Journal articles: 'Process synthesis reactor'

1

Glasser, D. "Reactor and Process Synthesis." Computers & Chemical Engineering 21, no. 1-2 (1997): S775—S783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(97)00144-0.

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Glasser, David, and Diane Hildebrandt. "Reactor and process synthesis." Computers & Chemical Engineering 21 (May 1997): S775—S783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(97)87597-7.

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3

Pinto, Alwy. "4778662 Synthesis process and reactor." Heat Recovery Systems and CHP 9, no. 6 (January 1989): vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-4332(89)90041-0.

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Seshimo, Masahiro, Bo Liu, Hey Ryeon Lee, Katsunori Yogo, Yuichiro Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki Shigaki, Yasuhiro Mogi, Hidetoshi Kita, and Shin-ichi Nakao. "Membrane Reactor for Methanol Synthesis Using Si-Rich LTA Zeolite Membrane." Membranes 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11070505.

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We successfully demonstrated the effect of a membrane reactor for methanol synthesis to improve one-pass CO2 conversion. An Si-rich LTA membrane for dehydration from a methanol synthesis reaction field was synthesized by the seed-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method. The H2O permselective performance of the membrane showed 1.5 × 10−6 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 as H2O permeance and around 2000 as selectivity of H2O/MeOH at 473 K. From the results of membrane reactor tests, the CO2 conversion of the membrane reactor was higher than that of the conventional packed-bed reactor under the all of experimental conditions. Especially, at 4 MPa of reaction pressure, the conversion using the membrane reactor was around 60%. In the case of using a packed-bed reactor, the conversion was 20% under the same conditions. In addition, the calculated and experimental conversion were in good agreement in both the case of the membrane reactor and packed-bed reactor.

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Andreev, D. V., E. E. Sergeev, L. L. Makarshin, E. A. Ivanov, A. G. Gribovskiy, N. Yu Adonin, Z. P. Pai, and V. N. Parmon. "Catalytic Synthesis of Triethanolamine in a Microchannel Reactor." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 18, no. 5 (September 18, 2018): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2018-5-37-44.

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The process of ammonia oxyethylation was studied in a microchannel reactor at wide ranges of temperature (70–180 °C) and contact time (0.47–3.3 min). Monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and the target triethanolamine (TEA) were the main products of the reaction between ethylene oxide (EO) and ammonia. The EO conversion was shown to increase with lengthening contact time (τ), it being 90 % at τ = 3.3 min. The highest selectivity to MEA and DEA was observed at 70 °C and τ = 3.3 min. A high selectivity to TEA (84 %) was reached at short τ (0.47 min) and maximal temperature (180 °C). The yield of TEA increased as temperature was elevated and contact time lengthened to reach 62 % at τ = 3.3 min and 155–180 °C. Mathematical modeling of the process allowed kinetic constants of individual stages to be calculated. The difference between the calculated and literature kinetic parameters could be accounted for by the specific features of the microchannel reactor providing, unlike traditional reactors for synthesis of triethanolamine, high heat and mass transfer.

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Hamedi, Homa, Torsten Brinkmann, and Sergey Shishatskiy. "Membrane-Assisted Methanol Synthesis Processes and the Required Permselectivity." Membranes 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080596.

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Water-selective membrane reactors are proposed in the literature to improve methanol yield for a standalone reactor. However, the methanol productivity is not a precise metric to show the system improvement since, with this approach, we do not consider the amount of energy loss through the undesirable co-permeation of H2, which could otherwise remain on the reaction side at high pressure. In other words, the effectiveness of this new technology should be evaluated at a process flowsheet level to assess its advantages and disadvantages on the overall system performance and, more importantly, to identify the minimum required properties of the membrane. Therefore, an equation-based model for a membrane reactor, developed in Aspen Custom Modeler, was incorporated within the process flowsheet of the methanol plant to develop an integrated process framework to conduct the investigation. We determined the upper limit of the power-saving at 32% by exploring the favorable conditions wherein a conceptual water selective membrane reactor proves more effective. Using these suboptimal conditions, we realized that the minimum required H2O/H2 selectivity is 190 and 970 based on the exergy analysis and overall power requirement, respectively. According to our results, the permselectivity of membranes synthesized for this application in the literature, showing improvements in the one-pass conversion, is well below the minimum requirement when the overall methanol synthesis process flowsheet comes into consideration.

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Dieringer, Paul, Falko Marx, Falah Alobaid, Jochen Ströhle, and Bernd Epple. "Process Control Strategies in Chemical Looping Gasification—A Novel Process for the Production of Biofuels Allowing for Net Negative CO2 Emissions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 4271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124271.

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Chemical looping gasification (CLG) is a novel gasification technique, allowing for the production of a nitrogen-free high calorific synthesis gas from solid hydrocarbon feedstocks, without requiring a costly air separation unit. Initial advances to better understand the CLG technology were made during first studies in lab and bench scale units and through basic process simulations. Yet, tailored process control strategies are required for larger CLG units, which are not equipped with auxiliary heating. Here, it becomes a demanding task to achieve autothermal CLG operation, for which stable reactor temperatures are obtained. This study presents two avenues to attain autothermal CLG behavior, established through equilibrium based process simulations. As a first approach, the dilution of active oxygen carrier materials with inert heat carriers to limit oxygen transport to the fuel reactor has been investigated. Secondly, the suitability of restricting the air flow to the air reactor in order to control the oxygen availability in the fuel reactor was examined. Process simulations show that both process control approaches facilitate controlled and de-coupled heat and oxygen transport between the two reactors of the chemical looping gasifier, thus allowing for efficient autothermal CLG operation. With the aim of inferring general guidelines on how CLG units have to be operated in order to achieve decent synthesis gas yields, different advantages and disadvantages associated to the two suggested process control strategies are discussed in detail and optimization avenues are presented.

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Hemmati, Shohreh, Michael T. Harris, and Dale P. Barkey. "Polyol Silver Nanowire Synthesis and the Outlook for a Green Process." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (February 29, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9341983.

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Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have a broad range of applications including nanoelectronics, energy conversion, health care, solar cells, touch screens, sensors and biosensors, wearable electronics, and drug delivery systems. As their characteristics depend strongly on their size and morphology, it is essential to find the optimal and most cost-effective synthesis method with precise control over the size and morphology of the wires. Various methods for AgNW synthesis have been reported along with process optimization and novel techniques to increase the yield and aspect ratios of synthesized AgNWs. The most promising processes for synthesis of AgNWs are wet chemical techniques, in which the polyol process is low cost and simple and provides high yield compared to other chemical methods. Reaction mechanism is one of the most important factors in strategies to control the process. Our purpose here is to provide an overview on the main findings regarding synthesis, preparation, and characterization of AgNWs. Recent efforts in the polyol synthesis of AgNWs are summarized with respect to product morphology and size, reaction conditions, and characterization techniques. The effect of essential factors such as reagent concentration and preparation, temperature, and reaction atmosphere that control the size, morphology, and yield of synthesized AgNWs is reviewed. Moreover, a review on the novel modified polyol process and reactor design such as continuous millifluidic and flow reactors to increase the yield of synthesized AgNWs on large scales is provided. The most recent proposed growth mechanisms and kinetics behind the polyol process are addressed. Finally, comparatively few available studies in green and sustainable development of 1D silver nanostructures through the application of natural products with inherent growth termination, stabilization, and capping characteristics are reviewed to provide an avenue to natural synthesis pathways to AgNWs. Future directions in both chemical and green synthesis approaches of AgNWs are addressed.

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Sonawane, Shirish H., Sarang P. Gumfekar, Kunal H. Kate, Satish P. Meshram, Kshitij J. Kunte, Laxminarayan Ramjee, Candrashekhar M. Mahajan, Madan G. Parande, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar. "Hydrodynamic Cavitation-Assisted Synthesis of Nanocalcite." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/242963.

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A systematic study was made on the synthesis of nanocalcite using a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The effects of various parameters such as diameter and geometry of orifice,CO2flow rate, andCa(OH)2concentration were investigated. It was observed that the orifice diameter and its geometry had significant effect on the carbonation process. The reaction rate was significantly faster than that observed in a conventional carbonation process. The particle size was significantly affected by the reactor geometry. The results showed that an orifice with 5 holes of 1 mm size resulted in the particle size reduction to 37 nm. The experimental investigation reveals that hydrodynamic cavitation may be more energy efficient.

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10

Wei, Xin. "Synthesis of Alumina-Tungsten Carbide Composites by Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis Process." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.226.

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Alumina-Tungsten Carbide (Al2O3-WC) composites were synthesized by self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) from a powder mixture of WO3-C-Al. The reaction was carried out in a SHS reactor under static argon gas at a pressure of 0.5 MPa. The standard Gibbs energy minimization method was used to calculate the equilibrium composition of the reacting species. The effects of carbon mole ratio in precursor mixture and diluents of NaCl and Al2O3 on the Al2O3-WC conversion were investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope technique. The as-synthesized products of Al2O3-WC2-WC powders were concurrently formed and the reduction of W2C phase was found when added diluents in precursors.

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11

Bingchen, Zhu, Wang Yuanshun, and Wang Hongshi. "Modelling catalytic reaction-absorption coupling process of ethylene oxide synthesis in slurry reactor." Chemical Engineering Science 54, no. 10 (May 1999): 1531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(99)00044-5.

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12

Meng, Hua, Jia Ma, Shi Feng Bao, and Shao Qing Wei. "Based on the BP Neural Network VAc Synthesis Reactor in Temperature Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 1389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.1389.

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This paper analyzes the synthesis of vinyl acetate production process and technology, and applied the artificial neural network modeling approach, by using the adaptive learning rate BP learning algorithm, then established the medium temperature control of BP neural network in the structure model of the VAc synthesis process of flurried bed synthesis reactor, by controlling medium temperature of the synthesis reactor, the results show that: Be able to effectively will in reactor temperature control in good accuracy.

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13

Majcher, Andrzej, Jan Wiejak, Jan Przybylski, Tadeusz Chudoba, and Jacek Wojnarowicz. "A Novel Reactor for Microwave Hydrothermal Scale-up Nanopowder Synthesis." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 11, no. 1 (July 5, 2013): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2012-0009.

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Abstract The article presents a novel microwave reactor for hydrothermal synthesis of nanopowders. The reactor has a unique design of a process chamber, which, when used in conjunction with a batch control system, allows a highly efficient production of nanopowders. The design of the reactor together with the new principles of operation, structural materials and distribution of electromagnetic field are described. The article also presents a control system for the reactor, which allows for an automatic operation in the stop–flow mode, control of process pressure, continuous monitoring of process parameters and safe operation of the device. The device verification process is shown on the basis of the results of cobalt-doped zinc oxide nanopowder synthesis.

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Moharir, Rupesh G., Parag R. Gogate, and Virendra K. Rathod. "Process intensification of synthesis of magnetite using spinning disc reactor." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 90, no. 4 (June 28, 2011): 996–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.20600.

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15

Lakhete, Prashil, and Vinod M. Janardhanan. "Modeling process intensified catalytic plate reactor for synthesis gas production." Chemical Engineering Science 110 (May 2014): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2013.05.021.

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16

Renken, A., V. Hessel, P. Löb, R. Miszczuk, M. Uerdingen, and L. Kiwi-Minsker. "Ionic liquid synthesis in a microstructured reactor for process intensification." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 46, no. 9 (September 2007): 840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2007.05.020.

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17

Labutin, Alexander N., and Vladimir Yu Nevinitsyn. "SYNTHESIS OF CHEMICAL REACTOR NONLINEAR CONTROL ALGORITHM USING SYNERGETIC APPROACH." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 2 (April 7, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017602.5479.

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The problem of analytical synthesis of synergetic control system of chemical reactor for realization of a complex series–parallel exothermal reaction has been solved. The synthesis of control principles is performed using the analytical design method of aggregated regulators. A chemical reactor is one of the common apparatuses in chemical industry. Despite a large number of the works related to automation and control of chemical reactors, the problem of synthesizing control systems that provide the maintenance of optimal modes of their operation remains practically unsolved. This is related to the principal feature of chemical reactors as controlled objects, namely, manifold, non-linearity, and multi-coupling. An outcome from this situation is to develop a physical theory of control, in particular synergetic control theory. The use of synergism ideas in the problems of control assumes the development and realization of a method of directed target self-organization of dissipative non-linear systems “object-regulator”. Furthermore, the aim of the motion of a system is formulated as the desired invariant manifold in a phase space of the object, which acts as a target attractor. The paper deals with continuous stirred tank reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer and cooling jacket. The reactor operates in the polytropic mode. The multistep series-parallel exothermic process is carried out in the reactor. The objective of chemical reactor operation is to obtain the key product of specified concentration. The aim of chemical reactor control system is to maintain both concentration of desired product and temperature of reaction mixture in the device at the given values under the action of disturbances on the object. Using the analytical design method of aggregated regulators on the basis of parallel-series combination of invariant manifolds, a non-linear control algorithm was synthesized, which solves the problem of stabilization of the concentration of the target component and mixture temperature. Computer simulation of the object–regulator isolated system confirmed these properties of synthesized control system as the disturbance invariance, covariance to the given actions, and asymptotic stability. These facts make synergetic control theory very promising for application for such complex, manifold, and nonlinear objects of chemical engineering as chemical reactors. For citation:Labutin A.N., Nevinitsyn V.Yu. Synthesis of chemical reactor nonlinear control algorithm using synergetic approach.Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N2. P. 38-44.

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Ranganathan, Sumanth, and Volker Sieber. "Recent Advances in the Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide Using Chemical Catalysis—A Review." Catalysts 8, no. 9 (September 5, 2018): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8090379.

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Hydrogen peroxide is an important chemical of increasing demand in today’s world. Currently, the anthraquinone autoxidation process dominates the industrial production of hydrogen peroxide. Herein, hydrogen and oxygen are reacted indirectly in the presence of quinones to yield hydrogen peroxide. Owing to the complexity and multi-step nature of the process, it is advantageous to replace the process with an easier and straightforward one. The direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from its constituent reagents is an effective and clean route to achieve this goal. Factors such as water formation due to thermodynamics, explosion risk, and the stability of the hydrogen peroxide produced hinder the applicability of this process at an industrial level. Currently, the catalysis for the direct synthesis reaction is palladium based and the research into finding an effective and active catalyst has been ongoing for more than a century now. Palladium in its pure form, or alloyed with certain metals, are some of the new generation of catalysts that are extensively researched. Additionally, to prevent the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water, the process is stabilized by adding certain promoters such as mineral acids and halides. A major part of today’s research in this field focusses on the reactor and the mode of operation required for synthesizing hydrogen peroxide. The emergence of microreactor technology has helped in setting up this synthesis in a continuous mode, which could possibly replace the anthraquinone process in the near future. This review will focus on the recent findings of the scientific community in terms of reaction engineering, catalyst and reactor design in the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide.

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Constantino, Dânia S. M., Rui P. V. Faria, Carla S. M. Pereira, José M. Loureiro, and Alírio E. Rodrigues. "Enhanced Simulated Moving Bed Reactor Process for Butyl Acrylate Synthesis: Process Analysis and Optimization." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, no. 40 (September 27, 2016): 10735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02474.

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Kim, Jong Ung, Jeong A. Lee, Beyong Hwan Ryu, Ki Won Jun, In Ho Kim, and Young Min Choi. "Synthesis and Characterization of PbSe Nanocrystals by a Microchannel Reactor." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1285.

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The synthesis of high-quality monodispersed nanocrystal is very important. Typical synthetic method is rapid nucleation by injection of an organometallic precursor into a solvent maintaining the reaction temperature. Since these methods are discontinuous processes, they are not efficient for large-scale production of monodisperse nanocrystals. In this study, continuous microchannel reaction technique is presented for synthesis of monodisperse lead selenide nanocrystals in a diphenyl ether as high-temperature organic media. The microchannel reactor was used due to its possibility of continuous process and reproducibility of narrow size distribution in nanocrystal synthesis. The synthesis was carried out in microchannel reactor (800 μm diameter) made from PTFE. Lead oleate and TOP-Se were used as organic precursor and diphenyl ether as high-temperature organic solvents. Lead selenide particles with a size of less than 10nm could be continuously prepared by this method. The nanocrystals have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, TEM and optical absorption spectrometer.

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Jazie, Ali A., Mustafa Jawad Nuhma, Hassan Abdulkadhim Abbas, and Hajar Alias. "Micro-Reactor Device For Dbsa-catalyzed Biodiesel Synthesis from Microalgae Chlorella Sp." E3S Web of Conferences 173 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017301005.

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The micro-reactor device was fabricated from Teflon and tested as a tool for biodiesel synthesis process from micro algae using Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid catalyst. The variables influenceing on the biodiesel yield were optimized. The maximum yield of biodiesel of 99% was obtained at the reaction conditions of (temperature: 373.15 K, residence time: 20 min, methanol/oil ratio: 20, co-solvent amount: 30 wt% and catalyst amount: 11wt%). The influence of water content also investigated and recommended to be less than 0.5 wt %. The acid value also reduced to a value of less than 0.5 % at the optimum reaction condition. DBSA was found highly active catalyst for the esterification and transesterification reaction in the micro – reactor device. Biodiesel was produced in microreactor device at a small residence time (20 min) compared to the very long time consumed by the conventional batch process. Isopropanol was used as a co-solvent in the process and showed highly active in the biodiesel production.

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Qin, Jian Zhao, Fang Fang Shan, and Yao Qing Chen. "Research on Synthesis of Hexafluoropropylene." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.445.

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The synthesis of hexafluoropropylene oxide in fixed-bed reactor using HFP as raw materials and molecular oxygen as oxidant is studied in the present paper. The selectivity of HFPO on the Ag/γ-Al2O3 catalyst prepared by impregnation can get 41.8%. The influence of the Ag/γ-Al2O3 catalyst modified by impregnation-sedimentation method and first group metal salts on synthesis reaction was investigated, as well as process conditions.

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23

Spatenka, Stepan, Vlastimil Fila, Bohumil Bernauer, Josef Fulem, Gabriele Germani, and Yves Schuurman. "Modelling and simulation of microchannel catalytic WGS reactor for an automotive fuel processor." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 11, no. 3 (2005): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0503143s.

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The water-gas shift (WGS) is one of the major steps for H2 production from gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons. It is used to produce hydrogen for ammonia synthesis, to adjust the hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide ratio of synthesis gas, to detoxify gases. The WGS reactor is widely used as a part of fuel processors which produce hydrogen-rich stream from hydrocarbon-based fuels in a multi-step process. The WGS unit is placed downstream the fuel reformer in order to increase overall efficiency of hydrogen production and to lower CO content in reformate. Fuel processors stand for considerable option for fuelling PEM fuel cells for both portable and stationary applications. Micro-structured reactors are used with benefits of process miniaturization, intensification and higher heat and mass transfer rates compared with conventional reactors. Micro-structured reactor systems are essential for processes where potential for considerable heat transfer exists as well as for kinetic studies of highly exothermic reactions at near-isothermal conditions. Modelling and simulation of a microchannel reactor for the WGS reaction is presented. The mathematical models concern a single reaction channel with porous layer of catalyst deposited on the metallic wall of the microstructure unit. Simplified one-phase and more sophisticated two-phase models, with separate mass and energy balances for gas and solid phase at different levels of complexity, were developed. The models were implemented into gPROMS process modelling software. The models were used for an estimation of parameters in a kinetic expression using experimental data obtained with a new WGS catalyst. The simulations provide detailed information about the composition and temperature distribution in gas phase and solid catalyst inside the channel.

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von Kurnatowski, Martin, and Michael Bortz. "Modeling and Multi-Criteria Optimization of a Process for H2O2 Electrosynthesis." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020399.

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This article introduces a novel laboratory-scale process for the electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The process aims at an energy-efficient, decentralized production, and a mathematical optimization of it is presented. A dynamic, zero-dimensional mathematical model of the reactor is set up in Aspen custom modeler®. The proposed model constitutes a reasonable compromise between complexity and convergence. After thoroughly determining the reaction kinetics by adjustment to experimental data, the reactor unit is embedded in an Aspen Plus® flowsheet in order to investigate its interaction with other unit operations. The downstream contains another custom module for membrane distillation. Electricity appears as a resource in the process, and optimization shows that it reaches product purities of up to 3 wt.-%. Both the process optimization and the adjustment of the reaction kinetics are treated as multi-criteria optimization (MCO) problems.

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Moon, Jiyoung, Dela Quarme Gbadago, and Sungwon Hwang. "3-D Multi-Tubular Reactor Model Development for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Butene to 1,3-Butadiene." ChemEngineering 4, no. 3 (July 21, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4030046.

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The oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of butene has been recently developed as a viable alternative for the synthesis of 1,3-butadiene due to its advantages over other conventional methods. Various catalytic reactors for this process have been previously studied, albeit with a focus on lab-scale design. In this study, a multi-tubular reactor model for the butadiene synthesis via ODH of butene was developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). For this, the 3D multi-tubular model, which combines complex reaction kinetics with a shell-side coolant fluid over a series of individual reactor tubes, was generated using OpenFOAM®. Then, the developed model was validated and analyzed with the experimental results, which gave a maximum error of 7.5%. Finally, parametric studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of thermodynamic conditions (isothermal, non-isothermal and adiabatic), feed temperature, and gas velocity on reactor performance. The results showed the formation of a hotspot at the reactor exit, which necessitates an efficient temperature control at that section of the reactor. It was also found that as the temperature increased, the conversion and yield increased whilst the selectivity decreased. The converse was found for increasing velocities.

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Lakshmanan, A. "A Case Study for Reactor Network Synthesis: The Vinyl Chloride Process." Computers & Chemical Engineering 21, no. 1-2 (1997): S785—S790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(97)00145-2.

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Lakshmanan, Ajay, and Lorenz T. Biegler. "A case study for reactor network synthesis: The vinyl chloride process." Computers & Chemical Engineering 21 (May 1997): S785—S790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(97)87598-9.

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Lakshmanan, A., W. C. Rooney, and L. T. Biegler. "A case study for reactor network synthesis: the vinyl chloride process." Computers & Chemical Engineering 23, no. 4-5 (May 1999): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(98)00287-7.

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ITOH, Hirofumi, Takeshi OOHARA, Yoshiyuki WATANABE, Hiroshi UMINO, and Shin-ya ISHIGAKI. "Process Development of Vapor-Phase Dimethylcarbonate Synthesis Using Fluidized-Bed Reactor." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 30, no. 3 (2004): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.30.262.

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30

Asiedu, N., D. Hildebrandt, and D. Glasser. "Geometry and reactor synthesis: maximizing conversion of the ethyl acetate process." International Journal of Industrial Chemistry 6, no. 2 (February 25, 2015): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40090-015-0033-0.

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Blair, Richard G., Katerina Chagoya, Scott Biltek, Steven Jackson, Ashlyn Sinclair, Alexandra Taraboletti, and David T. Restrepo. "The scalability in the mechanochemical syntheses of edge functionalized graphene materials and biomass-derived chemicals." Faraday Discuss. 170 (2014): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00007b.

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Mechanochemical approaches to chemical synthesis offer the promise of improved yields, new reaction pathways and greener syntheses. Scaling these syntheses is a crucial step toward realizing a commercially viable process. Although much work has been performed on laboratory-scale investigations little has been done to move these approaches toward industrially relevant scales. Moving reactions from shaker-type mills and planetary-type mills to scalable solutions can present a challenge. We have investigated scalability through discrete element models, thermal monitoring and reactor design. We have found that impact forces and macroscopic mixing are important factors in implementing a truly scalable process. These observations have allowed us to scale reactions from a few grams to several hundred grams and we have successfully implemented scalable solutions for the mechanocatalytic conversion of cellulose to value-added compounds and the synthesis of edge functionalized graphene.

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Meurer, Andreas, and Jürgen Kern. "Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis as the Key for Decentralized Sustainable Kerosene Production." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 1836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071836.

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Synthetic fuels play an important role in the defossilization of future aviation transport. To reduce the ecological impact of remote airports due to the long-range transportation of kerosene, decentralized on-site production of synthetic paraffinic kerosene is applicable, preferably as a near-drop-in fuel or, alternatively, as a blend. One possible solution for such a production of synthetic kerosene is the power-to-liquid process. We describe the basic development of a simplified plant layout addressing the specific challenges of decentralized kerosene production that differs from most of the current approaches for infrastructural well-connected regions. The decisive influence of the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on the power-to-liquid (PtL) process is shown by means of a steady-state reactor model, which was developed in Python and serves as a basis for the further development of a modular environment able to represent entire process chains. The reactor model is based on reaction kinetics according to the current literature. The effects of adjustments of the main operation parameters on the reactor behavior were evaluated, and the impacts on the up- and downstream processes are described. The results prove the governing influence of the Fischer–Tropsch reactor on the PtL process and show its flexibility regarding the desired product fraction output, which makes it an appropriate solution for decentralized kerosene production.

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Xu, Juntao, Renwei Zhang, Changsheng Liu, Fang Wang, Kaili Nie, and Li Deng. "The Application of a Rotating Packed Bed Reactor for the Synthesis of High Viscosity Wax Ester." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2021.2052.

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Wax esters are high value-added products and widely used in a broad range of commercial fields. The enzymatic synthesis of wax ester from plant oil is more attractive than the traditional chemical method due to being environmental-friendly and limiting the use of hazardous chemicals. However, the high mass transfer resistance from the high viscous substrate leads to a low conversion and long reaction time in the continues stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The rotating packed bed reactor (RPBR) offers high mass transfer and can be used to enhance the enzymatic wax ester synthesis process. From the results, it could be concluded that the mass transfer was enhanced with the optimization of the centrifugal factor of the RPBR. Under the optimal process conditions, the wax ester yield of 96.4% was obtained after 4 hours reaction, and the half-life of the catalyst corresponded with 64 hours, while nine batches achieved of yields above 90%. The investigation proved that the RPBR is an attractive and effective reactor for heterogeneous bio-catalysis in high viscosity of 7.39~12.27 Cst at 40 °C.

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Zhang, Shu, Wei Wang, Hong Sun, and Dumitru Baleanu. "Numerical simulation of flow field in chemical vapor reactor for nanoparticle synthesized." Thermal Science 24, Suppl. 1 (2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci20031z.

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This paper provided a numerical simulation of fluid dynamics in the chemical vapor reactor for nanoparticle synthesis. Standard k-? turbulence equation and eddy-dissipation model with standard wall function were used to investigate the reaction process of turbulent diffusion for alumina production. Here the tempera?ture and the operating conditions are discussed. Numerical results show that the model can well describe synthesis of nanometer alumina. The chemical reactions for alumina by this reactor are mainly concentrated in the range of 200 mm after the nozzle. The materials are completely mixed after 400 mm in the reactor.

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Zhang, Shu, Wei Wang, Hong Sun, and Dumitru Baleanu. "Numerical simulation of flow field in chemical vapor reactor for nanoparticle synthesized." Thermal Science 24, Suppl. 1 (2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci20s1031z.

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This paper provided a numerical simulation of fluid dynamics in the chemical vapor reactor for nanoparticle synthesis. Standard k-? turbulence equation and eddy-dissipation model with standard wall function were used to investigate the reaction process of turbulent diffusion for alumina production. Here the tempera?ture and the operating conditions are discussed. Numerical results show that the model can well describe synthesis of nanometer alumina. The chemical reactions for alumina by this reactor are mainly concentrated in the range of 200 mm after the nozzle. The materials are completely mixed after 400 mm in the reactor.

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Popov, A. P., V. K. Bityukov, S. G. Tikhomirov, O. G. Neizvestnyi, and E. D. Chertov. "System analysis of the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation reactor as a control object." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-2-77-85.

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Catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene charge in a two-stage continuous-action adiabatic reactor is the main stage of the styrene production process. The analysis of this technological process existing automated control systems revealed the following main drawback, that these systems require great efforts from production personnel to ensure a change of the reactor temperature regime in the stages of the reactor in accordance with styrene concentration drop, which is caused by deactivation catalytic layer deactivation. Therefore, the synthesis of the target product concentration at the reactor outlet predictive control system is actual task in the field of technical cybernetics. This article presents the system analysis results of the dehydrogenation reactor as a control object. The main research result is a method choice for controlling of the chemical transformations temperature regime in the reactor, using that, it is possible to increase the energy efficiency and productivity of this device. The general and specific tasks of the control system synthesis are formulated on the basis of the system analysis, the information and functional synthesis of the temperature regime ACS is produced, the information and functional schemes of the reactor unit process equipment control subsystems are developed. As an operating system ACS is selected, which realizes of steam-ethylbenzene mixture temperature change at the reaction zones entrances of the 1st and 2nd reactor sections in accordance with the program control algorithm on the basis of predicting models, describing the heat exchange processes occurring inside the reactor stages as well as the dynamics of changes in such parameters as the concentration of coke deposits, catalyst activity, the basic and by- products concentration of chemical reactions.

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Urban, Sebastian, Vinayaganataraj Tamilselvi Sundaram, Jochen Kieninger, Gerald Urban, and Andreas Weltin. "Microsensor Electrodes for 3D Inline Process Monitoring in Multiphase Microreactors." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 4876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174876.

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We present an electrochemical microsensor for the monitoring of hydrogen peroxide direct synthesis in a membrane microreactor environment by measuring the hydrogen peroxide and oxygen concentrations. In prior work, for the first time, we performed in situ measurements with electrochemical microsensors in a microreactor setup. However, the sensors used were only able to measure at the bottom of the microchannel. Therefore, only a limited assessment of the gas distribution and concentration change over the reaction channel dimensions was possible because the dissolved gases entered the reactor through a membrane at the top of the channel. In this work, we developed a new fabrication process to allow the sensor wires, with electrodes at the tip, to protrude from the sensor housing into the reactor channel. This enables measurements not only at the channel bottom, but also along the vertical axis within the channel, between the channel wall and membrane. The new sensor design was integrated into a multiphase microreactor and calibrated for oxygen and hydrogen peroxide measurements. The importance of measurements in three dimensions was demonstrated by the detection of strongly increased gas concentrations towards the membrane, in contrast to measurements at the channel bottom. These findings allow a better understanding of the analyte distribution and diffusion processes in the microreactor channel as the basis for process control of the synthesis reaction.

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Kugler, K., B. Ohs, M. Scholz, and M. Wessling. "Towards a carbon independent and CO2-free electrochemical membrane process for NH3 synthesis." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 13 (2014): 6129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp00173g.

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Selinsek, Manuel, Manfred Kraut, and Roland Dittmeyer. "Experimental Evaluation of a Membrane Micro Channel Reactor for Liquid Phase Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide in Continuous Flow Using Nafion® Membranes for Safe Utilization of Undiluted Reactants." Catalysts 8, no. 11 (November 17, 2018): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8110556.

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In recent years, various modular micro channel reactors have been developed to overcome limitations in challenging chemical reactions. Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen is a very interesting process in this regard. However, the complex triphasic process (gaseous reactants, reaction in liquid solvent, solid catalyst) still holds challenges regarding safety, selectivity and productivity. The membrane micro reactor system for continuous liquid phase H2O2 direct synthesis was designed to reduce safety issues by separate dosing of the gaseous reactants via a membrane into a liquid-flow channel filled with a catalyst. Productivity is increased by enhanced mass transport, attainable in micro channels and by multiple re-saturation of the liquid with the reactants over the length of the reaction channel. Lastly, selectivity is optimized by controlling the reactant distribution. The influence of crucial technical features of the design, such as micro channel geometry, were studied experimentally in relationship with varying reaction conditions such as residence time, pressure, reactant ratio and solvent flow rate. Successful continuous operation of the reactor at pressures up to 50 bars showed the feasibility of this system. During the experiments, control over the reactant ratio was found to be crucial in order to maximize product yield. Thereby, yields above 80% were achieved. The results obtained are the key elements for future development and optimization of this reactor system, which will hopefully lead to a breakthrough in decentralized H2O2 production.

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Bagley, Mark C., Vincenzo Fusillo, Robert L. Jenkins, M. Caterina Lubinu, and Christopher Mason. "One-step synthesis of pyridines and dihydropyridines in a continuous flow microwave reactor." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (September 30, 2013): 1957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.232.

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The Bohlmann–Rahtz pyridine synthesis and the Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis can be carried out in a microwave flow reactor or using a conductive heating flow platform for the continuous processing of material. In the Bohlmann–Rahtz reaction, the use of a Brønsted acid catalyst allows Michael addition and cyclodehydration to be carried out in a single step without isolation of intermediates to give the corresponding trisubstituted pyridine as a single regioisomer in good yield. Furthermore, 3-substituted propargyl aldehydes undergo Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis in preference to Bohlmann–Rahtz reaction in a very high yielding process that is readily transferred to continuous flow processing.

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Bálint, Erika, Ádám Tajti, Katalin Ladányi-Pára, Nóra Tóth, Béla Mátravölgyi, and György Keglevich. "Continuous flow synthesis of α-aryl-α-aminophosphonates." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0923.

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AbstractThe synthesis of α-aryl-α-aminophosphonates was performed by the three-component Kabachnik-Fields reaction of primary amines, benzaldehyde derivatives and dialkyl phosphites in a continuous flow microwave reactor. The target compounds could be obtained in high (~90%) yields without any catalyst in simple alcohols as the solvent. The flow process elaborated required shorter reaction times and lower excess of the reagent, as compared to the “traditional” batch reactions, and allowed the synthesis of the α-aminophosphonates on a somewhat larger scale.

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Labutin, Alexander Nikolaevich, Milan Vaško, Ivan Kuric, Vladimir Yuryevich Nevinitsyn, Milan Sága, Yulia Nikolaevna Zagarinskaya, and Galina Vitalievna Volkova. "Analytical Synthesis of Non-Linear Control Algorithms of a Chemical Reactor Thermal Mode." Processes 9, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040644.

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The paper deals with two approaches to the synthesis of a non-linear control system of the thermal regime of a liquid-phase chemical reactor at the realization of a bimolecular exothermic reaction. Synthesis of control algorithms is carried out by the method of analytical design of aggregated regulators (ADAR). The first variant assumes synthesis of temperature controller by classic ADAR method on the basis of a sequential set of invariant manifolds. The second one is based on the cascade control system structure. Computer simulation is used to study and compare the synthesized control systems.

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Malpartida, Irene, Pedro Maireles-Torres, Valentin Lair, Samy Halloumi, Julien Thiel, and François Lacoste. "New High-Throughput Reactor for Biomass Valorization." Chemistry Proceedings 2, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eccs2020-07583.

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The development of an innovative and sustainable high-throughput reaction platform allows optimizing a wide range of chemical processes (materials synthesis and catalysis, among others) to tackle the Green Deal. This tool unifies, for the first time, the benefits of mechanical energy, thermal and pressure activation in continuous flow with an induction in situ heating system, facilitating the incorporation of inputs (liquids, solids and gases) with controlled pressure. As a result of the synergistic effect of this simultaneous activation, this technology will: (i) shorten reaction times; (ii) decrease temperature; (iii) improve reactions kinetics as mass transfer limitations are reduced; (iv) minimize the use of solvents; (v) decrease the reaction steps; (vi) increase the volume treated, enabling a real scale-up; and (vii) enhance the yields and/or selectivity. This new high-throughput reactor is used for the synthesis of calcium diglyceroxide (CaDG), minimizing the reaction steps and cost, to obtain a pure CaDG. This heterogeneous catalyst is used for biodiesel production and valorization of the glycerol generated as a by-product. An efficient synthesis protocol of CaDG has been developed, requiring shorter time, without heating, and no need for a solvent. This new process facilitates oil–methanol mixing in the transesterification process, thus minimizing the mass transfer limitations associated with the immiscibility of reactants. In addition, this process has been optimized by using CaDG as a solid catalyst.

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Liu, Dian Hua, Ding Ye Fang, Qin Qin Guan, and A. Jian Tao. "Kinetics of Camphene Esterification to Isobornyl Acetate." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.990.

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The conventional process for isobornyl acetate synthesis from camphene and acetic acid is a batch process. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize isobornyl acetate in continuous process in a fixed bed reactor. The continuous reaction conditions were studied. The experiment was put into practice under the following conditions: 35-45, camphene/acetic acid feed ratio(wt%) from 1 to 2 and space velocity from 0.6 to 1.8 h-1. A kinetic model was developed which describes the experimental data well. A pilot fixed reactor was simulated by using the kinetic model.

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Chu, Fu Lin, Lai Wang Wang, Meng Yung Sun, and Cheng Hsien Tsai. "Rapid Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride Nanopowders from Gaseous Aluminum Chloride." Key Engineering Materials 862 (September 2020): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.862.88.

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The synthesis of aluminum nitride (AlN) powders is traditionally completed through a thermal nitridation process, in which the reacting aluminum powders are combined with nitrogen at high temperatures with a long reaction time (usually several hours). Moreover, the occurrence of agglomeration within the melting Al particles results in a poor dispersibility of AlN powders, with a low efficiency of nitridation. In this study, an atmosphere-pressure microwave plasma preceded the rapid gas-gas synthesis process. In the reactor, the gaseous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) reactant was fed at different positions (R1, R2, R3) to react with nitrogen at various reaction temperatures (690~1150°C) to rapidly produce AlN nano powders (in several seconds). The process was operated at a total flow rate of 13 slm with NH3 gas content of 0 or 0.77% and an applied power of 1200/1400 W. Results showed that the high purity and dispersibility of AlN powders were found at a AlCl3 feeding position closer to the resonant cavity of the reactor (R3, 1150°C). The AlN particle size was in the range of 25-50 nm. The experiments indicated that the gas-gas reaction for rapidly synthesizing AlN nanopowders can be successfully carried out via an AlCl3-N2 plasma-chemical approach.

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Yan, Chun Yu, Feng Pan, Cai Xin Li, Ya Li Li, Yan Fei Wu, and Ying Ying Zhu. "Thermodynamics Simulation of Ethanol Synthesis via Biomass Gasification." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.210.

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Based on Aspen Plus software platform, a simulation of ethanol synthesis from biomass-derived synthesis gas processed on the assumption of both physical and thermodynamic equilibrium. The influences of these conditions such as temperature, reactor pressure and the H2 to (CO+CO2) mole ratio in the feed gas on CO and CO2 conversion and ethanol yield were investigated. The results showed that reaction temperature, pressure and synthesis gas composition have the most important effect on ethanol synthesis behavior. In this process, low temperature and high pressure would be advantageous for ethanol production.

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Janošovský, Ján, Juraj Labovský, and Ľudovít Jelemenský. "Ammonia synthesis fundamentals for a model-based HAZOP study." Acta Chimica Slovaca 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acs-2015-0002.

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Abstract Hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis is a highly disciplined process hazard analysis (PHA) technique based on the exploration of the effects of process variables deviations. Inconveniences of a conventional HAZOP study are its time-consuming character and high cost. The principal objective of this paper is to present a new methodology for hazard identification of a selected chemical production process. Model-based HAZOP study is a very robust tool for predicting a systems response to deviations from design or operation conditions. An approach based on the mathematical modelling of a process can help to identify sources of hazard that could be overlooked by conventional PHA techniques. A case study focused on the multiple steady states phenomenon in an ammonia synthesis reactor is presented. The process simulation was performed using the Aspen HYSYS v8.4 process modelling environment. Nonlinear behaviour of the investigated fixed-bed reactor system was confirmed by an accident in an industrial ammonia synthesis reactor. The analysed system exhibited the feed temperature and pressure dependence of various operation parameters. This fact indicates the presence of multiple steady states. From the safety analysis point of view, switching between steady states can lead to process hazards.

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Waser, Oliver, Oliver Brenner, Arto J. Groehn, and Sotiris E. Pratsinis. "Process Design for Size-Controlled Flame Spray Synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 and Electrochemical Performance." Chemical and Process Engineering 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2017-0005.

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Abstract Inexpensive synthesis of electroceramic materials is required for efficient energy storage. Here the design of a scalable process, flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), for synthesis of size-controlled nanomaterials is investigated focusing on understanding the role of air entrainment (AE) during their aerosol synthesis with emphasis on battery materials. The AE into the enclosed FSP reactor is analysed quantitatively by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and calculated temperatures are verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Various Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) particle compositions are made and characterized by N2 adsorption, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction while the electrochemical performance of LTO is tested at various charging rates. Increasing AE decreases recirculation in the enclosing tube leading to lower reactor temperatures and particle concentrations by air dilution as well as shorter and narrower residence time distributions. As a result, particle growth by coagulation - coalescence decreases leading to smaller primary particles that are mostly pure LTO exhibiting high C-rate performance with more than 120 mAh/g galvanostatic specific charge at 40C, outperforming commercial LTO. The effect of AE on FSP-made particle characteristics is demonstrated also in combustion synthesis of LiFePO4 and ZrO2.

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Nestler, F., V. P. Müller, M. Ouda, M. J. Hadrich, A. Schaadt, S. Bajohr, and T. Kolb. "A novel approach for kinetic measurements in exothermic fixed bed reactors: advancements in non-isothermal bed conditions demonstrated for methanol synthesis." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 6 (2021): 1092–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1re00071c.

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A novel approach for the investigation of reaction kinetics using a polytropic miniplant reactor featuring a highly resolved fibre optic temperature measurement and FTIR gas phase analysis is presented for methanol synthesis.

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Todorovic-Markovic, Biljana, Zoran Markovic, I. Mohai, Z. Károly, Z. Farkas, Z. Nikolic, and J. Szépvölgyi. "Optical diagnostics of fullerene synthesis in the RF thermal plasma process." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 1 (2005): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0501079t.

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In this work, the results of an optical emission study of fullerene synthesis in an inductively coupled radio frequency thermal plasma reactor are presented. The emission spectroscopy studies, based on the use of the Swan C2 (0,1) and CN (0,0) vibration emission spectra, were carried out to determine the plasma temperature. The evaporation process of graphite powder was observed by scanning electron microscopy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Process synthesis reactor'

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