Dissertations / Theses: 'Processing of feather waste'

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Holuša, Radomír. "Hydrolýza a následné zpracování drůbežího peří." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318843.

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The goal of this thesis is to introduce and explain technology of hydrolysis and subsequent processing of poultry feathers and make calculation of line for processing poultry feathers. This thesis also includes technological scheme of processing line, design and final evaluation of chosen processing technology.

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Fan, Xiuling Broughton Roy. "Value-added products from chicken feather fibers and protein." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Polymer_and_Fiber_Engineering/Dissertation/Fan_Xiuling_15.pdf.

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Duval, Alexandra M. "Valorization of Carrot Processing Waste." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2155.

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Commercial carrot processors produce up to 175,000 tons of carrot waste annually. Carrot Mash (CM) is the term referring to the waste by-product of peeled baby carrot processing. Transportation of carrot processing waste is expensive due to its high- water content (approx. 83-95%). High in bioactive compounds (carotenoids) and dietary fibers, it is expected that its conversion into a value-added by-product is of interest to the carrot processing industry. Hemicellulose-rich plant materials have proven to be a source of oligosaccharides, which are known for their beneficial prebiotic activity. The objectives of this research were to: 1) determine the effect of mechanical treatments on the extraction of water and bioactive compounds and evaluate the functional properties of carrot mash; 2) incorporate dried carrot mash into a beef patty and evaluate changes in pH, color, cooking yield, and texture; 3) apply an enzymatic treatment to carrot mash to promote the conversion of polysaccharides to oligosaccharides for prebiotic benefits. Mechanical separation of liquid and solid fractions by way of expeller pressing was efficient in extracting liquid while simultaneously increasing total solids by nearly 200%, the extraction of carotenoids by 1000%, and polyphenol content by nearly 97%. Mechanical treatments increased the fat binding capacity on average by 183% compared to untreated mash. The addition of unpressed carrot mash or expeller pressed carrot mash increased the cooking yield of a beef patty by 3-13% without significantly changing its textural properties. Enzymatically treating the carrot mash significantly increased the concentration of oligosaccharides up to 2.3%. These results suggest that carrot processing wastes can be physically and enzymatically modified and have an immense potential to be utilized as a functional ingredient in human food rather than being landfilled, composted or used as animal feed.

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Tobin, Amberly Hope. "OHD Processing of Coal Waste Materials." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2045.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Amberly Hope Tobin, for the Master of Science degree in Organic Geochemistry, presented on August 4th 2016, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: OHD PROCESSING OF COAL WASTE MATERIALS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Susan M. Rimmer This research addresses coal-waste utilization via the OHD process and the implications for both economic and environmental impacts. The goal of this project is to determine if coal-waste products can be processed by the OHD technique. Furthermore, this project will determine what types of products are produced from the coal-waste materials and will compare these to those produced by the OHD processing of raw coal. This research has the potential to be beneficial to the coal industry as OHD would allow production of high-value products from what is currently viewed as a waste material; additionally, this research will provide a way to recycle what is considered a hazardous waste product and provide an incentive to reclaim coal slurry ponds that are an environmental concern. A preliminary suite of grab samples from an active coal slurry pond along with a stream reject sample were obtained in order to determine if these types of materials could be processed via OHD. After these samples were deemed viable in the OHD process, core samples were taken from a large slurry pond. These cores were then ii sampled at 2 ft (0.61 m) intervals. The key analyses performed were geochemical, petrographic, OHD, and GC-MS. Geochemical analysis included carbon, sulfur, moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon content of the coal-waste samples before OHD, and provided a basis for comparison with raw coal samples. Petrographic analysis was performed to determine the maceral composition before the OHD processing. The OHD process is the core technique of this research project. The preliminary slurry pond samples were processed in a small semi-continuous OHD reactor. While the stream reject and slurry pond core samples were processed using a continuous OHD reactor, as this type of reactor is best suited for fine-grained slurries. GC-MS was used to examine the OHD liquid products analysis in order to determine the types of compounds present in the final liquefied product; these products were then compared to raw coal OHD products in order to determine their economic potential. Petrography of the coal-waste materials showed that these samples did contain a notable amount of coal; predominantly vitrinites and inertinites were observed in the samples. Geochemical analysis proved that there were significant amounts of organic carbon in these materials, ranging between 25 and 37%. OHD processing was successful on all coal-waste materials, although the continuous OHD reactor tended to work better with the fine-grained slurries than the semi-continuous OHD reactor. The GC-MS analysis of the coal-waste OHD product showed very similar suites of compounds to that of a bulk coal OHD product; in general, almost all major compounds that are found in a typical coal OHD product were also found in the coal-waste OHD products. This suggests that these slurry ponds, which are typically regarded as waste products, could be viable feedstocks for OHD processing.

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Rezaee, Mohammad. "SUSTAINABLE DISPOSAL OF COAL PROCESSING WASTE STREAMS." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/mng_etds/26.

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Modern coal preparation facilities incorporate a wide array of solid-solid and solid-liquid separation processes for rejecting mineral matter to meet market specifications. The coarse mineral matter is typically placed into engineered refuse piles whereas the fine refuse is either stored in impoundments or co-disposed with the coarse refuse. The discharge water from the refuse material represents an environmental concern due to the potential release of trace elements, and the subsequent elevation of total dissolved solids and conductivity. The research findings reported in this dissertation addresses sustainable coal processing waste disposal through using strategies aimed at minimizing the environmental impacts. To provide an accurate and inexpensive method to assess the potential environmental effects of a given waste material, a conductivity screening-level test was modified to incorporate the impact of particle surface area. The test was used on various waste streams as well as the particle size and density fractions of each waste stream to identify environmentally sensitive components that can be separated from the bulk and isolated to prevent negative environmental impacts. The results were subsequently evaluated for long term mobility of trace elements under different disposal scenarios: (i) static leaching tests designed to simulate the quiescent conditions in a stable impoundment, and (ii) a dynamic test to simulate waste materials exposed to the atmosphere in variable wet/dry storage conditions. The results indicated that liberating, separating and isolating the highest density fractions (>2.68 SG) which represents less than 5% of the coal refuse materials results in significant abatement of total dissolved solids and conductivity. Required modifications of the coal processing plants were suggested to segregate and subsequently isolate the environmentally sensitive fractions from the remaining refuse material.

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Allan, Heidi. "The use of the Feather Squadron to identify auditory processing disorders in South African children : a comparative study." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78439.

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ABSTRACT Background: Accessibility to reliable and cost-effective assessment of auditory processing skills is limited in South Africa. With the development of tele-audiology, tools such as the Feather Squadron (FS) application have been developed to make this form of assessment more cost-effective and accessible. Purpose: To determine whether the performance on the FS correlates with performance on certain traditional assessment tasks, viz. Frequency Pattern Test (FPT) and Dichotic Digits Test (DDT), to establish its relevance in a South African population. Design: A retrospective, within-subject, comparative design was used. Study Sample: 66 South African participants, aged between 8 and 9 years of age and educated in English. Method: The FS, FPT and DDT were administered following a peripheral hearing assessment. The data were considered in two ways: Firstly, by comparing whether in each instance the participant had scored either at or below -2SD or whether they had scored above-2SD on the subtests of the FS and compared these scores to the same traditional tests, and secondly, by comparing the Z-scores obtained on the FS versus the Z-scores obtained on the same traditional test by applying a double arcsine transformation. Results: Using the -2SD criteria yielded no significant association when comparing the Dichotic Digits FS vs Dichotic Digits traditional test, or when comparing Tonal-Pattern Temporal Processing FS vs FPT in the humming or labelling conditions. Using the Z-score comparison, a statistically significant correlation was obtained when comparing the Tonal-Pattern Temporal Processing FS vs FPT, labelling condition and Dichotic Double-Words FS (linguistic) vs DDT. Conclusions: There is sufficient early evidence to suggest a statistically significant correlation between certain subtests of the FS with traditional tests of auditory processing to merit its use in the South African population. Further, using the broad pass/fail criteria of -2SD lacks the precision to adequately identify patterns of response and may need to be re-evaluated. Key Words: Feather Squadron, dichotic digits, frequency pattern, auditory processing, South Africa.
Dissertation (MA (Audiology)) University of Pretoria, 2020.
2022/12/31
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
MA (Audiology)
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Yalcin, Sezgin. "Modeling Chromium Leaching From Chromite Ore Processing Waste." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/4/1053412/index.pdf.

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Chromium has been widely used in many industrial applications. As a result of chromite ore processing, large amounts of chromite ore processing waste (COPW) material that can be classified as hazardous have been produced and released into the environment. Therefore, knowledge of migration behavior and leaching rates of chromium through waste materials and soils are of primary concern for environmentally sound management of land-disposal hazardous wastes. Haskö
k (1998) experimentally studied leaching rates of total Cr and Cr(VI) using laboratory columns packed with chromium COPW material produced by a sodium chromite plant. Based on the experimental results of Haskö
k (1998), present study aim, through mathematical modeling, to understand the dissolution kinetics of chromium during leaching of COPW material and to investigate the effectiveness of intermittent leaching involving a sequence of batch (dissolution) and leaching (mass flushing) operational modes. Obtained results show that a coupled system of two first order differential equations was able to capture the essential characteristics of leaching behavior of COPW material. In addition, the kinetics of chromium dissolution from COPW appeared to be controlled by the difference between aqueous phase concentration and a saturation concentration, by the mass fraction of dissolvable chromium remaining in the solid phase, and finally by the contribution of a constant dissolution rate manifested as a steady-state tailing behavior. As a result of performed simulations it was seen that intermittent leaching could be 65%and 35% more effective than continuous leaching for total Cr and Cr(VI), respectively.

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Roshdieh, Rana. "Alternative Waste Treatment System for Poultry Processing Plants." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46421.

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The objective of this research was to design an alternative wastewater treatment system for turkey processing plants to recover energy and reduce N and P to allowable discharge levels. The objective included: 1. Determine the quantity and quality of biogas produced from the turkey processing wastewater (TPW) and COD reduction efficiency. 2. Design a waste treatment system and validate proof of concept for simultaneous P and N removal with a goal of attaining effluent concentrations of 0.1 mg/L and 4 mg/L, for P and N, respectively. A lab-scale complete mixed anaerobic digester was used for turkey processing wastewater (TPW) digestion and biogas recovery running for 6 months. Along with the anaerobic digester, a two-sludge system called A2N-SBR consisting of an anaerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor and an attached growth post-nitrification reactor was added for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal running for 3 months. Biogas production yields of 778 + 89 mL/gVSadded and 951.30 mL/g COD were obtained through anaerobic digestion. Also, an energy balance was conducted on a pilot scale digester for a turkey processing plant with wastewater production of 2160 m3/d and using a combined heat and power (CHP) enginefor conversion of biogas to heat and electricity. Although the biogas yield achieved in a complete mixed reactor was relatively lower than yields obtained in previous studies using reactors such as UASB, still a complete mixed reactor can be a good choice for biogas recovery from TPW and can be used for codigestion with some specific turkey processing byproducts for biogas recovery. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the A2N-SBR system were 47% and 75%, respectively, and during the study the nitrogen and phosphorus removal mean concentration in effluent did not meet the nutrient limits specified in the objectives. Average TP and TN in the effluent were 3.2 mg/L and 137 mg/L, respectively. Throughout the study, the nitrification reactor biofilm was not completely developed. Incomplete nitrification and poor settling might be the reasons that quality obtained in effluent was low. To improve the process condition in A2N-SBR, online monitoring of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) can help to optimize each stage in the SBR and stages duration can be set based on the results.
Master of Science

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Yildirir, Eyup. "Chemical engineering of waste plastics via hydrothermal processing." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10704/.

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Utilizing a simple, cost effective, feasible and efficient recycling process for waste plastics, which are largely produced from non-renewable sources, is strategically important for a sustainable environment and economy. In Europe, landfilling is still the major waste management method; therefore new routes for recycling are being researched to increase the recycling rates. In this research, hydrothermal processing was used for recycling of waste carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) and printed circuit boards (PCB) in a batch reactor were investigated. Also, the applicability of the hydrothermal process was tested on refuse derived fuel (RDF), as it is a good representative of municipal solid waste which is a complex waste mixture consisting of plastics, other biodegradable materials and inorganic materials. The ability of supercritical water to degrade the resins and plastics in the composite wastes was largely influenced by the presence of different additives and/or co-solvents. Water at supercritical conditions was able to remove 92.6% of the resin from the CFRP waste in the presence of KOH and 10 wt% H2O2. In the work with PCB, 94% of the resin removal was achieved with alkalis, at zero residence time. The carbon fibre was recovered by preserving 78 % of its tensile strength due to the loss in the mechanical properties as a result of oxidation on the carbon fibre surface. When mixtures of ethylene glycol and water were used as solvent, without any addition of a catalyst, 97.6 % resin removal was achieved at 400oC. The liquid obtained from hydrothermal processing of PCB mainly composed of phenol, and phenolic compounds, which are the precursors of the original thermosetting resin. The liquid effluent from the degradation of CFRP with water and ethylene glycol mixture became too complex for recovery and so was gasified under supercritical water conditions. In the presence of NaOH and ruthenium oxide as catalysts the produced fuel gas consisted of H2, CH4, CO2, CO and C2-4 hydrocarbon gases. The carbon fibres recovered using ethylene glycol co-solvent preserved its mechanical properties and used for the manufacture of new composite materials. The mechanical tests showed that the new composites with recovered carbon fibres had enhanced mechanical properties similar to those made from virgin carbon fibres. Finally RDF was subjected to hydrothermal gasification process to produce fuel gas. Up to 93% carbon gasification efficiency was achieved in the presence of 5 wt% RuO2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, producing a fuel gas mostly consisting of H2, CH4, and CO2 with a heating value of 22.5 MJ/Nm3. The gross calorific value of the product gas increased to 32.4 MJ/Nm3 in the presence of NaOH, as a result of carbon dioxide fixation as sodium carbonate. Also, high yields of hydrogen were obtained in the presence of both the NaOH and ruthenium catalysts, as both promoted the water-gas shift reaction.

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Ayangbile, Gbemiga A. "Utilization of crab processing waste and chitin associated with the waste as feed for ruminants." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54763.

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Four experiments were conducted with crab processing waste. Addition of 1.5% propionic/formic acid prevented degradation up to 14 d. Desirable fermentation was achieved when 32% of the treated crab waste was ensiled with 32% straw, 16% molasses, and 20% water with or without .1% microbial inoculant. The pH of the silage was lowered and high concentration of lactic acid was observed. Use of .2% NaOCl or .4% H₂O₂ retarded spoilage of crab processing waste up to 7 d. Ensiling of the treated waste (32%), straw (32%), molasses (16%), and H₂0 (20%) indicated that the chemical used in preservation enhanced fermentation. Addition of .4% NaOCl and 1.5% acetic acid to the crab processing waste retarded degradation up to d 4. The trimethylamine (TMA) concentration and NH₃ evolution were highest for the untreated waste while the lowest concentration for TMA and NH₃ evolution were observed for the NaOH-treated waste. Addition of 1% NaNO₂ or combination of .4% NaOCl/CaOCl (1:1, w/w) preserved the waste for up to 10 d. The evolution of NH₃ and H2₂S, and TMA concentration were lowest for the waste treated with 1% NaNO₂. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, CP, energy, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose decreased linearly (P<.01) with level of crab waste-straw silage in diets containing 0, 50, and 100% crab waste-straw silage. Nitrogen retention increased linearly (P<.05) with level of crab waste-straw silage. The apparent absorption was higher (P<.01) and retention was positive (P<.05) for Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu and Fe with sheep fed the highest level of crab waste-straw silage. Daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics tended to be higher for steers fed 30% crab waste-straw silage, dry basis. The flavor and overall desirability of cooked meat were not adversely affected by feeding up to 30% crab waste-straw silage, dry basis. Modifying the existing methods of quantifying chitin showed that initial decalcification or deprotinization of the samples with chemicals are not necessary. Similar values were obtained for chitin when ADF/ashing method was compared to the ADF/deacetylation method. These methods prevented loss of chitin during preparation. Digestibility of chitin was higher (58%) for sheep fed 100% crab waste-straw silage compared to the value of 37% in sheep fed 50% crab waste-straw silage. When ADF/ashing method was used in quantifying chitin, higher disappearances were obtained for samples containing 100% crab meal kept in the rumen or incubated in vitro for 72 h.
Ph. D.

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Hester, Kenneth William. "Aspects of the aerobic processing of agricultural waste slurries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238536.

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Tapah, Boris Fotso. "Processing of organic waste by catalytic supercritical water gasification." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4752/.

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The results of the degradation of glycerol in supercritical water show that conversion of pure glycerol (58 % at 550 $^0$C) without a catalyst can be achieved, but complete conversion of pure glycerol over Fe$_2$O$_3$+Cr$_2$O$_3$ or Fe$_3$O$_4$ catalysts (at 550$^0$C, 250 barg, <15 wt% feed concentration, 10.1 g and 4 mm catalyst particles) can be reached. Crude glycerol conversion decreases from 100 to 67 mole% and 100 to 74 mole% over the same catalysts and conditions. Hydrogen yield was as high as 61 mole% and 49 mole % when crude glycerol was gasified over Fe$_3$O$_4$ and Fe$_2$O$_3$+Cr$_2$O$_3$, respectively. 64 mole% of syngas was obtained with minimum 4:1 mole ratio of H$_2$:CO. Hydrocarbon yields (69 mole% for ethylene and 22 mole% for methane) were obtained and this decreased with temperature as resulted of thermal cracking. Small amounts of char (<3.1 wt%) and carbon deposition on the catalyst surface and inside the reactor wall was observed. Prolonged exposure of Fe$_2$O$_3$+Cr$_2$O$_3$ to 172 h on-stream under supercritical conditions resulted in fragmentation of the surface from metal sintering, which reduced activity for H$_2$ production. 42 mole% of hydrogen was obtained from 2 wt% digestate gasification at the same conditions.

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Davies, Graham Mark. "Predictions of leachate generation from minerals processing waste deposits." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8475.

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Includes bibliography.
The minerals processing industry in South Africa produces significant tonnages of waste material which are disposed of commonly in dedicated waste depositories. These deposits pose a potential to pollute the environment if leachate is generated within the deposit and released to the surroundings. Leachate generation is generally investigated using laboratory columnar experiments which attempt to mimic the physical and chemical processes which occur in the deposit. These experiments, termed lysimeter experiments, are time consuming in that they typically last for at least a few months and can last for up to three years. Lysimeter experiments are also costly to conduct. Because of restrictions such as these, relatively few deposits have been characterised to determine the leachate which they generate and thus the risk which they pose to the environment. There is an urgent need to be able to estimate the environmental risks associated with existing waste deposits. The first step towards assessing this risk would be an ability to predict leachate generation within a specific deposit. Such an ability could be used to identify which of the existing deposits produce significant leachate and thus pose a potential hazard to the environment. Equally, if leachate generation from new deposits could be estimated as a function of waste material and characteristics of the waste deposit, this information could be used to improve the engineering design of waste deposits. The work presented in this thesis involved identifying suitable modelling strategies which could be used to determine leachate generation within waste deposits which contain waste material typical of that produced by the minerals processing industry. Two modelling strategies have been investigated. The first modelling strategy involved a macroscopic model in which all effects such as intrinsic chemical kinetics, intra-particle diffusion, external mass transfer and hydrodynamic considerations are lumped into a single parameter. The result of this approach is an effective reaction rate for the release of hazardous constituents from a volume element of the waste deposit. The effective reaction rate is determined by fitting the model to experimental data based on lysimeter tests. The main advantage of this model is that it eliminates the need for a detailed understanding of the individual factors which contribute to leachate generation. This model was investigated both for its inherent simplicity and for use in cases where insufficient information with respect to the intrinsic chemical reaction rates, intra-particle diffusion, external mass transfer or hydrodynamic aspects exist. The main disadvantage of this model is that it has a limited predictive ability in that the individual significance of any one factor which contributes to leachate generation cannot be determined. For this reason a second, more detailed model, termed the heterogenous columnar model, has also been investigated.

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Iti, Ozunimi Lilian. "Ionic liquids for microwave-assisted processing of biomass waste." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7075.

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The use of biomass as fuels, feedstock and materials has gained recognition in recent years. Developing sustainable solvents for biomass processing and recovery remains a challenge of the chemical industry. Room temperature ionic liquids have been designed for application in biomass waste recovery. Their polarities have been determined and it was found that protic alkylammonium ionic liquids have high α and β values. A comparison of the Kamlet Taft properties with that of alkylimidazolium ionic liquids shows that polarities can be expanded by changing the functionalities on the anion and cation. The stabilities of ammonium ionic liquids as shown by thermogravimetric analysis are lower than their imidazolium counterparts. All ionic liquids have been found to heat up appreciably under microwave irradiation. Their effectiveness as solvents for carbohydrates and biomass has been examined. It was found that the solubility of carbohydrates by ionic liquids is dependent on the polarity of the ionic liquids and other factors such as temperature and the presence of water. High α HBD ability and high β HBA ability were found to promote solubility of glucose and sucrose in ionic liquids, while high β and low α were found to promote cellulose solubility. A novel extraction protocol for the delignification of lignocellulosic biomass wastes under microwave irradiation has been designed that can reduce the amount of waste effluents produced from the process.

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Bigambo, Pendo Nandiga. "Processing of dyed cotton-based waste garments for re-use through the lyocell processing technology." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16349/.

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The world’s population growth together with the change in lifestyle and fashion culture has led to an increased demand for textile fibres. Fuelling this growth is the increasing number of short fashion seasons in the clothing retail markets, which has led to the overall decreased lifespans of clothing in developed countries such as the United Kingdom, which in turn has resulted in a significant increase in waste textile. The current disposal routes for the generated waste textile is through reuse or recycling, with up to 30% of the waste being landfilled or incinerated. Both landfill and incineration of waste textile are associated with environmental pollution, while reuse of waste garment as second-hand clothing is associated with the decline of the textile industries in developing countries due to the lower cost of the imported second-hand garments undercutting the local products. Moreover the common mechanical recycling of the waste textile back to the component fibre is also compromised by the presence of colour and mixed fibre blends which in turn results in low value non-woven products. This study investigated the potential methods to chemically recycle waste cotton garments and reuse the recycled materials as feedstock for producing regenerated cellulosic fibres through the Lyocell process. Methods to chemically ‘strip’ colorants and finishing agents from waste cotton garments were first established and their efficiency evaluated. Acid and alkali hydrolysis, dithionite reduction and oxidative bleaching were evaluated as potential methods for delivering cheap, efficient and environmental-friendly colour removal from cotton substrates. It was established that, the sequential acid/dithionite/peroxide treatment could strip a wide range of colorants from cotton fabrics, while the sequential acid/alkali/peroxide treatment could only strip relatively few colorants from the cotton substrates. The recycled waste cotton garments were successfully used to generate Lyocell fibres from both 100% recycled cotton pulp and a blend of recycled cotton pulp (20%) and wood pulp (80%). Both the fibre’s mechanical and structural properties were assessed using tensile parameters, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and were compared to the conventional Lyocell fibres from wood pulp. The overall findings of this study demonstrated the potential of reusing waste cotton garments through the Lyocell process and producing fibres with properties similar to conventional Lyocell fibres.

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Rezaee, Arash [Verfasser]. "Analysis of Waste Paper Processing through Disc Screen / Arash Rezaee." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138178608/34.

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Budu, Ben Asare. "Economic feasibility of processing food waste and incorporating processed food waste products in least cost duck feeds." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33067.

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The focus of this thesis was to analyze the least cost of producing rations for ducks in three age categories from a mixture of conventional feed ingredients and three different processed food waste products and to examine the financial and economic feasibility of establishing an industrial plant to produce these food waste products in the Montreal region. The first part of the thesis was investigated through the use of a linear programming model. The effect of recognizing the variability of protein levels in the various feed ingredients was examined through the use of chance-constrained programming.
The second part of the thesis was examined using economic and financial analyses for the investment. The basic plant requirements to produce the three processed food waste products were the same, however energy costs were different for the three products. Revenue was generated from tipping fees and the sale of the three processed food waste products. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Aydin, Gulsen. "Use Of Waste Pyrite From Mineral Processing Plants In Soil Remediation." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613900/index.pdf.

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Pyrite (FeS2) is commonly present in complex sulphide ores in significant amounts. After the enrichment of such ores by flotation, pyrite is either produced as a separate concentrate and sold to acid manufactures or removed and disposed off as tailing. Due to lack of demand from manufacturers, most of pyrites is usually disposed off as tailing. Therefore, pyrite is usually a waste from complex sulphide ores. Yet, it may be a remediation additive for calcareous soils and calcareous- alkali soils deficient in Fe and other micronutrients such as Cu, Zn and Mn. Waste pyrite may be also an alternative amendment to gypsum because of the production of sulphuric acid which is effectively used in the reclamation of calcareous alkali soils. The effectiveness of adding waste pyrite and sulphuric acid produced from waste pyrite to calcareous-alkali soil (Saraykö
y-Ankara) and calcareous soil (Gaziantep) was studied under laboratory conditions. Pure gypsum was also used as an amendment for the comparison of the effectiveness of waste pyrite in the reclamation of alkali soils. Gypsum, powder waste pyrite and sulphuric acid were applied to the soil with reference to the gypsum requirement (GR) of the soils. Greenhouse pot tests were carried out with wheat as test plant to determine the effect of waste pyrite treatment on the plant yield (wheat) and on the amount of micronutrient (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) essential for plant growth. Hazard potential of pyritic tailings in terms of heavy metal contamination was also taken into account. The results showed that the soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), indicators of alkalization, decreased upon pyrite addition to calcareous- alkali soils of Saraykö
y-Ankara. It was also found that pyritic tailings were effective in the increasing level of essential micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) for plant growth in both soils. This was ascertained by the dry matter yield of the plants in the green house pot tests. Heavy metal toxicity caused by pyrite which is a rightful concern remained well below the legal limits in the soils. Thus, it was concluded that the application of pyritic tailings promoted rapid amelioration of calcareous-alkali soil (Saraykö
y-Ankara) and calcareous soil (Gaziantep) with no deleterious heavy metal contamination.

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Tackie, Richard. "Economics of bio-ingredients production from shrimp processing waste in Newfoundland." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79139.

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This thesis examined the economics of producing high value bio-ingredients such as chitin and carotenoprotein from shrimp processing waste in Newfoundland. The shrimp waste in the province was estimated to be at least 37000 tons annually. A survey of shrimp processing plants in the province revealed that the waste generated was relatively pure with little or no foreign material. The economic engineering approach was employed to estimate the production cost of chitin and carotenoprotein at the laboratory and pilot scale levels. At the laboratory scale where 480 kg/year of raw material (shrimp waste) was processed, the cost of chitin and carotenoprotein was found to be $159/kg and $315/kg, respectively. At the pilot scale level, the cost of chitin and carotenoprotem was estimated to be $125/kg and $244/kg, respectively based on volume of 4800 kg/year. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to establish the cost variations due to changes in the quantity of starting raw material, labor cost and cost of laboratory supplies (chemicals and enzymes). The cost of chitin and caroteinoprotein showed a decreasing trend with increasing scale of production. An expert opinion survey was conducted with a selected panel of 9 experts from the shrimp processing industry, chitin related industry, and the academic/research community to determine the potential market of the high-grade chitin/chitosan in Canada. The results showed that the health and nutraceutical industry is the most promising niche for high-grade chit in/chitosan. The survey also indicated that potential market would be high in Ontario and Quebec due to the presence of large health and nutraceutical companies in the big metropolitan areas of these regions.

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Rusendi, Dadi. "Enzymatic hydrolysis of potato processing waste for the production of biopolymers." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55528.

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Biopolymers are polymers produced by certain microorganisms, that are readily degradable in the environment. These biodegradable plastics have the potential to be used as substitutes for conventional petroleum based plastic provided that the production costs can be greatly reduced. The high cost of biopolymer production is due to the cost of substrate which mainly is glucose.
The enzymatic hydrolysis of potato processing wastes was to produce glucose as a least expensive feedstock substrate for the production of biopolymers of polyhydroxybutirate (PHB) from the bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus was studied. The enzymatic hydrolysis experiments were carried out using $ alpha$-amylase liquefaction enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae and barley-malt, and amyloglucosidase saccharification enzyme from Rhizopus.
The results indicated that the production of glucose from potato starch waste to be used as a substrate to produce biopolymers was both technically and economically feasible. A 10 to 90 ratio of barley-malt to potato starch waste gave the highest conversion of starch to glucose of 194.30 gL$ sp{-1}$ (96.56%), and the lowest liquefaction enzyme cost ($0.054) to hydrolyze one kg of potato starch waste. { it A. eutrophus /} produced PHB of 5.0 gL$ sp-1$ (76.9 % of biomass) using the glucose substrate generated from the potato starch waste.

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21

Tombs, Nicholas. "Processing of fly ash and associated waste materials as cement replacements." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54215/.

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Further materials have been introduced to the study to test their properties against that of the fly ash and their performance as a cement replacement. It was found that applying the STi process to the fly ash produced results comparable to those of the GGBS controls at 33%. This was bettered when the fly ash was subject to a classification process however, the waste element of the fly ash increases. No further benefits were to be had from the inter-grinding of the fly ash when used in concrete.

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22

De, Jongh Willem Adriaan. "Possible applications for vacuum pyrolysis in the processing of waste materials." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52407.

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Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Current global trends in government, industry and popular OpInIOn indicate that recycling will become essential in the future. Vacuum pyrolysis is a new technology with many recycling applications that have not yet been investigated. This study is a contribution towards the better understanding of the vacuum pyrolysis process and also towards finding possible economically favourable recycling applications. A batch operated tube furnace, which allowed the controlled heating of different materials in a vacuum, was designed and built. The gases and vapours passed though a series of progressively colder vacuum traps, condensing the vapours for further study. The products from the process are charcoal, oil, an aqueous phase and noncondensable gases. The charcoal and oils' possible economic values (R2500- R5000/ton of charcoal, while the plant product oil can be sold as a low sulphur fuel, with a retail value of approximately R1.42 per litre) were determined along with the oils' chemical composition. Several possible feedstocks were studied, including intruder plant species, leather wastes, sewage sludge and a simplified representation of municipal solid waste. The three intruder plants studied were Kraalbos (Galenia africane), Scholtzbos (pteronia pallens) and Asbos (Psilocaolon absimile). These plants yielded 40%, 42% and 48% (charcoal per kilogram dry feedstock) respectively at their maximum oil yield temperatures of 380°C, 480°C and 450°C respectively. The maximum oil yields were 36%, 32% and 20% respectively (also on a dry feedstock basis). It was found that the plants with ash contents below 10% yielded commercially competitive charcoal, and that all of the plants yielded oils with heating values in the range of 24MJ/kg, containing several high value compounds. Asbos was the only plant that did not produce usable charcoal, as its ash content of 40% was double that of commercial charcoals. The leather wastes represent a previously unrecognised application of the technology that could bring huge financial rewards to the tanning industry and could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to lined landfilling. The cost of landfilling for a medium sized tannery can be as high as RIOOO 000 a year. Apart from the volume reductions achieved (up to a factor 8) it was found that landfilling might be totally avoided if the chrome contained in the charcoal product could be extracted and reused. Sewage sludge was studied, as it is a hazardous waste that requires costly disposal in a lined landfill. It was revealed that volume reductions of up to a factor 3.5 were possible with corresponding charcoal and oil yields of 40% and 38% respectively at 500°C. It was also found that the charcoal product could be used as compost, which would then turn a costly waste into a commodity product. The oil from both the leather and sewage sludge had high energy values (26.7MJ/kg and 30.9MJ/kg respectively) and might either be sold as a bunker fuel or used in the process as a make-up heat source. The value of the oil depends on the problems posed by the oils' high nitrogen content (±5%-6%). A further study was also made of the co-pyrolysis of PVC and wood to determine the interaction between the feedstocks and as a simplified representation of municipal solid wastes. It was found that the HCI released from the PVC caused acid hydrolysis of the wood and led to lower charcoal (reduced from 32.6% to 29.7% on dry feedstock basis, at the maximum co-pyrolysis oil yield temperature of 460°C) and much higher oil yields (42.4% for the co-pyrolysis compared to 23.6% for the plant material at 460°C). An existing computer program (CEA by Gordan and McBride) was also employed in order to find explanations for some of the vacuum pyrolysis results. Although large specialist vacuum pyrolysis plants have been designed in the past (mostly to dispose of used tyre waste) it will be necessary to determine the process economics for small-scale applications if the technology is to be applied at the source of the problem. Overall vacuum pyrolysis appears to be a very promising technology that could solve many waste problems in an environmentally friendly and economically beneficial manner.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hedendaagse neigmgs in regenng, industrie en populêre opirue toon dat hergebruikstegnologieë al hoe meer noodsaaklik sal word in die toekoms. Vakuum pirolise is 'n nuwe tegnologie met vele moonlike hergebruik toepassings wat nog nie bestudeer is nie. Hierdie studie is 'n bydrae tot 'n dieper begrip van vakuum pirolise en ook tot die verdere soeke na nuwe toepassings vir die tegnologie. 'n Enkellading buis-oond, wat die beheerde verhitting van verskillende materiale in vakuum toegelaat het, is ontwerp en gebou. Die gevormde gasse en dampe het deur 'n progressief kouer reeks van vakuum valle beweeg waar dit vir verdere studie gekondenseer en opgevang is. Die produkte van die proses is houtskool, olie, 'n waterryke fase en nie-kondenseerbare gasse. Die houtskool en olie se moontlike waarde (R2500-R5000/ton houtskool, terwyl die plant produk olie verkoop kan word as 'n lae swael verhittings olie met 'n kleinmaat kommersieële verkoopswaarde van R1.42/1), saam met die chemiese samestelling van die olie fase, is bepaal. Die vakuum pirolise van verskeie moontlike voerstowwe is bestudeer, insluitende indringerplante, leerafval, rioolslyk en 'n vereenvoudigde voorstelling van munisipale afval. Die drie plant spesies wat bestudeer is, is: Kraalbos (Galenia africane), Scholtzbos (Pteronia pal/ens) en Asbos (Psilocaolon absimile). Die plante het opbrengste van 40%, 42% en 48% (houtskool per kilogram droë voerstof) onderskeidelik gelewer by elk van die plante se maksimum olie opbrengs temperature van 380°C, 480°C en 450°C onderskeidelik. Die maksimum olie opbrengste was 36%, 32%, 20% (olie per kilogram droë voerstof) vir die onderskeie plante. Daar is bevind dat die plante met as-inhoude van minder as 10% kommersieel kompeterende houtskool gelewer het. Dit is ook gevind dat die olie van al die plante verbrandingswaardes in die orde van 24MJ/kg lewer en dat die olies ook verskeie waardevolle chemikalieë bevat. Asbos was die enigste van die bestudeerde plante wat nie maklik bruikbare houtskool gelewer het nie. Die Asbos houtskool was minder bruikbaar as gevolg van die uiters hoë as-inhoude van tot 40% met gevolglike lae energie waarde. Die vakuum pirolise van leerafval is 'n toepassing wat nog nie voorheen ondersoek is nie. Dit kan moontlik lei tot groot finansiële voordele vir die leerlooi industrie en kan ook 'n meer omgewingsvriendelike alternatief tot belynde afval storting bied. Die koste verbonde aan die storting van leer afval van 'n medium grootte looiery kan tot R1000 000 per jaar beloop. Behalwe vir die volume verkleining behaal (tot 'n faktor 8), is daar ook gevind dat afvalstorting totaal vermy kan word as die hoë hoeveelheid chroom (12% van die houtskool) uit die houtskool verwyder en hergebruik kan word. Rioolslyk is ook bestudeer, siende dat dit ook 'n probleem afvalstof is wat teen groot koste gestort moet word. Die studie het getoon dat volume verkleinings van tot 'n faktor 3.5 en houtskool en olie opbrengste van onderskeidelik 40% en 38% by 500°C behaal kan word. 'n Ondersoek van die houtskool het getoon dat dit gebruik kan word as 'n kompos, wat dan sal beteken dat 'n probleem afvalstof verander word na 'n omgewingsvriendelike en ekonomies waardevolle produk. Die olie van beide die rioolslyk en leer het hoë energiewaardes (26.7MJ/kg en 30.9MJ/kg onderskeidelik) en kan verkoop word as verbrandingsolie of gebruik word in die vakuum pirolise proses as 'n hulp-hitte bron. Die gebruikswaarde van die olie sal baie afhang van die probleme wat deur die uiters hoë stikstof-inhoud (±5%-6%) veroorsaak gaan word. 'n Verdere studie van die ko-pirolise van PVC en hout is ook gedoen om die interaksie tussen die afvalstowwe te bestudeer en ook om as 'n vereenvoudigde voorstelling van munisipale afval te dien. Daar is gevind dat die HCI wat afkom as PVC verhit word, suur hidrolise van die houtstrukture veroorsaak en lei tot laer houtskool (verminder van 32.6% na 29.7% droë voerstofbasis, by die maksimum olie opbrengs temperatuur van 460°C) en veel hoër olie opbrengste (42.4% vir die kopirolise in vergelyking met 23.6% vir die plant materiaal by 460°C). 'n Studie van die energie wat verkry kan word uit die olie en houtskool het getoon dat 16% tot 28% meer energie verteenwoordig word deur die produkte per kilogram droë voerstof vir die ko-pirolise proses bo normale vakuum pirolise. Alhoewel groot spesialis vakuum pirolise aanlegte in die verlede ontwerp is (meestal vir die verwerking van gebruikte motor buitebande) sal dit nogstans noodsaaklik wees om die winsgewindheid van kleinermaat prosesse te bestudeer sodat vakuum pirolise by die oorsprong van die afvalstoftoegepas kan word. Dit blyk dat vakuum pirolise 'n baie belowende tegnologie IS wat verskeie afval probleme op 'n omgewingsvriendelike en ekonomies winsgewinde wyse kan oplos.

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23

Petersen, Joachim. "Assessment and modelling of chromium release in minerals processing waste deposits." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19915.

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The minerals processing industry is by far the largest generator of mineral solid wastes, which are commonly stored in large scale landfill deposits. The potential environmental impact of these is directly linked to the time-dependent process of leachate generation within these deposits. Rainwater draining through the porous matrix of a deposit creates a slowly moving aqueous environment within the deposit. Heavy metal species that may be contained in trace amounts in the waste material can be mobilised into the aqueous phase by various chemical reactions and be transported by mechanisms of diffusion and convection to the base of the deposit and from there further into the surrounding environment. Laboratory assessment methods aim to provide indicators to the leachate generation potential of a particular waste material, often based on "worst case" assumptions, but generally fail to offer a meaningful appreciation of the time-dependent leach behaviour of the material in a full scale deposit. This is to a large part due to the lack of a thorough description - in terms of a rigorous mathematical model - of the leachate generation process itself. Such a model is developed in the present work, building on an existing model for heap leaching, which, conceptually, is very similar to the leachate generation process. The model is based on the continuity equation formulated for reaction-diffusion processes at the level of an individual porous particle and for convection-dispersion transport at the bulk level. This is combined with a number of reaction models, both kinetic rate expressions and thermodynamic equilibrium models, to describe the release process of individual species at the solid liquid interface and also within the aqueous phase. The model has been translated in the WASTESIM computer code within which waste iv Abstract material and disposal scenario are characterised by a number of parameters, such as those describing reaction modes and constants, particle size and pore diffusion effects as well as bed transport and saturation. The program was found to be a versatile tool for modelling a wide range of multi-species, multi-reaction deposit and batch leach scenarios. However, for modelling real waste materials the model parameters have to be established from a systematic laboratory investigation. An assessment methodology is proposed which aims to combine lysimeter studies with bench scale leach and physico- chemical characterisation experiments to enable determination of all model parameters entirely on the basis of laboratory experiments and validate them at this level against the results from independent lysimeter studies with the modelling tool. It is argued that, if all model parameters are validated at the laboratory scale in this way, modelling of full scale scenarios involving the same waste material can be conducted with some confidence. This approach has been put to the test with two waste materials from the ferro-alloy industry - a furnace emission control dust and a smelter slag. The contaminant species of particular interest for both these materials was chromium, especially Cr(VI), and therefore it was the release behaviour chromium on what much of the work presented herein has focused. The aqueous and environmental chemistry of chromium is extensively reviewed and, as a side aspect, the long-term atmospheric oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) has been positively identified by experimental work with a third chromium-containing waste material. The two test materials have been subjected to intensive characterisation in terms of column and batch leach experiments, adsorption studies, column tracer studies and physical characterisation experiments. The results are carefully interpreted with a view to establishing a complete set of parameters to simulate the leachate generation behaviour with respect to chromium species in a deposit scenario. It is demonstrated Abstract V that the modelling tool can in fact also be used for the interpretation of batch leach data through curve fitting exercises. For both materials the WASTESIM code, calibrated with parameters established entirely through the laboratory experimentation, has been used to simulate the leach curves of two independent lysimeter experiments, which are then compared to the measured data. In both cases the modelled and measured curves compared reasonably well and in most regards discrepancies can be explained by insufficient characterisation in the bench-scale experiments. The overall approach is therefore seen as valid in principle, but it is acknowledged that further experimental work and model development would be needed to take account of the remaining discrepancies. Two aspects were found to be particularly significant. The first relates to slow reaction mechanisms, which may go unnoticed in short-term laboratory experiments, but may become significant in full scale deposits given their long life-span. The slow atmospheric oxidation of chromium is a point in case. The second aspect relates to the hydro-dynamic characterisation of flow through unsaturated beds. Both model and laboratory assessment methods are insufficiently developed to account for effects such as dead pore diffusion and a distribution of flows. Recommendations for further development work should focus on these two aspects and on expansion of the approach to heavy metal species other than chromium. It is hoped that the modelling and assessment methodology will ultimately find welcome application in the environmental risk assessment of mineral processing waste disposal operations.

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24

Joseph, Mercy A. D. "Studies on the preservation of crab processing waste and evaluation of the quality of the protein from crab waste." Diss., This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-152119/.

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25

Paulsen, Cindy. "Determination of the methanogenic potential of an apple processing wastewater treatment system." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1154.

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26

Aryee, Alberta. "Immobilization of lipase and biodiesel production from fishery and animal processing waste." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110391.

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Biodiesel (BD) is conventionally produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with a monohydric alcohol and base catalyst, and known for its many technical and environmental advantages over petrodiesel. However, these oils are not economically viable feedstock due to their value as edible oils. Alternative, inexpensive feedstocks with minimal to no food value such as the large quantities of fishery and animal processing by-products which are often discarded as waste were explored in this project. Lipase was investigated as an alternative to chemical catalyst due to the tolerance of the former to a wide variety of feedstocks and simpler post-production processes among other advantages. Approximately 23.32-61.53% (on dry weight basis) of salmon skin oil (SSO) was recovered by the various solvent extraction systems evaluated. The quality of SSO stored at 25, 4, -18, and -80oC were assessed over time (1- 45 days) with respect to changes in the fatty acid profile, free fatty acid (FFA) content, peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method was assessed as an alternative to the conventional AOCS titrimetric method for the determination of FFA content. With modifications, the new method was found to be capable of responding linearly to oleic acid (0-6.5%) addition, producing a FFA calibration equation with a S.D. of ±0.014% FFA. Based on the results from the initial assessment of the effects of temperature (25-65oC), oil:alcohol molar ratio (1:1-1:6), alcohol type (ethanol/methanol), and time (8-120 h) on Lipozyme®-IM-catalyzed transesterification of the recovered SSO, a commercial blend of yellow grease and rendered animal fat, and olive oil to fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) for use as BD, the process was considered for optimization. In three experiments, the linear, quadratic, and bilinear effects of the reaction variables on FAEE yield were assessed with response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD). In each experiment, second-order polynomial models fitted to FAEE yield provided response surfaces at the various reaction times (8-48 h). These models were generally significant and produced reliable and stable predictions. The optimum conditions were found to be close to the centre point of the reaction variables. A high performance liquid chromatography unit equipped with a size exclusion column, and a refractive index detector was used for the simultaneous separation, identification, and quantitation of the reaction components; FAEE, unreacted triacylglycerol, residual diacyl- and monoacylglycerol, and alcohol as well as FFA. The transesterified oils were also tested for various fuel properties. To expand the uses of lipase recovered from fish processing discards to include catalyst for BD production, lipase from crude preparations of delipidated grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) viscera were isolated on para-aminobenzamidine agarose and immobilized on octyl Sepharose CL-4B (o-Sep). A signal in the amide I absorption region of the FTIR spectrum was attributed to the protein layer on o-Sep. Immobilized grey mullet lipase (GMLi) had a 10°C higher optimum temperature compared to the free enzyme (GML) for the hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl palmitate. Immobilization lowered the enthalpy of activation (ΔH*), and free energy of activation (ΔG*) by more than 313 and 1315 cal/mol, respectively, while it enhanced the reusability, thermal, storage, and organic solvent stabilities of GML.
Le biodiesel (BD), ou des esters d'alkyle, est classiquement produit par la transestérification d'huiles végétales ou de graisses animales avec un monoalcool et un catalyseur de base, et est également connu pour ses nombreux avantages techniques et environnementaux par rapport au pétrodiesel. Toutefois, ces huiles BD ne sont pas des matières premières économiquement viables en raison de leur valeur principale en tant qu'huiles comestibles. Ce projet a exploré des matières premières de substitution, peu coûteuses avec peu ou pas de valeur alimentaire telle que les grandes quantités de sous-produits detransformation du poisson et de sous-produits animaux qui sont souvent jetés avec les déchets. La lipase a été étudiée comme une alternative aux catalyseurs chimiques en raison de la tolérance de la lipase à une grande variété de matières premières ainsi que son processus de post-production beaucoup plus simple entre autres avantages. Environ 23,32 et 61,53% (sur la base du poids sec) de l'huile de peau de saumon (SSO) a été récupéré selon les différents systèmes de solvants évalués. Pour la détermination de la teneur en FFA, une méthode de spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR) a été évaluée comme une alternative au procédé AOCS conventionnel. Avec des modifications, la nouvelle méthode a été jugée capable de répondre de façon linéaire à l'addition d'acide oléique (0 à 6,5%), avec la production d'une équation d'étalonnage FFA avec une SD de ±0,014% FFA. Sur la base des résultats de l'évaluation initiale des effets de la température de réaction (25-65°C), un rapport l'huile:alcool molaire (1:1-1:6), le type d'alcool (éthanol ou méthanol), et le temps de réaction (8-120 h) sur du la transestérification catalysée Lipozyme®-IM, un mélange commercial de graisse animale jaune et de graisses fondues (RC), et d'huile d'olive (OO) à ester éthylique d'acide gras (EEAG) pour une utilisation comme BD, le procédé a été considéré pour optimisation. Dans trois expériences, les effets linéaires, quadratiques et bilinéaires des variables de la réaction sur le rendement EEAG ont été évalués avec la méthode de réponse de surface (RSM) basée sur la conception centrale composite rotative (CCRD). Dans chaque expérience, des modèles polynomiaux du second ordre équipés d'EEAG ont modelé le rendement des surfaces de réponse fournis aux divers temps de réaction (8-48 h). Ces modèles sont généralement importants et produisent des prévisions fiables et stables. Les conditions optimales ont été trouvées être proche du point de centre des variables de réaction (50°C, charge de l'enzyme 39.06 U, et l'huile:rapport molaire de l'alcool 1:2), et simultanément identifiés, et quantifiés. Les différents composants de la réaction (par exemple: EEAG, triacylglycérol n'ayant pas réagi (TAG), diacyle et résiduelle monoacyle-glycérol (DAG et MAG), et l'alcool ainsi que la FFA), ont été séparés, identifiés et quantifiés en utilisant la chromatographie liquide à haute performance équipé d'unité de colonne d'exclusion de taille, et un détecteur par indice de réfraction. Pour élargir les usages de la lipase récupérée à partir de rejets de transformation du poisson pour inclure un catalyseur pour la production de BD, de la lipase à partir de préparations brutes de délipidé mulet (Mugil cephalus) les viscères ont été isolées sur le para-aminobenzamidine agarose (p-ABA) et immobilisées sur Sepharose CL-octyle 4B (o-Sep). Un signal dans la région d'absorption amide I du spectre FTIR a été attribué à la couche de protéine sur o-Sep. La lipase de mulet immobilisée (GMLi) a eu une température optimale de 10°C plus élevée par rapport à l'enzyme libre (GML) pour l'hydrolyse de para-nitrophényl palmitate (p-NPP). L'immobilisation a abaissé l'enthalpie d'activation (AH*), et l'énergie libre d'activation (AG*) de plus de 313 et 1315 cal/mol, respectivement, alors qu'alla améliorer la capacité thermique, la, réutilisabilité, et la stabilité des solvants des GML.

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27

Zhong, Jianming. "Anaerobic Hydrogen and Methane Production from Dairy Processing Waste: Experiment and Modeling." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4713.

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Dairy processing waste (DPW) can cause many environmental problems if not treated well. Various wastewater treatment technologies have been applied to reduce the organics and inorganics in DPW. The overall objective of this research was to develop cost effective anaerobic digestion technology for hydrogen and methane production from DPW. This search included three phases of studies. In phase 1, we investigated continuous fermentations of algae, lawn grass clippings and DPW, commingled and digested in duplicate 60 L and 3,800 L Induced Bed Reactor (IBR) anaerobic digesters at mesophilic conditions in trials that went for about two years. The goal was to commingle municipal waste in such a way that no pH control chemicals would be required. The research also yielded information about solids loading rate (SLR), efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and solids removal and biogas production. Under the conditions of the study, commingling algae or grass with DPW made it possible to avoid the addition of pH control chemicals. In phase 2, we investigated the effects of pH, temperature, and hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) on hydrogen production from DPW in semicontinuous 60 L pilot IBR. Results show pH played a key role on hydrogen production and the optimal pH range was 4.8-5.5. Digestion under thermophilic temperatures (60 °C) had advantages of gaining higher hydrogen yield and suppressing the growth of methanogens. The optimal OLR was 32.9 g-COD/l-d at HRT of 3 days. Under optimal conditions, highest hydrogen yield was 160.7 ml/g-COD removed with 44.6% COD removal. In phase 3, a mathematic model was built and implemented in R based on Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) for predicting and describing the anaerobic hydrogen production process. The modified ADM1 was then validated by comparing the predictions with observations of anaerobic hydrogen production from dairy processing waste. The model successfully predicted hydrogen production, hydrogen content, methane content, VFA concentration, and digestion system stability. This study provides a useful mathematical model to investigate anaerobic hydrogen production process and stability.

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Cheung, Imelda Wing Yan. "Bitterness in enzymatically-produced hydrolysates of commercial shrimp (Pandalopsis dispar) processing waste." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31582.

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The shrimp processing industry produces a huge amount of waste which can potentially be converted into value-added products by enzymatic hydrolysis. Nevertheless, bitterness in hydrolysates is a common problem that needs to be addressed. In this study, 16 protein hydrolysate samples were produced from commercial shrimp (Pandalopsis dispar) processing wastes using Taguchi's L16 (45 ) experimental design. Four factors, namely water-to-substrate ratio, percent enzyme, time of hydrolysis and type of protease, were investigated. The properties of the shrimp waste hydrolysates were assessed by three responses: product yield, degree of hydrolysis and bitterness. It was found that the type of protease had the most significant impact on hydrolysate properties. Hydrolysates produced from the proteases had significantly higher soluble product yields compared to the controls incubated without added protease. Moreover, the yield from treatments with Alcalase or Protamex reached over 30%, which was six times higher than the control samples. In terms of degree of hydrolysis (DH), Alcalase, Flavourzyme and Protamex gave higher DH than bromelain, which had a DH similar to the controls. Despite the high soluble yields and DH for Alcalase and Protamex hydrolysates, their bitterness was intense and the 10% (w/v) solutions of these samples were evaluated to be greater than 2000 ppm caffeine. Bromelain and Flavourzyme samples had significantly lower bitterness close to 1500 ppm caffeine but these samples were still significantly more bitter than the controls, which contained nearly no bitterness. A sample (blended in 2:1 water-to-substrate ratio and hydrolyzed with 4% Alcalase for 4 hours) that gave a soluble yield of 37.64%, a DH of 2.30 meq/g and bitterness of 2300 ppm was selected for further fractionation by size and hydrophobicity to study the characteristics of the bitter substances. Results showed that bitter substances were small having molecular weight under 3 kDa and contained a large amount of hydrophobic amino acid residues such as Tyr, Phe, Leu, Ile and Lys. Therefore, it was concluded that Flavourzyme had the best potential to be used to produce protein hydrolysates from shrimp processing discards and small hydrophobic peptides were the major contributors to the bitterness.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

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29

SILVA, ANTONIO C. da. "Incorporacao de residuo galvanico em vidro silicato obtido a partir de finos de silica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11223.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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30

Dauphin, Laurie. "Enhancing value of lobster waste by enzymatic methods." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60541.

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In processing lobster, approximately 70% of the body weight is discarded as waste. The solid waste consists of shell, viscera and a small amount of meat. Lobster waste is an excellent source of protein (26.6%) crude fat (2.7%) and pigment (98 $ mu$g/g) on a dry weight basis which could be processed into a stable complex known as carotenoprotein.
Procedures for extraction of carotenoprotein from lobster waste have been developed, along with investigation of its distinctive physicochemical properties. The main factors were: demineralization agents (EDTA, HCl or heat) and precipitation agents ((NH$ sb4$)$ sb2$SO$ sb4$ or HCl). Lobster carotenoprotein recovered under different extraction procedures showed significant differences in terms of quantity and quality of the product recovered. However the procedures did not appear to affect the physical properties and amino acid profiles of carotenoprotein.
Optimal recovery involved treatment with EDTA as demineralization agent and precipitation with (NH$ sb4$)$ sb2$SO$ sb4$. Proximate and amino acid analyses indicated the potential of the recovered lyophilized protein as feed ingredient for cultured salmonids.

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31

Sadan, Zaynab. "Exploring the potential for local end-processing of e-waste in South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30974.

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E-waste is one of the fastest-growing waste streams in the world, and South Africa (SA) is no exception. This is driven by increased consumer demand and access to electrical and electronic equipment, in addition to perceived equipment obsolescence, and rapid advancements in technology. E-waste recycling presents an opportunity in providing a source of secondary resources such as metals, plastics and glass, as well as employment and economic opportunities in both developed and developing countries. Furthermore, the diversion of this waste stream from landfills or dumps prevents additional land use and the potential negative impacts on human health and the environment. E-waste collection and upgrading is a relatively small-scale but growing industry in SA. Only 12% of e-waste generated was estimated to be recycled in 2015. Most of SA’s ewaste volumes are inaccessible due to lack of formal take-back schemes, lack of consumer awareness, as well as e-waste being kept in storage or disposed of in landfills. E-waste recyclers in SA generally carry out collection, dismantling and sorting, refurbishing, as well as pre-processing of value fractions. There is currently limited local end-processing capacity, therefore partially upgraded value fractions are prepared for export, while non-viable fractions are stockpiled or disposed of in local landfills. The business case for local end-processing of e-waste value fractions, particularly metals, does not seem feasible due to the inconsistent and insufficient volumes available. Furthermore, SA faces unique socio-economic challenges such as an unregulated yet well-established informal sector. Additionally, the legal framework presents many inhibitors for e-waste recyclers. This research study builds upon the knowledge that there is a limited understanding of the feasibility of existing e-waste end-processing technologies for implementation in the South African socio-economic and legislative context. Therefore, this research intends to find out what are the key barriers and enablers to implementing e-waste end-processing technologies in SA. Qualitative research methods were used to uncover the current challenges faced by local recyclers and other stakeholders in the value chain. The data collection thus took the form of interviews, site visits and desktop research. The findings show that the e-waste recycling industry in SA is undergoing many new developments in terms of research and investment interest, as well as the anticipated outcomes from the recent submissions of Industry Waste Management Plans (IndWMP). The industry shows potential as an emerging secondary resource economy, however, the extent to which it will mature is dependent on the organisation of its collection network as well as the development of local end-processing and manufacturing capacity. The collection network and infrastructure are currently supported by both informal and formal recyclers who provide a diversity of collection strategies and a wide network of ewaste sources. However, efforts to increase recycling rates by accessing volumes in storage and increasing consumer awareness and engagement is necessary. Besides the economies of scale required to support the development of local end-processing, alternative technologies to large-scale smelting should be considered for the SA context. While this is seen through initiatives by SA Precious Metals, end-processing technologies is still inaccessible to small and medium recyclers due to cash flow issues as well as cherry-picking of high-grade materials. Therefore, recyclers require further support in terms of dealing with non-viable fractions. This includes research and investments into technologies and business models for the recycling of low-value materials including plastics, as well as subsidies for the cost of safe disposal or treatment of these fractions. Additionally, acquisition of product markets and an increase in manufacturing capacity is necessary to accelerate industry development. The legislative framework also poses limitations on recyclers in the e-waste value chain, stemming from the legal definition of e-waste as a liability as opposed to a resource. While the legislation is unlikely to change, provisions to relieve any legal barriers should be implemented. This includes permissions for pilot projects to test new technologies, as well as legal support for smaller recyclers in the form of consultancy as well as guidelines for sustainable waste management practices should be provided. Finally, while there are many challenges present in the e-waste recycling industry today, the IndWMP offers an opportunity for collaboration between key stakeholders, including the relevant government bodies. Plans have been submitted and the outcomes of approved plans will be revealed at the beginning of 2019. The plans offer solutions for recycling subsidies, increasing the collection and recycling rates, as well as investment into technology, research and enterprise development. However, successful implementation of these plans will only occur if integration and collaboration of the local e-waste community prevail over greed and the struggle for power.

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32

Ching, Hei-wai, and 程琋瑋. "A review on e-waste management and an analysis of human exposure to hazardous chemicals due to informal e-waste processing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48543020.

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This study compares the procedures of formal and informal e-waste recycling; and investigates the relationship between informal e-waste recycling and the health of residents living near the recycling facilities. The informal e-waste recycling facilities are mainly located in developing countries and are operated by illegally receiving e-waste from developed countries. In these informal recycling businesses, the procedures are raw and crude without any measures in pollution control and state-of-the-art technologies, suggesting the health of the workers and residents living nearby are at risk. By conducting human health risk assessment based on the data from Guiyu town located in China, the actual exposure level of PCDD/Fs for infants is estimated. The total exposure level of infants to PCDD/Fs in Guiyu is 61.5 pg WHO-TEQ 〖kg〗^(-1) 〖day〗^(-1); among the total exposure level, dietary route accounts for over 90%. The total exposure value has also exceeded the WHO standards by 61 times at most, which reflects a harmful level of local PCDD/Fs exposure to the infants and management measures are needed. Implication can be drawn that not only the infants, but also people living near the facilities of informal e-waste recycling, including the mothers and residents are under high level of exposure to PCDD/Fs and other hazardous chemicals presented in the recycling process. Management and regulations are the weaknesses of developing countries to handle the issues on e-waste. The study reviews the e-waste management and regulations in China, India and Nigeria; their common properties have been revealed, including the lack of enforcement and the misconceptions of e-waste. Regarding the national level of regulations and legislations, recommendations have been drawn. Measures in adopting licensing system for recycling business, adopting financial mechanism on top of the existing the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system to limit the use of hazardous chemicals, setting up special department for better regulating and enforcing e-waste related issues and enhancing the public education towards e-waste are of benefits. The study suggests an action plan using China as an example to illustrate how the country could act upon the existing regulations and legislations of e-waste issues. The plan could also be adopted by the other developing countries regarding their own conditions.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

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33

Mahmood, A'isha Usman. "Growth and extracellular enzyme production by Bacillus species on food processing waste substrates." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386817.

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34

Chaudhry, Saeed Mukhtar. "Processing and nutritional value of poultry litter and slaughter house by-product." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09162005-115004/.

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35

Harrison, Timothy Dane. "Characterization and treatment of wastewater form blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) processing facilities /." This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-172211/.

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36

Alkaya, Emrah. "Biorefining Of Sugar-beet Processing Wastes By Anaerobic Biotechnology: Waste Stabilization And Bioproduct Formation." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609791/index.pdf.

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The main objective of this study was to investigate two of the possible exploitation routes of anaerobic digestion (acid-phase and methane-phase) for the treatment of sugar-beet processing wastes, while producing valuable biobased products. For this purpose, four sets of laboratory experiments were carried out in a stepwise fashion: First, in the biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay (Set-up 1) wastewater and beet-pulp were efficiently digested (63.7&ndash
87.3% COD removal and 69.6&ndash
89.3% VS reduction) in batch anaerobic reactors. Secondly, wastewater and beet-pulp could simultaneously be converted to VFAs in acidogenic anaerobic reactors with considerable acidification degrees (43.8&ndash
52.9%), optimizing the operational conditions (Set-up 2). Then, the produced VFAs were recovered by liquid-liquid extraction (Set-up 3), in which highest VFA recoveries (60.7&ndash
97.6%) were observed at 20% trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in kerosene with KD values ranging between 1.54 and 40.79 at pH 2.5. Finally, methane-phase anaerobic digestion was evaluated in two different reactor configurations, namely fed-batch continuously mixed reactor (FCMR) and anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) (Set-up 4). Methane production yield of 255 ±
11 mL/g COD-added was increased to 337 ±
15 mL/g COD-added (32.2% increase in methane yield) when configuration was changed from FCMR to ASBR. In addition, tCOD removal was increased from 68.7 ±
2.2 to 79.7 ±
1.1%. Based on the result obtained in this study, it is postulated that, biorefining of sugar-beet processing wastes by anaerobic digestion can not only be a solution for environmental related problems, but also contribute to resource conservation and sustainable production via valuable bio-based product formation.

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37

Paramo, Pedro. "Processing and interpretation of seismic reflection data : deep waste injection study, Allen County, Ohio." Connect to resource, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1172776747.

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38

Maluleke, Wisani J. "An experimental investigation of leachate generation predictions of waste from copper sulphide ore processing." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5292.

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Word processed copy.
Includes bibliographical references.
The greatest environmental liability in the mineal processing industry is the prolonged environmental degredation of groundwater and land, resulting from Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) formation from mine wastes due to oxidation of sulphide minerals. AMD enhances the mobilisation of trace and minor metals contained in wastes, therby generating contaminated leachate, which may pollute the ground and surface water. It is imperative to minimise post-closure environmental impacts and liability associated with the long-term generation and dispersion of contaminated leachate from solid mien deposits. Therefore, prediction of the environmental aspects associated with soild mineral waste is essential to their effective management during all phases of a project life cycle including post-closure.

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39

Tisinger, Jessi Lind. "Treatment of clam-processing wastewater using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10242009-020256/.

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40

Tu, Ya. "Recovery, drying and characterization of carotenoproteins from industrial lobster waste." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59936.

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Lobster waste (including the head and hard carapace, viscera, mandibles and gills) contains approximately 98 $ mu$g/g total astaxanthin, 23% protein, 20% chitin, 34% ash, and 2.2% crude fat on dry weight basis. Carotenoprotein, amounting to 16% of the dry matter was effectively recovered from lobster waste by a trypsin aided process. Air-dried carotenoproteins were enriched in protein by about 108-115%, in crude fat by 540-594% and in carotenoid pigment by about 147-329% as compared with the waste material. Furthermore, the ash and chitin levels in the products were considerably lower than those of the raw material.
Drying characteristics of carotenoprotein was evaluated in a modified air-drier using air temperature (45$ sp circ$C, 55$ sp circ$C or 65$ sp circ$C) and relative humidity (5% and 15%) as main factors. The study indicated that higher temperatures achieved faster drying rates of the product but adversely affected its nutritional composition and/or quality. The proximate compositions of carotenoprotein dried at 45$ sp circ$C and relative humidity of 5% or 15% were comparable with that obtained by freeze drying.
Thus, the process achieved a substantial reduction in the levels of anti-nutrients associated with lobster waste (i.e., ash and chitin) while elevating the levels of carotenoid pigments and essential nutrients such as protein and fat in the recovered product. These characteristics of the tray-dried carotenoprotein suggest that it could be used as an inexpensive source of pigment and protein in diets of cultured salmonid species.

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41

Harman, Thomas David V. "Waste heat recovery in data centers ejector heat pump analysis /." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26594.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Dr. Yogendra Joshi; Committee Member: Dr. S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan; Committee Member: Dr. Sheldon Jeter. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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42

Benning, Jennifer Lyn. "Development of Alternative Crab Claw Processing Systems to Minimize Environmental Impact." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9583.

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In the recent years, environmental regulations enforced by federal,state, and local agencies have increasingly addressed water quality issues through progressively more stringent regulations. These regulations have raised concerns in the blue crab industry because processors are now subject to regulations under which new processors are unable to meet the effluent limitations with current processing techniques. This study focuses on the mechanized processing of crab claws. Currently, processors use a brine bath, referred to as the Harris Claw machine, to separate crab claw meat and shell, nd this process yields a waste water which is significantly high in pollutant strength, and is untreatable by biological methods due to the toxicity associated with the high chloride concentrations found in the waste stream. Several alternative crab claw processing systems were developed and evaluated in terms of the meat product yield, the meat product quality, and the wastewater characterization. Two alternatives involved the use of dense media, a 22.5% Staley 1300 corn syrup solution with 5.0% salt and a 30.0% Staley 1300 corn syrup solution, to separate the crab claw meat and shell. These methods, in full scale tests, produced meat yields comparable to that of the brine solution and improved the overall taste of the meat product. However, the effluents had significantly higher BOD5 concentrations. Another alternative to the Harris Claw machine, involved the design, characterization, and testing of a hydraulic separator system (HSS). The HSS was tested on a small scale, but was found to have a meat yield comparable to the Harris Claw machine. The HSS significantly improved the flavor of a final meat product, although the HSS meat product had a significantly lower shelf life than the Harris Claw machine meat product. The waste water quality was improved, because the HSS eliminates the problems associated with a high chloride ion concentration and potentially reduces overall water consumption.
Master of Science

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43

Kanagaraj, James, R. C. Panda, R. Prasanna, and M. Javid. "A Protein based Polymeric Syntan from Leather Waste - 270: Retanning agent for Sustainable Leather Processing." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34206.

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Content: A copolymer has been synthesized from leather waste and monomer and its application has been studied for improved exhaustion in tanning and post-tanning processes. After synthesizing, the product has been analyzed and found to have particle size of 810 nm, pH of 4.0, relative viscosity of 0.8872 cp, polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) of 0.555 and percent solid as 23%. The weakly anionic character of the copolymer is supported by zeta potential of –0.0403 mV. The stability of the particle was also studied using TGA, DSC. Functional groups of the polymer was analyzed by FT-IR which revealed the presence of carboxylic acid, amide I & II, hydroxyl groups and ester groups in the product. The product can be used for increasing exhaustion and leather-properties in chrome tanning and post-tanning processes. It improves belly filling, provides fullness, softness and dye exhaustion in post-tanning process. It also shows better fullness and body in chrome tanning processes. The color properties found to be better and strength properties were comparable in experimental leather as compared to conventionally produced leather. This product can be applicable for manufacturing different types of leather where fullness and tightness are necessary. The present process helps in mitigating pollution problem of liquid and solid wastes of leather industry. A cost benefit analysis shows that the process is feasible for up-scaling. Take-Away: Synthesis of Co-Polymer from Leather Waste Application of Co-polymer as retanning agent Improved Exhaustion & Organoleptic Properties of leather

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DELLAMANO, JOSE C. "Uso de microssilica como aditivo na imobilizacao de rejeitos radioativos em cimento." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1995. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10413.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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45

GOUVEIA, JORGE L. N. "Descarte de resíduos químicos na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, seus impactos socioambientais - uma proposta de política pública para enfrentamento de situações emergenciais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/25299.

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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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46

Gagné, Nellie. "Production of chitin and chitosan from crustacean waste and their use as a food processing aid." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26458.

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Chitin is a polysaccharide found in abundance in the shell of crustaceans. In this study, chitin was first extracted from shrimp waste material previously demineralized, using proteolytic enzymes, i.e., chymotrypsin and papain. The conditions used for the deproteinization were optimized with respect to 3 factors, viz., pH, temperature, and enzyme to waste (E/W) ratio, using response surface methodology (RSM).
In a second part of the study, chitosan was prepared from chitin by partial deacetylation and its capacity to preserve whole and headless fresh shrimps was evaluated. The shrimps (Pandalus borealis) were dipped in chitosan (1 and 2% w:v), and stored on ice. Chemical indicators such as pH, drip loss, total volatile bases (TVB), nucleotide degradation, and sensory indicators of appearance (including melanosis) and odor, as well as total microbial counts were monitored during 20 days.
As a third and final part, the antimicrobial properties of chitosan were evaluated using several microorganisms implicated in food spoilage and/or food poisoning outbreaks, especially those associated with fish and seafood products. Chitosan prepared from crab offal and used in the previous study on shrimp preservation was compared with commercially available chitosan from Sigma Chemical Co. (St-Louis, MO). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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47

Gagné, Nellie. "Production of chitin and chitosan from crustacean waste and their use as a food processing aid." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1994. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ37310.pdf.

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48

Haule, Liberato. "Investigation into the potential re-use of waste cotton textile garments through Lyocell processing technology (ReCell)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigation-into-the-potential-reuse-of-waste-cotton-textile-garments-through-lyocell-processing-technology-recell(1fbdce5d-ce61-4847-89b4-15ba2a2a3b72).html.

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This project investigated the potential for the regeneration of fibres from cotton-based waste garments. The project focused on the preparation of the cotton waste pulps and assessed the suitability of the prepared material for regeneration of ReCell fibres. Mechanical processes have been developed to degrade the fabrics into a fibrous pulp potentially allowing easier fibre dissolution and purification in the fibre regeneration processes. Wet degradation and dry degradation methods were evaluated and the optimal method identified. It was established that the wet deconstruction method could produce fibres with longer length and lesser degradation of the cellulose than the dry deconstruction method. The pulp produced by wet deconstruction methods could be formed into sheets which were stronger than the pulp produced by the dry deconstruction methods. Although the cotton pulp reclaimed by the wet deconstruction methods requires extra energy to dry, it is still the most attractive processing route since the pulp will be transported to the fibre spinning plant in the form of dry cellulosic sheets. Methods for stripping off the easy care finishes in order to increase dissolution of the cellulosic garments were optimised. The stripping performance was assessed by fibre degradation, contents of the easy care finishes, and solubility of the stripped fibres in selected solvents. It was established that a combination of acidic and alkaline treatment can effect the removal of all easy care finishes and enable efficient dissolution of the pulps for fibre making. ReCell fibres were produced from 100% reclaimed material and a blend of reclaimed cotton pulp and wood pulp and structural and mechanical properties were characterised and compared to the existing Lyocell fibres. It was established that for easy separation of non-cellulosic material from the cellulose-based waste garment pulp the fibres must be modified to avoid formation of tufts. Fibre enrichment by gravity separation was recommended as a pre-requisite process prior to wet cyclone separation and the optimisation of the process was recommended for future work. ReCell processing of dyed waste garments, fibre spinning, fabric construction and wet processing of ReCell fibres have been recommended for future work. The results from this project will be used for pilot tests and later commercial production of ReCell fibres by Lenzing Company. Commercial production of ReCell fibres will contribute to the reduction of economic and environmental challenges caused by textile wastes. Moreover, the findings have identified a potential reduction of pressure on raw material for fibre production by providing an alternative source of material for regeneration of cellulosic fibres.

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49

Yassin, L. "Appropriate scales and technologies for energy recovery by thermal processing of waste in the urban environment." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446161/.

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In the developed world, 75% of the population live in urban areas, a figure projected to rise to nearly 83% by 2030, while in the developing world, the rate of urbanisation is even faster. One of the most important environmental problems associated with urbanisation is the amount of waste that is generated at a rate that outstrips the ability of the natural environment to assimilate it and authorities to manage it. Therefore, if we are to deliver a more sustainable economy, we must do more with less by making better use of resources. The recovery of energy from waste or EfW is an important component of an integrated waste management strategy, as it reduces our reliance on landfill. It is also a low carbon, low cost fuel, which by displacing fossil fuels can help the UK Government in meeting its energy policy and emission targets. Furthermore, EfW can contribute to energy security through diversification of supply it is projected that EfW may supply up 17% of the total UK electricity consumption by 2020. The main objectives of this work are to investigate the appropriate scales and technologies for the production of energy from waste in the urban environment. The suitability and effectiveness of fluidized bed combustion and gasification processes have been studied, together with gas clean-up systems. The most appropriate scales for each of these approaches in relation to system efficiencies and costs were evaluated, so that a sound judgement can be made as to which processes should be used in the urban context. Within this framework, a comprehensive assessment of fluidized bed reactor types and operational process conditions has been presented. Current and future status of these technologies was discussed, as well as the non-technical barriers hampering their development. The assessment concluded with a review of the different emissions and residues generated from the thermal treatment processes, their management, practices and costs. Mass and energy balances of traditional moving-grate combustion plants and key issues regarding the treatment of the output gas stream have been investigated during a five- month placement programme at Germana & Partners Consulting Engineers in Rome (Italy). The aim of the study was to gain an in-depth understanding of design methodologies and engineering principles applied in the detailed design of real industrial energy recovery plants. The study led to the development of a consistent approach for the technical and economic evaluation of more advanced technologies, namely fluidized bed combustion and gasification systems. Two different scale scenarios of 50,000 tpa and 100,000 tpa plant capacities were considered for the generation of electric power using a steam turbine for the combustion process and gas engine & combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) for the gasification process. Mass and energy balances of the processes were performed and the cost effectiveness of the different waste treatment options was assessed using a discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, which includes current market-based mechanisms, such as eligibility for Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs). A sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of changing system variables on the economic performances of the different waste treatment options. Seventeen system variables have been chosen and the effects of a 10% change in these variables on the levelised costs and gate fees were examined. These variables include waste calorific value, gasifier efficiency, prime mover electrical generation efficiency, as well as electricity and ROC prices and biodegradable fraction of the waste. As part of this study, the techno-economic performances of traditional moving-grate combustions systems was reported and compared against the different fluidized bed systems co-located with Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) facilities. The work was subsequently extended to analyse the technical and cost effectiveness of the simultaneous generation of heat and power from EfW fluidized bed combustion and gasification systems, using the same scale scenarios of 50,000 tpa and 100,000 tpa. The study focused on the additional capital and operating costs involved in incorporating combined heat and power (CHP) into EfW facilities. The projected revenues from heat sales and eligibility for ROCs were also evaluated for a range of market penetration levels. Furthermore, the environmental benefits associated with EfW with CHP facilities were assessed and the CO2 savings achieved from displacing fossil fuels in the separate generation of heat and power were also determined.

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50

Harrison, Timothy Dane. "Characterization and treatment of wastewater from blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) processing facilities." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41079.

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The process wastewater from three blue crab processing plants in Virginia was characterized. Most of these effluent streams were highly concentrated. For example, the retort water from the cookers exhibited the following concentrations: BOD₅ = 14,000-29,000 mg/L, TSS = 650-6,200 mg/L, TKN-N = 2,500-4,000 mg/L, NH3-N = 70-160 mg/L and Total Phosphorus= 100-185 mg/L. One process effluent contained chloride concentrations exceeding 100,000 mg/L.

Analysis of production and effluent characterization data from two mechanized plants revealed that wastewater volumes and concentrations varied significantly between the two plants. Both plants exhibited highly variable daily and seasonal production.

Treatability studies were completed on the process wastewater because discharge limits exist for TSS, Oil and Grease and in some cases BODs and ammonia. Settling and filtration studies were performed on these effluents. The organics and nutrients in the wastes were highly soluble and limited reduction of COD (18-65% reduction), BOD₅ (9-49% reduction), TKN-N (9-62% reduction), and TP (10-66%) was achieved by filtration.

Acidification of the concentrated effluents caused some coagulation of the contents. Coagulation by pH adjustment was most effective between pH 3.0-4.0. TSS removals of 76- 93%, and BOD5 removals of 6-30% were achieved by pH adjustment, thereby showing promise as a pretreatment method.

Anaerobic biological treatment systems appear promising for the treatment of wastewater from blue crab processing plants (effluent BOD₅s ranged from 150-420 mg/L), especially for cooker effluent. However, there is concern that salt from the Harris Claw operation will decrease anaerobic treatment performance and that effluent NH3 and TSS levels will need to be further reduced to meet permit limits. Pretreatment of process wastewater by means of pH adjustment did not improve anaerobic treatability.
Master of Science

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