Academic literature on the topic 'Processing of feather waste'

The goal of this thesis is to introduce and explain technology of hydrolysis and subsequent processing of poultry feathers and make calculation of line for processing poultry feathers. This thesis also includes technological scheme of processing line, design and final evaluation of chosen processing technology.

Commercial carrot processors produce up to 175,000 tons of carrot waste annually. Carrot Mash (CM) is the term referring to the waste by-product of peeled baby carrot processing. Transportation of carrot processing waste is expensive due to its high- water content (approx. 83-95%). High in bioactive compounds (carotenoids) and dietary fibers, it is expected that its conversion into a value-added by-product is of interest to the carrot processing industry. Hemicellulose-rich plant materials have proven to be a source of oligosaccharides, which are known for their beneficial prebiotic activity. The objectives of this research were to: 1) determine the effect of mechanical treatments on the extraction of water and bioactive compounds and evaluate the functional properties of carrot mash; 2) incorporate dried carrot mash into a beef patty and evaluate changes in pH, color, cooking yield, and texture; 3) apply an enzymatic treatment to carrot mash to promote the conversion of polysaccharides to oligosaccharides for prebiotic benefits. Mechanical separation of liquid and solid fractions by way of expeller pressing was efficient in extracting liquid while simultaneously increasing total solids by nearly 200%, the extraction of carotenoids by 1000%, and polyphenol content by nearly 97%. Mechanical treatments increased the fat binding capacity on average by 183% compared to untreated mash. The addition of unpressed carrot mash or expeller pressed carrot mash increased the cooking yield of a beef patty by 3-13% without significantly changing its textural properties. Enzymatically treating the carrot mash significantly increased the concentration of oligosaccharides up to 2.3%. These results suggest that carrot processing wastes can be physically and enzymatically modified and have an immense potential to be utilized as a functional ingredient in human food rather than being landfilled, composted or used as animal feed.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Amberly Hope Tobin, for the Master of Science degree in Organic Geochemistry, presented on August 4th 2016, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: OHD PROCESSING OF COAL WASTE MATERIALS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Susan M. Rimmer This research addresses coal-waste utilization via the OHD process and the implications for both economic and environmental impacts. The goal of this project is to determine if coal-waste products can be processed by the OHD technique. Furthermore, this project will determine what types of products are produced from the coal-waste materials and will compare these to those produced by the OHD processing of raw coal. This research has the potential to be beneficial to the coal industry as OHD would allow production of high-value products from what is currently viewed as a waste material; additionally, this research will provide a way to recycle what is considered a hazardous waste product and provide an incentive to reclaim coal slurry ponds that are an environmental concern. A preliminary suite of grab samples from an active coal slurry pond along with a stream reject sample were obtained in order to determine if these types of materials could be processed via OHD. After these samples were deemed viable in the OHD process, core samples were taken from a large slurry pond. These cores were then ii sampled at 2 ft (0.61 m) intervals. The key analyses performed were geochemical, petrographic, OHD, and GC-MS. Geochemical analysis included carbon, sulfur, moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon content of the coal-waste samples before OHD, and provided a basis for comparison with raw coal samples. Petrographic analysis was performed to determine the maceral composition before the OHD processing. The OHD process is the core technique of this research project. The preliminary slurry pond samples were processed in a small semi-continuous OHD reactor. While the stream reject and slurry pond core samples were processed using a continuous OHD reactor, as this type of reactor is best suited for fine-grained slurries. GC-MS was used to examine the OHD liquid products analysis in order to determine the types of compounds present in the final liquefied product; these products were then compared to raw coal OHD products in order to determine their economic potential. Petrography of the coal-waste materials showed that these samples did contain a notable amount of coal; predominantly vitrinites and inertinites were observed in the samples. Geochemical analysis proved that there were significant amounts of organic carbon in these materials, ranging between 25 and 37%. OHD processing was successful on all coal-waste materials, although the continuous OHD reactor tended to work better with the fine-grained slurries than the semi-continuous OHD reactor. The GC-MS analysis of the coal-waste OHD product showed very similar suites of compounds to that of a bulk coal OHD product; in general, almost all major compounds that are found in a typical coal OHD product were also found in the coal-waste OHD products. This suggests that these slurry ponds, which are typically regarded as waste products, could be viable feedstocks for OHD processing.

Modern coal preparation facilities incorporate a wide array of solid-solid and solid-liquid separation processes for rejecting mineral matter to meet market specifications. The coarse mineral matter is typically placed into engineered refuse piles whereas the fine refuse is either stored in impoundments or co-disposed with the coarse refuse. The discharge water from the refuse material represents an environmental concern due to the potential release of trace elements, and the subsequent elevation of total dissolved solids and conductivity. The research findings reported in this dissertation addresses sustainable coal processing waste disposal through using strategies aimed at minimizing the environmental impacts. To provide an accurate and inexpensive method to assess the potential environmental effects of a given waste material, a conductivity screening-level test was modified to incorporate the impact of particle surface area. The test was used on various waste streams as well as the particle size and density fractions of each waste stream to identify environmentally sensitive components that can be separated from the bulk and isolated to prevent negative environmental impacts. The results were subsequently evaluated for long term mobility of trace elements under different disposal scenarios: (i) static leaching tests designed to simulate the quiescent conditions in a stable impoundment, and (ii) a dynamic test to simulate waste materials exposed to the atmosphere in variable wet/dry storage conditions. The results indicated that liberating, separating and isolating the highest density fractions (>2.68 SG) which represents less than 5% of the coal refuse materials results in significant abatement of total dissolved solids and conductivity. Required modifications of the coal processing plants were suggested to segregate and subsequently isolate the environmentally sensitive fractions from the remaining refuse material.

ABSTRACT Background: Accessibility to reliable and cost-effective assessment of auditory processing skills is limited in South Africa. With the development of tele-audiology, tools such as the Feather Squadron (FS) application have been developed to make this form of assessment more cost-effective and accessible. Purpose: To determine whether the performance on the FS correlates with performance on certain traditional assessment tasks, viz. Frequency Pattern Test (FPT) and Dichotic Digits Test (DDT), to establish its relevance in a South African population. Design: A retrospective, within-subject, comparative design was used. Study Sample: 66 South African participants, aged between 8 and 9 years of age and educated in English. Method: The FS, FPT and DDT were administered following a peripheral hearing assessment. The data were considered in two ways: Firstly, by comparing whether in each instance the participant had scored either at or below -2SD or whether they had scored above-2SD on the subtests of the FS and compared these scores to the same traditional tests, and secondly, by comparing the Z-scores obtained on the FS versus the Z-scores obtained on the same traditional test by applying a double arcsine transformation. Results: Using the -2SD criteria yielded no significant association when comparing the Dichotic Digits FS vs Dichotic Digits traditional test, or when comparing Tonal-Pattern Temporal Processing FS vs FPT in the humming or labelling conditions. Using the Z-score comparison, a statistically significant correlation was obtained when comparing the Tonal-Pattern Temporal Processing FS vs FPT, labelling condition and Dichotic Double-Words FS (linguistic) vs DDT. Conclusions: There is sufficient early evidence to suggest a statistically significant correlation between certain subtests of the FS with traditional tests of auditory processing to merit its use in the South African population. Further, using the broad pass/fail criteria of -2SD lacks the precision to adequately identify patterns of response and may need to be re-evaluated. Key Words: Feather Squadron, dichotic digits, frequency pattern, auditory processing, South Africa.<br>Dissertation (MA (Audiology)) University of Pretoria, 2020.<br>2022/12/31<br>Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology<br>MA (Audiology)<br>Restricted

Chromium has been widely used in many industrial applications. As a result of chromite ore processing, large amounts of chromite ore processing waste (COPW) material that can be classified as hazardous have been produced and released into the environment. Therefore, knowledge of migration behavior and leaching rates of chromium through waste materials and soils are of primary concern for environmentally sound management of land-disposal hazardous wastes. Hask&ouml<br>k (1998) experimentally studied leaching rates of total Cr and Cr(VI) using laboratory columns packed with chromium COPW material produced by a sodium chromite plant. Based on the experimental results of Hask&ouml<br>k (1998), present study aim, through mathematical modeling, to understand the dissolution kinetics of chromium during leaching of COPW material and to investigate the effectiveness of intermittent leaching involving a sequence of batch (dissolution) and leaching (mass flushing) operational modes. Obtained results show that a coupled system of two first order differential equations was able to capture the essential characteristics of leaching behavior of COPW material. In addition, the kinetics of chromium dissolution from COPW appeared to be controlled by the difference between aqueous phase concentration and a saturation concentration, by the mass fraction of dissolvable chromium remaining in the solid phase, and finally by the contribution of a constant dissolution rate manifested as a steady-state tailing behavior. As a result of performed simulations it was seen that intermittent leaching could be 65%and 35% more effective than continuous leaching for total Cr and Cr(VI), respectively.

The objective of this research was to design an alternative wastewater treatment system for turkey processing plants to recover energy and reduce N and P to allowable discharge levels. The objective included: 1. Determine the quantity and quality of biogas produced from the turkey processing wastewater (TPW) and COD reduction efficiency. 2. Design a waste treatment system and validate proof of concept for simultaneous P and N removal with a goal of attaining effluent concentrations of 0.1 mg/L and 4 mg/L, for P and N, respectively. A lab-scale complete mixed anaerobic digester was used for turkey processing wastewater (TPW) digestion and biogas recovery running for 6 months. Along with the anaerobic digester, a two-sludge system called A2N-SBR consisting of an anaerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor and an attached growth post-nitrification reactor was added for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal running for 3 months. Biogas production yields of 778 + 89 mL/gVSadded and 951.30 mL/g COD were obtained through anaerobic digestion. Also, an energy balance was conducted on a pilot scale digester for a turkey processing plant with wastewater production of 2160 m3/d and using a combined heat and power (CHP) enginefor conversion of biogas to heat and electricity. Although the biogas yield achieved in a complete mixed reactor was relatively lower than yields obtained in previous studies using reactors such as UASB, still a complete mixed reactor can be a good choice for biogas recovery from TPW and can be used for codigestion with some specific turkey processing byproducts for biogas recovery. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the A2N-SBR system were 47% and 75%, respectively, and during the study the nitrogen and phosphorus removal mean concentration in effluent did not meet the nutrient limits specified in the objectives. Average TP and TN in the effluent were 3.2 mg/L and 137 mg/L, respectively. Throughout the study, the nitrification reactor biofilm was not completely developed. Incomplete nitrification and poor settling might be the reasons that quality obtained in effluent was low. To improve the process condition in A2N-SBR, online monitoring of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) can help to optimize each stage in the SBR and stages duration can be set based on the results.<br>Master of Science

Utilizing a simple, cost effective, feasible and efficient recycling process for waste plastics, which are largely produced from non-renewable sources, is strategically important for a sustainable environment and economy. In Europe, landfilling is still the major waste management method; therefore new routes for recycling are being researched to increase the recycling rates. In this research, hydrothermal processing was used for recycling of waste carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) and printed circuit boards (PCB) in a batch reactor were investigated. Also, the applicability of the hydrothermal process was tested on refuse derived fuel (RDF), as it is a good representative of municipal solid waste which is a complex waste mixture consisting of plastics, other biodegradable materials and inorganic materials. The ability of supercritical water to degrade the resins and plastics in the composite wastes was largely influenced by the presence of different additives and/or co-solvents. Water at supercritical conditions was able to remove 92.6% of the resin from the CFRP waste in the presence of KOH and 10 wt% H2O2. In the work with PCB, 94% of the resin removal was achieved with alkalis, at zero residence time. The carbon fibre was recovered by preserving 78 % of its tensile strength due to the loss in the mechanical properties as a result of oxidation on the carbon fibre surface. When mixtures of ethylene glycol and water were used as solvent, without any addition of a catalyst, 97.6 % resin removal was achieved at 400oC. The liquid obtained from hydrothermal processing of PCB mainly composed of phenol, and phenolic compounds, which are the precursors of the original thermosetting resin. The liquid effluent from the degradation of CFRP with water and ethylene glycol mixture became too complex for recovery and so was gasified under supercritical water conditions. In the presence of NaOH and ruthenium oxide as catalysts the produced fuel gas consisted of H2, CH4, CO2, CO and C2-4 hydrocarbon gases. The carbon fibres recovered using ethylene glycol co-solvent preserved its mechanical properties and used for the manufacture of new composite materials. The mechanical tests showed that the new composites with recovered carbon fibres had enhanced mechanical properties similar to those made from virgin carbon fibres. Finally RDF was subjected to hydrothermal gasification process to produce fuel gas. Up to 93% carbon gasification efficiency was achieved in the presence of 5 wt% RuO2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, producing a fuel gas mostly consisting of H2, CH4, and CO2 with a heating value of 22.5 MJ/Nm3. The gross calorific value of the product gas increased to 32.4 MJ/Nm3 in the presence of NaOH, as a result of carbon dioxide fixation as sodium carbonate. Also, high yields of hydrogen were obtained in the presence of both the NaOH and ruthenium catalysts, as both promoted the water-gas shift reaction.

Four experiments were conducted with crab processing waste. Addition of 1.5% propionic/formic acid prevented degradation up to 14 d. Desirable fermentation was achieved when 32% of the treated crab waste was ensiled with 32% straw, 16% molasses, and 20% water with or without .1% microbial inoculant. The pH of the silage was lowered and high concentration of lactic acid was observed. Use of .2% NaOCl or .4% H₂O₂ retarded spoilage of crab processing waste up to 7 d. Ensiling of the treated waste (32%), straw (32%), molasses (16%), and H₂0 (20%) indicated that the chemical used in preservation enhanced fermentation. Addition of .4% NaOCl and 1.5% acetic acid to the crab processing waste retarded degradation up to d 4. The trimethylamine (TMA) concentration and NH₃ evolution were highest for the untreated waste while the lowest concentration for TMA and NH₃ evolution were observed for the NaOH-treated waste. Addition of 1% NaNO₂ or combination of .4% NaOCl/CaOCl (1:1, w/w) preserved the waste for up to 10 d. The evolution of NH₃ and H2₂S, and TMA concentration were lowest for the waste treated with 1% NaNO₂. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, CP, energy, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose decreased linearly (P<.01) with level of crab waste-straw silage in diets containing 0, 50, and 100% crab waste-straw silage. Nitrogen retention increased linearly (P<.05) with level of crab waste-straw silage. The apparent absorption was higher (P<.01) and retention was positive (P<.05) for Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu and Fe with sheep fed the highest level of crab waste-straw silage. Daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics tended to be higher for steers fed 30% crab waste-straw silage, dry basis. The flavor and overall desirability of cooked meat were not adversely affected by feeding up to 30% crab waste-straw silage, dry basis. Modifying the existing methods of quantifying chitin showed that initial decalcification or deprotinization of the samples with chemicals are not necessary. Similar values were obtained for chitin when ADF/ashing method was compared to the ADF/deacetylation method. These methods prevented loss of chitin during preparation. Digestibility of chitin was higher (58%) for sheep fed 100% crab waste-straw silage compared to the value of 37% in sheep fed 50% crab waste-straw silage. When ADF/ashing method was used in quantifying chitin, higher disappearances were obtained for samples containing 100% crab meal kept in the rumen or incubated in vitro for 72 h.<br>Ph. D.