death": Volume One (CEC Health Services Research). 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 1991.

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15

Protocol to estimate mortality from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma attributable to viral hepatitis B and C. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123768.

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One of the goals to be achieved by 2030 of the Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016-2021 is to reduce mortality from hepatitis viruses B (HBV) and C (HCV). To measure and monitor it, countries need to implement a systematic process to generate national estimates of mortality from viral hepatitis, which many lack. This document is aimed at the institutions and/or ministries in charge of monitoring progress in each country. The main objective of this protocol is to present simple methods to estimate the proportion of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma who have
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16

Guerin, John J., and L. Paul Hood. Psychological Factors in Estate Planning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0018.

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As an area of behavioral finance, estate planning is less focused on systematic, cognitive errors than on a core, emotional ambivalence about mortality. The chapter explores the dynamics of the advisor–client relationship in financial planning and estate planning, as well as the emotional conflicts concerning mortality in light of research about mortality salience and terror management theory. The inclusion of marital, family, and family business issues introduces inherent complications to efforts at planning. These added dimensions may in turn affect succession planning, inheritance, heir pre
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17

Misselhorn, Mark. Measurement of Poverty, Undernutrition and Child Mortality. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2018.

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18

Beal, Jules C., and Emilio Perucca. Medical Management of Epilepsy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0044.

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Epilepsy affects approximately 65 million people worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality including injuries, psychiatric comorbidities, social stress, and the risk of sudden death. The best indicator of quality of life in patients with epilepsy is seizure freedom. The chapter discusses the medical management of epilepsy, focusing on decision making, when to initiate treatment, how to choose an appropriate medication, and how to proceed when a medication fails. The treatment of epilepsy is a highly individualized process that must take into account an individual’s seizure type
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19

Adams, Peter J. Reflecting on the Inevitable. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190945008.001.0001.

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Death studies have, over the past twenty years, witnessed a flourishing of research and scholarship particularly in areas such as dying and bereavement, cultural practices and fear of dying. But, despite its importance, a specific focus on the nature of personal mortality has attracted surprisingly little attention. Reflecting on the Inevitable: Mortality at the Crossroads of Psychology, Philosophy, and Health breaks new ground by bringing together available ideas and research on the meaning of one’s own death. Its content is organized around the question of how an ongoing relationship might b
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20

Veering, Bernadette, and Chris Dodds. Anaesthesia in the elderly. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0086.

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The elderly population continues to grow. As surgical intervention in disease processes becomes more aggressive, the anaesthetist is faced with an increasing number of elderly patients. Elderly patients should be approached with a clear understanding of ageing, how it occurs, how it affects specific organ systems, and how it may influence clinical care, when a patient is subjected to an operation. The ageing process is a multifactorial process, resulting in a decreased capacity for adaptation and producing a gradual decrease in functional reserve of many organ systems. This has significant eff
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21

Istaphanous, George K., and Andreas W. Loepke. Pulmonary Hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0035.

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Pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by a pathologically elevated pulmonary artery pressure in children. The etiology of PAH is multifactorial, and while its prognosis is closely related to the reversibility of the underlying disease process, much progress has recently been made in its diagnosis and treatment, significantly decreasing the associated morbidity and mortality.
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22

Cuocolo, Alberto, and Emilia Zampella. Role of Imaging in Diabetes Mellitus. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0018.

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Although there has been a marked decline in mortality due to coronary artery disease (CAD) in the overall population in the past three decades, reducing CAD mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) has proven exceptionally difficult. Several epidemiological studies have shown that DM is associated with a marked increase in the risk of CAD. The symptoms are not a reliable means of identifying patients at higher risk considering that angina is threefold less common in DM than in non-DM. Noninvasive cardiac imaging, such as echocardiography, nuclear cardiology, computed tomography, and m
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23

Jenkins, Kath. Consent and anaesthetic risk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0002.

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This chapter describes the importance of obtaining informed consent for anaesthesia. It covers some ethical points to guide this process. Informed consent requires good knowledge of the risks of anaesthetic practice and their likelihood. The chapter contains a detailed table of perioperative adverse outcomes, linked to real-life examples to aid clarity of communication to the patient. There are detailed suggestions of how to identify the higher-risk patient and estimate their risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity.
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24

Jenkins, Kath. Consent and anaesthetic risk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0002_update_001.

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This chapter describes the importance of obtaining informed consent for anaesthesia. It covers some ethical points to guide this process. Informed consent requires good knowledge of the risks of anaesthetic practice and their likelihood. The chapter contains a detailed table of perioperative adverse outcomes, linked to real-life examples to aid clarity of communication to the patient. There are detailed suggestions of how to identify the higher-risk patient and estimate their risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity.
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25

Boat, Anne C., and Senthilkumar Sadhasivam. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0055.

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) affects approximately 1 in 2,500 live births and results from an embryologic defect in diaphragm formation allowing abdominal contents to enter the fetal pleural cavity. Prognosis and treatment options vary depending on the extent and location of the diaphragmatic hernia, but CDH remains a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Anesthesia for neonatal repair of CDH can be involved, as patients often have many organ systems affected by their disease process.
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26

Zhukovsky, Donna S. Association Between Advance Directives and Quality of End-of-Life Care (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0035.

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Advance care planning is a complex process whereby an individual reflects on future care options at the end of life after reflecting on his or her values and goals for care. These values, goals, and preferences are then communicated to key stakeholders in the process (i.e., proxy and surrogate decision-makers, family members, and health care providers). It is unclear how well the completion of advance directives and a written outcome of advance care planning affect desired patient outcomes. In this chapter, a critical review is provided of a mortality follow-back survey that evaluates the asso
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27

Ronco, Claudio, and Zaccaria Ricci. Renal support therapy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0029.

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Renal dysfunction is known to be frequently a component of multiple organ failure, a complex syndrome affecting the most severely ill critical patients. Bidirectional interaction between the kidneys and other organs has always been suspected; evidence suggests that severe kidney injury is an important protagonist in acute illness, even when managed by dialysis. In fact, if it seems that increasing the dose of renal replacement therapy does not reduce mortality, it could be inferred that acute kidney injury influences mortality through means that are not reversed by conventional renal support,
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28

Ronco, Claudio, and Zaccaria Ricci. Renal support therapy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0029_update_001.

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Renal dysfunction is known to be frequently a component of multiple organ failure, a complex syndrome affecting the most severely ill critical patients. Bidirectional interaction between the kidneys and other organs has always been suspected; evidence suggests that severe kidney injury is an important protagonist in acute illness, even when managed by dialysis. In fact, if it seems that increasing the dose of renal replacement therapy does not reduce mortality, it could be inferred that acute kidney injury influences mortality through means that are not reversed by conventional renal support,
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29

Ronco, Claudio, and Zaccaria Ricci. Renal support therapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0029_update_002.

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Renal dysfunction is known to be frequently a component of multiple organ failure, a complex syndrome affecting the most severely ill critical patients. Bidirectional interaction between the kidneys and other organs has always been suspected; evidence suggests that severe kidney injury is an important protagonist in acute illness, even when managed by dialysis. In fact, if it seems that increasing the dose of renal replacement therapy does not reduce mortality, it could be inferred that acute kidney injury influences mortality through means that are not reversed by conventional renal support,
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30

Jacquemyn, Yves, and Anneke Kwee. Antenatal and intrapartum fetal evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0006.

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Antenatal and intrapartum fetal monitoring aim to identify the beginning of the process of fetal hypoxia before irreversible fetal damage has taken place. Fetal movement counting by the mother has not been reported to be of any benefit. The biophysical profile score, incorporating ultrasound and fetal heart rate monitoring, has not been proven to reduce perinatal mortality in randomized trials. Doppler ultrasound allows the exploration of the perfusion of different fetal organ systems and provides data on possible hypoxia and fetal anaemia. Maternal uterine artery Doppler can be used to select
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31

Williams, Erin S. Asthmatic for Adenotonsillectomy. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0005.

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Asthma is a chronic reversible pulmonary condition. It is the most common respiratory disease as it affects 6 million to 9 million children in the United States. The patient with asthma can experience reversible bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsivness, and increased mucus production. Inflammation is the fundamental abnormality. This dynamic process exists on a spectrum of mild, moderate, or severe. Patients may exhibit expiratory wheezing, obstruction to expiration, and/or inspiration, cough, and respiratory distress. Given the prevalence of asthma and its potential
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32

Ortiz, Julian Arias, Raphaël Favory, and Jean-Louis Vincent. Infection, sepsis, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0072.

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Sepsis is the main cause of multiple organ failure and remains a concern because of the associated high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, important advances have been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis. Sepsis and septic shock are the end result of complex interactions between infecting organisms and various elements of the host response. A key feature of the common sequence of organ failure is dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, including microcirculatory elements. Outcome improvement in sepsis is based on recognizing the process early and instituting eff
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33

Favory, Raphaël, and Jean-Louis Vincent. Infection, sepsis, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0072_update_001.

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Sepsis is the main cause of multiple organ failure and remains a concern because of the associated high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, important advances have been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis. Sepsis and septic shock are the end result of complex interactions between infecting organisms and various elements of the host response. A key feature of the common sequence of organ failure is dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, including microcirculatory elements. Outcome improvement in sepsis is based on recognizing the process early and instituting eff
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34

Favory, Raphaël, and Jean-Louis Vincent. Infection, sepsis, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0072_update_002.

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Sepsis is the main cause of multiple organ failure and remains a concern because of the associated high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, important advances have been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis. Sepsis and septic shock are the end result of complex interactions between infecting organisms and various elements of the host response. A key feature of the common sequence of organ failure is dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, including microcirculatory elements. Outcome improvement in sepsis is based on recognizing the process early and instituting eff
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35

Favory, Raphaël, and Jean-Louis Vincent. Infection, sepsis, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0072_update_003.

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Sepsis is the main cause of multiple organ failure and remains a concern because of the associated high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, important advances have been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis. Sepsis and septic shock are the end result of complex interactions between infecting organisms and various elements of the host response. A key feature of the common sequence of organ failure is dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, including microcirculatory elements. Outcome improvement in sepsis is based on recognizing the process early and instituting eff
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36

Bellingan, Geoffrey, and Brijesh V. Patel. Repair and recovery mechanisms following critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0309.

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Inflammation is the beneficial host response to foreign challenge or tissue injury that ultimately leads to the restoration of tissue structure and function. Critical illness is associated with an overwhelming and prolonged inflammatory activation. Resolution of the inflammatory response is an active process that requires removal of the inciting stimuli, cessation of the pro-inflammatory response, a timely coordinated removal of tissue leukocyte infiltration, a conversion from ‘toxic’ to reparative tissue environment, and restoration of normal tissue structure and function. Mortality may resul
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37

Dilsizian, Vasken, Ines Valenta, and Thomas H. Schindler. Myocardial Viability Assessment. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0021.

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Heart failure may be a consequence of ischemic or non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Etiologies for LV systolic dysfunction in ischemic cardiomyopathy include; 1) transmural scar, 2) nontransmural scar, 3) repetitive myocardial stunning, 4) hibernating myocardium, and 5) remodeled myocardium. The LV remodeling process, which is activated by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), stimulates toxic catecholamine actions and matrix metalloproteinases, resulting in maladaptive cellular and molecular alterations5, with a final pathway to interstitial fibrosis. These responses to LV dysfunction and interstiti
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38

Gelfand, Alan, and Sujit K. Sahu. Models for demography of plant populations. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.17.

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This article discusses the use of Bayesian analysis and methods to analyse the demography of plant populations, and more specifically to estimate the demographic rates of trees and how they respond to environmental variation. It examines data from individual (tree) measurements over an eighteen-year period, including diameter, crown area, maturation status, and survival, and from seed traps, which provide indirect information on fecundity. The multiple data sets are synthesized with a process model where each individual is represented by a multivariate state-space submodel for both continuous
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39

Rello, Jordi, and Bárbara Borgatta. Pathophysiology of pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0115.

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Airway colonization, ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT), and hospital-acquired (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are three manifestations having the presence of micro-organisms in airways in common. Newer definitions have to consider worsening of oxygenation, in addition to purulent respiratory secretions, chest-X rays opacities, and biomarkers of inflammation. Bacteria are the main causes of HAP/VAP. During hospitalization there’s a shift of airway’s colonizing flora from core organisms to enteric and non-fermentative ones. Macro- and micro-aspiration is the most impo
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40

Moeckel, Gilbert W., Veena Manjunath, and Mark A. Perazella. Acute kidney injury in the cancer patient. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0251.

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Acute kidney injury in cancer patients is a complicated clinical condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the hospital setting. Cancer patients may develop a variety of different kidney lesions that impair not only immediate survival but also limit the adequate treatment of the underlying malignant process. This poses a significant challenge for clinicians.The mechanisms that lead to acute kidney injury in cancer patients are similar to those seen in non-cancer patients. Moreover, significant morbidity is seen in association with chemotherapy, as well as thr
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41

Hert, Stefan De, and Patrick Wouters. Heart disease and anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0083.

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Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality. Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Classically, hypertension is subdivided according to the aetiology into primary and secondary hypertension. Ischaemic heart disease constitutes a major concern for perioperative morbidity and mortality. Therefore important efforts are directed towards the identification of the patient at risk for perioperative cardiac complications and towards optimization of the cardiac status before intervention. Cardiac rhythm disturbances fall into two general classes: bradyarrh
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42

Bion, Julian, and Anna Dennis. ICU admission and discharge criteria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0020.

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The decision to admit patients to intensive care or discharge them, is a daily task for intensivists, a life-changing event for patients and families, and a major strategic issue for health care systems worldwide. Decisions must often be made rapidly, in conditions of uncertainty, involving substituted judgements about relative risks and benefits, framed by sociocultural factors that are not well characterized. The outcomes are strongly influenced by available resources, staffing, and skills throughout the patient pathway. The decision to admit should be based on the severity of illness, chron
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43

Lichtenthal, Wendy G., Kailey E. Roberts, Greta Jankauskaite, et al. Meaning-Centered Group Psychotherapy for Breast Cancer Survivors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199837229.003.0004.

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Breast cancer survivors face a number of unique psychosocial challenges following completion of treatment. In particular, having confronted their own mortality, the desire to live meaningful lives is often intensely heightened. However, a significant subset of survivors feel “stuck,” disconnected, and a decreased sense of meaning, identity, and purpose. Although breast cancer survivors have expressed that their greatest unmet need is support for existential issues, there is an absence of empirically supported interventions that focus on enhancing meaning. Meaning-centered group psychotherapy f
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44

Breitbart, William S., and Shannon R. Poppito. Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199837250.003.0008.

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This chapter provides instructions for conducting the eighth session of meaning-centered group psychotherapy. The reader is instructed to help members to reflect on their group experience in light of the last seven sessions. Facilitators will facilitate dialogue and reflection around members’ thoughts and feeling surrounding the finality of their group experience in light of facing important transitions and facing their own mortality due to their cancer illness. They will also guide the group in exploring what it has been like to share their cancer experiences and life stories with others in t
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45

Ostroff, Jamie S., and Donna Shelley. Implementation of an Evidence-Based Tobacco Use Treatment Intervention in the Context of Lung Cancer Screening. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0015.

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Lung cancer screening using low-dose helical computed tomography is now recommended for early detection of lung cancer. This case study provides an overview of a study that is testing the effectiveness of tobacco treatment interventions for high-risk smokers seeking lung cancer screening and examining factors that may influence implementation process and sustainability for delivering effective models of smoking cessation treatment in lung cancer screening settings. The focus of the case study is a description of how and why two implementation frameworks were applied to evaluate the implementat
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46

Givens, Terryl L. Feeding the Flock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794935.001.0001.

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This is a study of the general scheme of organization, offices, authority, and practices that God designed to bring to fruition his ultimate intentions for the human family, which scheme arises out of the theology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, that is, Mormonism. As a study of ecclesiology, the focus is on how Mormon ideas and doctrines have been formally implemented through an ecclesiastical structure and modes of worship. Underlying Mormon theology is a radically reconstituted covenant theology, which Mormons call the New and Everlasting Covenant, which has its origins
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47

Michaels, Axel. Rites of Passage. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0007.

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This chapter examines the classical Hindu life-cycle rites, the term saṃskāra and its history, and the main sources (Gṛhyasūtras and Dharma texts). It presents a history of the traditional saṃskāras and variants in local contexts, especially in Nepal. It describes prenatal, birth and childhood, initiation, marriage, old-age, death, and ancestor rituals. Finally, it analyzes the transformational process of these life-cycle rituals in the light of general theories on rites of passage. It proposes, in saṃskāras, man equates himself with the unchangeable and thus seems to counteract the uncertaint
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48

Rosengart, Matthew R. Disorders of calcium in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0253.

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Calcium is vitally important for normal cellular signalling and function. However, its toxicity necessitates that intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+] be tightly regulated and compartmentalized. Evolutionary pressures have yielded several regulatory mechanisms to maintain intracellular and extracellular ionized calcium concentrations compatible with life. During periods of critical illness these process are commonly overwhelmed, and disorders of calcium homeostasis are highly prevalent among intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Indeed, hypocalcaemia occurs in up to 88% of critically-ill I
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49

Watson, Max, and Mark Thomas. Spiritual and ethical aspects of advance care planning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802136.003.0006.

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This chapter describes linking spirituality and Advanced Care Planning (ACP); fear and ACP; how thinking about death changes people; religious views of ACP; denial and ACP; personal control and ACP; ethical principles and ACP; the spiritual work of ACP, including objective asessment; adaptation and ACP; and ritual, sacrament, and ACP. The discussion holds that dying is not primarily a medical event. The process of thinking about end-of-life issues can significantly impact on an individual’s attitudes, values, and belief systems. Dying patients can challenge the cultural illusion that life is g
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50

Alvis, Bret D., and Christopher G. Hughes. Delirium. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0061.

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Delirium in the postoperative period, characterized by inattention, disorganized thinking, disorientation, and/or altered levels of consciousness within the first few days after surgery, has been associated with significant increases in hospital stay, functional decline, prolonged cognitive dysfunction, and mortality. It is underdiagnosed without routine assessments with validated tools such as the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), the 4AT, the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU), or the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC). Prevention strategies for p
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