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Journal articles on the topic 'Procession of sheet metals'
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1
Opel, Simon, Thomas Schneider, and Marion Merklein. "Manufacturing of Geared Sheet Metal Components Using Flexible Rolled Tailored Blanks." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 1459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1459.
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Manufacturing of functional sheet metal products with integrated gear teeth by form-ing can be realised with the application of bulk forming operations on sheet metals. Due to the desired part geometry simultaneous 2D and 3D stress and strain states occur during the forming operations. The main challenges of sheet-bulk metal form-ing are high resulting forming forces and the demand on a specific control of the material flow. In addition, there is a distinctive interaction between blank thickness and resulting part quality. To meet these challenges at high material efficiency, the application of tailored blanks with a defined sheet thickness distribution is a promising way. The process adapted semi-finished used in the presented work are formed by a flexible rolling process. First of all, the forming concept for the realization of geared sheet metal components using flexible rolled tailored blanks is presented. Afterwards, the developed rolling machine to produce rotational symmetric tailored blanks is shown, as well as the fundamental process influences during rolling. Based on that, the development of suitable process strategies to produce tailored blanks with a thickened sheet edge is presented. The further processing of those tailored blanks for the realization of external geared sheet metal components will show the advantages compared to the application of conventional sheet metals of constant sheet thickness. Therefore the concept of a combined deep drawing and ironing process is presented. The results show, that on the one hand the material efficiency is increased in comparison to the usage of conventional sheets of the same maximum thickness. On the other hand, the application of flexible rolled tailored blanks improves the accuracy of shape of the gear teeth. Both approaches prove that the application of flexible rolled is an appropriate procedure to enhance the limits of using conventional sheet metals within sheet-bulk metal forming.
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Zhou, Jian Zhong, Yong Kang Zhang, Xing Quan Zhang, Chao Jun Yang, Hui Xia Liu, and Ji Chang Yang. "The Mechanism and Experimental Study on Laser Peen Forming of Sheet Metal." Key Engineering Materials 315-316 (July 2006): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.315-316.607.
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Laser peen forming of sheet metal is a new plastic forming technique based on laser shock waves, which derives from the combination of laser shock processing and conventional shot peening technique, it uses high-power pulsed laser replacing the tiny balls to peen the surface of sheet metal, when the laser induced peak pressure of shock waves exceeds the dynamic yield strength of the materials, the sheet metal yields, resulting in an inhomogeneous residual stresses distribution in depth. The sheet metal responds to this residual stress by elongating at the peened surface and effectively bending the overall shape. On the basis of analyzing the mechanism of laser peen forming, the line-track-peening experiments of 45 steel sheets with 2 mm thickness were carried out; a curved sheet metal with deep layer of residual compressive stress was obtained. The preliminary experiment result shows that laser peen forming can offer desirable characteristics in shaped metals and is a valuable technique for producing components for a range of industries.
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Kumar, R., and N. Rajesh Jesudoss Hynes. "Thermal drilling processing on sheet metals: A review." International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture 2, no. 3 (September 2019): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.08.003.
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Lal, Sohan, C. P. Paul, C. H. Premsingh, P. Bhargava, S. K. Mishra, V. K. Raghuvanshi, L. M. Kukreja, and S. K. Deb. "Parametric Dependence and Characterization of Laser Brazed Copper-Stainless Steel Joints." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.450.
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Joining of dissimilar metals leading to better material utilization with improved functionality encouraged the research thrust on various dissimilar material joining processes including laser brazing. This papers reports the development of laser brazing joints and their characterization for 3 mm thick Cu sheet with 3 mm thick AISI 316L stainless steel (SS) sheet in butt joint configuration using 63Ag-35.25Cu-1.75Ti active brazing foil as filler metal. Comprehensive experiments were carried out to identify the optimum processing parameters for controlled simultaneous heating of the filler metal and sh-7eets by laser beam resulting in melting of the filler metal without melting Cu and SS sheets. Using this methodology, a number of brazed joints were successfully prepared at different set of processing parameters. The brazed joints were subjected to various non-destructive (visual and dye-penetrant test) and destructive (microscopic examination, energy dispersive spectroscopy, four point bend testing etc.) characterization techniques. The results demonstrated that laser energy per unit length of 100 J/m is threshold limit for feasibility of brazing process for selected metal and thickness combination. Microscopic studies of transverse section of laser brazed joint showed full penetration across the thickness without the melting of parent metals. EDS studies showed the diffusion of filler material (Ag) more towards the Cu sheet as compared to that of SS sheet. Four point bend test showed that the alignment of laser beam-metal joint was critical for the brazing joint strength and improved joint strength was achieved when the beam was at the centre of the brazing joint. A maximum joint strength of 343.7 MPa was achieved for laser power of 550 W at scan speed of 3 mm/min.
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Xu, Fengyu, Quansheng Jiang, Lina Rong, Pengfei Zhou, and Jinlong Hu. "Structural model and dynamic analysis of six-axis Cartesian coordinate robot for sheet metal bending." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 16, no. 4 (July 2019): 172988141986156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881419861568.
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Bending is an important procedure for processing sheet metals, while it is a key link in the realization of automatic processing of sheet metal. To improve the efficiency and accuracy of bending processing, this article proposed a structure model and a prototype of a six-axis Cartesian coordinate robot for sheet metal bending to replace workers completing automatic bending processes. Based on the analysis of overall structure schemes of the robot, kinematic simulation is conducted by using the automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical system (ADAMS). Furthermore, the dynamic performance of the structural model of the robot for sheet metal bending is analysed and design optimization is performed. A prototype of the robot based on the optimal structural model of six-axis Cartesian coordinate robot for sheet metal bending is made. Finally, under the work conditions, the efficiencies and accuracies of sheet metal bending by a worker and the robot are compared and tested. The structural model of six-axis Cartesian coordinate robot for sheet metal bending presented in this article is found to be applicable to sheet metal bending robot and improves the stability of sheet metal bending machine. The laboratory testing and experimental results verified the feasibility of the proposed robot.
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Miori, G. F., E. C. Bordinassi, S. Delijaicov, and G. F. Batalha. "The Sheet Metal Formability of AA-5083-O Sheets Processed by Friction Stir Processing." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/716165.
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The aim of this study is to determine the sheet metal formability of AA-5083-O sheets processed by the Friction Stir Processing (FSP). The FSP process was studied and a FSP tool was built. Processing quality was verified by the metallography in the processing region, which established the voids presence. Tensile tests were carried out on FSP and non-FSP specimens, and the results showed that FSP specimens have 30% greater resistance than non-FSP ones. The formability of FSP sheets was produced in MSC-MARC and Abaqus and these software products were compared by using the nonlinear FEM code. The Forming Limit Diagram was built with the results from both software products. A device to process FSP sheet metals was developed and the sheets were processed to validate the results from the software. The tools made for the bulge tests were circular and ellipse-shaped. After the bulge tests, the commercial sheets showed close approximation to those obtained from the software. The FSP sheets broke when inferior pressure was applied because of the defects in the FSP process. The results of the FSP presented the same formability of commercial sheets, however, with 30% greater strength.
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Lin, Alan C., and Chao-Fan Chen. "Sequence Planning and Tool Selection for Bending Processes of 2.5D Sheet Metals." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 204930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/204930.
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Planning of an appropriate bending sequence is one of the most important aspects in the processing of sheet metals as the appropriateness of the plan affects correct selection of bending tools and feasibility of bending processes. This study aims to propose a set of principles to be followed for the planning of bending sequences and selection of bending tools for 2.5D sheet metals. To this end, we first define basic bending patterns by characterizing each pattern with a set of operation rules. The sheet metal is then decomposed into a series of bending patterns that is in turn used in the planning of bending sequences. In order to select the bending tools, we combine the contours of each bending operation, choose appropriate bending punches from the bending-tool database, and then undertake an interference check with the bending contours.
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Zhang, Yong Kang, Lei Zhang, De Jun Kong, Tao Ge, and Xu Dong Ren. "Study on Residual Stress of 3A21 Metal Sheet by Laser Shock in Oblique Angle." Materials Science Forum 532-533 (December 2006): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.532-533.17.
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3A21 metal sheet was shocked by Nd-glass laser in oblique angle under the function of pulse energy 42 J, pulse width 23 ns, pulse power 1.2×109 W, the angle between input beam and normal of sample is 30°. The center of the deformation of the sheet is 3 mm away from the geometric center. Residual stresses of crossing center side in length direction and the distribution of space in the positive and negative sides are measured by XRD, which are compressive stress 100 MPa. The diagonal length of the sheet is longer than the one of the crossing center side in length direction, the force that needs to form in the diagonal direction is bigger, so compressive stress is much bigger. The capstone of the square sheet is squeezed, the procession seriously increase, so compressive stress is the biggest one.
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Yang, Li Jun, Yang Wang, M. Djendel, and L. T. Qi. "Experimental Investigation on 3D Laser Forming of Metal Sheet." Materials Science Forum 471-472 (December 2004): 568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.471-472.568.
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In this article, the relations between the formed shapes and process parameters had been studied for 3D laser forming of sheet metals. The investigation was performed on Stainless 1Cr18Ni9Ti sheet using a Nd:YAG laser source. The scanning strategies were being investigated to potentially achieve a more uniform temporal and spatial distribution of the laser energy, possibly leading to reduced part distortion, by scanning the beam across the sheet surface with both continuous and segmented irradiation geometries. The experimental results revealed that the cross spider scanning strategy could form square and circle sheets into spherical domes. And the radial lines scanning strategy could form rectangle sheets into saddle shapes. It was also apparent from the experimental results that the height of the center of the formed sheet increased with the increasing of the laser power and scanning numbers. The height of the formed square sheet firstly decreased with the laser scanning velocity increasing and began to decrease at a certain processing parameters by cross spider strategy, in which the circle sheet was opposite with the square sheet, and in which the rectangle sheet decreased with speed increasing.
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Huang, Yan, and Philip B. Prangnell. "Deformation Processing of Sheet Metals by Continuous Frictional Angular Extrusion." Materials Science Forum 550 (July 2007): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.550.241.
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The feasibility of a novel continuous severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique, continuous frictional angular extrusion (CFAE), for producing ultra-fine grained strip material, has been studied. The CFAE technique takes advantage of facets of rolling and equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) and is designed to produce bulk ultra-fine grained (UFG) metals with high productivity and low cost. A process setup was established through the modification of a standard rolling mill. CFAE processing of commercially pure aluminium AA1050 sheets was successfully carried out at room temperature, using a 120o die angle. A uniform UFG structure with an average grain size of ~0.6μm was achieved after 10 CFAE passes, at an equivalent strain of ~ 6.6. Evolution of the deformation structure and texture during processing was examined as a function of strain and characterized using high resolution EBSD.
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Malikov, V., Ralf Ossenbrink, B. Viehweger, and Vesselin Michailov. "Analytical and Numerical Calculation of the Force and Power Requirements for Air Bending of Structured Sheet Metals." Key Engineering Materials 473 (March 2011): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.602.
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Structured sheet metals with regular bumps offer higher stiffness compared to smooth sheet metals. They can be produced by a hydroforming process. The application of the structured sheet metals, however, is inhibited by the lack of knowledge for the subsequent processing steps. In this paper, the force and power requirements for air bending of structured sheet metals are calculated with a Finite Element Simulation (FE) and an analytical approach. In the first step, the hydroforming manufacturing process of the structured sheet metals is simulated in order to predict the exact geometry and the change in the material properties. Following, air bending simulations have been done taking into account the results of the hydroforming simulation. The FE-Simulations have been carried out with the software package LS-DYNA. The simulation models are validated with the optical displacement measuring system ARGUS and by a series of bending tests. For the analytical calculation the model based on the bending theory is adapted by simplifying the cross section of the structured sheet metals. The results of the FE-Simulation, the analytic calculation and the experiments are compared. The advantages and disadvantages as well as the application areas of the considered methods are indicated.
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Weinrich, Andres, Nooman Ben Khalifa, Sami Chatti, Uwe Dirksen, and A. Erman Tekkaya. "Springback Compensation by Superposition of Stress in Air Bending." Key Engineering Materials 410-411 (March 2009): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.410-411.621.
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In the sheet metal processing industry bending is one of the common metal forming processes. Depending on the process state, a differentiation has to be made between free bending (air bending) in the die and coining (die bending). Because of its flexibility the air bending process is nowadays one of the widely applied processes for sheet metal bending, but the springback phenomenon is still a great challenge for the industrial application. At the Institute of Forming Technology and Lightweight Construction (IUL) of the Technische Universität Dortmund, Germany, a new method has been developed allowing the compensation of springback effects in air bending of sheet metals. This method is based on the incremental and local superposition of stresses in the forming zone. The superposition occurs after the bending operation but before unloading along the sheet metal width. The advantage of this new method is that a minimal force is required to compensate the springback. This paper describes the springback compensation method in detail and presents first experimental results.
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Chen, Chia Hung, Jian Yih Wang, Yiin Kuen Fuh, Shyong Lee, Chi Liu, and Chun Lin Chu. "Superplasticity Effect Demonstrated by Gas Forming Hot Bent AA5XXX Sheets into V-Shaped Trough Containing Uneven Concavities." Materials Science Forum 838-839 (January 2016): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.838-839.592.
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Using low gas pressure as a tool to form metal sheets is certainly feasible. However, the intrinsic flow properties of metal sheet are often a key factor in determining degree of formability, which has not been emphasized or explained well. Most metals, for examples aluminum alloys, can be either superplastic or non-superplastic depending on their original processing history or route (consequently, yielding suitable microstructure) and forming conditions, i.e. mostly temperature and strain rate. This superplasticity effect is clearly demonstrated by gas forming superplastic AA5083 and non-superplastic AA5052 into a V-shaped deep trough containing uneven concavities. The results show the superiority of superplastic material when harsh product standard is required.
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Teichrib, Sergey, and Richard Krimm. "Electromagnetic Material Feeder for High Speed Rates." Advanced Materials Research 769 (September 2013): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.769.213.
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In sheet metal forming technology stamping machines are mainly used for an economical production of sheet metal workpieces. Apart from increasing the stroke rates of currently more than 3000 min-1, which can be achieved with modern high-performance stamping machines, the demands on the periphery of the plant are rising as well. In particular, this concerns the material feeding systems used for a reliable feed of the sheet metal. The current technology is based primarily on the roll and gripper feed. Here the sheet metal is clamped between the grippers or rollers with a high contact pressure, which is required for a slip-free operation. To avoid an external damage of the surface or a roll out of the sheet, the clamping forces may not be increased indefinitely. In addition, contamination of the sheet metal or the elements of the feeding system should be excluded in order to avoid a permanent damage of the system and related maintenance costs. This means that the feed rates of previous feeding systems, currently up to 2000 min-1, cannot be further increased, so that the performance potential of modern high-performance presses with large stroke rates cannot be exhausted. Thus the development of feeding systems in sheet metal processing with significantly higher forces is required.As part of a research project at the IFUM, facilitated by the German Machine Tools' Association (VDW), a novel method has been developed in which the sheet metal is fed completely without contact by means of electromagnetic forces. No mechanical elements are required for clamping the sheet metal, so that the inertia of the system can be reduced significantly. Thus higher dynamic properties of the feeder can be realized. The principle is based on the asynchronous linear motor with eddy current runner in a double cam arrangement. This feeder basically consists of two primary components, comprised of a laminated iron package and a three-phase winding. The primaries are symmetrically fixed positioned to compensate the forces of attraction in ferromagnetic materials as well as the repulsive forces in paramagnetic sheet metals such as aluminium or copper. The electrical conductive sheet metal acts as a secondary part and is located in the air gap between the two primary components. Thus the sheet is kept suspended in the air gap a damage to the sheet metal surface is prevented. Therefore surface-finished metal sheets can also be fed with high speed rates. The force initiation is performed entirely contactless to the sheet metal with the three-phase winding in the primaries which induce a sinusoidal magnetic traveling field in the air gap. During operation eddy currents are induced in the metal strip due to the speed of the traveling magnetic field relative to the sheet. By the interaction between the magnetic field and the eddy currents an advancing force is applied to the sheet metal according to the Lorentz law.For the design and optimization of the electromagnetic feeder extensive simulation-based studies have been performed using a parameterized finite element model. For this purpose the development of a three-dimensional model was necessary to represent the eddy currents in the sheet metal. The main subjects of the investigations were in particular the optimization of the iron core, the winding distribution and also to ensure an acceptable temperature in the primaries and the sheet metal during continuous operation. The studies show that, depending on the sheet material applied, very high feed forces can be achieved. For sheet metals with a width of about 100 mm more than 1000 N can be achieved by means of the electromagnetic feeding system. Compared to current mechanical feeders the forces can be more than doubled.To validate the simulation results and test the functional ability a demonstrator of the electromagnetic feeder was designed and manufactured. Due to the simulation-based optimization of the feeding system an external cooling is not required. The control of the feeder is realised via a conventional frequency converter, with which the voltage can be controlled in its amplitude and frequency, and thus indirectly the sheet metal position. The first experimental investigations were carried out on a specially designed force test bench. The results show a very good correlation obtained by simulation and the experimental measured feed forces. Future work objectives are to identify the feed characteristics and limitations as well as the implementation of a robust control algorithm for a reliable positioning of the sheet metal.
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Doege, Eckart, and Klaus Dröder. "Processing of magnesium sheet metals by Deep Drawing and Stretch Forming." Matériaux & Techniques 85, no. 7-8 (1997): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/199785070019.
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Hyrcza-Michalska, Monika. "Application of a Digital Strain Analyzer AutoGrid at Thin Sheet Metals Mechanical Characteristics Preparation and Assessment of their Drawability." Solid State Phenomena 246 (February 2016): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.246.75.
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The paper presents the results of mechanical properties testing of thin sheet metal of INCONEL 625 and 718 alloys. These studies are a continuation of experience in the preparation of the technological characteristics of metal strips plasticity necessary for carrying out numerical simulations [1]. In order to process sheets now become necessary to design the process using software such as thermo-mechanical simulation e.g. Eta/DYNAFORM. On the road of numerical simulation are sought optimal conditions for processing sheets. It brings reducing the cost of industrial tests. However, becomes strictly necessary characteristics of mechanical and technological properties describing the characteristics of the charges for forming. Here the problem is solved if we forming limit curves (FLCs) designated and technological tests conducted. Using the FLCs is comprehensively defined stamping sheet metal press formability and technological tests allow the mapping of the actual operating conditions selected stamping operations. In the presented study used modern digital analyzer AutoGrid of local deformations and the method of image analysis of deformed mesh subdivision. The use of mesh analyzer and vision systems method significantly speeds up the possibility of producing FLCs. Also measurement accuracy is very high. Selected Inconel alloys are evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by preparing their properties characterization. The acquired data entered into the database material properties of sheet metal and used in the numerical simulation of stamping process of Inconel 625 cone drawpiece. The legitimacy of the use of modern strain analyzer AutoGrid has been confirmed.
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Tönshoff, Hans Kurt, J. Bunte, O. Meier, and L. Engelbrecht. "Deformation Behaviour of Sheet Metals in Laser Assisted Hydroforming Processes." Advanced Materials Research 6-8 (May 2005): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.6-8.361.
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Cupping small form elements in hydroforming processes requires high work pressures and clamping forces and thus high capital investments for presses. Localised laser heating used during sheet metal hydroforming processes should reduce the necessary work pressure. By reducing the yield strength and the strain hardening using local heating, small form elements can be formed at very low pressures of 2 MPa, whereas cold forming requires pressures which are 20-50 times higher. Besides the proportion of forming temperature and work pressure, temperature distribution is very important and can be adjusted using a special laser beam forming optic or a scanning processing head. Line network analysises were carried out showing great improvements in the resulting plastic deformation distribution. In order to characterise the general improvement of the material’s formability, forming limit curves (FLC) were generated using the bulge-test. The results approve the extended forming limit of the laser assisted warm cupping process. Moreover, the mechanical properties and the grain structure of the form elements generated were determined. All investigations were carried out for a deep drawing steel, a 5182 aluminium alloy and an AZ31 magnesium alloy.
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Pustovoytov, Denis, Alexander Pesin, and Puneet Tandon. "Asymmetric (Hot, Warm, Cold, Cryo) Rolling of Light Alloys: A Review." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2021): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060956.
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Asymmetric sheet rolling is a process used when there are differences in any technological parameters in the horizontal plane across the width of the deformation zone or in the vertical plane between the top and bottom surfaces of the deformation zone. Asymmetry can either have random causes, or it can be created purposefully to reduce rolling force, improve sheet flatness, minimize the ski effect, obtain thinner sheets and for grain refinement and improvement of texture and mechanical properties of sheet metals and alloys. The purpose of this review is to analyze and summarize the most relevant information regarding the asymmetric (hot, warm, cold, cryo) rolling processes in terms of the effect of purposefully created asymmetry on grain size and mechanical properties of pure Mg, Al, Ti and their alloys. The classification and fundamentals of mechanics of the asymmetric rolling process are presented. Based on the analysis of publications related to asymmetric rolling, it was found that a superior balance of strength and ductility in pure Mg, Al, Ti and their alloys could be achieved due to this processing. It is shown that asymmetric rolling in comparison with conventional severe plastic deformation methods have an undeniable advantage in terms of the possibility of the production of large-scale sheets.
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Gruber, Maximilian, Christian Illgen, Philipp Frint, Martin F. X. Wagner, and Wolfram Volk. "Numerical and Experimental Study on ECAP-Processing Parameters for Efficient Grain Refinement of AA5083 Sheet Metal." Key Engineering Materials 794 (February 2019): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.794.315.
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Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) is often used as effective tool for grain refinement for many different metallic materials. It is well known that grain size is an important microstructural feature influencing superplastic properties of fcc materials like aluminum alloys. The magnitude of introduced shear strain depends on geometrical parameters of the ECAP channel. In this contribution, the impact of different geometrical parameters of the ECAP channel on the resulting magnitude of introduced shear strain is analyzed. ECAP on AA5083 aluminum sheets with the dimensions of 200x200x1.8 mm3 is performed. Microhardness measurements reveal a considerable increase of hardness after ECAP and microstructural investigations by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) show the beginning formation of a deformation-induced substructure which is known to be a preliminary stage of the grain refinement process. It is assumed that this fine-grained microstructure results in an enhanced superplastic forming capability. Furthermore, a numerical model of the process based on the experimental results is established. The bending of the ECAP processed sheet metal as well as its microhardness are used for the validation of the model. The friction coefficient between the channel and the aluminum sheet significantly influences the results of the simulation. With the applied model different channel angles and inner corner radii are varied in order to determine a maximum magnitude of deformation resulting in sufficient grain refinement of the investigated material. With the help of the results gained in this study, suitable ECAP parameters for sheet metals can be derived that enable creating ultrafine-grained materials for superplastic forming operations.
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Anggono, Agus Dwi, Waluyo Adi Siswanto, and Omar Badrul. "Springback Prediction Compensation and Optimization for Front Side Member in Sheet Metal Forming Using FEM Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 789 (September 2013): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.789.436.
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Numerical simulation by finite element method has become a powerful tool in predicting and preventing the unwanted effects of sheet metals technological processing. One of the most important problems in sheet metal forming is the compensation of springback. To improve the accuracy of the formed parts, the die surfaces are required to be optimized so that after springback the geometry falls at the expected shape. This paper presents and discusses numerical simulation procedure of die compensation by using the methods of Simplified Displacement Adjustment (SDA). This analysis use Benchmark 3 models of Numisheet 2011. Sensitively analysis was done by using finite element method (FEM) show that the springback values are influenced by element size, integration points and material properties.
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Yu, Haiping, Xueyun Xie, and Qiuli Zheng. "A novel method of processing sheet metals: Electric-pulse triggered energetic materials forming." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 295 (September 2021): 117192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117192.
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Bubonyi, Tamás, Zsuzsanna Bánóczy, Péter Barkóczy, and Gábor Buza. "Local Annealing of Cold Rolled Aluminum Sheets by LASER Treatment." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 3, 2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2019.1.3.
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LASER treatment widely used in material processing technologies. The annealing is not the typical application of the LASER treatment, but this is possible to apply in case of cold deformed metals. In the article a cold rolled EN AW 8006 aluminum sheet is annealed by LASER treatment. The microstructure of the annealed sheets is observed by optical microscopy. An existing cellular automata simulation of recrystallization process is modified to study the LASER annealing. The observed microstructure and the simulated results are compared to determine the further development of the developed automaton.
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Hyrcza-Michalska, M. "Research on Liquid Forming Process of Nickel Superalloys Thin Sheet Metals." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0346.
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AbstractThe paper presents the study of drawability of thin sheet metals made of a nickel superalloy Inconel type. The manufacturing process of axisymmetric cup – cone and a closed section profile in the form of a circular tube were designed and analyzed. In both cases, working fluid-oil was used in place of the rigid tools. The process of forming liquid is currently the only alternative method for obtaining complex shapes, coatings, and especially if we do it with high-strength materials. In the case of nickel superalloys the search for efficient methods to manufacture of the shaped shell is one of the most considerable problems in aircraft industry [1-5]. However, the automotive industries have the same problem with so-called advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). Due to this, both industrial problems have been examined and the emphasis have been put on the process of liquid forming (hydroforming). The study includes physical tests and the corresponding numerical simulations performed, using the software Eta/Dynaform 5.9. Numerical analysis of the qualitative and quantitative forecasting enables the formability of materials with complex and unusual characteristics of the mechanical properties and forming technology. It has been found that only the computer aided design based on physical and numerical modeling, makes efficient plastic processing possible using a method of hydroforming. Drawability evaluation based on the determination of the mechanical properties of complex characteristics is an indispensable element of this design in the best practice of industrial manufacturing products made of thin sheet metals.
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Manabe, Ken-ichi. "Sheet and tube forming processing of magnesium." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 60, no. 1 (January 30, 2010): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.60.41.
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Baranov, Vladimir, Sergey Sidelnikov, Evgeniy Zenkin, and Olga Yakivyuk. "Physical Modeling Technological Regimes of Production Deformed Semi-Finished Products from Experimental Aluminium Alloys Alloyed by Scandium." Materials Science Forum 918 (March 2018): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.918.54.
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The combination of weldability, corrosion resistance and sufficient strength make it possible to use deformed semi-finished products from the Al-Mg system alloys for sheathing ships' hulls, in car, aircraft and rocket construction, as well as in other areas of industry. To increase the strength characteristics, it is promising to alloy them with small additives of metals such as titanium, zirconium, scandium, and others. In this paper, studies were carried out to obtain deformed semi-finished products (strips, rods and wires) from aluminum alloys in which the scandium content varied from 0.1 to 0.25%. For this purpose, various metal treatment conditions simulated in the laboratory of School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Material Science in Siberian federal university. For the preparation of sheet semi-finished products regimes of hot and cold rolling of a cast billet simulated from a thickness of 40 mm to a thickness of 3 mm. For the preparation of sheet semi-finished products, the modes of hot and cold rolling of the cast billet from a thickness of 40 mm to a thickness of 1-3 mm have been modeled. To produce a welding wire with a size of 2×2 mm, a combined casting and rolling-extruding (CCRE) process was simulated to produce a 9 mm billet and its further rolling in square gauges. Rods with a diameter of 9 mm were produced on a combined processing unit, and wire on a rolling mill with a roll diameter of 130 mm. In accordance with the research program, the mechanical properties of hot-deformed, cold-deformed and annealed sheet semi-finished products were measured. Then the semi-finished products were welded together with the obtained wire and the quality and properties of the welded joint and their corrosion resistance were evaluated. Research results are currently used to develop industrial technologies for the production of sheets and plates from experimental alloys of the Al-Mg system doped with scandium.
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BOCHAROV, Nikolay M. "HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION OF THIN SHEET STEEL 08KP IN AIR." Urban construction and architecture 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2021.02.08.
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The study of the nature of high-temperature corrosion of metals is one of the tasks in substantiating the relevance of the use of corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant coatings and barrier layers obtained on the basis of the natural oxidation process. The article presents the gradation of oxidation of surfaces of 08kp thin-sheet steel at diff erent temperature-time parameters of one cycle “heating-cooling”. To regulate the processing modes and register thermal eff ects, a diff erential thermal analysis device was used. It is shown that the eff ect of elevated temperatures on steel in air at atmospheric pressure triggers an intensive growth of scale, which peels off from the metal base and breaks down. After descaling on the steel surface, in addition to blue tarnishing, in some cases, fi lms of a red tint were found. Based on the data of diff erential thermal analysis, an att empt was made to separate and interpret transformations related directly to steel and to reactions in scale associated with iron oxides.
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Fischer, Bernd, Manuel Beschliesser, Andreas Hoffmann, and Stefan Vorberg. "Mechanical Properties of Refractory Metals at Extremely High Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 1269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.1269.
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Driven by the unavailibility of commercial test equipment for tensile and creep testing at temperatures up to 3000°C a measuring system has been developed and constructed at the University of Applied Sciences, Jena. These temperatures are reached with precision by heating samples directly by electric current. Contact-less strain measurements are carried out with image processing software utilizing a CCD camera system. This paper covers results of creep tests which have been conducted on TZM sheet material (thickness 2 mm) in the temperature range between 1200°C and 1600°C. It is the aim of this work to show the influence of heat-treatment conditions on creep performance in the investigated temperature range.
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Онопченко, А. В. "СТРУКТУРА ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕНЕРГОСИЛОВИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ПРОЦЕСІВ ЛИСТОВОГО ШТАМПУВАННЯ." Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies, no. 91 (June 18, 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/oikit.2021.91.03.
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One of the main tasks of theoretical research is to identify optimal conditions for deformation. The greatest interest for practice is determination of main technological parameters of shaping process and their connection with external factors. The solution to the problem is a very important and crucial stage of theoretical investigation. It is inextricably linked with choosing theoretical method of analysis and design scheme, which most fully meets requirements and particular case of shaping conditions. The article discusses structure of complex theoretical and experimental investigations sheet drawing energy-power parameters of technological processes. Mathematical model has been proposed based on the constructed structural-logical scheme for effective forecasting of energy-power parameters, which determines methods and sequence of theoretical and experimental researches. It reflects correlation between functional characteristics of machining and technological parameters of the sheet stamping-drawing. The character of shaping has been determined, which is provided by plastic deformations in the processes of metal working by pressure. It has been determined that loss workpiece stability or its destruction impose restrictions on allowable deformation degree, which is defined in the deformation zone by stress field. Method for calculating processes of plastic deformation metals is proposed which it is using to theoretical investigation energy-power parameters of technological processes of sheet stamping. It is based on closed system equations of continuum mechanics. The form of particles velocity functional dependence of plastically deformable material on coordinates in stamping-drawing process of sheet has been determined. Expressions are analyzed which make it possible to make the spatial picture distribution of deformation in metal during sheet stamping. This allows visualizing deformation mechanism and simplifying the analysis material deformed state. The relationship between velocity and energy dissipation function is shown at total work deformation is found, which makes it possible to determine force parameters of sheet stamping-drawing process. A functional relationship between the deformation power and the parameters of processing modes during sheet stamping has been investigated. Approaches to determining deformed material state are considered.
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OTSU, Masaaki, Yuanshuang SONG, and Masato OKADA. "G0400102 Forming and Joining Simultaneous Processing of Two Sheet Metals by Friction Stir Incremental Forming." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2015 (2015): _G0400102——_G0400102—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2015._g0400102-.
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Kumstel, Judith, and Sven Lüken. "Deburring and rounding of sheet metals and functionally relevant edges of parts using laser radiation." MATEC Web of Conferences 190 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819002003.
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The manufacturing of sheet metal parts or component edges often leads to burrs. Due to different requirements regarding the appearance, haptics, tribology et cetera the edges have to be deburred or rounded in a subsequent process. Especially for complex geometries, automated post-processing has been difficult up to now. Laser remelting is one possible solution. It is fully automated and suitable for most 3D geometries. During laser remelting the laser beam is focused on the surface, thus a thin surface layer up to 100 μm is melted. The surface tension in the liquid state is smoothing out the surface and the edge resolidifies rounded. The radius of the rounding is adjustable by the chosen process parameters, especially laser power PL and feed speed vfeed. Furthermore the resulting roughness and the gloss level are controllable via the process parameters. Typical processing speeds are 100 mm edge length per second. First studies with industry partners showed promising results. Laser remelting of push belts for the torque transmission in CVTs lead to an increase of fatigue strength by up to 200% which enables a higher torque.
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Salekrostam, R., and M. K. Besharati Givi. "Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel 316 L via Friction Stir Processing." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.215.
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Friction stir processing (FSP) is a solid state process to modify microstructure and mechanical properties of sheet metals and as-cast materials. In this process stirring action of the tool causes the material to intense plastic deformation that yields a dynamical recrystalyzation. In this study the effect of FSP and process parameters on hardness, and microstructure of stainless steel 316L has been investigated. Also by using of FSP, a composite layer of 316L/SiC has been produced. Results show that FSP leads to a finer and homogenized grain structure, as well as increased hardness, strength, toughness, and elongation at failure of the material. The composites produced by FSP have a uniform distribution of SiC particles between the grains of the base metal.
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Lopes, Wellington, Elaine Carballo Siqueira Corrêa, Haroldo Béria Campos, Maria Teresa Paulino Aguilar, and Paulo Roberto Cetlin. "Evaluation of the Work-Hardening of Brass Sheets Following Strain Path Changes." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.353.
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The strain paths followed by metals during sheet forming can be quite complex, especially when successive forming steps are involved. The work hardening of metals associated with these strain paths differs from that caused only by monotonic straining, such as simple tension or compression. It is important to have an adequate description of the work hardening of the material under processing, especially when numerical simulations of the forming are used. The experimental evaluation of the effect of strain path changes on the material work hardening is usually performed through tensile testing following the strain path changes. This technique, however, demands complex machining operations of the formed sheets and the imposed strain is severely limited by impending necking. The present paper utilizes simple shear as a tool for the determination of the work hardening of CuZn34 brass sheets following various strain path changes associated with combinations of different modes of deformation such as rolling, tension, cyclic and forward shears. The results indicate that the cyclic shearing delays the occurrence of plastic instabilities for brass previously tensioned, occurring the opposite for final monotonic shearing. These phenomena were correlated with the probable microstructural evolution of the CuZn34 brass.
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Kazyaev, M. D., D. M. Kazyaev, E. V. Kiselev, A. M. Vokhmyakov, and D. I. Spitchenko. "THERMAL WORK OF CHAMBER FURNACE FOR HEATING FOR HARDENING OF THIN STEEL SHEET." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 10 (November 3, 2019): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-10-803-809.
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Increasing performance of steelmaking units is possible with changing methods of steel production. Such variances entail serio us changes in the subsequent redistributions: in metals processing by pressure and in thermal treatment of finished metal products. It is known that these two metallurgical processes are equipped with a large number of heating and thermal furnaces, and their thermal work does not always meet increased requirements for products quali ty. Issues of improving thermal performance of furnaces are also relevant in mechanical engineering. High technological requirements are associa ted with very strict environmental ones. Therefore, a new concept is needed for the design and construction of modern highly automated industrial heating furnaces. In order to improve the design and technical and economic indicators, technical obsolescence and the construction of new industrial furnaces are carried out. In design and construction of furnaces, fuel-burning devices of new designs and modern materials are used. In turn, this necessitates the use of new approaches to working space and heating system design of the furnace, taking into account arrangement of heated products charge. Such events are carried out, as a rule, in operating workshops, that causes certain difficulties due to limited space provided for placement of new furnaces and equipment for their operation and maintenance. A complex study was made of the design and thermal performance of a block of three chamber thermal furnaces. They were built in a limited space of the workshop with specific loading and delivery of heated thin sheet.
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Kays, H. M. E., A. N. Mustafizul Karim, M. N. B. Tajudin, and M. Abdesselam. "Design of a Heuristic for Balancing a Multi-Stage Production Flow Line." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.610.
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A production flow line balancing problem for automotive industry has been studied. A batch of an end item is produced by transforming sheet metals into parts at different manufacturing stages followed by assembly operations. The forming operations of the sheet metals into various parts and their assembly works are illustrated through 22 different tasks. Some of the tasks have the processing times greater than the takt time and are categorized as extra-long tasks. Attempts were made to solve this intricate line balancing problem by adopting the Ranked Positional Weight (RPW) method. But the solution given by the RPW model loses its exactitude due to the presence of the extra-long tasks. In this research a heuristic approach based on RPW is developed through which the problem has been resolved in an efficient and effective manner and hence the proposed heuristic is deemed to be capable of balancing production lines having such extra-long tasks.
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Yu, Yongsen, Zhiping Guan, Mingwen Ren, Jiawang Song, Pinkui Ma, and Hongjie Jia. "A Versatile Punch Stroke Correction Model for Trial V-Bending of Sheet Metals Based on Data-Driven Method." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 4790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174790.
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During air bending of sheet metals, the correction of punch stroke for springback control is always implemented through repeated trial bending until achieving the forming accuracy of bending parts. In this study, a modelling method for correction of punch stroke is presented for guiding trial bending based on a data-driven technique. Firstly, the big data for the model are mainly generated from a large number of finite element simulations, considering many variables, e.g., material parameters, dimensions of V-dies and blanks, and processing parameters. Based on the big data, two punch stroke correction models are developed via neural network and dimensional analysis, respectively. The analytic comparison shows that the neural network model is more suitable for guiding trial bending of sheet metals than the dimensional analysis model, which has mechanical significance. The actual trial bending tests prove that the neural-network-based punch stroke correction model presents great versatility and accuracy in the guidance of trial bending, leading to a reduction in the number of trial bends and an improvement in the production efficiency of air bending.
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Arif, Abul Fazal M. "On the Modeling of Laser as a Moving Distributed Volumetric Heat Source for Laser Cutting Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 858–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.858.
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Laser processing of sheet metals (such as cutting or welding) involves heating of the substrate material by laser beam with temperature in the substrate materials reaching the melting temperature. Therefore, such laser processes consist of heating, melting and solidification of the substrate metal. An important topic in laser processing simulation is the modeling of the heat source (distribution of heat input). The interaction of laser beam with a molten metal pool is a complex physical phenomenon that still cannot be modeled rigorously. Laser beam as a heat source causes highly non-linear temperature distribution across the cut or weld and various heat source modeling approaches have been reported in the literature. In general, the distribution of heat input can be classified as superficial and volumetric. In this paper, a moving volumetric heat source model is presented. Using the proposed heat source model, laser cutting process is simulated and residual stresses generated in the cutting region are predicted.
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Andreazza, Philipp, Andreas Gericke, and Knuth-Michael Henkel. "Investigations on arc brazing for galvanized heavy steel plates in steel and shipbuilding." Welding in the World 65, no. 6 (February 26, 2021): 1199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01087-2.
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AbstractArc brazing with low-melting copper-based filler materials, which has long been established and standardized in the thin sheet sector, offers numerous advantages in the processing of predominantly electrolytically galvanized steel structures. In steel and shipbuilding, on the other hand, equipment parts made of thick steel sheets are hot-dip galvanized at low cost and with good corrosion-inhibiting properties. Quality welding of such constructions is not possible without special precautions such as removing the zinc layer and subsequent recoating. With regard to greater plate thicknesses, arc brazing was analyzed in these investigations as an alternative joining method with regard to its suitability for practical use. Within the scope of the investigations, CuSi3Mn, CuMn12Ni2, and four different aluminum bronzes were examined on different sheet surface conditions with regard to the geometrical and production parameters. This was carried out by build-up and connection brazing, executed as butt and cross joints. Quasi-static tensile tests and fatigue tests were used to assess the strength behavior. In addition, metallographic analyses are carried out as well as hardness tests. The suitability for multi-layer brazing and the tendency to distortion were also investigated, as well as the behavior of arc brazed joints under corrosive conditions.
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Hildenbrand, Philipp, Thomas Schneider, and Marion Merklein. "Flexible Rolling of Process Adapted Semi-Finished Parts and its Application in a Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming Process." Key Engineering Materials 639 (March 2015): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.639.259.
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By applying bulk forming processes on sheet metals, thin-walled functional components with locally restricted wall thickness variations can be manufactured by forming operations. Using tailored blanks with a modified sheet thickness gradient instead of conventional blanks, an efficient controlling of the material flow can be achieved. One possible process to manufacture these semi-finished parts is a flexible rolling process. Based on an established process strategy new results for steels of differing strength and work-hardening behavior are presented in this paper. The influences of each material on the resulting process forces and blank properties regarding the same target geometry are discussed. The tailored blanks are hereby analyzed by their geometrical dimensions, like sheet thickness, and their mechanical properties, e.g. hardness distribution. Additionally, the possibilities of processing these tailored blanks in a deep-drawing and upsetting process are presented with a hereby focus on the residual formability of the tailored blanks.
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Ogarkov, N. N., E. Yu Zvyagina, and R. R. Ismagilov. "Theoretical analysis of formation of automobile sheet roughness during temper rolling in shot-blasted rolls." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 8 (September 13, 2019): 600–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-8-600-605.
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The methods of microgeometry formation for the surface of temper mills rolls are presented providing the required roughness of the cold rolled strip. It was established that with the electroerosion processing a more uniform structure is formed on the roll surface with a smoothly changing microrelief, compared with the mechanical action of the abrasive. The most effective abrasive for the microrelief formation on the rolls surface is cast and split steel shot. The process of interaction predominantly occurs with round-shaped shot, since the sharp edges of the split shot also become blunt during it. In the present work, the microdepression of the roll is approximated by a spherical shape. A model of roll roughness transfer to the strip was developed taking into account the type of roll processing and tempering conditions, which makes it possible to evaluate the degree of filling of a single microdepression relief at known pressures at contact of the strip with the roller, friction coefficient, roll roughness parameters and tempering modes. A quantitative estimation of reproduction of the roll roughness on the trained strip was obtained, characterized by the roughness ratio, which is the ratio of the depth of the metal flow into the strip microdepression to the depth of the roll spherical microdepression. Determination of the dimensionless pressure required for flowing a deformable metal into it was performed using the superposition method for meridian sections in two mutually perpendicular planes. The reproduction dependencies of the micro-geometry of a temper mill roll on a rolled strip on the shot size, tension, and the height parameter of roughness are presented during the tempering of stripes with various thickness, which can be used to simulate the transfer of the roll micro-relief to the rolled strip.
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Sidelnikov, S. B., O. V. Yakivyuk, V. N. Baranov, E. Yu Zenkin, and I. N. Dovzhenko. "Development, modeling and research of technology for producing longish deformed semi-finished products from aluminum-magnesium alloys with low scandium contents." Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy), no. 6 (December 15, 2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2019-6-51-59.
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The paper provides the results of studying the technology for producing longish deformed semi-finished products by sheet rolling and direct rolling-extruding of aluminum-magnesium alloys with different scandium contents. Computer and physical modeling methods were used for the research and the results were verified by pilot tests. These alloys were selected for the research due to the fact that Al–Mg aluminum alloys doped with scandium have increased corrosion resistance along with their high strength. In this regard, this research was aimed to obtain longish deformed semi-finished products in the form of sheet metal, rods and welding wire from economically alloyed Al–Mg alloys. Computer simulation was performed using the DEFORM-3D software package to determine rational conditions of hot rolling of large-sized ingots and deformation modes of the combined processing using the method of direct rolling-extruding of rods made of the investigated alloys. At the same time, the technological and force parameters of these processes were justified with the laws of their change presented. Experimental results obtained made it possible to determine the limit values of force parameters and to study the structure and properties of deformed, annealed and welded semi-finished products made of the investigated alloys during the physical modeling of processes studied. In addition, metal properties were determined in a fairly wide range of changes in temperature, speed, and deformation parameters. Based on the results of experimental studies and modeling, recommendations were given for the industrial development of the technology for hot rolling of thick ingots from the investigated alloys. At the same time, technological solutions, regulations and conditions for deformed semi-finished products made of the investigated alloys were developed and batches of sheet metal with the required level of mechanical and corrosion properties were obtained.
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Nosova, E. A., A. A. Fadeeva, and M. A. Starodubtseva. "Research of grain size homogeneity effect on sheet stamping ability characteristics of Al2Mg and Al6Mg alloys." Izvestiya Vuzov Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Proceedings of Higher Schools Nonferrous Metallurgy, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2019-3-47-55.
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The quality of products made of sheet aluminum alloys strongly depends on the technological features of the sheet stamping process, as well as on the structure of sheet semi-finished products. The grain size and grain structure uniformity are among the key structural features that influence stampability. A method is proposed and the homogeneity of the grain structure is evaluated. Stampability of Al2Mg and Al6Mg aluminium alloys was evaluated based on measurements of the spring back index, minimum bending radius, stamping ratio, and Martens strain index. Cold work (with a strain degree of 20 %) and subsequent recrystallization annealing at temperatures of 250, 350 and 450 °C for 1 h were used to obtain a grain structure of (26,8 Ѓ} 7,4)÷(126 Ѓ} 43) μm (Al6Mg alloy) and (120 Ѓ} 11)÷(264 Ѓ} 130) μm (Al2Mg alloy) in size. As a result of processing, the effect of the initial grain size was revealed: the coarser structure of the Al2Mg alloy led to a larger grain size after strain and annealing. It was found that an increase in the grain size in both alloys leads to an increase in the Martens index and a decrease in the stamping ratio, which indicates higher stampability of the alloys in the drawing operations of sheet stamping. In the Al2Mg alloy, an increase in the grain size leads to a decrease in the spring back index by 1,5–1,7 times, and an increase in the minimum bending radius. In the Al6Mg alloy, an increase in the grain size leads to an increase in the spring back index by 1,1–1,2 times, and a decrease in the minimum bending radius. The Al6Mg minimum bending radius remains higher compared to Al2Mg regardless of the grain size. Grain size inhomogeneity in the Al6Mg alloy causes an increase in the Martens index and minimum bending radius, and a decrease in the stamping ratio. In the Al2Mg alloy, grain size inhomogeneity causes an increase in the Martens index and minimum bending radius, and a decrease in the stamping ratio. For the spring back index, the increase in grain size inhomogeneity causes a high scatter of data. In the Al6Mg alloy, the low annealing temperature led to the preservation of the non-recrystallized structure, which influenced the decrease in stampability.
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Cruz, Daniel J., Manuel R. Barbosa, Abel D. Santos, Sara S. Miranda, and Rui L. Amaral. "Application of Machine Learning to Bending Processes and Material Identification." Metals 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091418.
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The increasing availability of data, which becomes a continually increasing trend in multiple fields of application, has given machine learning approaches a renewed interest in recent years. Accordingly, manufacturing processes and sheet metal forming follow such directions, having in mind the efficiency and control of the many parameters involved, in processing and material characterization. In this article, two applications are considered to explore the capability of machine learning modeling through shallow artificial neural networks (ANN). One consists of developing an ANN to identify the constitutive model parameters of a material using the force–displacement curves obtained with a standard bending test. The second one concentrates on the springback problem in sheet metal press-brake air bending, with the objective of predicting the punch displacement required to attain a desired bending angle, including additional information of the springback angle. The required data for designing the ANN solutions are collected from numerical simulation using finite element methodology (FEM), which in turn was validated by experiments.
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Clemens, Helmut. "Intermetallic γ-TiAl Based Alloy Sheet Materials -— Processing and Mechanical Properties." International Journal of Materials Research 86, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 814–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1995-861203.
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Румянцев, А. В., М. А. Никишин, and А. П. Синицин. "Измерение бесконтактным методом удельного электрического сопротивления листового металла в области высоких температур." Журнал технической физики 90, no. 10 (2020): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2020.10.49802.348-19.
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Non-contact measurement of electrical resistivity of sheet metal at high temperatures © A.V. Rumyantsev, M.A. Nikishin, A.P. Sinitsin Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia e-mail: albert37@list.ru The developed non-contact method for measuring the electrical resistivity of metals at high temperatures is extended to sheet metal. The theoretical part of the method is supplemented by solving the problem of the power introduced into the sample in the form of a thin-walled cylinder during its induction heating. The essence of the method is the measurement of electromotive forces (EMF) induced by a high-frequency electromagnetic field in two circular contours of different diameters, coaxially located with a cylindrical specimen. The obtained formula for the power introduced into the thin-walled cylinder made it possible to find a function linking the electrical resistivity of the sample material and EMF. From the EMF measured in the experiment, the specific electrical resistance of the sample under study was determined and, as a consequence, the value of the power introduced into the sample. The latter allows one to determine the hemispherical integral degree of blackness of the sample material. The results of an experimental verification of the method on a sample in the form of a thin-walled niobium cylinder are presented. The data obtained within 3% are consistent with the data of other authors, which allows us to recommend the technical use of the method. The experimental techniques for implementing the method and processing its results are presented. Keywords: electrical resistivity, electromagnetic field, electromotive force, skin-layer, sheet metal, high temperature, thin-walled cylinder, power. Rumyantsev A.V. − PhD, professor, I. Kant Baltic Federal University, IKBFU, A. Nevskogo str.14, Kaliningrad, 236041, Russia. E-mail: albert37@list.ru Nikishin M.A. – PhD postgraduate student, I. Kant Baltic Federal University,IKBFU, A. Nevskogo str.14, Kaliningrad, 236041, Russia. E-mail: nikishin.maxim.a@gmail.com Sinitsin A.P. – PhD postgraduate student, I. Kant Baltic Federal University, IKBFU, A. Nevskogo str.14, Kaliningrad, 236041, Russia. E-mail: alekseisinitcin82@yandex.ru
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Lapovok, R., I. Timokhina, P. W. J. McKenzie, and R. O’Donnell. "Processing and properties of ultrafine-grain aluminium alloy 6111 sheet." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 200, no. 1-3 (May 2008): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.08.083.
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Yilbas, Bekir Sami. "Laser Cutting of Thick Sheet Metal: Surface Plasma Characteristics and Cutting Quality Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1944–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1944.
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The quality laser cutting of thick sheet metals is demanding due to requirements of high precision, lost cost, and short processing time. However, the surface plasma is formed during the cutting process to influence the end product quality. The surface plasma is transiently hot and lowers the resulting cutting quality via increasing thermal erosions from the cut edge edges. In the present study, the surface plasma characteristics are examined using the Langmuir probe. Electron temperature and electron number density are determined in the surface plasma. The cutting quality is, then, related to the plasma characteristics. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is carried out to examine the microstructural changes at the cut edges. It is found that cutting quality improves at a particular assisting gas pressure; in which case, the influence of surface plasma on the cutting process becomes the minimum.
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Marx, Lukas, Mathias Liewald, and Kim Rouven Riedmüller. "Basic Investigations on Joining of Metal and Fibre Components Based on the Semi-Solid Forming Process." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 1445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.1445.
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The trend towards lightweight construction in automotive engineering causes additional effort and higher expense in vehicle manufacturing, because new materials or, respectively, new material combinations require adapted production and processing methods. Various combinations of metallic and fibre-based structures (GRP-/ CFRP components) presuppose convenient joining methods. In this context, an innovative joining method for combining sheet metals with carbon textiles is going to be developed at the Institute for Metal Forming Technology (IFU, University of Stuttgart / Germany). The goal of this research work is motivated by the prevention of any damage of the used textile fibre structures during the joining process (compared to mechanical joining methods like screwing or riveting). Based on the semi-solid forming technology, the new joining process is going to be developed to create a material integrated interlock between fibres and metallic components.This paper deals with the first fundamental investigations, conducted at IFU, which have already shown the technical feasibility of this new type of joining technique. The research work to be carried out comprises the usage of different sheet alloys: the combinations steel-aluminium, aluminium-aluminium and steel-steel are to be joined with layers of carbon fibre fabrics. By this innovative joining method, a firmly bonded and non-aging connection between textile and metallic materials is to be produced, without the need of any adhesive materials or associated preparative cleaning methods.
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Sagapuram, Dinakar, Mert Efe, Wilfredo Moscoso, Srinivasan Chandrasekar, and Kevin P. Trumble. "Controlling texture in magnesium alloy sheet by shear-based deformation processing." Acta Materialia 61, no. 18 (October 2013): 6843–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.07.063.
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Zheng, Zhuangzhuang, Yuyong Chen, Fantao Kong, Xiaopeng Wang, and Yucheng Yu. "Hot Deformation Behavior and Hot Rolling Properties of a Nano-Y2O3 Addition Near-α Titanium Alloy." Metals 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050837.
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The hot deformation behavior and hot rolling based on the hot processing map of a nano-Y2O3 addition near-α titanium alloy were investigated. The isothermal compression tests were conducted at various deformation temperatures (950–1070 °C) and strain rates (0.001–1 s−1), up to a true strain of 1.2. The flow stress was strongly dependent on deformation temperature and strain rate, decreasing with increased temperature and decreased strain rate. The average activation energy was 657.8 kJ/mol and 405.9 kJ/mol in (α + β) and β region, respectively. The high activation energy and peak stress were contributed to the Y2O3 particles and refractory elements comparing with other alloys and composites. The deformation mechanisms in the (α + β) region were dynamic recovery and spheroidization of α phase, while the β phase field was mainly controlled by the dynamic recrystallization and dynamic recovery of β grains. Moreover, the constitutive equation based on Norton–Hoff equation and hot processing map were also obtained. Through the optimal processing window determined by the hot processing map at true strains of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6, the alloy sheet with multi-pass hot rolling (1050 °C/0.03–1 s−1) was received directly from the as-cast alloy. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy sheet were 1168 MPa and 1091 MPa at room temperature, and 642 MPa and 535 MPa at 650 °C, respectively, which performs some advantages in current research.
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Sakaguchi, Tatsuhiko, Hayato Ohtani, and Yoshiaki Shimizu. "Genetic Algorithm Based Nesting Method with Considering Schedule for Sheet Metal Processing." Transactions of the Institute of Systems, Control and Information Engineers 28, no. 3 (2015): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5687/iscie.28.99.
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