Journal articles: 'Processing routes'

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Novak, Pavel. "Non-conventional processing routes and applications of intermetallics." Mechanik, no. 2 (February 2015): 125/93–125/99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2015.2.80.

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Zhang, Wen Li, Wei Liang, Li Ping Bian, and Jun Hao Jia. "Enhancing the Efficiency of ECAP Processing in Particle Redistribution by Combination of Different Processing Routes." Materials Science Forum 667-669 (December 2010): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.667-669.463.

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The redistribution of the precipitate particles in Al-5Mg-2.5Si alloy during equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) up to 8 passes in five different routes 8BA, 8BC, 8BC-UD2, 4BA+4BC and 4BC-UD2+4BC is studied. It is shown that route BC, which exhibits an isotropic strain process, is less efficient in particle redistribution compared to route BA and route BC-UD2. Route BA and route BC-UD2 are more effective for particle redistribution, but result in an anisotropy structure with orientated alignment of the particles, especially in the case of route BA. As a compromise, relatively homogeneous microstructures with particles dispersively redistributed are obtained by combination of different processing routes 4BA+4BC and 4BC-UD2+4BC.

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Zhang, H. B., Mohan J. Edirisinghe, and Jie Huang. "Electrohydrodynamic Processing Routes for Bioceramics." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.139.

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Bioceramic fibres, scaffolds and mats are important structures in biomedical applications. Electrohydrodynamic routes are relatively new for processing advanced materials and in this paper we use electrospinning to prepare zirconia fibres diameter down to 200nm and hydroxyapatite (HA) fibres down to 1$m. Zirconia-polymer and nHA-polymer composite scaffolds structures (mats) with 400-1000 $m windows were also prepared.

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Venkatachalam, Perumal, Shibayan Roy, V. Thomas Paul, M. Vijayalakshmi, Balasubramanian Ravisankar, and Satyam Suwas. "The Role of Processing Routes on the Evolution of Microstructure and Texture Heterogeneity during ECAP of Al-Cu Alloy." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.113.

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The effect of processing routes during Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) of the Al alloy 2014 with regard to the evolution of microstructure and texture heterogeneity has been studied. The solution treated alloy (768 K for 1 hr) was subjected to ECAP through routes A, BA, BC and C using a die with inter-channel angle 90° upto 5 passes. Texture evolution was studied in the top, middle and bottom of the billets processed through routes A, BA, BC and C. Processing by route A resulted in a stronger texture evolution because of monotonic increase in strain with the number of passes. In route A, texture heterogeneity is more than the routes BC and BA. In routes BC and BA, the texture evolution in outer region near to surface of the billet changes their orientation as the passes increases possibly creating a stronger texture evolution at the top and bottom different from the centre of billet. The heterogeneity in texture evolution is the least less in route C, due to the reversal of shear.

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Fridriksson, Julius, Grigori Yourganov, Leonardo Bonilha, Alexandra Basilakos, Dirk-Bart Den Ouden, and Christopher Rorden. "Revealing the dual streams of speech processing." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 52 (December 12, 2016): 15108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614038114.

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Several dual route models of human speech processing have been proposed suggesting a large-scale anatomical division between cortical regions that support motor–phonological aspects vs. lexical–semantic aspects of speech processing. However, to date, there is no complete agreement on what areas subserve each route or the nature of interactions across these routes that enables human speech processing. Relying on an extensive behavioral and neuroimaging assessment of a large sample of stroke survivors, we used a data-driven approach using principal components analysis of lesion-symptom mapping to identify brain regions crucial for performance on clusters of behavioral tasks without a priori separation into task types. Distinct anatomical boundaries were revealed between a dorsal frontoparietal stream and a ventral temporal–frontal stream associated with separate components. Collapsing over the tasks primarily supported by these streams, we characterize the dorsal stream as a form-to-articulation pathway and the ventral stream as a form-to-meaning pathway. This characterization of the division in the data reflects both the overlap between tasks supported by the two streams as well as the observation that there is a bias for phonological production tasks supported by the dorsal stream and lexical–semantic comprehension tasks supported by the ventral stream. As such, our findings show a division between two processing routes that underlie human speech processing and provide an empirical foundation for studying potential computational differences that distinguish between the two routes.

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Gzyl, Michal, Andrzej Rosochowski, Evgenia Yakushina, Paul Wood, and Lech Olejnik. "Route Effects in I-ECAP of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.876.

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An AZ31B wrought magnesium alloy was processed by incremental equal channel angular pressing (I-ECAP) using routes A and BC. Despite the fact that the measured grain size for both routes was very similar, the mechanical properties were different. Tensile strength was improved using route A comparing to route BC, without ductility loss, while tension-compression anisotropy observed for route A was significantly suppressed when using route BC. Moreover, billet shape evolution resulting from subsequent passes of I-ECAP was studied. Significant distortion after processing using route BC and no occurrence of such effect for route A were observed. Results of a finite element analysis showed that non-uniform strain rate sensitivity might be responsible for different billet shapes. The conclusion is drawn that processing route has a strong influence on the billet shape and mechanical properties when processing magnesium alloys by I-ECAP.

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Lee, Hak Hyeon, Kyo Jun Hwang, Hyung Keun Park, and Hyoung Seop Kim. "Effect of Processing Route on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Single-Roll Angular-Rolling." Materials 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112471.

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This paper reports the effect of the processing route on the microstructure and mechanical properties in the pure copper sheets processed by single-roll angular-rolling (SRAR). The SRAR process was repeated up to six passes in two processing routes, called routes A and C in equal-channel angular pressing. As the number of passes increased, the heterogeneous evolution of hardness and microstructural heterogeneities between the core and surface regions gradually became intensified in both processing routes. In particular, route A exhibited more prominent partial grain refinement and dislocation localization on the core region than route C. The finite element analysis revealed that the intense microstructural heterogeneities observed in route A were attributed to effective shear strain partitioning between the core and surface regions by the absence of redundant strain. On the other hand, route C induced reverse shearing and cancellation of shear strain over the entire thickness, leading to weak shear strain partitioning and delayed grain refinement. Ultimately, this work suggests that route A is the preferred option to manufacture reverse gradient structures in that the degree of shear strain partitioning and microstructural heterogeneity between the core and surface regions is more efficiently intensified with increasing the number of passes.

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Wang, Jia Lin, G. K. Lim, C. L. Ong, S. C. Ng, C. H. Chew, and L. M. Gan. "Nanostructured Ceramics via Microemulsion Processing Routes." Key Engineering Materials 132-136 (April 1997): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.132-136.8.

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BEN-NISSAN, Besim, and Giuseppe PEZZOTTI. "Bioceramics: Processing Routes and Mechanical Evaluation." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 110, no. 1283 (2002): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.110.601.

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Kovárík, Tomáš, and Jirí Hájek. "Porous geopolymers: processing routes and properties." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 613 (November 4, 2019): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/613/1/012048.

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11

Stoltenberg, Cal D., Mark M. Leach, and Avery Bratt. "The Elaboration Likelihood Model and Psychotherapeutic Persuasion." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 3, no. 3 (January 1989): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.3.3.181.

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The psychotherapeutic process has long been considered a context for persuasion. The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion provides an integrative framework from which to examine the process of persuasion in psychotherapy. Various source, message, recipient, and context factors interact in a complex manner to produce attitude change. Two routes to persuasion are presented and their relevance for psychotherapy are discussed. The central route requires more effort and more active cognitive processing on the part of the client, resulting in relatively permanent attitudes that are predictive of subsequent behavior. The peripheral route requires minimal cognitive effort, relying on cues in the situation or rather simple decision rules. Attitudes resulting from this route are relatively temporary and are not predictive of subsequent behavior. Both routes to persuasion are characteristic of the psychotherapeutic process. The role of affect in information processing and methods for encouraging central route processing are discussed.

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Ropars, Ludovic, Moukrane Dehmas, Elisabeth Aeby-Gautier, David Tricker, Dominique Schuster, and Sophie Gourdet. "Effect of Processing Route on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Ti-3Al-2.5V/TiB Composite." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1950–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1950.

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A Ti-3Al-2.5V matrix composite reinforced with 8.5 vol.% TiB was produced using a powder metallurgy route. Processing included the mechanical alloying of Ti-3Al-2.5V and TiB2 powders and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) of the resultant composite powders, to produce a dense billet. These billets were subsequently extruded and/or subjected to various Conversion Heat Treatments (CHT), to complete the transformation of the TiB2 particles into TiB needles. The CHT was performed either before or after extrusion. Microstructures and tensile properties of the materials at each stage of the processing routes were investigated and compared to those of a non-reinforced Ti-3Al-2.5V material, manufactured by the same powder metallurgy route. It has been demonstrated that the processing routes have a great impact on the mechanical properties, through modifications of the matrix and reinforcement characteristics. Well-chosen processing routes lead to more ductile composites, though this gain in ductility leads to slightly lower stiffness and strength values. This study clearly demonstrates the possibility to produce, at an industrial scale, a ductile version of a highly reinforced titanium matrix composite, showing important application potential.

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Nguyen, Van Thuong, Zuhailawati Hussain, Abu Seman Anasyida, Tr D. Huy, and Indra Putra Almanar. "Influence of Semi-Solid Casting and Equal Channel Pressing on Microstructure of a Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloy." Materials Science Forum 819 (June 2015): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.819.9.

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The aim of this work was to develop understanding of microstructural evolution of the alloy casted in semi-solid condition using a cooling slope and conventional casting followed by ECAP in a 120odie. Feed materials were prepared by cooling slope casting and conventional casting for ECAP process. The microstructures and Vickers hardness of the worked materials extruded by two routes (A and BC) were evaluated. The primary α-Al phase tends to be elongated after processing by route A. However, its morphology was similar in nature to the microstructure of the as-cast sample after processing by route BC. The Si particles become fragmented during ECAP processing and are more nearly globular in shape and uniform in size than in the as-cast sample. The microstructure of the semi-solid cast ECAPed samples was more homogenous than that of the conventional cast ECAPed sample followed by ECAP for both routes. The hardness of semi-solid cast ECAP samples was also higher than that of conventional cast ECAPed samples for both routes.

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Lathabai, Sri, Margarita Vargas, Matthieu Larroque, and Claude Urbani. "The Influence of Processing Conditions on Hardness Homogeneity Evolution in Commercially Pure Cast Aluminium Processed by ECAP." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1211.

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Commercially pure cast aluminium was subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at room temperature using routes A, Bc and C. Microhardness distribution maps were produced on sections of extruded billets after one, two, three and four passes for each of the processing routes. It was found that the mean hardness increased significantly already after the first pass. With subsequent passes, the hardness increase was smaller but the hardness distribution became narrower, indicating increasing homogeneity. For route Bc, a slight decrease in average hardness was observed after the fourth pass. The mean hardness after four passes was highest for the route C sample, followed by the route A and route Bc samples.

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Sarr, Mouhamadou Moustapha, Motohiro Yuasa, and Hiroyuki Miyamoto. "Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Grain Size, Texture and Mechanical Properties of Pure Magnesium." Materials Science Forum 985 (April 2020): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.985.97.

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This study aims to investigate the effect of processing routes (A and Bc) and temperature on microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of pure magnesium was studied in this research. An extruded pure magnesium (~99,9 %) was subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD) by ECAP. Deformation was conducted at 523K and 473K and two different processing routes (A and Bc) were used to control the texture. The microstructure and texture characterization of the pressed materials were carried out. It was found that the microstructure displayed a bimodal grain structure after two passes and then became homogeneous after four passes following both routes A and Bc. The misorientation distribution was examined and the results revealed that the fraction of high angle grain boundaries (HAGB) was higher at temperature 473K. The texture was randomized following route Bc whereas it became strengthened in route A after four passes. According to the Hall-Petch (HP) relationship, the yield stress of polycrystalline metals increases with a decrease in grain size. In this study, a positive slope k was achieved in the strengthened texture while a negative one was obtained in the softened texture. The ductility of ECAP processed material was considerably improved (from 23% to 38%) without sacrificing the yield stress by route Bc at 423K.

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NAFISI, S., and R. GHOMASHCHI. "SEMI-SOLID METAL PROCESSING ROUTES: AN OVERVIEW." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 44, no. 3 (January 2005): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.2005.44.3.289.

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Studart, Andre R., Urs T. Gonzenbach, Elena Tervoort, and Ludwig J. Gauckler. "Processing Routes to Macroporous Ceramics: A Review." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 89, no. 6 (June 2006): 1771–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01044.x.

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Humphreys, Glyn W., and Lindsay J. Evett. "Visual word processing: Procedures, representations, and routes." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no. 4 (December 1985): 728–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00045969.

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Ibraheem, A. K., R. Priestner, J. R. Bowen, P. B. Prangnell, and F. J. Humphreys. "Novel processing routes to ultrafine grained steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 28, no. 2 (April 2001): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192301677975.

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Vega, M., and H. G. Sarmiento. "Image processing application maps optimal transmission routes." IEEE Computer Applications in Power 9, no. 2 (April 1996): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/67.491520.

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21

Brodsky, F. M. "Intracellular routes for antigen processing and presentation." Research in Immunology 142, no. 5-6 (January 1991): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2494(91)90047-m.

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Biswas, Pratim, Shih Y. Lin, and Punit Boolchand. "Processing of magnetic particles by aerosol routes." Journal of Aerosol Science 23 (January 1992): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(92)90534-3.

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Li, Sai Yi, and Hao Li. "Texture Evolution in Pure Copper Processed by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion with Extended Processing Routes." Materials Science Forum 667-669 (December 2010): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.667-669.271.

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An experimental characterization of texture evolution during equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) of pure copper was conducted up to 8 passes considering an extended range of processing routes. These routes are featured by 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180° rotation about the billet longitudinal axis after each pass, and were designated as R0, R45, R90, R135, and R180, respectively. They were implemented using new die designs with the cross-section of the die channels as a 24-sided regular convex polygon and with die angle (Φ) of 90° and 120°, respectively. X-ray diffraction measurements show that for both die sets, the textures developed via the different routes all show orientation concentrations along fibers with the {111} planes parallel to the macroscopic simple shear plane and <110> directions parallel to the macroscopic simple shear direction, yet the locations and orientation densities of the main texture components vary significantly with the pass number and the processing route. After 4 to 8 passes, the texture is found to be the weakest via route R180 for both die sets, and strongest via R0 or R45. For a given route and pass number, the texture developed with Φ = 120° is generally weaker than its counterpart with Φ = 90°. These results thus confirm the general tendencies of texture development in face-centered cubic metals with {111}<110> slip as the dominant deformation mechanisms, albeit in a wide range of processing route or deformation history.

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Olumor, Ifeanyichukwu Donald, Lee Geuntak, and Eugene Olevsky. "Effect of process route on powder three-dimensional-printing of metal powders." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2020-0127.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of two unique processing routes (solvent jetting (SJ) and binder jetting (BJ)), on the green density of printed stainless steel 316L (SS316L) and Nickel (Ni) powders. Design/methodology/approach In the SJ processing route, a solvent is jetted unto the powder/binder mixture to selectively activate the binder, layer by layer. In the BJ processing route, a solution of the binder mixture is jetted onto the powder bed to selectively bind powder particles. The effects of printing parameters such as layer height, roller speed, shaker speed and nozzle temperature on the green density of printed components are investigated and compared for both processing routes. Findings Results show that layer height and nozzle temperature affect the relative density of the printed compact for both processing routes. Slightly higher relative densities were achieved via the SJ route, with the overall highest relative density being 42.7% at 100 µm layer height and 70% nozzle temperature for the SS316L components and 43.7% at 150 µm layer height and 90% nozzle temperature for the Ni components, respectively. Results also show an increase in the final sintered relative density with an increase in green (printed) relative density of the solvent jetted SS316L components, with the highest relative density being 87.2%. Originality/value The paper studies the influence of printing parameters on the green density of printed SS316L and Ni samples in an unprecedented effort to provide a comparative understanding of the process-property relationships in BJ and SJ of SS316L and Ni components to the additive manufacturing research community.

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Porcayo-Calderon, J., J. J. Ramos-Hernandez, C. D. Arrieta-Gonzalez, J. G. Chacon-Nava, J. G. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, E. Porcayo-Palafox, M. Sanchez-Carrillo, J. P. Flores-De los Rios, and L. Martinez-Gomez. "Synthesis by Hydrothermal Treatment of ZnO-Based Varistors Doped with Rare Earth Oxides and Their Characterization by Impedance Spectroscopy." Crystals 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2020): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10121134.

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ZnO-based ceramic varistors have shown excellent electrical and dielectric properties due to their characteristics microstructures represented by the arrangement of their grains and grain boundaries that allow the absorption and flow of energy when subjected to an electrical surge. Their properties and characteristics depend on their chemical compositions and processing routes. Typical processing routes involve several stages of grinding and precalcination—which are time consuming processes. Because of this, this study proposes a simpler and cheaper alternative route for processing ceramic varistors. The alternative process proposed is the mixing of the precursor oxides by means of a hydrothermal treatment. The characteristics and properties of the synthesized ceramic varistors were evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and impedance spectroscopy, considering the effect of the addition of rare earth oxides (La2O3, CeO2 and Nd2O3). The results showed that the mixing of the oxides through hydrothermal treatment produces ceramic varistors with characteristics and properties similar to those obtained by other processing routes. Furthermore, it was observed that the addition of rare earth oxides affects the characteristics and properties of the ceramic varistor depending on the type of rare earth oxide added, its concentration and ionic radius.

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Beladi, Hossein, Ilana B. Timokhina, Subatra Mukherjee, and Peter D. Hodgson. "Refinement of Microstructure in Steels through Thermomechanical Processing." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 2163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.2163.

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The refinement of microstructure is the most generally accepted approach to simultaneously improve the strength and toughness in steels. In the current study, the role of dynamic/static phase transformation on the ferrite grain refinement was investigated using different thermomechanical processing routes. A Ni-30Fe austenitic model alloy was also used to investigate the substructure character formed during deformation. It was revealed that the microstructure of steel could further be refined to the nanoscale through both the control of processing route and steel composition design.

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Dvorak, Jiri, Petr Král, Vaclav Sklenička, Milan Svoboda, and Marie Kvapilová. "The Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation Processing on Creep Properties of Metallic Materials." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.639.

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Processing by severe plastic deformation (SPD) may be defined as such metals forming procedure in which a very high strain is imposed on a bulk material. This paper investigates the effect of different equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) routes and number of ECAP passes on resulting microstructure, mechanical properties and creep behaviour of selected materials. The distinction between various ECAP routes (A, B and C) and the difference in number of ECAP passes applied may lead to variations both in the macroscopic distortions of the individual grains and in the capability to develop a reasonably homogeneous and equiaxed ultrafine-grained microstructure. Experimental materials were processed by ECAP at room temperature using a die with an internal angle of 90° between the two parts of the channel. The ECAP pressing was performed by different routes up to 12 ECAP passes. Tensile creep tests were conducted at temperatures 473 - 673 K and at different applied stresses on ECAP materials and, for comparison purposes, on their unpressed states. Microstructure of samples was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) unit. In conclusion, the ECAP processing route and number of applied ECAP passes could play an important role in creep behaviour and their effect may be different for particular materials. The highest differences in processing routes were revealed for materials especially at lower number of ECAP passes. However, a little apparent dependence of the creep properties was observed during subsequent pressing.

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Ruzic, Jovana, Marko Simić, Nikolay Stoimenov, Dušan Božić, and Jelena Stašić. "Innovative processing routes in manufacturing of metal matrix composite materials." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 27, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/629.

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Metal matrix composites (MMCs) belong to a group of modern materials owing to their excellent technological, mechanical, and physical properties such as excellent wear and corrosion resistance, high electrical and thermal conductivity, improved strength and hardness. Final properties of MMCs are affected equally by all steps of its manufacturing process. It is shown that by using adequate process parameters to obtain starting materials (reaching the specific size, shape, and reactivity) the control of volume fraction and distribution of reinforcements within the matrix can be achieved. For this purpose, mechanical alloying has been appointed as a good approach. MMCs can be produced using powder metallurgy, ingot metallurgy, and additive manufacturing techniques. Combining high-energy ball milling with these techniques enables the design of an innovative processing route for MMCs manufacturing. Mechanochemical process (achieved using high-energy ball milling) was employed in three manufacturing procedures: hot pressing, compocasting, and laser melting/sintering for obtaining of the suitable powder. These production routes for MMCs manufacturing were the subject of this work. The aim of MMCs design is to establish an optimal combination of production techniques merged into the cost-effective fabrication route for obtaining MMCs with required properties.

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Nanda, Tarun, Vishal Singh, Virender Singh, Arnab Chakraborty, and Sandeep Sharma. "Third generation of advanced high-strength steels: Processing routes and properties." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 2 (August 12, 2016): 209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420716664198.

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The automobile industry is presently focusing on processing of advanced steels with superior strength–ductility combination and lesser weight as compared to conventional high-strength steels. Advanced high-strength steels are a new class of materials to meet the need of high specific strength while maintaining the high formability required for processing, and that too at reasonably low cost. First and second generation of advanced high-strength steels suffered from some limitations. First generation had high strength but low formability while second generation possessed both strength and ductility but was not cost effective. Amongst the different types of advanced high-strength steels grades, dual-phase steels, transformation-induced plasticity steels, and complex phase steels are considered as very good options for being extended into third generation advanced high-strength steels. The present review presents the various processing routes for these grades developed and discussed by different authors. A novel processing route known as quenching and partitioning route is also discussed. The review also discusses the resulting microstructures and mechanical properties achieved under various processing conditions. Finally, the key findings with regards to further research required for the processing of advanced high-strength steels of third generation have been discussed.

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Anil Kumar, V., R. K. Gupta, M. K. Karthikeyan, F. Gino Prakash, and P. Ramkumar. "Development of High Nitrogen Stainless Steel for Cryogenic Applications." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.23.

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Austenitic stainless steels are extensively used as structural materials for various aerospace systems. Nitrogen containing stainless steels have special role due to their austenite stabilization tendency down to subzero temperatures, improved strength and resistance to sensitization. Primary processing of nitrogen containing cryogenic grade stainless steel 202 has been carried out through two different melting routes viz. (1). conventional melt route of electric arc furnace (EAF) melting followed by vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD) & vacuum degassing (VD) and other one through (2). vacuum induction melting (VIM) followed by ESR. Chemical analysis and macrostructure analysis was carried out on the samples drawn from these billets. Homogenization and thermomechanical processing parameters were selected and the same were followed for the ingots made through both the melt routes. Mechanical properties evaluation (including tensile properties at subzero temperature of 77K) and micro structure characterization of the products realised from all the two melt routes were carried out. It is observed that, both the melt routes could result in achieving the required aerospace quality of alloy with respect to the chemical composition, metallurgical and mechanical properties. This paper confirms that any of the melt routes studied herein can be adopted according to availability of the facilities. The process development and characterization of the steels processed by conventional EAF+ VD & VOD and VIM+ESR melt routes is presented in this paper.

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Joo, K. H., K. I. Chang, Hyoung Seop Kim, and Sun Ig Hong. "Processing of Ultrafine-Grained Cu-Fe-Cr Composite by Equal Channel Angular Pressing." Materials Science Forum 503-504 (January 2006): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.503-504.71.

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In this study, equal channel angular pressing was carried out on Cu-Fe-Cr composites at room temperature. The microstructure and hardness of Cu-Fe-Cr pressed using different ECAP routes were investigated. All Cu-Fe-Cr specimens showed ultrafine-grained microstructures with the shape and distribution of Fe-Cr phase dependent on the processing routes. As the number of pressing increased by route A, the initial denfrite of Fe-Cr phase were elongated along the shear direction and developed into filaments. On the other hand, as the number of pressing increased by route Bc, the initial dendrite became finer by fragmentation with no pronounced change of the shape. In route C, the shearing of the second phase in the first pass can be reversed by the shearing in the reverse direction in the second pass and the morphological change of Fe-cr particles is minimal. The hardness increased more rapidly in route Bc and route C than in route A. In ECAPed Cu-Fe-Cr, the spacing between Fe-Cr filaments did not decrease appreciably with strain unlike the cold-drawn Cu-Fe-Cr in which the spacing between Fe-Cr filaments decreases rapidly with strain. The higher strength in route C can be associated with the sub-divided microstructure resulting from the activation of various slip systems enhanced by the presence of larger strong particles. This result suggests that the microstructural development in Cu matrix is more important in strengthening than the morphological development of Fe-Cr phase in ECAPed Cu-Fe-Cr.

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Soliman, Mahmoud S., Ehab A. El-Danaf, and Abdulhakim A. Almajid. "Static and Cyclic Deformation of Commercially Pure Al Processed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing Using Two Routes." Materials Science Forum 667-669 (December 2010): 833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.667-669.833.

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In the present investigation, annealed billets of commercially pure Al (1050) with coarse-grained microstructure of 0.6 mm were ECAPed through a die with an internal angle of 90o using two routes A and BC. The samples were processed up to four passes using both routes. The change in the processing route results in the change of the shear plane, and consequently the change in the produced microstructure. The microstructure study was conducted on the extrusion direction and the shear plane. The cell size, misoriention and the fraction of high angle boundaries were determined by using electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). A study of mechanical behavior was conducted by cutting tensile and compression specimens from the ECAPed specimen in the extrusion direction to study the effect of processing route and the number of passes on the deformation characteristics. Enhanced strength was observed but with anisotropic behavior between tension and compression. Cyclic deformation under load control (HSF) was also performed and the S-N curves were established as a function of number of passes and processing route. The fractography of fractured tensile specimens was also investigated.

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Zhao, Peng, Hao Li, Ya Nan Li, Wei Wei Lu, and Jie Xuan Wu. "Research and Implementation of Three-Dimensional Power Lines Selection System Based on Aerial Images." Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (March 2015): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.213.

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Based on the application of aerial images processing technology and 3D visualization technology, this paper used a series of procedures including aerial images procession, DEM generation, three-dimensional tower modeling and images recombination, and adopted VB + VRML to generate virtual three-dimensional images animation of the study area according to certain scale and flight routes, this three-dimensional power lines selection system provides the designers the most direct information to grasp the route of the transmission lines from the macro perspective.

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Carvalho, Kaccnny, Rita M. B. Alves, and Luiz Kulay. "Environmental Performance of Alternative Green Polyol Synthesis Routes: A Proposal for Improvement." Processes 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071122.

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This study verified the environmental effectiveness of potentially less aggressive routes for the synthesis of poly(propylene/ethylene oxide) glycol (PPG). The analysis was developed in two stages. Firstly, the environmental performance of the conventional PPG processing route was compared to alternative variants—vegetal PPG and CO2-based PPG—applying the life cycle assessment technique to measure the primary energy demand, global warming potential, acidification, photochemical oxidation, and freshwater ecotoxicity impact categories. The synthesis of vegetable polyols from bio-based assets, such as vegetable oils, and the application of CO2 conversion routes as an alternative to technologies supported by petroleum and natural gas were studied. The use of CO2 recovered through carbon capture and usage practices resulted in environmental gains for PPG production. The processing routes within vegetal assets were not an environmentally attractive option as the performance was worse than the conventional arrangement by 144% for the global warming impact category, an increase related to the deforestation carried out to expand soybean cultivation in Brazil. Secondly, improvement scenarios to mitigate the environmental impacts of alternative routes were performed. The hypothesis of using cleaner inputs to obtain a more ecofriendly route was tested. The analysis concluded that the use of high-purity CO2 brings fewer benefits compared to other capturing sources that need a purification process before feeding the PPG synthesis.

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Sato, Hisashi, Shimaa El Hadad, Oleg Sitdikov, and Yoshimi Watanabe. "Effects of Processing Routes on Wear Property of Al-Al₃Ti Alloys Severely Deformed by ECAP." Materials Science Forum 584-586 (June 2008): 971–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.584-586.971.

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Al-Ti alloys, which have Al3Ti platelet particles in Al matrix, were deformed by ECAP with routes A and Bc. With increasing the number of ECAP passes, Al3Ti platelet particles are fragmented and their sizes decrease. The microstructure of ECAPed Al-Ti alloy specimens by route A has a strong alignment of the fragmented Al3Ti particles. On the other hand, ECAPed Al-Ti alloy specimens by route Bc have a relatively homogeneous distribution of Al3Ti particles comparing with the specimen deformed by route A. Based on these results, it was found that ECAPed Al-Ti alloy specimen by route A has highly anisotropic microstructure. However, both ECAPed specimens with routes A and Bc have no anisotropic wear property. That is because the wear property of the Al-Ti alloy specimen depends on the shape of the Al3Ti particle. From these results, it was found that SPD induced by ECAP is an effective processing method to make homogeneous wear property for the metallic material containing platelet solid-particles.

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Lim, G. K., J. Wang, S. C. Ng, C. H. Chew, and L. M. Gan. "Processing of hydroxyapatite via microemulsion and emulsion routes." Biomaterials 18, no. 21 (November 1997): 1433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(97)00081-1.

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Pomfret, S. J., P. N. Adams, N. P. Comfort, and A. P. Monkman. "Advances in processing routes for conductive polyaniline fibres." Synthetic Metals 101, no. 1-3 (May 1999): 724–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(98)01220-x.

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Tallon, C., and G. V. Franks. "Exploring inexpensive processing routes to prepare dense TiB2components." Advances in Applied Ceramics 115, no. 7 (April 13, 2016): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17436753.2016.1172166.

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Wang, John, Jiye Fang, Ser-Choon Ng, Leong-Ming Gan, Chwee-Har Chew, Xianbin Wang, and Zexiang Shen. "Ultrafine Barium Titanate Powders via Microemulsion Processing Routes." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82, no. 4 (April 1999): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01848.x.

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Buin, Andrei, Patrick Pietsch, Jixian Xu, Oleksandr Voznyy, Alexander H. Ip, Riccardo Comin, and Edward H. Sargent. "Materials Processing Routes to Trap-Free Halide Perovskites." Nano Letters 14, no. 11 (October 13, 2014): 6281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl502612m.

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Dhara, S., M. Pradhan, D. Ghosh, and P. Bhargava. "Nature inspired novel processing routes for ceramic foams." Advances in Applied Ceramics 104, no. 1 (February 2005): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174367605225011007.

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Gholinia, A., F. J. Humphreys, and P. B. Prangnell. "Processing to ultrafine grain structures by conventional routes." Materials Science and Technology 16, no. 11-12 (November 2000): 1251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708300101507316.

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Antelo, Luis T., Gundián M. de Hijas-Liste, Amaya Franco-Uría, Antonio A. Alonso, and R. I. Pérez-Martín. "Optimisation of processing routes for a marine biorefinery." Journal of Cleaner Production 104 (October 2015): 489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.105.

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Sirirak, Worapot, and Rapeepan Pitakaso. "Marketplace Location Decision Making and Tourism Route Planning." Administrative Sciences 8, no. 4 (November 20, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci8040072.

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This research addresses the problem of planning tourism routes and finding appropriate shopping (market place) locations for agricultural product transportation. Generally, tourists visit popular tourism attractions; and generally, unpopular tourism attractions do not stimulate the economy, trade, or local income. Popular tourism attractions that are located far away from each other require the transportation of local products, and tourists must make decisions as to which locations to visit when planning their vacation. Planning a tourism route while balancing tourism attractions and shopping markets is important for the economic stimulation of tourism. This work presents a problem-solving method for tourism route-planning for a particular case study in Chiang Rai province, Thailand, using the Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) method. Six main destruction and five repair cycles in the ALNS method were applied to solve the tourism route design problem and to find the best solution so that tourists can visit all of the main attractions. We found that 13 tourism routes provide the shortest travel distance for each travel route. The total distance traveled was 2538.02 km for all routes. To balance the tourism on all routes, the popular and less popular tourism attractions were combined. For all routes, the shopping market location is the best place for tourism products to be sold and where tourist relaxation occurs. The results from ALNS were compared with the results from those obtained by the exact Lingo program V11. The ALNS algorithm results were not significantly different from the Lingo results. For the computational results for all examined cases, the ALNS algorithm was shown to be competitive, with short processing times given the sizes of the problems. For the traveling distance, the ALNS result significantly differs from the exact method by approximately 1.12%, and had a better effect than the exact method by approximately 99% in terms of processing time. Therefore, the proposed methodology provides an effective and high-quality solution for tourism route planning.

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BOROVYK, O., D. BOROVYK, and T. KOSTELNA. "ON THE NECESSITY OF IMPROVING THE METHOD OF CLUSTERIZATION OF VESSEL ROUTES AS A PROCEDURAL MODULE OF THE AUTOMATED DATA PRODUCTION PROCESSING SYSTEM IN SUN." Computer Systems and Information Technologies 2, no. 2 (November 3, 2020): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/csit-2020-2-6.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the existing method of clustering of ship routes within the exclusive sea (economic) zone from the standpoint of substantiation of its application or identification of ways to improve it for use in the surface lighting system in the interests of national security at the state border. The study found that the existing method of clustering ship routes can not be explicitly applicable for use in the surface lighting system as a procedural module of the automated data processing system, which would provide a sufficient level of reliability to detect signs of violations of border legislation within the exclusive maritime ( economic) zone. It is also established that the improvement of the method of clustering of routes of ships should address the following issues: definition of such types of approximation for the formation of continuous routes of individual ships, which would provide a sufficient level of reliability of the results on given experimental data sets. time; justification for the choice of such a number of experimental points of location of ships and directly a combination of points that would ensure a sufficient level of reliability of the conclusions formed; study of different metrics to establish the similarity of arbitrary routes of ships from the standpoint of ensuring unambiguous conclusions; adaptation of the proposed tools to the boundary initial conditions of the studied problem; adaptation of the method for the case of arbitrary complexity of the route of vessels; formation of such a method of constructing a reference route within the desired cluster, which would ensure the reproduction of the route in the form of a continuous trajectory

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Périgo, E. A., E. P. Soares, Hidetoshi Takiishi, C. C. Motta, and Rubens Nunes de Faria Jr. "A Comparative Study between Low and High-Energy Milling Processes for the Production of HD PrFeCoBNb Sintered Magnets." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.114.

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Roller-ball milling (RBM) or planetary ball milling (PBM) have been used together with the hydrogen decrepitation (HD) process to produce sintered permanent magnets based on a mixture of Pr16Fe76B8 and Pr14.00Fe63.90Co16.00B6.00Nb0.10 magnetic alloys. Five distinct compositions have been studied comparing low- and high-energy milling. Magnets with a particular composition and prepared using these two routes exhibited similar magnetic properties. Modifications have been carried out in the procedure of the HD stage for PBM in order to guarantee a high degree of crystallographic alignment. Pr15.00Fe69.95Co8.00B7.00Nb0.05 magnets showed the best maximum energy product for both processing routes (~ 247 kJm-3). A significant reduction in the milling time (93%) has been achieved with high-energy processing, the greatest advantage over the low-energy route.

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Li, Xin, and Guo Yi Li. "The Research of High-Salt Organic Liquid Waste Incineration Technology." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 3219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.3219.

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High-salt organic liquid waste treatment was a worldwide problem. It troubled many chemical industries such as medicine, pesticide, metallurgy, papermaking and dyeing. In this article, high temperature incineration technology, a new kind of process route was introduced. That’s especially suitable for organic liquid waste disposal while it divided into a variety of segmentation techniques routes. According to the types and amount of salt or different process routes, the incineration technology can turn organic waste liquid into harmless substances effectively. Meanwhile, salt resources and generate steam also be recycled in this processing as well as the gas emission was on standard. This article will contrast the different treatment methods of process routes for the route selection. By the summary of process optimization, these studies can provide strong support for decision-making in liquid waste incineration technology innovation and for applications planning.

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Clifton,, Charles, Anne Cutler, James M. McQueen, and Brit van Ooijen. "The processing of inflected forms." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 6 (December 1999): 1018–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99272226.

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Clahsen proposes two distinct processing routes, for regularly and irregularly inflected forms, respectively, and thus is apparently making a psychological claim. We argue that his position, which embodies a strictly linguistic perspective, does not constitute a psychological processing model.

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Yan, Guangwei, and Dandan Feng. "Escape-Route Planning of Underground Coal Mine Based on Improved Ant Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/687969.

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When a mine disaster occurs, to lessen disaster losses and improve survival chances of the trapped miners, good escape routes need to be found and used. Based on the improved ant algorithm, we proposed a new escape-route planning method of underground mines. At first, six factors which influence escape difficulty are evaluated and a weight calculation model is built to form a weighted graph of the underground tunnels. Then an improved ant algorithm is designed and used to find good escape routes. We proposed a tunnel network zoning method to improve the searching efficiency of the ant algorithm. We use max-min ant system method to optimize the meeting strategy of ants and improve the performance of the ant algorithm. In addition, when a small part of the mine tunnel network changes, the system may fix the optimal routes and avoid starting a new processing procedure. Experiments show that the proposed method can find good escape routes efficiently and can be used in the escape-route planning of large and medium underground coal mines.

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Winkielman, Piotr. "Embodied and disembodied processing of emotional expressions: Insights from autism spectrum disorders." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 6 (December 2010): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001640.

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AbstractProcessing of facial expressions goes beyond simple pattern recognition. To elucidate this problem, Niedenthal et al. offer a model that identifies multiple embodied and disembodied routes for expression processing, and spell out conditions triggering use of different routes. I elaborate on this model by discussing recent research on emotional recognition in individuals with autism, who can use multiple routes of emotion processing, and consequently can show atypical and typical patterns of embodied simulation and mimicry.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Processing routes'

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