Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Process of subjectivation'

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O trabalho é resultado de uma experiência vivenciada no município de Suzano, Estado de São Paulo (2010-2012), em que vivenciamos o processo de construção da Política e Sistema Municipal de Educação Ambiental, um dos eixos desta política foi o Programa de Educação Ambiental Popular, foco dos nossos estudos nesta pesquisa. Nosso interesse foi de investigar como processos que ocorrem no âmbito da política pública oferecem um campo para a problematização dos espaços públicos a partir do projeto pedagógico e do processo educacional. Realizamos uma cartografia a partir dos afetos recolhidos na experiência, descrevendo os aspectos que nos permitem compreender a dimensão política do ambiente para o viver no meio urbano com a abrangência da ecologia considerada em sua abordagem física, mas com atenção sobre os seus desdobramentos para o ambiente dos vínculos e para o ambiente do pensamento. Deste modo, confrontamos as três perspectivas da ecologia com os processos de constituição do sujeito ao articular os estudos de educação popular e ambiental com os estudos sobre os processos de subjetivação.
The work is resulted of experience lived in the municipal district of Suzano, São Paulo (2010-2012), in that is was build a process of construction of the Politics Municipal System of Environmental Education, one of the axes of this politics was the Program of Popular Environmental Education, I focus of our studies in the research. Our interest was of investigating as processes that happen in the extent of the public politics offer a field for the problematization of the public spaces starting from the pedagogic project and of the education process. We accomplished a cartography starting from the affections collected in the experience, describing the aspects that allow o understand us the political dimension of the atmosphere for living in the urban way with the inclusion of the ecology considered in her physical approach, but whit attention on their unfolding for the atmosphere of the bonds and the atmosphere of thought. This way, we confronted the three perspectives of the ecology with the constitution processes of the subject when articulating the studies of environmental education with studies on subjectivation processes.

Orientador: Romualdo Dias
Resumo: Este trabalho analisa algumas marcas de possíveis processos de singularização ocorridos em professores que aderiram à greve do magistério público estadual paulista, em 2015. Compreendemos a greve como um movimento coletivo de resistência frente as imposições estatais no que se refere à Educação pública, a Escola e o papel do professor. A atmosfera de conflitos foi constatada por meio das narrativas criadas sobre o evento pelos dois lados envolvidos: Governo do Estado de São Paulo – por meio do jornal Folha de São Paulo – e sindicato dos professores (APEOESP) – através dos boletins informativos. A divergência sobre a educação deve-se à divergência ideológica que norteia a atuação governamental ou sindical. Nesse sentido, há uma preocupação no trabalho em compreender como o avanço do neoliberalismo na política se relaciona com o sindicato e com a educação. Por fim, no final da pesquisa foi resultado de conversas que tivéssemos com 4 professores grevistas da cidade de Limeira-SP. A partir do diálogo eles expuseram suas trajetórias no magistério, suas experiências no sindicato e suas impressões sobre a greve de 2015.
Abstract: This paper analyzes some marks of possible singularization processes that occurred in teachers who joined the strike of the São Paulo state public teaching profession in 2015. We understand the strike as a collective movement of resistance against state impositions regarding public education, the School and the role of the teacher. The atmosphere of conflict was verified through the narratives created about the event by the two sides involved: São Paulo State Government - through the newspaper Folha de São Paulo - and teachers' union (APEOESP) - through the newsletters. The divergence over education is due to the ideological divergence that guides the government or union action. In this sense, there is a concern at work in understanding how the advance of neoliberalism in politics relates to the union and education. Finally, at the end of the research it was the result of conversations we had with 4 striking teachers from the city of Limeira-SP. From the dialogue they exposed their career in teaching, their experiences in the union and their impressions of the 2015 strike.
Mestre

Cette thèse porte sur la dimension d’autoformation et de subjectivation de la pratique du rap, deux aspects jusque-là inexplorés de cette pratique musicale. Elle examine la manière dont un individu lambda devient un rappeur compétent, selon les critères implicitement établis au sein de la communauté de pratique mise en place autour du rap dans le contexte haïtien. Elle éclaire aussi le processus de construction du rappeur-sujet en se fondant sur l’analyse des données composites : textes de musique, vidéo-clips, matériaux biographiques construits à partir des entretiens de recherche biographique menés à Port-au-Prince, entre 2013 et 2016, auprès des rappeurs pratiquants et des fans de rap évoluant en Haïti. La réflexion proposée s’inscrit dans la lignée épistémologique, théorique et méthodologique de la recherche biographique. Les matériaux collectés permettent de comprendre que le devenir rappeur consiste en une articulation complexe de savoirs informels et de savoirs formels, de différents moments d’un processus d’autoformation dans lequel le sujet apprenant est confronté à un défi de connaissance et un défi de soi. Loin d’être une « musique engagée », le rap haïtien se révèle plutôt comme une « musique de lamentation » qui tient lieu de modalité d’expression de la souffrance de ses pratiquants. En d’autres termes, à défaut de servir de catalyseur dans de sérieux mouvements de mobilisation collective, cette musique sert plutôt d’exutoire à des jeunes qui cherchent à exprimer leur sentiment complexe de désarroi, de déception, de désespoir, d’affliction, de rage et même de honte devant la situation chaotique d’Haïti. Le rap haïtien a donc une fonction un peu plus cathartique que politique
This doctoral thesis is based on the self-training and the subjectivation side of the practice of rap music, both aspects are until there unexplored in this musical practice. It examines the way that individual become a competent rapper, according to the criteria implicitly created in the community practice around of rap music in the Haii political and economical context. It also reviews the construction of the rapper actors, based on the analysis of composite datas : text musics, video clips, biographical datas picked up from interviews with rappers and rap fans at Port-au-Prince, between 2013 and 2016. The proposed ideas are developed according to the epistemological, theoretic, and methodological filiation of the biographical approach. The picked datas allow us to understand that being a rapper depends on complex relations between informal and formal knowledges, on deferent moments of self-training process in whishes individual is confronted with knowledge challenge and self-challenge.Not necessarily an “engaged music”,the haitian rap is a “lamentation music”, a way for haitian rappers and rap fans to express their pain. In other words, because it does not catalyze serious collective movements, this music is rather a way for young people who want to express their feelings of despair, affliction, rage and even their shame in front of Haiti's chaotic situation. The Haitian rap has a most cathartic function rather than a political one

CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Diante das transformações ocorridas no processo de transição da modernidade para a contemporaneidade, o presente trabalho questiona o lugar do sentimento de culpa na estrutura social e seu impacto junto às subjetividades. Para tal, são utilizados como referência alguns pensadores da cultura, predominantemente psicanalistas e filósofos, com o intuito de discutir se é a culpa um sentimento imprescindível ou não para o psiquismo humano. Dessa forma, busca-se reunir nesta dissertação diferentes pontos de vista acerca do sentimento de culpa, com o intuito de provocar uma discussão sobre sua relação com a subjetividade contemporânea.
In face of the changes in the process of transition from modernism to contemporary, this paper questions the role of the feeling of guilt in the social structure and its impact on the subjectivities. Therefore, some thinkers of culture were chosen as reference, predominantly psychoanalysts and philosophers, in order to discuss whether or not the guilt is an essential feeling in human psyche. Thus, we attempt to compile in this dissertation different points of view about the feeling of guilt in order to provoke a discussion about their relationship to contemporary subjectivity.

Ce travail de thèse s’appuie fortement sur le concept de « transformation normative du social et de l’intime », transformations induites par les évolutions de l’environnement économique et social vers une exacerbation de l’individualisme renvoyant d’une part aux cadres sociaux et idéologiques et d’autre part aux psychisme des individus souvent mis en difficulté par cette tourmente transformationnelle. Face à cet environnement en transformation rapide, cette thèse relate, à partir d’un cas d’entreprise, l’utilisation du « marketing de combat » dans le domaine social et considère la fragilité et la gestion du rythme optimal de la dynamique apprenante d’un processus de changement. De l’étude de ce cas est déduite l’importance que peut revêtir la médiation sociocognitive. S’y ajoute une tentative de modélisation des résultats concernant le jeu des interactions et rétroactions relatives aux multiples voies du devenir de la liberté individuelle générée par le difficile processus de subjectivation. Le nécessaire développement de la médiation sociocognitive intra-entreprise ou inter-entreprises est requis pour résoudre (purger) les conflits interpersonnels et déployer l’altérité
This thesis relies heavily on the concept of "normative transformation of both innermost and social being ", transformations induced by changes in the economic and social environment to an exacerbation of individualism on the one hand referring to executives social and ideological and partly to the psyche of individuals often challenged by the turmoil transformational. Faced with this rapidly changing environment, this thesis describes, from a business case, the use of "marketing war" in the social sphere and considers the fragility and managing the optimal pace of learning the dynamics of a process of change. From the study of this research-action is deduced the potential importance of social cognitive mediation. An attempt to model the results concerning the interplay of interactions and feedbacks on multiple pathways of the future of individual freedom generated by the difficult process of subjectivation is added. The necessary development of sociocognitive mediation intra-company or inter-company is required to solve (purge) interpersonal conflicts and deploy otherness

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A presente pesquisa investiga as possibilidades e potências da prática da escrita realizada em um contexto de privação da liberdade. Entende-se essa escrita como um modo de produção de si mesmo por entre os poderes institucionais, portanto, na experiência do escrever, uma subjetividade em formação constante que produz sentidos enquanto narra a vida. O objetivo é acompanhar, fazer aparecer e apresentar movimentos de singularidades, resistência e formação de subjetividades pela experiência da escrita com reeducandos do Centro de Ressocialização Masculino de Rio Claro (CR). Para isso são utilizados os procedimentos metodológicos da cartografia. Tendo como horizonte teórico as contribuições de Baratta, Bauman, Foucault e Wacquant, é feita uma contextualização do sistema prisional como local de aprisionamento da pobreza, da disciplina ostensiva e reformativa sobre o indivíduo, em um cenário marcado pela globalização, assim como o lugar que o CR ocupa em tudo isso. Para uma perspectiva da escrita há contribuições teóricas na linha de autores como Deleuze e Foucault. Para produção e captação do material de pesquisa, foram realizadas oficinas com encontros semanais de duas horas de duração dentro do CR de modo a permitir um momento de troca de escritas, experiências e pensamentos em torno da vida encarcerada e da escrita. As oficinas se constituiram como momentos de conversa onde o mundo de fora e o de dentro estabeleceram interlocuções e momentos de criações. A escrita aparece como uma prática que abre a vida sufocada pelo poder institucional. Em seu fazer, cria momentos de invenção consigo por entre o tempo gradeado da prisão e permite, por vezes, a fuga ao poder disciplinar e, quase sempre, a resistência.
This research investigates the possibilities and potencies of the writing practice in a context of liberty deprivation. This writing is understood as a way of self-production throughout the institutional powers, therefore, in the writing experience, a subjectivity in constant formation that produces meanings while narrating life. The objective is to perceive, accompany and make appear movements of singularities, resistance and subjectivity formation by the writing experience with prisioners of the Center of Masculine Resocialization of Rio Claro (CR). For this, the methodological procedures of cartography are used. Taking as a theoretical horizon the contributions of Baratta, Bauman, Foucault and Wacquant, a contextualisation of the prison system is made as a place of imprisonment of poverty and of ostensive and reformative discipline over the individual, in a scenario marked by globalization, as well as the place where the CR occupies in all of this. For a perspective of writing there are theoretical contributions in the line of authors as Deleuze and Foucault. For the production and capitation of the research material, workshops were held with weekly meetings of two hours duration within the CR to allow a moment of exchange of writings, experiences and thoughts around the imprisionment life and writing. The workshops constituted moments of conversation where the outside and the inside world established interlocutions and moments of creation. Writing appears as a practice that opens up life stifled by institutional power. In its doing, it creates moments of invention with itself through the barred time of the prison.

L’objet de cette recherche, le processus de réélaboration de l’expérience, est défini à partir d’une conception de l’expérience liant vécu, élaboration et communication de l’expérience. L’approche de ce processus repose sur l’hypothèse théorique selon laquelle le discours n’est pas un simple véhicule : il réalise en les transformant des processus psychiques qui surviennent dans la situation de communication. Il en résulte que cette recherche, à visée compréhensive, est orientée par une hypothèse qui dirige la saisie du travail de réélaboration vers la forme même que prend le dire. En conséquence de quoi le traitement du corpus, constitué à partir d’interviews semi-directives (auprès de deux professeures des écoles), relève d’une analyse du discours orientée par un ensemble cohérent d’indicateurs formels linguistiques. Les résultats obtenus, qui concernent les processus de généralisation, d’objectivation et de subjectivation, montrent que des généralités énoncées réalisent un travail de réélaboration à partir d’une position subjective, toujours singulière, appelant une prise de conscience réflexive en collaboration avec un formateur à l’écoute
The object of this research work, the process of reelaboration of experience, is defined from a conception of experience that links personal experience, elaboration and communication of experience. The approach of this process relies on the theoretical hypothesis that speech is not a mere vehicle : it creates while transforming it, this psychic process that occurs within situations of communication. It comes from it that this work, which is meant to be comprehensive, is orientated by a hypothesis that leads the understanding of the work of reelaboration towards the very shape of talking. As a consequence, the analysis of the corpus, made of semi-directive interviews (of two school teachers), is based on an analysis of speech relying on a coherent collection of formal linguistic indicators. The results that we got about the processes of generalization, objectivation and subjectivation show that the generalities stated in this work lead to a process of reelaboration from a subjective and always singular position, which leads to a reflexive awakening, with the collaboration of a trainer who pays close attention

Ce travail porte sur les processus psychiques qui sous-tendent l'acte de violence sexuelle à l'âge adulte, avec la perspective de les comprendre à la lumière du processus de subjectivation adolescent, du travail d'historisation et des enjeux identificatoires, en termes de bisexualité psychique, qui y sont liés. Les observations cliniques s'appuient sur plusieurs entretiens non directifs ainsi que sur la passation du Rorschach et du TAT avec 8 hommes auteurs de violence sexuelle étant sous soins pénalement ordonnés après la fin de leur incarcération. Ils ont été rencontrés dans une institution spécialisée en participant de manière libre à cette recherche. Ces hommes ont tous agi leur première violence sexuelle à l'âge adulte et non lors de l'adolescence comme c'est le cas pour la majorité de ces individus. La passation du TAT comporte aussi les planches habituellement destinées aux femmes et la planche 17BM afin d'appréhender davantage les subtilités identificatoires de ces personnes. Ces observations m'ont permis de développer ensuite des hypothèses et réflexions métapsychologiques concernant ces personnes afin de tenter de proposer une interprétation de la manière dont l'acte de violence sexuelle peut s'inscrire dans leur parcours de vie. Enfin, ce travail s'ancre dans des perspectives de soins. En effet, il vise à souligner d'une part l'importance de l'adolescent dans l'adulte au sein de la psychothérapie et, d'autre part, la richesse de la méthode de recherche utilisée ici comme potentiel levier thérapeutique pour les personnes sous soins pénalement ordonnés
The aim of this study is to examine the psychic processes underlying the act of sexual violence within a population of adult offenders in light of the adolescent process of subjectivation, the work of historicization and the bisexual dispositions of identifications. Clinical data was collected from non-directive interviews and projective assessments of 8 male sexual offenders who had committed their first sexual offense later at adulthood, an uncommon criterion in this population. The sample was selected from a specialized institution for penal imposed treatments after incarceration. Along with the Rorschach, the TAT was administered with the exceptional inclusion of the 17BM and feminine cards in order to gain a better understanding of identification dynamics. The findings highlighted metapsychological basis for the interpretation of the function of sexual violence in the patient's life course, thus yielding important therapeutic implications. Essentially, this research emphasizes the importance of considering the adolescent process in adult psychotherapy. It also underlines the potentially therapeutic benefits yielded by this specific research method amongst the population of sexual offenders undergoing court-ordered treatments

Ce travail de recherche tend à la fois à développer une modélisation, ainsi qu’à mettre en évidence les effets psychiques thérapeutiques, d’un Dispositif d’accompagnement psychologique de groupe qui propose d’utiliser la médiation des soins socio-esthétiques dans la prise en charge de patientes rencontrées en oncologie gynécologique. C’est ainsi que nous proposons en premier lieu de développer la présentation du fil cosmétologique qui correspond au déroulement du dispositif de recherche, ainsi que celle du cosmétogramme qui est la grille d’observation construite afin de faciliter dans un deuxième temps le repérage des processus psychiques en jeu dans les ateliers. La présentation clinique de nos groupes de patientes nous permet d’illustrer à la fois le parcours des patientes dans le dispositif de recherche et l’utilisation du cosmétogramme.Nous soutenons que les spécificités de ce Dispositif original, dans le paysage des soins hospitaliers tels qu’ils sont proposés aux femmes atteintes d’un cancer féminin, sont source de restauration somato-psychique individuelle visant à une remobilisation psychocorporelle revivifiante. En effet, nous en avons recensé plusieurs (la multimodalité sensorielle, le groupe, les objets médiateurs et le binôme d’animatrice) qui permettraient la mise en œuvre d’un accompagnement psychodynamique de ré/investissement de soi par la mobilisation de processus psychiques particuliers pour des patientes encore sous l’impact d’effractions somatiques comme psychoaffectives générées et/ou réactivées par l’expérience maladive et celle des soins.L’aire d’expériences psycho-socio-esthétique mobiliserait particulièrement le processus de réflexivité psychique et proposerait un étayage intéressant pour la restauration des enveloppes psychiques des patientes bien mises à mal par la maladie et les soins. Nous avons aussi exploré la mise au travail du processus du féminin, en nous concentrant sur la dimension relationnelle du dispositif, plus spécifiquement sur ses enjeux identificatoires et transférentiels. Ainsi, à partir de cette clinique, nous nous sommes intéressée aux processus psychiques qui semblent favoriser une dynamique de réaménagements narcissiques-identitaires et libidinaux chez nos patientes et conduire à une relance du processus de subjectivation féminine et d’appropriation subjectivante de l’expérience du cancer
This study aims both to develop a model, as well as to highlight the therapeutic psychic effects, of a psychological accompaniment set up group that proposes to use the mediation of socio-aesthetic care in the treatment in charge of patients met in gynaecological oncology.Thus, we propose, in the first place, to develop the presentation of the cosmetological thread which corresponds to the progress of the research set up, as well as that of the cosmetogram which is the observation grid constructed in order to facilitate in a second time the identification of the psychic processes running in the workshops. The clinical presentation of our patient groups allows us to illustrate at the same time the path of patients in the research set up and the use of the cosmetogram.We argue that the specificities of this original set up, in the hospital care landscape as it is proposed to women with female cancer, are source of individual somato-psychic restoration aimed at a revivifying psychocorporal remobilization. Indeed, we have identified several ones (sensory multimodality, the group, the mediating objects and the binomial animator) that would allow the implementation of a psychodynamic accompaniment of re / self-investment by the mobilization of particular psychic processes for patients still under the impact of somatic and psychoaffective break-ins generated and / or reactivated by the experience of disease and of medical care.The area of psycho-socio-aesthetic experiences would particularly mobilize the psychic reflexivity process and offer an interesting support for the restoration of the psychic envelopes of patients well harmed by disease and medical care. We also explored how the process of the feminine works, focusing on the relational dimension of the set up, more specifically on its identificatory and transferential issues. Thus, from this clinic, we have been interested in the psychic processes that seem to favor a dynamic of narcissistic-identity and libidinal readjustments in our patients and lead to a recovery of the process of female subjectivation and subjectivizing appropriation of the experience of cancer

La prise en charge des adolescents auteurs d’actes transgressifs consiste à assurer la relance du processus de subjectivation entravé par le processus adolescent et les traumas infantiles. Les transformations liées à l’adolescence laissent les jeunes sujets aux prises avec une excitation désorganisatrice ou absente et une souffrance non reconnue, qui se manifestent dans des somatisations et des agirs répétitifs. Ces modalités d’expression de la souffrance sur la scène institutionnelle sont en attente d’une réponse de l’environnement. L’organisation du dispositif de prise en charge permet la relance des processus adolescent et de subjectivation et apporte une réponse à la souffrance des adolescents :- s’il prend les caractéristiques du rite d’initiation (contention dans un espace en vue d’une réinsertion dans la société après avoir subi des transformations).- s’il permet un emboîtement d’enveloppes (intrainstitutionnelles ou interinstitutionnelles) contenantes et pare-excitantes, utilisées par les adolescents pour suppléer aux défaillances de certaines fonctions de leur appareil psychique (espace psychique élargi).- s’il propose un accompagnement caractérisé par le « vivre avec » et le « faire avec ». Ces modalités d’intervention favorisent les processus de transformations psychiques grâce aux réponses apportées par les professionnels, et, autorisent les adolescents à trouver-créer ce dispositif pour construire leur avenir (notion de contenir). Dans ce cadre, l’enfermement sert de médiation éducative et thérapeutique. La place du psychologue, dans le « vivre avec », favorise la mise en sens des projections des adolescents et une restitution auprès d’eux de leurs vécus internes matérialisant une continuité psychique entre la réalité externe et la réalité interne. Dans sa fonction de réceptivité et de présence, il assure la réappropriation des vécus projetés et de la groupalité interne
The care of teenage authors of transgressive acts consists in ensuring the revival of the subjectivation process hampered by the adolescent process and the infantile traumas. The transformations that adolescence involves let the young people in the grip of a disorganising or inexistant excitation and a denied distress they express through somatizations and repetitive passages to the act. These means of suffering expression on the institutional scene are expecting an environment answer. The organisation of the care plan reactivates both the adolescent and subjectivation processes and responds to the suffering of the young:- if it has the features of the initiation rite (the contention aims at a reinsertion into society after transformations occurred).- if it allows a stacking of the envelopes (intrainstitutional or interinstitutional) which have containing and counter-excitation functions, and that adolescents employ for filling the deficiences of some of their psyche functions (enlarged psychic space).- if it provides a support made with the « vivre avec » and the « faire avec ». These terms of intervention facilitate the psychic transformations processes thanks to the support professionnals provide and permit the adolescents to find-create this mechanism for building their future (notion of contain). In this context, the contention means educative and therapeutic mediation. The function of the psychologue, in the « vivre avec », helps in giving a meaning to the projections of the adolescents and a restitution to them of their internal experiences materializing a psychic continuity between external reality and internal reality. As part of his receptivity and presence functions, he ensures reappropriation of the projected experiences as well as the internal groupality

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Ce travail de recherche intitulé Chemins de la liberte chez Foucault: les relations du pouvoir au soin de soi dans le processus de subjectivation concerne à une thèse sur des trois possibles chemins qui peuvent être suivis vers la liberté: le chemin de l'histoire, le chemin de l'individu et le chemin de la vie philosophique. Chez Foucault ces chemins se croisent, ils font des rapports chez eux et sont associes en tant que des moments du processus de développement de la liberté. L'historicité humaine, comme une agonistique dans les rélations de pouvoir, a été consideré dans cet investigation a partir d’une compréension de l'histoire effective que, chez Foucault, se desine au milieu du pouvoir. Comme point de départ de cet approche nous nous avons détenue dans l’histoire et ses rapports avec le pouvoir dans le cadre du XIXème chez philosophes comme Hegel et Marx et, au XXème, sur Sartre. Cet perspective a impliqué en établir des rélations entre l’histoire des problématiques et l’histoire du pensement, en faisant un dialogue avec quelques thématiques proches aux recherches de Foucault, à savoir: la folie, la prison et la sexualité que, à ce propos, faisent une liason avec la question du sujet. Un aspect différentiel de cet conception est que la liberté émerge dans le milieu à ces múltiples nivaux, chez les développements de ceux-ci et chez la relation entre eux, une chose qui est très different de la conception conceptuel de la liberté. Ainsi, dans ce perspective, dans le second chemin on a fait une investigation sur la condition du sujet par rapport à les relations entre pouvoir et force. De ce sens, nous avons fait une abbordage des savoirs et des processus de veridictions et des técniques de gouvernamentalité à la fois que ce chemin du processus de subjectivation a des implications sur la manière que l’individu cherche des maniéres pour se constituer et des practiques de soi, dans lesquels, Foucault reprendre notions classiques et concepts tels comme: parástema, paraskeue e parresia pour penser la realité en tant que bien et liberté d’une façon pratique et constitutive. Tel perspective adopté par Foucault, et repis dans notre travail de recherche, montre une voie pour penser le sujet et la liberté comme une pratique d’instruction, de faire des exercices d’amélioration de soi et du franc-parler en tant que des jeux de l’existence avec ses strategies, ses luttes et ses résistences. Le troisiéme chemin qui nous choisissons en parcourrir a été celui de la vie philosophique en tant qu’une vie criative. En consonance avec l’usage qui Foucault a fait de la tradition grecque, nous avons fait l'investigation sur l'ontologie du présent comme une histoire du pensement a partir de l'idée du soin de soi en tant qu’epimeleia heautôn et gnothi seautôn. Nous avons fait, aussi, l'analyse de quelques focus d'expérience qui sont des expressions de ce genre de vie philosophique comme une expérience de liberté, à savoir, les parcours de Platon dans les voyages à Syracuse; les rêvéries de Rousseau dans les chemins de la liberté et dans la réconaissance de soi et, enfin, les pas de Kant vers la pragmatique de soi. Tels parcours nous ont montrés la liberté comme une expérience criative à la foi que l’histoire, l’individu et la vie sont compris, chez Foucault, comme la vrai expérience philosophique, la vie qui est vrai (alethès bíos). Ce genre de vie est possible, Foucault même l'a vecu dans le parcours de sa existence. La vie est n'avoir pas honte de soi même, c'est à ce processus qui Foucault fait continuement attention dans ces dérniers moments de vie, dans ces dérniers cours. Celui-ci sont des chemins de liberté.
This research, entitled Paths of freedom in Foucault: from the relation of powers to the care of self in the process of subjectivation, concerns to a these about three possibles paths that be followed to the liberty: the path of history, the path of the individual and the path of philosophical life. To Foucault this ways have a intersection, they have mutual relations and an association as moments of the liberty’s development processes. The human historicity, as an agonistic in the relations of power, was considered in this investigation from a comprehension of efective history that, to Foucault, is designated in the midst of power. In the depart of this approach we work in the history and its relations with the power in the XIX century in philosophers as Hegel and Marx, and in the XX century, about Sartre. This perspective implies in make some relations between the history of problematics and the history of thought, estabilishing a dialogue with some thematics that have proximity to the Foucault's researches, as: the madness, the prison and the sexuality which have connection with the question of subject. A diferential aspect of this approach is that the liberty appears in the midst of this elements, in their developments and in the relation between them. Therefore, in this perspective, in the second way, we make a investigation about the condition of subject in his affiliations with the power and the force. In this sense, we have made a confrontation of the knowledges and the veridiction's processes with the tecniques of governmentality since this path of the processes of subjetctivation has implications about the way of the individual search to constitue himself and the practices os self, in which Foucault brings classical notions as parástema, paraskeue and parresia to think about the reality as well and liberty in a practice and constitutive way. This perspective, which Foucault assumes, the same adopted in our work, shows a way to think the subject and the liberty as a battle for existence with the practice of instruction, exercices to improve the self and the franc-parler as strategies of existence, fights and their resistences. The third path which we choose to ride was that of a philosophique life as a criative life. In the consonanses with the Foucault's use of greek tradition, we have made an investigation about the ontology of present as a history of thought with the ideas of epimeleia heautôn e gnothi seautôn. We have made too the analyse of many focus of experience which ares expressions of this kind of philosophique life as an experience of liberty, namely, the way of Plato in his voyages to Siracuse; the Rousseau's rêvéries in the path of liberty and in the search of recognition of himself and, at least, the Kant's pragmatique of self way. This route shows the liberty as a creative experience since the history, the individual and the life are understood, in Foucault's thought, as the true philosophical experience, the life that is true (alethès bíos). This kind of life is possible, Foucault himself as lived like this in his existence. The life is live without shame of yourself, it is a processes which Foucault has continuous attention in his life's last moments in his last lesssons. This are the paths of liberty.
O presente trabalho de pesquisa, intitulado Caminhos da liberdade em Foucault: das relações de poder ao cuidado de si no processo de subjetivação, compreende uma tese que apresenta três caminhos possíveis rumo à liberdade: o caminho da história, o caminho do indivíduo e o da vida filosófica. Em Foucault, esses caminhos se intercruzam, se interrelacionam e estão associados como momentos do processo de desenvolvimento da liberdade. A historicidade humana, enquanto uma agonística nas relações de poder, compreende a história efetiva que, para Foucault, se configura em meio ao exercício do poder. Como ponto de partida de tal abordagem, nos detivemos na história e sua relação com o poder no âmbito do século XIX em filósofos como Hegel e Marx e, no século XX, em Sartre. Tal perspectiva implicou em estabelecer as interrelações entre história das problemáticas e história do pensamento, dialogando com algumas temáticas afeitas às investigações de Foucault, a saber: loucura, prisão e sexualidade que, por sua vez, remetem à questão do sujeito. Um aspecto diferencial dessa abordagem consiste em considerar que a liberdade emerge em meio a esses múltiplos níveis, do desdobramento destes e da interrelação entre os mesmos, algo diferente da concepção conceitual da liberdade. Assim, em meio a essa perspectiva, no segundo caminho empreendemos uma percepção sobre os processos de subjetivação, sobre as condições, formas e modos do sujeito se constituir em meio às relações de poder e de força. Nesse sentido, abordamos os saberes e processos de veridicção e as técnicas de governamentalidade uma vez que o caminho do processo de subjetivação implica na busca de modos de constituição em meio às práticas de si, das quais Foucault retoma noções e conceitos gregos clássicos associados a esse tema, tais como: parástema, paraskeue e parresia, noções que possibilitam pensar a realidade como bem e liberdade de forma prática, de forma constitutiva. Tal perspectiva adotada por Foucault, e retomada no nosso trabalho de investigação, se apresenta como uma vereda para pensar o sujeito e a liberdade enquanto prática a partir da necessidade de se instruir, de se exercitar e do falar franco como jogos próprios da existência com suas estratégias, lutas e resistências. No terceiro caminho, empreendemos a investigação da vida filosófica enquanto uma vida criativa. Em consonância com a retomada que Foucault faz da tradição grega, nos detivemos na ontologia do presente como uma história do pensamento, abordando o cuidado de si na perspectiva da epimeleia heautôn e do gnothi seautôn. Nesse sentido, abordamos alguns focos de experiência que se apresentam como expressões da vida filosófica como experiência de liberdade, a saber: os percursos de Platão na experiência política em Siracusa; os devaneios de Rousseau nos caminhos da liberdade e do reconhecimento de si e os passos de Kant rumo a uma pragmática de si. Tais percursos mostram-nos a liberdade como uma experiência criativa, de modo que história, indivíduo e vida são, para Foucault, a própria experiência filosófica na medida em que a liberdade é compreendida como a verdadeira vida (alethès bíos). Nosso percurso acompanha o francês, principalmente, em seus últimos cursos, aqueles que esclarecem acerca da expressão de uma vida filosófica. Essa vida é possível e Foucault a vivenciou no percurso de sua existência. A vida consiste é não ter vergonha de si mesmo. É nesse processo que Foucault busca em seus últimos momentos de vida, pois esses são caminhos de liberdade.

Durante las últimas cuatro décadas se ha producido una transformación de la medicina en tanto conocimiento científico, que apunta hacia un intenso y novedoso interés por el fundamento biológico de los fenómenos vitales, basados en los nuevos procedimientos de la práctica clínica y de laboratorio y el progresivo realineamiento entre biología y medicina, que denominamos Biomedicina. A partir de una aproximación metodológica cualitativa a la epidemia del VIH (virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana) y tomando elementos de los STS (Science and Technology Studies) y de CMH (Critical Medical Humanities) esta Tesis explora la materialidad del VIH y analiza la conformación de una forma de (bio)ciudadanía característica de la sociedad occidental contemporánea: el ciudadano crónico VIH, como un caso de biomedicalización del gobierno de la vida. Considerando una nueva ontología de la salud y del organismo vital, reflexionamos sobre los recientes hallazgos que señalan una relación directa entre salud, estrés psicológico e Interleucinas-6, un tipo de células del sistema inmune que promueven el estado de inflamación crónico con el que se define actualmente la infección por VIH. A la luz de estos nuevos acercamientos entre salud y estrés, entre lo social y lo molecular, se reflexiona sobre procesos de subjetivación que trasciendan la comprensión biológica de la existencia.
Over past four decades there has been a mutation of medicine as scientific knowledge that addresses to an intense and novel interest for the biological basis of vital phenomena, based on new procedures in laboratory and clinic practices and the progressive realignment between biology and medicine, namely Biomedicine. From a qualitative methodological approach to the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) epidemic and taking STS (science and technology studies) and CMH (Critical Medical Humanities) elements, this Thesis explores HIV materiality and analyses the formation of a (bio)citizenship distinctive of contemporary Western society: the HIV chronic citizen, as a case of life´s government biomedicalization. Considering a new ontology of health and vital organisms, a reflection is made about the new findings on the HIV field, which point out a direct link between health, psychological stress and Interleukins-6, a sort of immune system cells that promote the chronic inflammation which defines currently HIV. It is from these new approaches between health and stress, between the social and the molecular, that the processes of subjectivation that transcend the biological understanding of existence will be here considered.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo mais amplo investigar os recursos discursivo-argumentativos presentes nos textos produzidos no ENEM/2004, para identificar como as práticas discursivas se manifestam nas produções de jovens brasileiros que participam da última etapa da educação básica. Como o trabalho está baseado em uma teoria geral do discurso, o discurso é concebido como um produto subjetivo e também sócio-histórico, o que possibilita a integração de perspectivas teóricas diferentes, porém, a nosso ver, complementares. Pelo fato de o corpus ser constituído por textos produzidos em situação de exame, optamos por utilizar os estudos de Foucault (1969/2004a, 2004b, 1987, 1970/1996) para interpretar a situação de produção dos textos, bem como para entender os processos de subjetivação aos quais os participantes da prova estão submetidos. Para analisar as estratégias argumentativas e persuasivas presentes nos textos, como também as formas de organização e articulação das ideias apresentadas, recorremos aos estudos da Nova Retórica, segundo Perelman (1997, 1993), Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (1996), de Meyer (2007, 1998, 1992), de Maingueneau (1997, 2001, 2005, 1995/2008), de Charolles (1978/2002) e de Koch (2002, 1993, 1992). As análises dos elementos de coerência e coesão possibilitaram mapear os recursos linguísticos utilizados, associar grupos de textos à avaliação realizada pelo INEP e definir o perfil do conjunto de textos que foi analisado sob perspectivas diversificadas. A análise discursivoargumentativa mostrou que, ao final do ensino médio, a maioria dos jovens domina os mesmos recursos já identificados em pesquisa anterior com textos infantis (AZEVEDO, 2002), revelando assim não haver evolução significativa na qualidade das produções textuais mesmo após um longo período de permanência em sala de aula.
The wider goal of this paper is to investigate the discursive-argumentative resources present in the texts produced for the ENEM 2004, in order to identify the discursive practices used in the texts written by Brazilian youths that take part in this last stage of basic education. As this paper is based on the general theory of discourse, discourse is seen as both a subjective and a social-historical outcome, which allows the integration of different theoretical perspectives that in our view are complementary. Due to the fact that the corpus is a set of texts produced in the situation of an exam, we chose to use Foucaults work (1969/2004a, 2004b, 1987, 1970/1996) to interpret the situation in which the texts were produced, and also to understand the subjectivation process that students taking the exam are going through. In order to analyze argumentative and persuasive strategies present in the texts, as well as the form in which the ideas presented are organized and articulated, we have resorted to the New Rethoric of Perelman (1997, 1993), according to Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1996), Meyer (2007, 1998, 1992), Maingueneau (1997, 2001, 2005, 1995/2008), Charolles (1978/2002), and Koch (2002, 1993, 1992). The analysis of elements indicating coherence and cohesion have allowed us to map the linguistic resources employed, to associate groups of texts to the evaluation conducted by INEP, and to define the profile of the group of texts that were analyzed under different perspectives. The analysis of discourse/argumentation has revealed that by the end of the 9th grade most youths master the resources previously identified in a former study of texts produced by children (AZEVEDO, 2002), thus revealing that there was no significant evolution in the quality of text production, even after several additional years of schooling.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Esta tese examina o possível sentido atribuído por Ferenczi à amizade. São feitas considerações sobre o mesmo, a partir de um exame de relações pessoais de Ferenczi com alguns de seus pares, e no contexto de sua obra. A importância de uma reflexão sobre a amizade, sobretudo no campo psicanalítico da atualidade, se deve a uma preocupação sobre em relação ais desafios gerados no âmbito da clínica psicanalítica contemporânea. Considera-se que a liberdade dominante na cultura contemporânea contribui para a formação de subjetividades bastante resistentes à aceitação das condições mediante as quais a terapia psicanalítica costuma se desenvolver, ou seja, pela via da comunicação verbal. Por outro lado, a redução do senso de responsabilidade e da função crítica implicadas em escolhas e decisões, e observadas na contemporaneidade, se constituem em fatores adversos à situação analítica. Um dos aspectos da resistência então verificada deriva de uma formação egóica que pode ser caracterizada como tão plástica quanto rígida, cujo funcionamento opera de acordo com circunstâncias, e em função de os indivíduos não serem, na contemporaneidade, na verdade tão livres quanto a princípio se espera. Ferenczi, divergindo em parte de Freud, concede um maior destaque à importância dos afetos nas relações interpessoais, notadamente no âmbito terapêutico, de forma que enfatiza, por exemplo, a importância terapêutica da regressão e da contratransferência, para se lograr o equilíbrio da economia psíquica do analisado. Então, desde um destaque dado à implicação do afeto amizade em experimentações técnicas realizadas e nas considerações propostas por Ferenczi, esta tese situa o afeto amizade, experimentado pelo analista junto ao analisando, como uma variante importante na condução da cura analítica. Como suporte desta tematização, se recorre à Filosofia, no intuito de recensear alguns dos sentidos historicamente atribuído à amizade. O principal suporte bibliográfico utilizado é uma trilogia dedicada a este tema, pulicada por Francisco Ortega, em que aquele é investigado desde a Antiguidade até a Contemporaneidade. Outros filósofos, aos quais este autor recorre, são Derrida e Foucault. Assim, conclui-se ser recomendável que o analista não se mantenha alheio às condições culturais e aos valores que influem nos processos de subjetivação, nem tampouco distanciado do que envolve o sofrimento de seu analisando, não se furtando, portanto, a apresentar-se, em certa medida, como um artigo. Compreende-se, então, que é preciso que o analista se implique cada vez mais no processo analítico, apresentando-se também como uma amigo, à medida que esta postura possa se revelar terapêutica.
This thesis looks into the possible meaning ascribed by Ferenczi to friendship. Considerations are made starting from an exam of Ferenczis personal relationships with his peers, and in his work. The importance of a reflection on friendship, especially in the present-day analytic field, comes from a concern with the challenges created in the scope of the contemporaneous psychoanalytic practice. The author regards the liberalism prevailing in contemporaneous culture as contributing to the shaping of subjectivities that are fairly resistant to the acceptance of conditions by means of which psychoanalytic therapy usually develops, namely, through verbal communication. On the other hand, decrease in sense of responsibility and in critical thought nowadays, implicit in choices and decision-making, appears as an adverse circumstance to the analytical situation. One of the aspects of resistance arises from ego formation which we can characterize as both, plastic and rigid, the functioning of which works according to circumstances, since individuals are not, truly, as free as one is led to expect in the present times. Ferenczi, dissenting partially from Freud, gives prominence to the importance of affection in interpersonal relationships, notably in the therapeutic sphere, so that he emphasizes the importance of regression and countertransference in the analytical process, in order to achieve a point of equilibrium on the patients psychic economy. Therefore, starting from the importance given to the implications of friendship in Ferenczis technical experiments and in the considerations he made, this thesis places it as an important variant in conducting analytical treatment. As a support to this theme, the author resorts to Philosophy, to get a broader of the view the meanings historically attributed to friendship. The main bibliographical support for this conclusion is a trilogy published by Franscisco Ortega, in which is explored this theme, from Antiquity to contemporaneity. Other philosophers, from whom this author has gathered insights, are Derrida and Foucault. As a conclusion, it is advisable that the analyst takes into consideration the cultural background and ethical values influencing the patients process of subjectivation, and refrains from remaining oblivious to the suffering of the patient; in fact, the analyst should not abstain from showing himself as a friend of the patient, to a certain degree. With this, it is understood that analyst must involve himself more and more in the analytical process, also coming forward as a friend, provided it would be therapeutic.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This present thesis has the object to study the discursive constitution the teacher s subjectivities of practice permeating the sections of the magazine Nova Escola between the years 2000-2005. Problematizes how the teacher s subjectivities are produced facing the discourse of truth, which effects establishes a program for autonomist professional development in a perspective of neo-liberal governmentality. Then from this uneasiness arises some requisite questions: in the new century how teacher s subjectivities are discursively produced in magazine s sections Nova Escola during those five years of governmentality? In which perspective the discourses throughout government documents in related with professional development reflect in the linguistic-discursive repertories adopted by Nova Escola? How the experts belonging to the cadre from and/or guests from the magazine, seeking equip discursive the teacher s subjectivities for the XXI Century? Therefore, this paper objective is to examine the linguistics strategies used to produce these subjectivities at magazine s sections, what it admittedly teaches another method how to be teacher; and also it analyzes the discursive practices that compound and set boundaries to the autonomist professional development proposed by sections the magazine; describe technologies used by experts to equip and conduct of conduct the teacher to govern the self. This research is inserted theoretically in the field of Applied Linguistis, to the Cultural Studies and about the contribution of Michel Foucault s theories and methodologically in the perspective discursive interpretative. The results seek to show that the teacher s subjectivities are produced by many technologies of the self, traversed by government discourses and ratified by discursive practices of the magazine s experts. That discourse, without any oppressing or authoritarian connotation, opens space for practice of Freedom and self guiding to both constitute the subjectivity process of the teacher in the XXI Century s path
Esta tese toma como objeto de estudo a constitui??o discursiva de subjetividades do professor em pr?ticas que permeiam se??es da Revista Nova Escola entre os anos 2000 e 2005. Problematiza-se como se constituem as subjetividades do professor para o s?culo XXI em face dos discursos de verdade que atravessam se??es da Revista, cujos efeitos instauram um programa de desenvolvimento profissional aut?nomo no ?mbito de uma perspectiva da governamentalidade neoliberal? Dessa inquieta??o, indaga-se: Como as subjetividades do professor do s?culo XXI s?o discursivamente produzidas em se??es da Revista Nova Escola nestes cinco anos de governamentalidade? Em que medida os discursos que perpassam os documentos oficiais em rela??o ao desenvolvimento profissional se refletem nos repert?rios ling??sticos-discursivos utilizados pela Revista? Como os experts, institu?dos e/ou convocados pela Revista, procuram equipar discursivamente as subjetividades do professor para o s?culo XXI? Para tanto, objetiva-se examinar estrat?gias lingu?sticas utilizadas na produ??o dessas subjetividades em se??es da Revista, que, confessadamente, ensinam um outro modo de ser professor; analisar as pr?ticas discursivas que comp?em e demarcam o desenvolvimento profissional aut?nomo proposto em se??es deste peri?dico; descrever tecnologias, utilizadas pelos experts, para equipar e conduzir o professor a um autogoverno. A pesquisa inscreve-se teoricamenteno campo da Lingu?stica Aplicada, dos Estudos Culturais e das contribui??es te?ricas de Michel Foucault e metodologicamente em uma perspectiva interpretativista discursiva. Os resultados evidenciam que as subjetividades do professor s?o produzidas por v?rias tecnologias do eu, atravessadas por discursos oficiais e ratificadas pelas pr?ticas discursivas dos experts da Revista. Esta discursividade, sem conota??o repressora ou autorit?ria, abre espa?o para pr?ticas de liberdade e governo de si em processos de subjetiva??o do professor em dire??o ao s?culo XXI

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Through an ethnographic study with input in the Centro de Acolhida para Refugiados (CAR), assistance program coordinated by Caritas Arquidiocesana de São Paulo Catholic non-governmental organization, attached to the Caritas Internationalis network, that develops and finances projects for humanitarian and social development around the world this research sought to access the mesh of relations established by the government apparatus of refugee populations in Brazil. Connected to organizations such as the United Nations High Commissioner (UNHCR), the Comitê Nacional para Refugiados (CONARE) and other NGOs and civil society organizations, the work of care for refugees and refuge applicants in the CAR is part of a broader management device, which involves, in addition to humanitarian assistance, also simultaneous actions of care, management and control that permeate this specific population. Rather than address the refuge itself, from the category of refugee posted by the juridical normative, I tried to understand the process of subjectivation operated by the ethnographed apparatus and how this creates a certain target group of knowledge, which should receive particular care: a population that needs to be managed. So a general theme that runs through the work are the operatory ways of a government mechanism, here termed the eye of the state, and how it produces, and integrates the power relations composite that is the refugee subject. Above all, it s about, how this mechanism makes these subjects visible, turning them liable to be governed as they become the center of a social and political issue. Thus, analyzing this particular mechanism of government, I sought to describe how these subjects are produced and categorized as refugees and, at the same time, as subjects of rights that may become full citizens whose human dignity still need to be rescued by the apparatus described, as vulnerable subjects and, at the same time, as subject with political demands. From the polysemy of this subject, as evidenced through the ethnography, is established, finally, a refuge social issue , recent in Brazil, which also entails a renewed notion of an universal citizenship , driven by managers and institutions caught up in this government device. In describing this process of subjectivation, so I tried to understand how it to compose a subject graspable to the eye of the state, from the analysis of the mesh of relationships that these subjects have to establish with the several organizations with which they come in contact when apply for refuge the refugee camp without fences .
Através de um trabalho etnográfico com entrada no Centro de Acolhida para Refugiados (CAR), programa assistencial coordenado pela Cáritas Arquidiocesana de São Paulo organização não governamental católica ligada à rede Caritas Internationalis, que desenvolve e financia projetos de ajuda humanitária e de desenvolvimento social em todo o mundo a presente pesquisa procurou acessar a malha de relações estabelecidas pelo aparato de governo das populações refugiadas no Brasil. Conectado a organizações como o Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas (ACNUR), o Comitê Nacional para Refugiados (CONARE) e outras ONGs e organizações da sociedade civil, o trabalho de atendimento aos refugiados e solicitantes de refúgio no CAR é parte de um dispositivo mais amplo de gestão, que envolve, além da assistência humanitária, também ações simultâneas de cuidado, administração e controle, que perpassam essa população específica. Mais do que abordar a questão do refúgio em si, partindo da categoria refugiado afixada pela normativa jurídica, procurei compreender o processo de subjetivação operado pelo aparato etnografado e como este cria um grupo alvo de determinados saberes, que deve receber um cuidado particular: uma população que precisa ser gerida. Um tema geral que perpassa o trabalho, portanto, são as formas de operação de um mecanismo de governo, aqui denominado de olho do estado, e de como este produz e integra o compósito de relações de poder que é o sujeito refugiado. Trata-se, sobretudo, de como esse mecanismo faz visíveis esses sujeitos, tornando-os passíveis de serem governados na medida em que se tornam o centro de uma questão social e política. Assim, analisando esse mecanismo particular de governo, busquei descrever como esses sujeitos são produzidos e categorizados como refugiados e, ao mesmo tempo, como sujeitos de direitos que podem se tornar cidadãos plenos , cuja dignidade humana precisaria ainda ser resgatada pelo aparato descrito, como sujeitos vulneráveis e ao mesmo tempo como sujeitos com demandas políticas. Da polissemia desse sujeito, evidenciada pela etnografia funda-se, enfim, uma questão social do refúgio, recente no Brasil, que enseja a também renovada noção de uma cidadania universal , acionada por gestores e instituições embrenhados no referido dispositivo de governo. Na descrição desse processo de subjetivação, portanto, procurei compreender como se compõe um sujeito apreensível ao olho do estado, a partir da análise da malha de relações que estes sujeitos têm de estabelecer com as diversas organizações com as quais entram em contato ao solicitarem refúgio o campo de refugiados sem cercas .

Investigación con enfoque cualitativo y diseño fenomenológico, cuyo objetivo fue analizar los procesos subjetivos y de subjetivación durante el proceso de reelección vocacional en jóvenes universitarios. La muestra estuvo conformada por diez estudiantes de universidades privadas limeñas, entre 18 y 21 años de edad, que optaron por la reelección vocacional en una sola ocasión. Se encontró que el proceso de reelección vocacional estuvo conformado por tres momentos: primera elección vocacional, crisis vocacional y reelección vocacional. En un primer momento, los jóvenes se posicionaron subjetivamente de manera pasiva, por lo que sus elecciones respondieron a exigencias sociales y familiares para asegurar un lugar social. No obstante, posteriormente, durante la crisis vocacional, la insatisfacción, el desinterés y el malestar emocional experimentados movilizaron recursos personales para encontrar una profesión que satisficiera sus deseos vocacionales. Finalmente, los jóvenes se reposicionaron creativamente frente a lo social y familiar, apropiándose de sus deseos y construyendo trayectorias vocacionales singulares.
Research with a qualitative approach and phenomenological design, whose objective was to analyze the subjective and subjectivation processes during the process of the switch majors in university students. The sample was ten students from private universities in Lima, between 18 and 21 years old, who opted for the change course only once. It was found that the process of the switch majors consisted of three moments: declaring a major, vocational crisis and switch majors At first, the young people were subjectively positioned in a passive way, so that their choices responded to social and family demands and to ensure a social place. However, later, during the vocational crisis, the dissatisfaction, disinterest, and emotional distress they experienced mobilized personal resources to find a profession that satisfied their vocational desires. Finally, young people creatively repositioned themselves against the social and family, appropriating their desires and building unique vocational trajectories.
Tesis

碩士
輔仁大學
英國語文學系
94
From A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man to Ulysses, Stephen Dedalus has been resisting the dominance of the official history and thus he isolates himself from society to freely create his art and self. Isolating himself from the public to reject history as he may, he cannot avoid facing the personal memory imprinted in his body. He may be able to question the result of a historical event and thus free himself from the dominant history, but he cannot change his own past. His feeling of loss is also resulted from his attitude toward his memory and writing, both of which influence his perceiving of his self. In my thesis, with the application of Michel Foucault’s theory of self writing to analyze Stephen’s development from A Portrait to Ulysses, I argue what Stephen is afraid of is not history, but his memory, and the reason Stephen fails to attain his salvation through art and thus to get his desired freedom is resulted from his refusal to face his personal history, i.e., his memory. I divide my thesis into four chapters, and in each chapter, I analyze Stephen’s development of the selfhood in different stages as well as the relation between his writing and his attitude toward memory. In Chapter One, I focus on Stephen’s development in A Portrait. In Chapter Two, I shall first solve the problem of the stylistic difference between A Portrait and Ulysses to have an overview on Stephen’s development in the two novels and thus to begin my analysis of Ulysses. In this chapter, I shall focus on the “Telemachiad” episodes: “Telemachus,” “Nestor,” and “Proteus.” In Chapters Three and Four, I bring Bloom into my analysis. In Chapter Three, I focus my analysis on “Aeolus” and “Scylla and Charybdis,” in which Stephen presents his two other writings: the Parable of Plums and the Shakespeare theory. In Chapter Three, I also make the comparison between Bloom and Stephen to show their differences of facing memory, language, and the self. In Chapter Four, I shall move my analysis to “Circe,” the most complicated chapter of Ulysses. In “Circe,” an episode of the stage performance, both Bloom and Stephen encounter their past on stage. Nevertheless, while Bloom faces his own past and transforms his self from an infant to a man and to a woman, Stephen still refuses to face his memory and is always Stephen, and when Stephen fails to transgress his limit and runs away from his vision of his mother’s ghost, Bloom actualizes the possibility of his life in his vision of his dead son.