Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Processus chimique'
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Marti, Aliod Carles. "Simulation de processus de stockage chimique pour l'énergie renouvelable." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30358.
Full textThe aim of the present thesis encompasses different processes related to the storage of energy coming from renewable sources. Concretely, this thesis aims to study, from a theoretical point of view, the processes related to the plasma-assisted Sabatier reaction (CO 2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2 H2O), where the heterogeneous catalyst is composed by Ni/Ru elements. The research is consequently split in the topics developed at each partner specialties. In the university of Perugia, the plasma/gas phase processes are considered, concretely the study of the OH + H 2 using the quantum-classical method. The main innovative procedure has been to add a long-range potential tail to the already available. Potential Energy Surface (PES), converting it into a suitable one for non reactive processes, while maintaining the accuracy of the ab initio, necessary for the reactive processes. In this sense we carried out a study of OH + H2 scattering using a quantum-classical method, treating quantally vibrations and classically both translations and rotations. The good agreement between the state specific quantum- classical reactive probabilities and the corresponding full quantum ones prompted the extension of the study to state to state probabilities for non reactive vibrational energy exchange. The study showed that H 2 reactive dynamics depends on the vibrational excitation, while the non reactive one is mainly vibrationally adiabatic. On the contrary, OH reactive dynamics is not affected by its vibrational excitation, whereas the non reactive one might produce some pumping up to higher vibrational states. In the university Paul Sabatier of Toulouse, the Ru clusters and nanoparticles, part of the industrial catalyst are studied using the DFTB approach. The intend was to investigate the ability of DFTB to provide reliable results about electronic structure, structural properties and stability of monometallic ruthenium systems covering the size range from small clusters to larger nanoparticles and the bulk. Due to the fact that the electronic bonding and structural organization of ruthenium cluster are somewhat specific in regard of other metal clusters, it is challenging to examine whether DFTB is able to account for such peculiarities. Parallel-Tempering Molecular Dynamics (PTMD), was used in combination with periodic quenching to achieve global optimization of neutral, cationic and anionic clusters in the range n=3-20.[...]
Lallement, Audrey. "Impact des processus photochimiques et biologiques sur la composition chimique du nuage." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC066/document.
Full textIn the context of global warming, more precise knowledge of atmospheric processes is needed to evaluate their impact on the Earth radiative budget. Clouds can limit the increase of temperature but this retroaction is not well understood due to a lack of knowledge of cloud media (like organic fraction composition). From the beginning of atmospheric studies, only chemical, especially radical, reactions was taken into account. However microorganisms metabolically active were found in cloud water arising questions about their role as biocatalyst. They are able to use carboxylic acids as nutriments, to degrade radical precursor (like H2O2) and to survive oxidative stress. The aim of this work is to quantify the impact of photochemical and biological processes on cloud chemistry composition. First, the concentrations of •OH, the most reactive radical, were evaluated and the influence of microorganisms on the concentrations were studied. A new method was developed in artificial medial before direct quantification of steady state •OH concentration in atmospheric waters (rain and cloud waters). Concentrations ranged from 10-17 to 10-15 M and did not change in presence of microorganisms. These measures were lower than concentrations estimated by chemical atmospheric models. A possible explanation was an underestimation of the main sink of this radical (organic matter). To better characterize this fraction, simple aromatic compounds were identified in cloud waters, phenol was found in the 8 samples analyzed. To go further, we studied phenol degradation in detail. Enzyme transcripts involved in phenol degradation were present in cloud water samples showing in situ activity of native bacteria. 93% of tested cultural strains, isolated from cloud waters, were able to degrade phenol. To quantify the relative contribution of radical versus microbial processes allowing phenol degradation, we performed photo-biodegradation experiment with a model strain (Rhodococcus erythropolis PDD-23b-28). Our results showed that these two processes participated equally to phenol degradation, suggesting that microorganisms and radicals can be involved in atmospheric natural remediation
Verlhac, Catherine. "Analyse microstructurale chimique de matériaux cellulosiques : étude de quelques aspects des processus papetiers." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10582.
Full textLasledj, Abdelmadjid. "Traitement des sols argileux à la chaux : processus physico-chimique et propriétés géotechniques." Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE2044/document.
Full textLime treatment techniques have largely been developed across the word mainly in civil engineering works. The context of sustainable development implies to improve the rate of reuse of clay soils in the earthworks. This study demonstrates that whatever the plasticity and poor hydromechanical properties of clay soils, the lime treatment is effective. Experimental results on highly plastic clay soil show that all geotechnical properties progress with the lime treatment: the swelling is eliminated, the plasticity is reduced greatly and the strength increases. Monitoring the physicochemical lime-clay reaction allowe to determine the quantities of lime required for short term and/or long term changes in the hydromechanical behaviour of treated clay soils. The cation exchange pursued by the pozzolanic reactions induced mineralogical, textural and structural changes in the treated soil. New hydrates are formed through the consumption of lime and clay. These hydrates contour the edges of clay particles and formed a layer which coat and provide the link between particles. These changes are well behind improvements in geotechnical properties of treated soil. The research conducted in this thesis shows that the process and the kinetics of lime-clay reactions depend on the exchangeable cation, the amount of lime available, to the curing temperature and the structure of the clay smectite, illite and kaolinite
Verlhac, Catherine. "Analyse microstructurale chimique de matériaux cellulosiques étude de quelques aspects des processus papetiers /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376190791.
Full textChampeau, François. "Paramétrisation des processus physico-chimiques de formation des nuages et étude de leurs impacts sur l'évolution de la composition chimique atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717866.
Full textChampeau, François. "Paramétrisation des processus physico-chimiques de formation des nuages et étude de leurs impacts sur l'évolution de la composition chimique atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21748.
Full textBernard, Pierre. "Étude du polissage mécano-chimique du cuivre et modélisation du processus d'enlèvement de matière." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00632222.
Full textBernard, Pierre. "Etude du polissage mécano-chimique du cuivre et modélisation du processus d'enlèvement de matière." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2006. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/pbernard.pdf.
Full textChemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) has benn introduced in semiconductor manufacturing thirty years ago. It makes it possible to obtain fast and high quality planarization at nanometric scales. CMP consists in polishing a chemically modified copper surface with abrasive particules on a polyurethane pad. The chemical transformation of the copper (or other materials) leads to a modification of the mechanical properties of the superficial layer, that is more easily removed. Our study focused firstly on the composition of this modified layer, and secondly on the elaboration of a model that could explain the removal and planarization of the surface layer. We were able to point out that the modified layer is Cu2O. Our model is based on the properties of the pad (roughness, elastic properties), the wafer (mechanical properties of the modified layer) and the abrasive particles (mass concentration, hardness). We established a simple expression between the removal rate (RR), the rotating speed V of the platen and the pressure P applied on the wafer : RR = K. V. P 1,19. Our experimental results corroborate this model. Oour model is also able to explain the planarization phase
Bernard, Pierre Kapsa Philippe. "Etude du polissage mécano-chimique du cuivre et modélisation du processus d'enlèvement de matière." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/pbernard.pdf.
Full textSaidani, Ghassen. "Étude de processus physico-chimiques d'intérêt pour la combustion et l'astrophysique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782269.
Full textBerger, Alexandre. "Modélisation multi-échelles de la composition chimique des aérosols : impacts des processus physico-chimiques sur la formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires dans les nuages." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3060/.
Full textAtmospheric aerosols play a major role in environmental issues related to climate, air quality and human health. Organic aerosols (OA) are an important fraction of total particulate mass. However, formation mechanisms of OA are poorly understood. In particular, a current challenge remains the definition of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) from atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) that will condense on or within existing aerosols to form secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Recent studies in laboratory have shown the contribution of oxygenated VOC (OVOC) in the formation of low volatile organic compounds in aqueous phase. However, these studies still incomplete and there is an urgent need for better understanding photochemistry in aqueous phase of polyfunctional species and to study the influence of the relevant parameters for the atmosphere (pH, initial concentrations, the presence of inorganic compounds) on SOA processes. Moreover, these pathways of SOA formation should be taken into account in atmospheric models. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the potential SOA production during a cloud event observed at the puy-de-Dôme station with simulations performed using the Meso-NH model. The realism of these simulations for forming SOA depends on the integration, in the chemical gaseous phase scheme, of the relevant chemical species including VOC and their products. The ReLACS2 mechanism meets this requirement and takes into account both ozone precursors and formation of SOA. This latter mechanism is coupled with the ORILAM-SOA module that integrates gas/particle partitionning of inorganic and organic species, and nucleation, evaporation/condensation, activation and dynamic aerosol processes. Firstly, this coupling is tested on three real cases over Europe in contrasted standart meteorological conditions. An exercise of inter-comparison of Meso-NH and WRF/CHEM models and a comparison of these models with in-situ observations over Europe are performed. Secondly, a first work consists in including COVO, short and soluble (up to 4 carbons), and the associated aqueous phase reactivity, in the ReLACS2 mechanism, in order to consider SOA formation in aqueous phase. A new chemical mechanism, ReLACS3, is created. In parallel, a second work consists in including the part of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) into the chemistry of the water droplets for a complete coupling between the gas, aqueous and particulate phases. To test these developments, an 2D idealized simulation of an orographic cloud, observed during an intensive campaign at the puy-de-Dôme station which occured in summer 2011, is performed. This study highlighted the potential impact of the aqueous phase reactivity and activation of CCN on SOA formation
Boutin, Olivier. "Analyse des processus primaires de dégradation thermochimique de la biomasse." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_BOUTIN_O.pdf.
Full textThe primary processes of thermal degradation of biomass are studied. A bibliographical research reveals the knowledge and the deficiencies on this subject. Fast pyrolysis of cellulose pellets are carried out in an image furnace and in a solar fumace. These original experimental deviees using a concentrated radiation deliver high and clean flux densities during controled irradiance times. Ali the products of the reaction are collected and analysed by liquid and gas phase chomatography. Mass and C, H and O balances are very good. The evolution of the products composition (liquid, volatile, gas and char) are examined as a function of the irradiance time and flux density. An intermediate liquid (at the reaction temperatures) species is observed. It is directly produced from cellulose partial depolymerisation. It mainly contains anhydrooligosacharides with degrees of polymerisation ranging from two to seven. The condensable products contain few compounds, unlike the bio ails usually obtained in fast pyrolysis. Gases are formed by secondary crakings of the vapors. Lt is possible to obtain only liquids and gases beyond a given flux density. The modeling of heat transfers (pellets and small particules) associated with the kinetics of decomposition is made. Ln most of the cases the agreement between theory and experiments is very good. The comparison between the results of this work and those usually obtained in classical fast pyrolysis is examined on the basis of the elementary processes of heat transfers
Garcon, Marion. "Variabilité chimique et isotopique créée par les processus sédimentaires dans les sédiments de rivière Himalayennes." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845860.
Full textGarçon, Marion. "Variabilité chimique et isotopique créée par les processus sédimentaires dans les sédiments de rivière Himalayennes." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENU031/document.
Full textNd, Hf, Pb and Sr isotopic compositions of river sediments are often considered to be representative of those of their source rocks. Thus, they are widely used to trace sediment provenance or to average the isotopic compositions of the drained lithologies. The influence of sedimentary processes on the isotopic composition of these sediments is however poorly known. The aim of the present study is to characterize the extent of the isotopic variability that can be generated by mineral sorting process during sediment transport in fluvial system. To do this, we analyzed trace element concentrations and Nd, Hf, Pb and Sr isotopic compositions in river bank, bedload and suspended load sampled at several locations in the Ganga fluvial system draining part of the Himalayan orogen. We also measured the chemical and isotopic compositions of numerous mineral and granulometric fractions separated from these sediments to better understand the contribution of each mineral species to the bulk isotopic budget of river sediments. When the drained lithologies are mainly crystalline and sedimentary, we show that Nd isotopes are very little affected by mineral sorting processes because, whatever the sediment type, those isotopes are always controlled by the same minerals i.e. monazite and allanite. In contrast, Hf, Pb and Sr isotopic systems are significantly affected by mineral sorting processes. Both Hf and Pb isotopes are affected by a zircon effect that generates large isotopic variations between bedload and suspended load. For Sr, variations between the different sediment types more likely result from variable proportions of K-feldspar and mica. When the main drained lithologies are characterized by strong differences in erodibility i.e. basalts versus crystalline rocks, we show that the combined effects of differential erosion in the drainage basin and sediment sorting in the water column are responsible for significant Nd, Pb and Hf isotopic variations between bedload and suspended load. Our calculations suggest that basaltic erosion products are preferentially transported in suspension, near the water surface, whereas the erosion products of more crystalline rocks are preferentially concentrated in bottom sediments. Finally, we suggest that the isotopic variations observed between bedload and suspended load on continents may have important implications for the isotopic systematics of oceanic terrigenous sediments and the long-term evolution of the mantle if these latters are recycled in subduction zones
Robin, Mathurin. "Développement d’un processus de décontamination d’effluent radioactif - Application aux alliages métalliques décontaminés par voie chimique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IMTA0428.
Full textThe use of nuclear energy makes it possible to produce large amounts of electricity while minimising the production of greenhouse gases. However, the management of nuclear waste remains a major challenge, particularly contaminated metal waste. Chemical decontamination (eg. COREMIX) is very effective, but generates large volumes of secondary effluents, which in turn require costly decontamination using specific resins. This work focuses on the development of a pre-treatment process for radioactive metal effluents with the aim of reducing the amount of resins required. To this end, a hydroxide precipitation protocol was developed on synthetic samples before being optimised on simulated samples and validated on radioactive effluents. Other precipitation methods such as sulphide, phosphate and electrocoagulation were investigated to make the protocol versatile and adaptable on a large scale. Although adjustments had to be made to suit the composition of the waste, the protocols developed enabled the effluents to be effectively decontaminated while significantly reducing the volume of resin required
Lavenac, Jérôme. "CVD/CVI de pyrocarbones laminaires à partir du propane : Processus chimiques homogènes et hétérogènes, nanostructure." Bordeaux 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR12274.
Full textBoinsk, Frédéric Romuald. "Analyse et caractérisation d'une silice soumise à un processus de dégradation chimique : approche ponctuelle et locale." Mulhouse, 2007. https://www.learning-center.uha.fr/opac/resource/analyse-et-caracterisation-dune-silice-soumise-a-un-processus-de-degradation-chimique-approche-ponct/BUS4081234.
Full textThese works are based on the study of the structural behaviour of a heterogeneous reactive silica resulting from a natural siliceous aggregate (flint) submitted to a physico-chemical degradation process: the Alkali Silica Reaction. The impact of the reaction on the aggregate depends punctually of the degree of heterogeneousness of the structure; therefore, the appeal to the techniques of punctual analysis is then necessary. So, all the stages of the degradation of the silica on a grain of some microns were realized due to the use of the microbeam of the line LUCIA on SLS. The study of the behaviour of elements calcium and potassium in the structure of the aggregate was realized by EDX and consolidated by the analysis of the atomic environments of the silicon and cations by the interpretation of X-Ray absorption spectrums (XANES). These studies allowed to advance in the understanding of reactions mechanisms involved during ASR
Hauchard, Christelle. "Étude spectroscopique des couches minces de Fe(CO)[5]/Au(111) : stabilité thermique et processus induits par les électrons de faibles énergies." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2000.
Find full textChemseddine, Abdelkrim. "Processus de polycondensation des acides tungstiques." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066160.
Full textLespiaux, Didier. "Processus de nucléation, croissance et caractérisation microstructurale de céramiques base SiC obtenues par CVD/CVI dans le système Si-C-H-Cl." Bordeaux 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR10531.
Full textLoumagne, Fabienne. "CVD du carbure de silicium à partir de CH₃SiCl₃/H₂ : processus homogènes et hétérogènes : caractérisation microstructurale." Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR10643.
Full textLemagnen, Maud. "Intégration du risque chimique dans la conception de produits industriels. Application au secteur de l'aéronautique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587357.
Full textGrenier, Pierre. "Conception d'un outil de mise en oeuvre et d'optimisation du pilotage des fermentations alcooliques vinicoles." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20119.
Full textMorales, Sébastien. "Le hacheur aérodynamique : un nouvel instrument dédié aux processus réactionnels à ultra-basse température." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S127.
Full textStudies on reactive processes under extreme conditions has proved to be of great interest for its multiple applications (reaction rate theory, astrophysics,. . . ). The CRESU technique (Cinétique de Réaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme) has been developed in the Rennes Experimental Astrochemistry team for the study of molecular collisions at very low temperatures (down to 15 K). This technique, based on the use of a Laval nozzle which generates a cold supersonic flow by an isentropic expansion, is the best adapted method for this kind of study under such conditions. However, the technique is limited by two main constraints : the large consumption of gas and the large pumping capacity necessary to obtain very low temperatures. The first part of this thesis presents an example of the possibilities of the CRESU technique – kinetic studies of the reaction between the CN radical and several hydrocarbons (1,3-butadiène, butyne, propane and propene) over a temperature range of 23 to 300 K. The majority of the reactions studied are rapid, with rate constants greater than 10-10 cm3 molécule-1 s-1, even at low temperature. Implications of these results for both low temperature reactivity and the modeling of Titan’s atmosphere are discussed. Finally, the second part of this manuscript describes the development, design and performance of a new invention, based on an evolution of the CRESU technique toward a pulsed mode. This new apparatus, called an “Aerodynamic Chopper”, allows us to avoid some of the CRESU technique’s disadvantages, reducing strongly the necessary pumping capacity. Results obtained with the prototype demonstrate the great potential of this new apparatus by characterizing the pulsed flow and studying chemical kinetics at 22 K (CN+O2 et CN+C3H8). The Aerodynamic Chopper will enable us to study costly or difficult to synthesize compounds and broaden the use of uniform supersonic flow techniques by making possible their development in laboratories with limited pumping capacity. From these results, it is reasonable to predict that the Aerodynamic Chopper will enable us, in the immediate future, to reach temperatures below 10 K, and eventually even to approach sub-Kelvin temperatures
SABRE, MAEVA. "Etude dynamique du processus d'emission de poussieres desertiques : impact sur le fractionnement physico-chimique entre sol et aerosol." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA077074.
Full textRenard, François. "La déformation mécano-chimique dans la croûte supérieure terrestre : exemples de processus couples et de systèmes auto-organisésé." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10263.
Full textTomaz, Sophie. "Etude des composés polyaromatiques dans l’atmosphère : caractérisation moléculaire et processus réactionnels en lien avec l’aérosol organique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0416/document.
Full textThis PhD work deals with a better characterization, at the molecular level of the organic atmospheric aerosol in relation to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), and has been structured using two different but complementary approaches. Field measurements were conducted in Grenoble (France) and concentration levels, seasonal variability and gas/particle partitioning distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxy-PAHs (OPAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) have been investigated for one whole year. This field study allowed to a better understanding of primary vs secondary sources of OPAHs and NPAHs and specific molecular markers related to different sources have been identified. A complementary study was carried out using an atmospheric smog chamber, in order to investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the photooxidation of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene, two of the most abundant PAHs in the gas-phase. The formation of organosulfates and sulfonates, from the oxidation of gaseous PAHs, has been highlighted for the first time in this work and these compounds have been proposed as potential SOA markers of PAH photooxidation. UV-Visible absorption of SOA generated during these experiments was investigated and led to the identification of specific molecules responsible for this absorption. A wide chemical characterization of SOA was performed and emphasized its dependence on many experimental factors (nature of seed particles, relative humidity and seed acidity) and allowed to propose some new chemical reaction pathways
Millot, Romain. "Étude chimique et isotopique des produits d'érosion des grands fleuves canadiens : impact des rivières boréales dans les bilans globaux d'altération." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077125.
Full textPepin, Christian. "Étude spectroscopique des dépositions de couches minces de Fe(CO)[indice]5 et de CpCo(CO)[indice]2 sur des substrats organiques : stabilité thermique et processus induits par des électrons lents." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2001.
Find full textBouali, Zakaria. "Impact d'une phase liquide dispersée sur le processus d'auto-inflammation : prise en compte d'une chimie détaillée." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES021.
Full textThis thesis discusses the influence of spray evaporation in the autoignition process. This research topic is a key component of the Industrial Systems Framework such as diesel engines and similar processes based on turbulent combustion initiated by autoignition of a fuel / air mixture prepared by injection of a liquid fuel. We used a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) code in which the gas phase is solved by an Eulerian approach, while the dispersed liquid phase is modelled by a Lagrangian approach. To account for autoignition complex phenomena, a skeletal chemical kinetic is directly resolved. In the first part of this work, the influence of gas and liquid properties on the autoignition delay was studied. On several configurations (homogeneous and heterogeneous reactors, homogeneous isotropic turbulence), comparisons between diphasic autoignition and purely gaseous autoignition highlight the impact of the evaporating spray. The emphasis is on the location of the moist reactive zone and the existence of a strong correlation between regions of low scalar dissipation and the most favourable autoignition sites. In the second part, a tabulated chemistry model FPI (Flame of Prolongation LMDL) based on the closure of reaction rates from tabulated species mass fractions was implemented to evaluate the ability to reproduce results obtained by the complex chemistry approach. Comparisons with the resolved complex chemistry were performed on homogeneous and turbulent cases with the presence of droplets. It turns out that the presence of an evaporating spray strongly modifies the chemistry evolution process making it difficult to use "a priori" tabulations
Bock, Josué. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'un modèle d'évolution physico-chimique de la neige." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENU037/document.
Full textIt is increasingly recognized that the atmosphere composition of snow covered regions – especially polar regions – is noticeably affected by air-snow interactions. Indeed, the snowpack is a multiphase reactor, but physico-chemical processes which take place inside are still poorly understood. A detailled understanding of snow-atmosphere interactions is essential for understanding and modeling properly the composition and reactivity of the atmosphere above snow covered regions. Reconstructions of past trends in atmospheric composition using ice cores also require to understand snowpack processes that affected the composition of interstitial air and burried snow after its deposition.Nitrate (NO3-) present in the snowpack plays an important role as it photochemically produces nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2), which affect the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere through ozone production.This thesis thus aimed at studying physico-chemical processes which take place inside the snowpack and modify nitrate concentration.In a first part, a reaction mechanism to reproduce nitrate photochemistry in snow were developed, based on previous studies. The main hypothesis was that chemical reactions take place in a quasi-liquid layer located on the surface of snow cristals. However, the properties of this ice-air interface are poorly known, and it appeared that this approach had too many uncertainties to be continued.Then, a thorough discussion were carried out to assess current attempts in snow chemistry modeling, and to propose another approach which could prevail given current knowledge on this topic.In a second part, physico-chemical exchange processes between air and snow were studied and modeled. This concerned adsorption, solid phase diffusion and co-condensation. Among the results that arise, it appeared that current parameterizations of nitrate surface coverage are unable to reproduce measured concentrations, in the studied case of Dome C surface snow, and further reveal sizeable overestimations. On the contrary, simultaneous modeling of solid phase diffusion and co-condensation allows a qualitatively good reproduction of measurements, which cover more than a year, thus including both austral summer and winter with their specific features.This study reveals the importance of exchange processes for snow chemistry modeling, and give basis for future work on this topic
Rybnikova, Victoria. "Couplage des processus de transformation réductive et d’oxydation chimique : une nouvelle approche pour le traitement des composés polyhalogénés récalcitrants." Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENCR0037.
Full textPolyhalogenated compounds are ones of the 10 most common soil pollutants. Some of them, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) are considered as priority pollutants by the Environmental Protection Agency of United States (USEPA) and Europe (EEA). Today there are few viable solutions for efficient degradation of PCBs in soils. The objective of this study was to assess, firstly, the combined oxidation-reduction process for degradation of polychlorinated compounds under different physico-chemical conditions, and, secondly, to study their dégradation under controlled hydrodynamic conditions favorable for treatment (column reactions). Four types of nanoparticles, including the zero-valent iron (Fe0), bimetallic nanoparticles (Fe/Ni), magnetite (Fe3O4) and Ni-substituted magnetite (Fe3-xNixO4) were synthesized and characterized. These nanoparticles were used for the degradation of PCBs and PCP. Three types of reactions were evaluated: (i) reductive dechlorination, (ii) chemical oxidation, and (iii) reductive dechlorination, followed by the addition of an oxidant (i. E. Combined approach). Reductive transformation and/or chemical oxidation of PCBs and PCP in historically contaminated soils were firstly studied in batch conditions. Then, column experiments were carried out to evaluate the degradation in saturated and unsaturated hydrodynamic conditions
Khaled, Ahmed Redouane. "Contribution de l'outil bond graph pour la modélisation des réacteurs chimiques en vue de leur supervision." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Khaled.pdf.
Full textRahbar, Shahrouzi Javad. "Simulation et réduction de schéma cinétique de systèmes réctionnels complexes par des méthodes stochastiques : application à l'oligomérisation." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066233.
Full textChalmet, Stéphanie. "Simulation de processus chimiques en phase liquide par des méthodes hybrides DFT/MM." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10175.
Full textPrebende, Claude. "Mécanismes physico-chimiques mis en jeu dans le processus CVD d'élaboration de céramiques à base de carbure de silicium en réacteur à parois chaudes." Bordeaux 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR10566.
Full textSimon, Clémence. "Élucidation des processus de lignification par la stratégie du rapporteur chimique alliée à la microscopie confocale en fluorescence et à la résonance paramagnétique électronique." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1S106.
Full textLignin is a phenolic polymer of plant cell wall which forms with cellulose the lignocellulosic biomass, involved in a variety of industrial applications (biofuel, paper making, etc.). A better understanding of its formation within plant cell walls is needed to improve the valorization of this biomass. Lignin is mainly composed of three monomers called monolignols (H, G and S) that are assembled by a radicalar polymerization process initiated by laccases and/or peroxydases during lignification. The recent emergence of the bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy appears as a powerful tool to study lignification processes. In this strategy, an analogue of the biomolecule of interest modified with a biocompatible chemical tag is metabolically incorporated into the target biomacromolecule. It is then detected by fluorophore tagging initiated by a bioorthogonal chemistry reaction. The current work presents the development of chemical tools based on the chemical reporter strategy for the study of lignification process. A novel triple labeling strategy has been developed to study lignification dynamics in plant cell wall by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Analogs bearing methylcyclopropenyl-, azido-, and alkynyl tags were synthesized for each monolignol (S, H and G respectively) and incorporated into the de novo lignin. These analogs were then selectively linked to a fluorophore by a specific bioorthogonal ligation reaction during a sequential triple labeling (DAinv, SPAAC, and CuAAC respectively). Fluorescence confocal microscopy allowed visualization of their differential incorporation into lignin. It gave informations about lignification dynamics in different plant systems (stem and root cross sections, whole stems, etc.) and to various plant species (flax, Arabidopsis thaliana, poplar, etc.). In addition, this triple labeling could be done with two types of biomolecules to simultaneously monitor the biosynthesis of lignin and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. A second innovative research axis was initiated to validate the metabolic incorporation of a monolignol analog in plant tissues with its detection using a radical probe by electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. This new methodology could ultimately provide informations about the structure, concentration and environment of the incorporated probe specifically by detection of de novo lignin
Henry, Françoise. "Étude du rôle du néodyme comme traceur de source et de processus dans l'océan." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30282.
Full textBouchebti, Sofia. "Comportement d'approvisionnement des fourmis coupeuses de feuilles : de la piste chimique à la piste physique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30027/document.
Full textLeaf cutting ants, with their symbiotic fungus, exhibit certainly the most complex organization of all ant species. The aim of this thesis was to study the foraging behavior of these ants, by a combination of laboratory and field experiments. We investigated the role of the structures built by ants outside the nest (trunk trails and foraging tunnels), the modulation of different types of communication involved in the recruitment to the resource exploited (chemical trail and contacts between workers), and finally the mechanisms underlying the choice of the harvested substrate, to suggest a general pattern of the foraging strategy used by these ants in natural conditions
Chaduteau, Carine. "Origine et circulation des fluides dans les sédiments des marges : contribution de l'hélium et du méthane dans la compréhension des processus : étude de 2 zones actives." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2001.
Full textFluid migration is a very important process in marine sediments on margins. Studying fluids is fundamental to constrain the energy potential of margins. Methane is the predominant gas in marine sediments, deriving primarily from the degradation of organic matter. However methane could be also generated through the serpentinization of mantle rocks underlaying the sedimentary cover in some specific geodynamical settings. One way to test this hypothesis is to use helium isotopes, which are known to be powerful tracers of the fluid-mantle interaction. To this purpose, a new method has been developed for the sampling and the quantitative extraction of dissolved helium from sediment pore-waters. During the Zairov2 and Vicking cruises, samples were collected in two cold seep areas : the Regab Pochmark on the Congo-Angola margin, and the Hakon Mosby mud volcano on the Norwegian margin. Helium isotopes in pore-fluids reveal no mantle signature, which indicates the absence of any methane generated by serpentinization in these areas. Nevertheless, taken together with methane and major ion contents in pore-waters, helium isotope profiles obtained with this new analytical method give significant new results. At the Regab Pochmark, helium appears to be a more sensitive tracer of water advection than temperature, allowing the determination of advection velocities and the quantification of expelled water rate. At the Hakon Mosby mud volcano, the results confirm a concentric zonation of advection and a deep origin for the volcano fluids
Dellinger, Mathieu. "Apport des isotopes du lithium et des éléments alcalins à la compréhension des processus d'altération chimique et de recyclage sédimentaire." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GLOB1104.
Full textJosse, Béatrice. "Représentation des processus de transport et de lessivage pour la modélisation de la composition chimique de l'atmosphère à l'échelle planétaire." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30108.
Full textSow, Abdellahi. "Étude expérimentale du collage du méthanol et de sa désorption chimique successive à son hydrogénation sur des surfaces d'intérêt astrophysique." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CERG1020.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to understand the physical and chemical processes (sticking, chemical desorption) that occur on interstellar dust grains. More specifically, my thesis focuses on the experimental study of chemical desorption and methanol sticking on surfaces of astrophysical interest.This thesis reports the experimental measurement of desorption of COMs following exposure to H on ice mantles and the experimental study of methanol sticking on surfaces of astrophysical interest. The focus is on one of the most abundant and well-known species, that is methanol (CH3OH).An experimental simulation of the hydrogenation of methanol deposited on a cold surface (10-40 K) is carried out and analyzed by spectroscopic methods.All experiments were carried out with the VENUS setup located at the LERMA laboratory at the University of Cergy Pontoise, France. VENUS is composed of an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber, with a base pressure of about 10^{-10} mbar. Atoms/molecules are directed to a sample holder in the UHV chamber by means of a system of four separate beam lines. The temperature of the sample holder can be controlled between 7 K and 400 K. The products are probed by mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.We first studied the penetration depth of H atoms on reactive films of NO and H2CO. We have shown that only the first layer reacts with H, and that hydrogenation processes are dominated by surface effects.We studied the sticking of methanol as a function of surface temperature, from 7 K to 40 K.The composition of the substrate was varied (^{13}CO, H2O, and gold). We were able to demonstrate that the variation in surface temperature has two antagonistic tendencies: textit{i}) The sticking decreases of around 30% with the increase in surface temperature from 7 to about 16 K.textit{ii}) The sticking gradually increases at a temperature above 16 K, until 40 K where it has a value similar to that of 7 K. These profiles show that there is also a slight difference in the degree of sticking at the lowest temperatures for the different substrates. The gold surface has the lowest sticking coefficient and the substrate ^{13}CO (2 ML) has the highest one.The previous experiments (Kimmel et al.2001, Bisschop et al.2006) did not study the variation with temperature and a minimum sticking value of 0.85 ± 0.05 to 14 K was established.The reduction in sticking at very low temperatures is therefore unprecedented and very important (relatively).Finally, we have shown that under the effect of exposure to a beam of H atoms, a methanol film undergoes a decrease in thickness.We believe that the abstraction reactions: CH3OH + H ------> CH2OH + H2, followed by the addition reaction: CH2OH + H ------> CH3OH are responsible for the return to the gas phase of part of the methanol film. This chemical desorption is more efficient on gold than on water. On a sublayer of ^{13}CO, chemical desorption is faster than the formation of 13CH3OH, but remains limited to a fraction of the layer.The impact of the decrease in sticking and the chemical desorption of methanol on the retaining of this COM in the gas phase in molecular clouds remains to be studied, but both aspects point in the direction of a more efficient return to the gas phase than previously estimated
Djelloul, Mehdi. "L'ablation chimique des neurones olfactifs : un modèle d'étude de la molécule RAE-1 induite dans les processus neuroinflammatoires et de neurogénèse." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30020.
Full textCNS pathologies are characterized by neurodegeneration, neurotransmission impairment and neuroinflammation including glial reactivity and immune cells recruitment. Neuroinflammation induces neuronal loss and impairs neurogenesis but can also exerts neuroprotective effects. Our team has recently demonstrated that RAE-1 is constitutively expressed in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ), the main neurogenic niche where resident neural stem cells generate neuroblasts which migrate in chains to the olfactory bulbs, where they differentiate into interneurons. We also have reported in vitro that RAE-1 is a marker of proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells and plays a non-immune role in cell proliferation. The main objective was to understand the role of RAE-1 and NK cells in pathological condition. We mainly studied a model of chemical ablation of olfactory neurons using dichlobenil which induced neuronal loss followed by an olfactory neuronal network recovery. Neuroinflammatory processes have never been studied in this model, used by neurobiologists. Using RT-qPCR and multicolor flow cytometry, I characterized the processes of deafferentation, reafferentation, astroglia and microglia activation and the recruitment of immune cells. Moreover, RAE-1 expression was induced in the olfactory bulbs. This expression correlated with the increase of microglial cell proliferation markers and M-CSF expression. These neuroinflammatory processes were altered after NK cells depletion and minocyline treatments. Using in vitro culture models, I showed that RAE-1 is a marker and an actor of microglia proliferation. Moreover, proliferative microglia but not non proliferative cells exerts a neuroprotective effect
Henault, Bastien. "Identification des processus physico-chimiques à l’origine des défauts locaux des surfaces polies optique et superpolies." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC090.
Full textThis PhD work focuses on the study of the physicochemical mechanisms involved in the chemical-mechanical polishing of Zerodur® (glass-ceramics) with an abrasive based on cerium oxides. The defects observed after polishing were characterized by optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two main populations were observed, namely "fine" (longitudinal and continuous stripes) caused by debris of polished material. The second is called "scratch" (perpendicular fractures) caused by abrasive agglomerates. RX spectroscopic analyzes of the abrasive showed an increase in the Ce3+/ Ce4+ ratio after the polishing phase. This point confirms the chemical part of Zerodur® polishing. Zeta potential analyzes were carried out on these same abrasives and show an evolution of the abrasive surface charge. AFM observations show that the higher the Ce4+ concentration, the better the final polished surface quality. The polished surface was also probed with ToF-SIMS analyzes. This shows the presence of a cerium-enriched layer of several tens of nanometers, which may be a site for the chemical-mechanical polishing reaction. More precisely, this reaction seems to take place in the glassy phase of Zerodur®
Le, Crâne Jean-Paul. "Etude expérimentale de la réactivité de radicaux issus de l'oxydation troposphérique des aldéhydes : application aux réactions de terminaison des processus de formation en chaîne de l'ozone." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13012.
Full textRoutier, Mathilde. "Catalyse photochimique de la réduction du dioxyde de carbone par des porphyrines de fer." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077066.
Full textThe transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is a major challenge in today's society. The first step to address this challenge is to find a way to store and carry this energy, which can be done under the form of chemical bonds through the activation of small molecules like CO2, 02 and H2O. In this context, our work was focused on the catalytic photoreduction of carbon dioxide by three iron porphyrins showing remarkable electrocatalytic properties. We have first studied a homogeneous molecular photochemical approach. A careful analysis of the results, comparing the three porphyrins and the effect of the addition of a weak BrOnsted acid, allowed us to propose a reaction mechanism correlating the different behaviour of the porphyrins with their molecular structures. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the experimental conditions required for the catalysis revealed that they induced the degradation of the porphyrins. To overcome these limits, we studied the use of a photosensitizer, resulting in improved catalytic performances and higher system stability. We also studied a homogeneous molecular photoelectrochemical approach, using p-type Si photoelectrodes. We observed the reduction of CO2 with a photovoltage of 350 mV, thus validating this strategy, but the process is limited by the sensitivity of the photoelectrodes towards 02. We are currently developing new electrodes made of copper oxide to obtain better catalytic performances and a higher stability
Rousseau-Gueutin, Pauline. "Les processus couplés dans les argilites du Callovo-Oxfordien sur le site de Bure : implications pour les mouvements de fluide et de solutés." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066240.
Full textGallon, Philippe. "Mise en oeuvre de différents processus de dépôts MOCVD pour la croissance du matériau photovoltaïque CuInSe2." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20209.
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